Scented cultivars of Parma violets were among the most important urban plants during the nineteenth century, with many references in literature, fashion, art and flower trade. Our research analyzed data related to Parma violets in France and in the United Kingdom and presents the cultivars introduced during the nineteenth century.
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1 December 2013
History and Cultivation of Parma Violets (Viola, Violaceae) in the United Kingdom and France in the Nineteenth Century
Luís Mendonça de Carvalho,
Francisca Maria Fernandes,
Maria de Fátima Nunes,
João Brigola,
Nathalie Casbas,
Clive Groves
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Harvard Papers in Botany
Vol. 18 • No. 2
December 2013
Vol. 18 • No. 2
December 2013
France
Parma violets
social history
United Kingdom
Viola cultivars