Holotype

AMNH 699737, adult male, collected on Iwo Jima (= ?S[an] Dionisio Island), 24.47N, 141.19E (Morioka et al., 2005: 152), Iwo Islands (= Volcano Islands), Japan, on 29 May 1904, by collectors for Alan Owston. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert's type was cited as a male collected on 29 May 1904 on S. Dionisio, Volcano Islands. That date is unique to the above Rothschild specimen, and it bears a Rothschild type label in addition to the Owston label. Mees (1957: 108) also listed this specimen as the holotype. The type locality of alani has been discussed by Morioka et al. (2005: 23), who think that Iwo Jima is the most likely of the three Iwo Islands. Hartert did not enumerate his type series, but nine paratypes from the same locality came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 699738–699746, three males and six females, collected between 13 May and 5 June 1904 by Owston's collectors. All bear the Owston number “D 13,” which may refer to the species or to the collector.

Zosterops japonica insularis Ogawa

Zosterops japonica insularis Ogawa, 1905: 186 (Tanegashima).

Now Zosterops japonicus insularis Ogawa, 1905. See Mees, 1957: 108–112, Dickinson, 2003: 625, Morioka et al., 2005: 52, and van Balen, 2008: 445–446.

Lectotype

AMNH 699774, adult male, collected at Masuda, Tanegashima Island, 30.35N, 130.59E (Morioka et al., 2005: 153), Japan, on 12 November 1904, by collectors for Alan Owston (nos. 1330, 43). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description. Hartert (1920: 436) listed the specimen bearing the unique number 1330 as the type, thus designating it the lectotype, and Mees (1957: 110) confirmed Hartert's designation. Ogawa (1905: 188–189) listed all of the specimens that he examined in the Owston collection, a total of 55; 40 of these came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and 39 are paralectotypes: Yakushima, AMNH 699747–699766; Tanegashima, AMNH 699767–699773 and 699775–699786.

[Zosterops palpebrosa iriomotensis Kuroda]

Zosterops japonica iriomotensis Kuroda, 1923a: 88 (Sonai, Iriomote Island, Yayeyama Islands, S. Riu Kiu Group).

Now Zosterops japonicus loochooensis Tristram, 1889. See Morioka et al., 2005: 54.

Comments

Morioka et al. (2005: 53–54) noted that the holotype of iriomotensis was almost certainly lost in World War II and listed identification data for paratypes. AMNH has a paratype of this form, AMNH 699842, adult male, collected at Sonai, 24.23N, 123.45E (Morioka et al., 2005: 153), Iriomote-Jima Island, Yayeyama Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, on 4 November 1921, collected by H. Orii (no. 375), Kuroda no. 6206. The subspecies iriomotensis is now considered a synonym of Zosterops japonicus loochooensis. This specimen has been placed with the type specimens at AMNH with a label to explain its status as a paratype.

[Zosterops palpebrosa daitoensis Kuroda]

Zosterops palpebrosa daitoensis Kuroda, 1923b: 120 (Minami-Daitojima, Borodino Islands).

Now Zosterops japonicus daitoensis 156Kuroda, 1923. See Morioka et al., 2005: 35.

Morioka et al. (2005: 35) noted that the holotype of daitoensis was almost certainly lost in World War II and listed identification data for paratypes. AMNH has a paratype of this form, AMNH 699843, adult female, collected on Minami Daitô-jima Island (= South Daito Shima), 25.50N, 131.14E (Morioka et al., 2005: 150), Daito (= Borodino) Islands, Japan, on 18 October 1922, by H. Orii (no. 1391), Kuroda no. 7351. Now Zosterops japonicus daitoensis. This specimen has been placed with the type specimens at AMNH with a label to explain its status as a paratype.

Zosterops palpebrosa hainana Hartert

Zosterops palpebrosa hainana Hartert, 1923: 33 (No Tai).

Now Zosterops japonicus hainanus Hartert, 1923. See Mees, 1957: 129–131, Dickinson, 2003: 625, and van Balen, 2008: 445–446.

Holotype

AMNH 699896, adult male, collected at No Tai, Hainan Island, 19.00N, 109.00E (USBGN, 1968), China, on 28 September 1902, by Katsumata (no. 84). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert designated as type a male collected at No Tai on 28 September 1902. AMNH 699896 is the only such specimen in AMNH; it bears a Rothschild type label, although it was not included in Hartert's (1928) list of types in the Rothschild Collection, and was confirmed as the holotype by Mees (1957: 130). Hartert (1923: 33) included in hainana specimens from No Tai, Se˜cha, and Liudon; paratypes in AMNH are: Liudon, AMNH 699894 and 699895, males; Se˜cha, AMNH 699897–699904, six males and two females. Hartert expressly excluded specimens from Hoihow and Kiungchau, saying that these specimens from northern Hainan were closer to Z. palpebrosa simplex, and their labels are so marked by Hartert.

Zosterops palpebrosa amabilis Koelz

Zosterops palpebrosa amabilis Koelz, 1950: 9 (Sasan, Junagarh, Kathiawar, India).

Now Zosterops palpebrosus egregius Madarász, 1911. See Mees, 1957: 40–51, Mayr, 1967: 294, Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005: 551, and van Balen, 2008: 446–447.

Holotype

AMNH 803074, adult male, collected at Sasan, 21.10N, 70.26E (Lozupone et al., 2004), Junagarh, Kathiawar Peninsula, India, on 30 January 1949, by Walter Koelz.

Comments

Apparently, Koelz had the single specimen. In the original description, the type with the above data was said to be deposited in AMNH. However, it was in fact first deposited in FMNH, where it was given FMNH no. 246529, and was later returned to AMNH.

This population from the Kathiawar Peninsula has been treated differently by the several authors who have discussed it. It was recognized by Mayr (1967: 294), with a footnote saying that the Kathiawar Peninsula birds are “distinctly brighter than populations from the range of egregia.” Mees (1957: 40–51) considered amabilis a synonym of egregius. Dickinson (2003: 625) did not mention amabilis, but restricted egregius to Sri Lanka and, according to the ranges given, considered amabilis a synonym of palpebrosus. Rasmussen and Anderton (2005: 551) tentatively recognized amabilis but noted that it was similar to occidentalis; van Balen (2008: 446) synonymized both amabilis and occidentalis with egregius. Undoubtedly, further study is called for.

Zosterops palpebrosa remota Koelz

Zosterops palpebrosa remota Koelz, 1939: 76 (Jalalabad, Afghanistan).

Now Zosterops palpebrosus egregius Madarász, 1911. See Mees, 1957: 40–51, Mayr, 1967: 294, and van Balen, 2008: 446–447.

Holotype

AMNH 466913, adult male, collected at Jalalabad, 34.26N, 70.25E (Times Atlas), Afghanistan, on 18 December 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments

In the original description, Koelz said that his male type, with a wing measurement of 55.5 mm, was taken on the same date as his five “topotypes” (= paratypes). AMNH 466913 has a wing measuring 55.5 mm, is marked “Type” by Koelz, and bears an AMNH type label. His measurements were of four males and two females. The five paratypes are dated both 18 and 19 December 1937, possibly indicating date of preparation: females, AMNH 466908, wing 55 mm, AMNH 466909, wing 57.5 mm; males, AMNH 466910, wing 57 mm, AMNH 466911, wing 57 mm, AMNH 466912, wing 55 mm.

Dickinson (2003: 625) restricted egregius to Sri Lanka and included Afghanistan birds in Z. p. palpebrosus.

Zosterops palpebrosa elwesi Baker

Zosterops palpebrosa elwesi Baker, 1922: 144 (Sikkim).

Now Zosterops palpebrosus palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824). See Mees, 1957: 53–60, Dickinson, 2003: 625, and van Balen, 2008: 446–447.

Lectotype

AMNH 699939, unsexed, collected in Sikkim, India, in 1876. From the H.J. Elwes Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Baker listed as type an unsexed specimen collected in Sikkim in 1876 from the Elwes Collection and held in the Rothschild Collection. Two specimens with the above data came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 699939 is marked “Zost. palp. elwesi Baker Type” and bears a Rothschild type label. Hartert's (1928: 208) listing of the type does not differentiate between the two specimens, although he incorrectly listed the type as a male and undated (both specimens are unsexed and dated 1876). Because the specimen marked “Type” and bearing the Rothschild type label was the intended type of elwesi and was so cataloged when the Rothschild collection came to AMNH, I hereby designate AMNH 699939 the lectotype of Z. p. elwesi to remove any ambiguity. AMNH 699940 becomes the paralectotype. Even though the type was said to be in the Rothschild Collection, Mees (1957: 58) apparently only searched for it in BMNH.

Zosterops palpebrosa cacharensis Baker

Zosterops palpebrosa cacharensis Baker, 1922: 144 (Gunjong, N. Cachar).

Now Zosterops palpebrosus palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824). See Mees, 1957: 53–60, Mees, 1969: 248–249, Dickinson, 2003: 625, and van Balen, 2008: 446–447.

Syntypes

AMNH 699944, AMNH 699945, AMNH 699946, adult males, collected at Gunjong, 25.19N, 93.01E (Lozupone et al., 2004), Northern Cachar, Assam, India, on 7 December 1895, by E.C.S. Baker. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Baker gave as his type a male collected at Gunjong on 7 December 1895, from his collection and housed in the Rothschild Collection. There are three males with those data that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; on none of them does Baker give any indication of type status, and the Rothschild type label is the only indication that AMNH 699946 was the selected type specimen. Hartert's (1928: 208) later listing of types in the Rothschild Collection also failed to distinguish the one with the type label from the other two with the same data. Because there seems to be no indication of which specimen Baker himself selected as his type and because the presence of the type label alone does not serve in that respect (ICZN, 1999: 8, Art. 9.6), I consider all three to be syntypes.

Mayr (1967: 295) included the white-bellied cacharensis as a synonym of Z. p. siamensis. Strangely, Mees (1957: 58) did not trace the type of this form, even though in the original description it was said to be in the Rothschild Collection.

Zosterops unica Hartert

Zosterops unica Hartert, 1897d: 520 (Nanga Ramau).

Now Zosterops palpebrosus unicus 95969798Hartert, 1897. See Mees, 1957: 86–88, Dickinson, 2003: 625, Mees, 2006: 185–188, and van Balen, 2008: 446–447.

Holotype

AMNH 700075, adult, collected at Nanga Ramau, Flores Island, Indonesia, in October 1896, by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert based his name on a single specimen, and gave an alternative spelling of the type locality as Nanga Roma, said to be in the Manggarai district. Manggarai is not in south Flores, as Hartert thought, but rather in central western Flores. Mees (2006: 12) gave the modern spelling of Nanga Ramau as Nanga Ramat, and I think this is correct. Nanga Ramat is at 08.20S, 120.41E (USBGN, 1982a). “Nanga” refers to a stream.

I have followed the Code (ICZN, 1999: 35, Art. 30.1.4.3) in considering Zosterops masculine, but it is worth reading the account by Mees (2006: 186–188) of gender changes in this name historically.

Zosterops ceylonensis Holdsworth

Zosterops ceylonensis Holdsworth, 1872: 459 (Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills).

Now Zosterops ceylonensis Holdsworth, 1872. See Mees, 1957: 22–26, Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005: 551, and van Balen, 2008: 447.

Lectotype

AMNH 699930, adult male, collected at Nuwara Eliya, 06.58N, 80.46E (Lozupone et al., 2004), Sri Lanka (= Ceylon), 28 January 1871, by E. Holdsworth. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, nor did Holdsworth say how many specimens he had, noting only that it was one of the commonest birds at Nuwara Eliya. Three specimens from the original series came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, two males and one female. Hartert (1928: 208) listed as the type and tied a Rothschild type label on a male from Nuwara Eliya, collected on 28 January 1871, choosing the specimen bearing two Holdsworth labels, each marked “♂ Type;” this specimen is now AMNH 699931. Without a doubt, this specimen with its Rothschild type label, has been considered the type. It was so cataloged when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH and has been housed with the types since then. However, because there are two male specimens bearing the same data, this did not serve to designate one of them the lectotype.

Mees (1957: 24), perhaps not checking the AMNH types or having been loaned the other male specimen, now AMNH 699930, and based on the fact that the label data matched the data given by Hartert (1928: 208), decided to confirm Hartert's designation but cited the AMNH number of the specimen that he examined! Because Hartert's designation was ambiguous, there seems to be no alternative but to accept Mees' designation despite the fact that the other specimen, bearing the Rothschild type label, has always been considered the type. I have added an AMNH type label to AMNH 699930 but have retained AMNH 699931, now a paralectotype, in the type collection with a tag explaining the situation.

The female specimen, AMNH 699932, collected at Nuwara Eliya on 16 October 1868, is also a paralectotype and there are two paralectotypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 103). All three of the AMNH specimens bear Holdsworth's catalog no. 181. This new form was illustrated in Holdsworth (1872: pl. XX).

Zosterops semperi owstoni Hartert

Zosterops semperi owstoni Hartert, 1900a: 2 (Ruk).

Now Zosterops semperi owstoni 105Hartert, 1900. See Mees, 1969: 156–157, Pratt et al., 1987: 284, Slikas et al., 2000: 355–365, and van Balen, 2008: 448.

Lectotype

AMNH 700803, unsexed adult, collected on Chuuk (= Truk or Ruk) Island, 07.28N, 151.51E (Times Atlas), Chuuk Islands, Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, on 7 May 1896, by collectors for Alan Owston. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, Hartert only saying that the Rothschild Collection had “received a large series from Ruk.” Hartert (1920: 435) listed as the type the only specimen collected on 7 May 1896, thereby designating it the lectotype. The Owston label is marked “Type” in what appears to be Rothschild's hand, and it also bears a Rothschild type label. Mees (1969: 157) did not appear to accept Hartert's designation of lectotype, although he usually did so, and only listed part of the type series even though he examined the specimens in AMNH. Hartert's published designation applies to a unique specimen from the original type series, and this is sufficient for lectotypification. The following are paralectotypes, collected on Chuuk in November 1895, February, March, May, and June 1896: AMNH 700791–700802, 700804–700811.

Mees (1969: 143–144) included the Caroline Islands white-eyes in the broad species Z. conspicillatus. Pratt et al. (1987: 283–284), based on song, included the subspecies semperi, owstoni, and takatsukasai in the species Z. semperi, and the recent mitochondrial sequence data of Slikas et al. (2000: 355–365) support this arrangement.

Zosterops clara Sharpe

Zosterops clara Sharpe, 1888b: 479 (Kina Balu).

Now Zosterops atricapilla atricapilla Salvadori, 1879. See Hartert, 1920: 435, Mees, 1957: 138–141, Smythies, 2000: 594–595, and van Balen, 2008: 449.

Lectotype

AMNH 700055, adult male, collected on Mount Kinabalu, 4000 ft, 06.03N, 116.32E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Malaysia, on 9 March 1888, by John Whitehead (no. 2179). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Sharpe neither designated a type in the original description nor indicated the size of his type series. Later, he (Sharpe, 1889: 427) listed four specimens, three of which came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1920: 435), by listing the specimen bearing Whitehead's unique field no. 2179 as the type, designated it the lectotype. The Whitehead label of this specimen is marked “Type R.B.S[harpe]” and is his specimen “a” (although this letter does not appear on the label), which was originally dated “1887,” with the “7” overwritten by an “8.”

In Sharpe (1889: 427) all of the specimens of clara are listed as being from the 1888 expedition. This is correct, as Whitehead (in Sharpe, 1889: 428) reported that he met with this form at only one locality on Kinabalu at about 5000 ft [4000 ft on all of his labels], on his 1888 second ascent of Kinabalu. On his 1887 trip he only collected what is now Zosterops everetti tahanensis, the lower altitude Zosterops, reported by Sharpe (1887: 452) as inseparable from Z. auriventer and later named Zosterops aureiventer [sic] parvus Hachisuka, 1926, holotype in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 421). Whitehead's field numbers from specimens collected on the 1887 expedition are in the 1000s.

Three additional specimens of clara were listed by Sharpe (1889: 427), two of which came to AMNH and are paralectotypes: AMNH 700057, male, 5 April 1888, Whitehead no. 2393 (Sharpe's “b” or “c”); AMNH 700058, female, 3 February 1888, with the “8” overwritten by a “7”(!), Whitehead no. 2104 (Sharpe's “d”).

The second male paralectotype collected on 5 April 1888 is in BMNH, Register no. 1898.9.30.219, ex museum of Henry Seebohm (R. Prys-Jones, personal commun.).

AMNH has a fourth specimen of this form which was not listed by Sharpe, AMNH 700056, male, collected on 3 February “1887,” Whitehead no. 2103. The field number indicates that it also was collected in 1888. It may not have been in Sharpe's hand when he described Z. clara and I do not consider it a paralectotype.

[Zosterops Basilanica Steere]

Mees (1957: 148) designated AMNH 700019 as lectotype of Z. Basilanica Steere, 1890. Subsequent research by Dickinson et al. (1989) has shown that Steere Expedition material retained by other expedition members and unavailable to Steere (1890) when he described new taxa should not be considered syntypes of Steere's names. Considerable Philippine material collected on the Steere expedition came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. I (LeCroy, 2003: 93) found that it was not possible to determine from whom Rothschild purchased his Steere material, but that it most likely was not from Steere himself, as none of the Steere material is accorded type status in Hartert's lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. Rothschild probably purchased it—perhaps from Moseley—in order to have topotypical material for reference. Therefore, because there is good evidence that AMNH 700019 was not part of Steere's type series, I consider that Mees' designation of a lectotype from Rothschild material was incorrect and that it has no type standing (ICZN, 1999: 76, Art. 72.4.1). However, it is retained in the type collection, with an additional label explaining its status. There are two syntypes from the original series in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 58).

Zosterops palpebrosa mandibularis Stresemann

Zosterops palpebrosa mandibularis Stresemann, 1931a: 211 (Maimbun (Sulu-Inseln)).

Now Zosterops everetti mandibularis 371372Stresemann, 1931. See Mees, 1957: 154–155, and van Balen, 2008: 449–450.

Holotype

AMNH 700030, adult male, collected at Maimbun, 05.56N, 121.02E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 421), Sulu Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, on 1 May 1883, by H. Guillemard. From the Rothschild Museum.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann designated as type the single male in the Rothschild Collection collected at Maimbun on 1 May 1883. He gave as the range Maimbun, Tawi-Tawi Island, and Bongao Island. The following specimens are paratypes: collected by Guillemard on 1 May 1883, AMNH 700029, female, Maimbun; collected by Everett in July 1893, AMNH 700031, male, Tawi-Tawi, AMNH 700032 and AMNH 700033, males, Bongao. This form was named after the publication of the final list of types in the Rothschild Collection (Hartert, 1931).

Zosterops aureiloris Ogilvie-Grant

Zosterops aureiloris Ogilvie-Grant, 1895b: 40 (mountains of Lepanto in Northern Luzon).

Now Zosterops nigrorum aureiloris 271Ogilvie-Grant, 1895. See Mees, 1957: 166–168, Dickinson et al., 1991: 399, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Syntypes

AMNH 700076, adult male, 15 November 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 649); AMNH 700077, female, 21 February 1895, by John Whitehead (no. A.185); AMNH 700078, female, 21 November 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 703), all collected at Barit, 17.19N, 120.42E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 415), Abra Prov., northern Luzon Island, Philippines. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the brief original description, Ogilvie-Grant gave no indication of the sex or number of his specimens or exactly where they were obtained. In his somewhat more complete account, he (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895a: 453) noted that he had both males, females, and “younger examples.” Ogilvie-Grant (1895a: 434) cited a letter in which Whitehead noted that he was leaving for the northern highlands at the beginning of November 1894, and another letter (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895a: 435) dated 16 February 1895, where Whitehead reported his intention of returning to the coast. The above three specimens were collected from within that period and are considered syntypes. They had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection and were not listed by Hartert in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection; nevertheless, their existence was mentioned by Mees (1957: 167) who gave no details. Other syntypes mentioned by Mees are in ZMB and in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 44). Benson (1999: 138) listed two syntypes in UMZC.

Zosterops nigrorum mindorensis Parkes

Zosterops nigrorum mindorensis Parkes, 1971: 60 (north slope of Mt. Halcon, Mindoro, Philippines).

Now Zosterops nigrorum mindorensis Parkes, 1971. See Dickinson et al., 1991: 400, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 790482, adult male, collected on the north slope of Mt. Halcon, 13.16N, 121.00E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 419), Mindoro Island, Philippines, on 19 March 1965, by J. Ramos.

Comments

Parkes gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had seen 12 specimens from five localities on Mindoro. All of the Mindoro specimens collected by Ramos on joint expeditions sponsored by AMNH and PNM were still at AMNH when Parkes studied these birds, and he would have had access to the seven specimens collected on those expeditions as well as one specimen collected by John Whitehead that had come to AMNH via the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes that he saw at AMNH were: AMNH 700079, female, Mt. Dulangan, 6000 ft., 26 January 1896, by John Whitehead; AMNH 790481, male, Bahay Bandok, Bongabon, Oriente Mindoro, 15 July 1963, by Ramos-Oane; AMNH 790483–790487, north slope of Mt. Halcon, March 1965, by J. Ramos. Of these last paratypes, AMNH 790483, 790485, 790486, and 790487 were later returned to PNM.

Zosterops obstinatus ternatanus Stresemann

Zosterops obstinatus ternatanus Stresemann, 1914a: 139 (Ternate, 3000–4000 f.).

Now Zosterops montanus obstinatus 105Hartert, 1900. See Mees, 1957: 196–197, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700170, adult female, collected on Ternate Island, 3000–4000 ft, 00.48N, 127.20E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Moluccas, Indonesia, in September 1896, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann listed as type a female collected on Ternate between the altitudes of 3000 and 4000 ft, in September 1896, and noted that he had three female specimens. The specimen that is now AMNH 700170 is the only one collected between 3000 and 4000 ft and is the holotype; it also bears a Rothschild type label in addition to Doherty's original label and was listed as the type by Mees (1957: 197). The reverse of Doherty's label was originally annotated “Type of ternatensis!,” but this has been marked through, as that name was never introduced. The two paratypes are: AMNH 700171 and AMNH 700172, females, collected on Ternate at 3000 ft in September 1896 by Doherty. The three birds that comprise this type series are also paralectotypes of Z. obstinatus (see below).

Zosterops obstinatus Hartert

Zosterops obstinatus Hartert, 1900b: 238 (Batjan).

Now Zosterops montanus obstinatus 105Hartert, 1900. See Mees, 1957: 195–196, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Lectotype

AMNH 700169, adult female, collected on Bacan (= Batjan) Island, 4000 ft, 00.35S, 127.30E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Moluccas, Indonesia, in September 1897, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert had two specimens from Bacan, but in the original description, he did not distinguish between them. Hartert (1920: 434) listed the female as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype; the same specimen was considered the type by Mees (1957: 196). In addition to the specimens from Bacan, Hartert had the three specimens from Ternate that were later described as ternatanus (see above). Although unsure whether the Ternate specimens were exactly the same as those from Bacan, he did include them in obstinatus. Paralectotypes of obstinatus: AMNH 700160, male, Bacan, September 1897; AMNH 700170, AMNH 700171, AMNH 700172, females, Ternate, September 1896.

Zosterops obstinatus seranensis Stresemann

Zosterops obstinatus seranensis Stresemann, 1914a: 139 (G. Pinaia, Mittel-Seran, 6000 f.).

Now Zosterops montanus obstinatus 105Hartert, 1900. See Mees, 1957: 194–195, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700154, adult male, collected on Mount Binaiya (= Gunung Pinaia), 6000 ft, 03.11S, 129.26E (USBGN, 1982a), Seram (= Seran), Moluccas, Indonesia, on 15 August 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 878) on the II Freiburger Molukken-Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann gave his unique field number of the single specimen he collected on Mount Binaiya and listed nine additional specimens in his type series, six from Mount Sofia, and three from Mount Hoale. The holotype and five paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes in AMNH, all from Mount Sofia, are: AMNH 700155 (Stresemann no. 705), male, 26 June 1911; AMNH 700156 (672), male, 28 June 1911; AMNH 700157 (691), female, 28 June 1911; AMNH 700158 (694), female, 21 June 1911; AMNH 700159 (711), female, 28 June 1911. The three paratypes from Mount Hoale are in RMNH (Dekker and Quaisser, 2006: 24). The whereabouts of the remaining paratype is unknown.

Zosterops montana parkesi duPont

Zosterops montana parkesi duPont, 1971: 4 (Mt. Mantalingajan, Palawan, P.I., 5500–6000').

Now Zosterops montanus parkesi duPont, 1971. See Dickinson et al., 1991: 401, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 788888, adult male, collected on Mount Mantalingajan, 5500–6000 ft, 08.48N, 117.40E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 421), Palawan Island, Philippines, on 14 April 1962, by D.S. Rabor (no. 34096).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Measurements were given for six males and four females, but the only paratype in AMNH is AMNH 788887, unsexed, collected on Mount Mantalingajan on 14 April 1962 by D.S. Rabor (34105). Both of these specimens were gifts to AMNH from D.S. Rabor of Silliman University Natural History Museum, and the numbers on the reverse of the labels are perhaps museum catalog numbers.

Zosterops whiteheadi Hartert

Zosterops whiteheadi Hartert, 1903c: 14 (Lepanto, Luzon, 5000 feet high).

Now Zosterops montanus whiteheadi 107108Hartert, 1903. See Mees, 1957: 193–194, Dickinson et al., 1991: 401, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700139, adult male, collected at Bagnen (= Bagnin, as on label), 5000 ft, 17.02N, 120.53E (E.C. Dickinson, personal commun.), Lepanto, northern Luzon Island, Philippines, on 14 December 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 819). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert gave Whitehead's unique field number of the holotype and said that he had a male and a female specimen. The paratype is AMNH 700140, female, collected at Bagnen on 20 December 1894 by John Whitehead (no. 883).

“Bagnin” is shown on the map in Whitehead (1899: 83). Between 3 November 1894 and 14 January 1895, Whitehead had stayed for some weeks at Bucay on the Abra River. Then, ill with dysentery, he ascended to an Igorrati village (name not mentioned), where he was based for several weeks (Whitehead, 1899: 84). Bagnen was perhaps the higher altitude Igorrati village.

Zosterops montana pectoralis Mayr

Zosterops montana pectoralis Mayr (in Delacour and Mayr), 1945: 116 (Canloan [sic], Volcano, Negros, Philippine Islands).

Now Zosterops montanus pectoralis Mayr, 1945. See Mees, 1957: 192–193, Dickinson et al., 1991: 401–402, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700150, adult male, collected on Canlaon (not Canloan) Volcano, 6000 ft, 10.25N, 123.08E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 417), Negros Island, Philippines, on 15 April 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.442). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that his type series comprised three specimens. Mees (1957: 193) also cited AMNH 700150 as the type of pectoralis. The two paratypes, both from Canlaon Volcano, are: AMNH 700151 (Whitehead no. B.480), female, 17 (or 19?) April 1896; AMNH 700152 (B.408), male, 11 April 1896.

Zosterops montana steini Mayr

Zosterops montana steini Mayr, 1944: 169 (Mt. Ramelan [sic] (2600 meters), eastern Timor).

Now Zosterops montanus montanus Bonaparte, 1850. See Mees, 1957: 191–192, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and Dickinson, 2003: 626.

Holotype

AMNH 308005, adult male, collected on Mount Ramelau (not Mount Ramelan), 2600 m, 08.55S, 125.25E (USBGN, 1982a), eastern Timor, on 1 May 1932, by Georg Stein (no. 4290).

Comments

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. The following specimens are paratypes: males, AMNH 346376–346384, Mount Mutis, AMNH 346385–346390, Mount Ramelau; females, AMNH 346391–346397, Mount Mutis, AMNH 346398–396403, Mount Ramelau; sex?, AMNH 346404–346406, Mount Mutis, AMNH 346407, 346408, Mount Ramelau. Of these, AMNH 346376, 346377, 346389, 346392–346394, and 346405 were sent to ZMB in January 1956; I did not find AMNH 346379 in the collection. The locality is clearly written “Mount Ramelau” on the holotype.

Fieldwork on Timor by Clara and Georg Stein, from ZMB, was supported by J. Sterling Rockefeller for AMNH, and the specimens were to be divided between the two institutions. The results were published by Mayr (1944) during World War II, and no specimens were returned to ZMB until January 1956. Stein never published fieldnotes from this expedition because his home and notebooks were destroyed during the war (Stresemann, 1967).

Zosterops whiteheadi vulcani Hartert

Zosterops whiteheadi vulcani Hartert, 1903c: 14 (Mt. Apo, Mindanao, 8000 feet).

Now Zosterops montanus vulcani 107108Hartert, 1903. See Mees, 1957: 176–189, Dickinson et al., 1991: 401, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700141, adult male (not female), collected on Mount Apo, 8000 feet, 06.59N, 125.16E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 415), Mindanao Island, Philippines, in April, 1903, by Walter Goodfellow. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

When he described vulcani, Hartert had a single specimen, labeled as a male, collected by Goodfellow; in the original description the type was listed as a female, but this was corrected without comment by Hartert (1920: 436). Mees (1957: 184) listed this type specimen but considered vulcani a synonym of Z. m. montanus. Specimens collected on Mount Apo by J. Waterstradt in October and November 1903 were collected too late to have been in Hartert's hand when the description was published on 30 October 1903.

Zosterops palpebrosa foghaensis Stresemann

Zosterops palpebrosa foghaensis Stresemann, 1912b: 347 (Gunung Fogha (= Kapala Madang = “Mount Mada”), N.W. Buru, 5500f.).

Now Zosterops montanus montanus Bonaparte, 1850. See Mees, 1957: 176–189, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 700153, adult female, collected on Mount Kapalatmada (= Gunung Fogha), 03.15S, 126.09E (USBGN, 1982a), Buru Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 28 February 1912, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 1091). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Stresemann cited his unique field number of the holotype in the original description. Stresemann (1914b: 391), reporting on the avifauna of Buru including his collection, listed only the type specimen, adding that a second specimen had been shot too badly to be preserved.

At the end of February 1912, Stresemann (1914b: 361) and his companion, Dr. Deninger, climbed “Mount Fogha,” the highest peak of which was 2060 m, but they only reached 1400 m before they were forced to turn back. The highest peak shown on my map is Mount Kapalatmada, which is probably the same as “Kapala Madang = Mount Mada,” given by Stresemann as equivalent names for Fogha. Rothschild and Hartert (1923: 118), in their description of Madanga ruficollis, equate mountains “Madang,” “Mada,” and “Fogha” with Mount Tomahu, 03.14S, 126.04E (USBGN, 1982a), but Stresemann's equivalent names seem adequate to me.

Zosterops chlorates oriochares Stresemann

Zosterops chlorates oriochares Stresemann, 1938: 45 (Latimodjong Gebirge, 2300 m).

Now Zosterops montanus montanus Bonaparte, 1850. See Mees, 1957: 176–189, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 461239, adult male, collected in the Latimojong (= Latimodjong) Mountains, 2300 m, 03.30S, 120.05E (USBGN, 1982a), Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on 19 July 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 1075).

Comments

Stresemann cited Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype in the original description, noting that he had a large series of specimens from Heinrich, four from NMB and one from SMTD. Heinrich's 1930 expedition was jointly sponsored by ZMB and Leonard C. Sanford for AMNH. Types were to come to AMNH and the remainder of the specimens was to be divided between the two institutions. Paratypes that came to AMNH are: AMNH 293094–293126, all collected in the Latimojong Mountains between 1800 and 3000 m, in June and July 1930 by the Heinrich Expedition. These paratypes are stamped with a red “S” within a circle, indicating they were Sanford's share of the specimens.

Zosterops chlorates origenes Stresemann

Zosterops chlorates origenes Stresemann, 1938: 46 (Wawa-Karaeng, 2500 m).

Now Zosterops montanus montanus Bonaparte, 1850. See Mees, 1957: 176–189, White and Bruce, 1986: 413, and van Balen, 2008: 450.

Holotype

AMNH 468609, adult male, collected at Wawa Karaeng, 2500 m, Mount Lompobatang (= Bonthain Peak), 05.20S, 119.55E (USBGN, 1982a), southern Sulawesi (= Celebes) Island, Indonesia, on 8 September 1931 by Gerd Heinrich (no. 5470).

Comments

Stresemann cited Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype in the original description but gave no catalog number for it. Mees' (1957: 184) publication of ZMB 34.2490 as the number of this holotype was misleading. One of the tags on this specimen, printed with the ZMB name, bears both ZMB 34.2490 and AMNH 468609; but on the type label which is also printed with the ZMB name, only the AMNH number appears. It was sent to AMNH in fulfillment of the funding agreement, as noted above. S. Frahnert (personal commun.) has confirmed that number 34.2490 in the ZMB catalog was given to this specimen while it was being studied by Stresemann, and that it is indicated in the catalog as having been sent to AMNH. Stresemann (1938: 46) studied 19 specimens; paratypes that came to AMNH are: AMNH 300294–300302, four males and five females, Wawa Karaeng, 2500 m, Lompobatang, September 1931; AMNH 300303, immature, Lombasanj, 1100 m, Lompobatang, August 1931, all collected by the Heinrich Expedition.

Zosterops intermedia periplecta Hartert

Zosterops intermedia periplecta Hartert, 1920: 434 (Lombok, 1500 feet).

Now Zosterops chloris maxi Finsch, 1907. See Mees, 1961a: 43–48, White and Bruce, 1986: 414, and van Balen, 2008: 453–454.

Lectotype

AMNH 700349, adult male, collected on Lombok Island, 1500 ft, 08.45S, 116.30E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, in May 1896, by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert (1920: 434) described this subspecies within his list of types in the Rothschild Collection. The Rothschild type label is tied on the above specimen, and it is without doubt the intended type; however, there are two specimens bearing the same data. By listing AMNH 700349 as the type, Mees (1961a: 46) designated it the lectotype. Hartert (1920: 434) said that he had three specimens of periplecta collected by Everett and five by Doherty, all from Lombok. The seven paralectotypes are: AMNH 700350, male, May 1896, Everett; AMNH 700351, AMNH 700352, males, AMNH 700353–700355, females, June 1896, Doherty; AMNH 700356, female, June 1896, native collectors for Everett. AMNH 295136 is also a male collected on Lombok in May 1896 by Everett, but this specimen has no type standing; it was purchased from W.F.H. Rosenberg, a dealer, by Leonard C. Sanford for AMNH and was not part of Hartert's type series.

Zosterops sumbavensis Guillemard

Zosterops sumbavensis Guillemard, 1885: 508 (Bima, Sumbawa).

Now Zosterops chloris intermedius Wallace, 1864. See Mees, 1961a: 36–42, White and Bruce, 1986: 414, and van Balen, 2008: 453–454.

Syntype

AMNH 700344, female?, collected at Bima, 08.28S, 118.43E (USBGN, 1982a), Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 14 August 1883, by R.ff. Powell. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

This specimen was listed as specimen “b” by Hartert (1920: 433), a co-type (= syntype) of Zosterops sumbavensis, described by Guillemard from two specimens. It was collected by Lt. R.ff. Powell on the cruise of the Marchesa (see Guillemard, 1889: 285). In addition to Powell's label, it bears Rothschild Collection and type labels.

Zosterops flavissima Hartert

Zosterops flavissima Hartert, 1903a: 29 (Binongka insula).

Now Zosterops chloris flavissimus 107108Hartert, 1903. See Mees, 1961a: 32, White and Bruce, 1986: 414, and van Balen, 2008: 453–454.

Holotype

AMNH 700315, adult male, collected on Binongka Island, 05.57S, 124.02E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Tukang Besi Islands, Indonesia, on 9 December 1901, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 4215). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert cited Kühn's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and listed 19 specimens in his type series, giving Kühn's numbers for them. Only ten of these came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and it is not known whether the remainder were exchanged to another collection by Rothschild or given to a dealer for sale. Mees (1961a: 32) said, without giving details, that he had examined eight specimens “belonging to three different institutions and one private collection,” all collected by Kühn. Two specimens at AMNH were purchased by Leonard C. Sanford from the dealer W.F.H. Rosenberg and given to AMNH. One of them is certainly a paratype: AMNH 295140 (Kühn number 4224), male, Binongka Island, 10 December 1901; the other is probably a paratype: AMNH 295141 (no Kühn number present), Binongka Island, female, 10 December 1901. The nine paratypes from the Rothschild Collection in AMNH are: Binongka Island, AMNH 700316 (Kühn no. 4217), male, 10 December 1901, AMNH 700317 (4219), female, 10 December 1901, AMNH 700318 (4221), female, 9 December 1901; Kalidupa Island, AMNH 700319 (4580), male, 10 January 1902, AMNH 700320 (4579), male, 6 January 1902; Tamia Island, AMNH 700321 (4425), male, 15 December 1901, AMNH 700322 (4422), male, 22 December 1901, AMNH 700323 (4423), female, 21 December 1901; Wantjee Island, AMNH 700324 (4448), female, 2 December 1901.

Zosterops albiventris cairncrossi Mathews

Zosterops albiventris cairncrossi Mathews, 1916a: 62 (Cairncross Island).

Now Zosterops citrinellus albiventris Reichenbach, 1852. See Mees, 1961a: 18–26, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 683–684, and van Balen, 2008: 454.

Lectotype

AMNH 700248, adult female, collected on Cairncross Island, Cairncross Islets, 11.15S, 142.56E (USBGN, 1957), Queensland, Australia, on 20 July 1911, by William R. McLennan. From the Mathews Collection (no. 17282) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews only said that his type was from Cairncross Island; his catalog number, 17282, was added to his collection label, but was not given in the description. His catalog showed that he had two specimens, a male and a female, received from MacGillivray (for whom McLennan collected). Mathews (1923a: 162) described the female of Zosterops albiventris, citing the correct data and noting that the bird described was the type of cairncrossi, thereby designating it the lectotype. In addition to McLennan's label, it bears a Mathews Collection label, marked “Type” by Mathews, and a Rothschild type label. The paralectotype is AMNH 700247 (Mathews no. 17283), male, collected on Cairncross Island on the same day by McLennan. This specimen bears a “Figured” label, indicating that it was illustrated in Mathews (1923a: pl. 506, middle right fig., opp. p. 156, text pp. 161–162), where the male, with the correct data cited, is said to be figured but is accorded no type status. MacGillivray (1914a: 175) noted the collection of these two specimens.

The generic name Zosterops is “to be treated as masculine, regardless of its derivation or of its treatment by its author” (ICZN, 1999: 35, Art. 30.1.4.3, and previous editions). The specific name has been spelled both citrinellus and citrinella. David and Gosselin (2002: 40), citing Jobling (1991: 56), considered citrinella to be an Italian word falling under ICZN (1999: 38, Art. 31.2.3), and thus indeclinable. However, while Jobling (1991: 56) did consider citrinella an Italian word, he also noted that it was the diminutive of Latin citrinus, citrine. As such, it may be considered either a noun in apposition, with the original spelling retained, or an adjectival form, with gender to agree with that of the genus. Bonaparte (1850) himself, when introducing the name, treated Zosterops as feminine and did not specify whether citrinella was to be treated as a noun or adjective. In this case, usage of the adjectival form with gender agreement would seem to be decisive (ICZN, 1999: 38, Art. 31.2.2). Most of the publications dealing with the area in which this species of restricted range occurs, while accepting the genus Zosterops as masculine, consider the species name to be an adjectival form and use citrinellus (e.g., Beehler and Finch, 1985: 47; Beehler et al., 1986: 193; White and Bruce, 1986: 414; Sibley and Monroe, 1990: 604; Coates, 1990: 328; Andrew, 1992: 38; Coates et al., 1997: 489; Schodde and Mason, 1999: 683–684; and Strange, 2001: 330). Dickinson (2003: 627) apparently accepted David and Gosselin's assessment without question and some publications since then have followed Dickinson. I believe this assessment to be incomplete and have used the masculine gender ending.

[Zosterops citrinella intercalata Stresemann]

Zosterops citrinella intercalata Stresemann, 1931a: 217 (Kambera in Mittel-Sumba).

Now Zosterops citrinellus citrinellus Bonaparte, 1850. See Mayr, 1944: 168–169, and Dickinson, 2003: 627.

Comments

When Zosterops citrinella intercalata was described by Stresemann (1931a: 217), he designated as the holotype ZMB “Nr. 30.1614, male adult, Kambera in Mittel-Sumba, 21. März 1925, K.W. Dammerman leg. Nr. 71.” That specimen remains in ZMB. Stresemann (1931a: 202) had worked on Dammerman's collection in the Rothschild Collection (as well as in other European collections) and apparently at some time had intended to designate as the type of intercalata the specimen that became AMNH 700175, a male collected at Waingapo, Sumba Island, on 14 September 1896 by Alfred Everett. In fact, he had written on the back of the Rothschild Collection label “Typus von intercalata Stres. 1930.” I find no evidence that Stresemann had introduced this name in 1930. There is a Rothschild type label tied on the specimen, filled in by an unknown hand, and it was cataloged as a type when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH. However, it has no standing as a type. Because the specimen bears a Rothschild type label, it remains in the type collection but with an added label to explain the situation. For the spelling of Z. citrinellus, see above.

Zosterops palpebrosa harterti Stresemann

Zosterops palpebrosa harterti Stresemann, 1912b: 347 (Alor).

Now Zosterops citrinellus harterti 364365Stresemann, 1912. See Mees, 1961a: 26–27, White and Bruce, 1986: 414, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 683–684, and van Balen, 2008: 454.

Holotype

AMNH 700173, adult male, collected on Alor Island, 08.15S, 124.45E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 30 March 1897, by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann designated as type the only male specimen collected by Everett on Alor. It bears in addition to Everett's label, a Rothschild type label, and was listed as the type by Hartert (1920: 435) and later by Mees (1961a: 27) with its AMNH number. Stresemann (1912b: 347) gave measurements for five males and one female; the female specimen came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and is a paratype: AMNH 700174, adult female, collected on Alor in March 1897 by Everett. For the spelling of Z. citrinellus, see above.

Zosterops subatrifrons A.B. Meyer and Wiglesworth

Zosterops subatrifrons A.B. Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1896: 17 (Insula Peling).

Now Zosterops atrifrons subatrifrons A.B. Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1896. See Mees, 1961a: 71–72, White and Bruce, 1986: 416, and van Balen, 2008: 455–456.

Syntypes

AMNH 700370, AMNH 700371, AMNH 700372, AMNH 700373 (immature), all collected on Peleng Island, 01.20S, 123.10E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Banggai Islands, Indonesia, in May–August 1895, by collectors for C.W. Cursham. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description; the number of specimens was not given and Cursham's name was not mentioned, yet the dates May–August 1895 were provided, and all of these specimens were labeled “Cotypus” on the original label. Meyer and Wiglesworth (1898: 9) noted that Charles W. Cursham, a merchant at Menado, north Sulawesi, had been “engaged by A.B. Meyer and the Hon. W. Rothschild” to collect in Minahassa and on small neighboring islands. They then noted that “in our work [Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1895, 1896] specimens from this source are marked: ‘native collectors’ or ‘native hunters’ (‘nat. coll.’, ‘nat. hunt.’) and some of these skins have passed into other museums also.” Meyer and Wiglesworth (1898: pl. 30) illustrated Z. subatrifrons.

Meyer and Wiglesworth (1898: 490) listed only one adult by number, C 14535, but did not give it type status, adding that their series of eight specimens was in Dresden and the Tring Museum (= Rothschild Collection). Eck and Quaisser (2004: 298) listed three syntypes still in SMTD and syntype C 14535 as having been exchanged with BMNH. Together with the four syntypes from the Rothschild Collection listed above, all of the eight original specimens are accounted for. These specimens had not been included previously in the AMNH type series, and AMNH type labels have been added to confirm their status.

Zosterops minor rothschildi Stresemann and Paludan

Zosterops minor rothschildi Stresemann and Paludan (in Stresemann et al.), 1934: 44 (Mt. Derimapa, Gebroeders).

Now considered an intergrade between Zosterops minor minor and Z. m. chrysolaemus. See Mees, 1961a: 81–82, 1969: 282, Dickinson, 2003: 627, and van Balen, 2008: 457.

Holotype

AMNH 303041, adult female, collected on Mount Derimapa, 5000 ft, Gebroeders Range, 03.39S, 135.56E (USBGN, 1982a), Kobowre (= Weyland) Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia, on 29 June 1930, by Fred Shaw Mayer (no. 86).

Comments

Shaw Mayer collected the single specimen; his expedition was jointly sponsored by L.C. Sanford for AMNH and Rothschild, and the specimens were divided between the two collections. This specimen came directly to AMNH, the label stamped with an “S” within a circle indicating Sanford's share. It had been seen to differ and was listed as Zosterops minor subsp? by Rothschild (1931: 259), who refrained from naming it on the basis of a single specimen. It was not collected by Stein (Hartert et al., 1936) in the Weyland Mountains and the specimen remains unique. The subspecies was recognized as valid by Dickinson (2003: 627). Mees (1961a: 81, 1969: 282) raised the possibility that the specimen might represent intergradation between Zosterops atrifrons minor and Z. a. chrysolaemus, and van Balen (2008: 457) agreed with this, although he put both subspecies in the species Z. minor.

Zosterops meeki Hartert

Zosterops meeki Hartert, 1898a: 528 (Sudest).

Now Zosterops meeki 100Hartert, 1898. See Mees, 1961a: 91, and van Balen, 2008: 457.

Lectotype

AMNH 700582, adult male, collected on Tacuta (= Sudest or Tagula) Island, 11.20S, 153.10E (PNG, 1984), Louisiade Archipelago, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, on 18 April 1898, by Albert S. Meek (no. 1753). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description, saying only that he had a male and a female specimen. Later, Rothschild and Hartert (1903c: 452) listed the type as the male with Meek's field number “1753,” thereby designating the above specimen the lectotype. The paralectotype is AMNH 700586 (Meek no. 1754) collected on the same day.

Zosterops minor ultima Mayr

Zosterops minor ultima Mayr, 1955: 45 (New Hanover).

Now Zosterops hypoxanthus ultimus Mayr, 1955. See Mees, 1961a: 94–95, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, and van Balen, 2008: 457–458.

Holotype

AMNH 700443, adult male, collected on New Hanover Island, 02.35S, 150.10E (PNG, 1984), New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, on 12 February 1923, by Albert F. Eichhorn (no. 8164). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range of ultimus as New Hanover and New Ireland. Eichhorn collected eight specimens on New Hanover (Hartert, 1924b: 211) and seven (actually eight) specimens on New Ireland (Hartert, 1925: 133); in addition, there are two specimens collected by Captain Caley Webster on New Hanover (ex spirits) and one without date from the Curtis Collection. The 18 paratypes, AMNH 700428–700442, 700444–700446, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and would have been available to Mayr. Mayr and Diamond (2001: 396) listed ultimus as a subspecies of Zosterops atrifrons.

Zosterops admiralitatis Rothschild and Hartert

Zosterops admiralitatis Rothschild and Hartert, 1914d: 108 (Manus).

Now Zosterops hypoxanthus admiralitatis 324325326Rothschild and Hartert, 1914. See Mees, 1961a: 95, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, and van Balen, 2008: 457–458.

Holotype

AMNH 700448, adult male, collected on Manus, Admiralty Islands, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, on 23 September 1913, by Albert F. Eichhorn for Albert S. Meek (no. 6132). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Rothschild and Hartert cited Meek's unique field number of the holotype in the original description. In their report on the expedition, Rothschild and Hartert (1914c: 298) listed 12 specimens, giving the Meek numbers for each. Ten of these, including the type, came to AMNH; the other two were perhaps exchanged to another collection by Rothschild prior to that. The nine paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 700447 (Meek no. 6164), 700449 (6146), 700450 (5960), 700451 (5984), 700452 (6057), 700453 (6060), 700454 (6122), 700455 (6133), 700456 (6141). The two missing specimens bear Meek nos. 6159 and 6165.

Rothschild and Hartert (1914c: 282) noted that Eichhorn's party camped close to the German settlement on Manus Island. In the draft annual report of German New Guinea for 1913–1914 (Sack and Clark, 1980: 61), the following appears with reference to Manus: “An Australian spent the period from September to October near the Imperial Station, engaged in collecting birds and butterflies for the Tring Museum (Rothschild) in London.” The Manus Station was opened in October 1911, on Seeadler Harbour (Firth, 1983: 103) and is now known as Lorengau, 02.01S, 147.13E (Times Atlas).

Mayr and Diamond (2001: 396) and other authors have included this form in Z. atrifrons.

Zosterops fuscicapilla crookshanki Mayr and Rand

Zosterops fuscicapilla crookshanki Mayr and Rand, 1935: 16 (Goodenough Island, D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago).

Now Zosterops fuscicapilla crookshanki Mayr and Rand, 1935. See Mees, 1961a: 100–101, Coates, 1990: 329–330, and van Balen, 2008: 458.

Holotype

AMNH 222112, adult female (not male), collected on Goodenough Island, D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, on 20 November 1928, by Hannibal Hamlin on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 36032).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. As noted by Mees (1961a: 101), due to a typographical error, the holotype was incorrectly listed as a male. The type series comprised two female specimens. The paratype is AMNH 222113 (Whitney no. 36028), female, collected on the same day.

During Hamlin's stay on Goodenough Island, the expedition ship France was anchored in Mud Bay, 09.25S, 150.20E (PNG, 1984). From 19–23 November 1930, Hamlin and collector, David, camped at 1900 ft, apparently at the same site used by the Eichhorn brothers when they collected for Rothschild four or five years previously. The Eichhorns had not collected this form. Crookshank was Captain of the France. (Hamlin, unpublished journal, Whitney South Sea Expedition, volume T, Department of Ornithology Archives, AMNH).

Zosterops kühni Hartert

Zosterops kühni Hartert, 1906: 82 (Amboina).

Now Zosterops kuehni Hartert, 1906. See Mees, 1961a: 104–105, White and Bruce, 1986: 417, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Holotype

AMNH 700396, adult male, collected on Ambon (= Amboina) Island, 03.40S, 128.10E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Moluccas, Indonesia, on 16 February 1906, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 7280). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert cited Kühn's unique field number of the holotype, indicating more than one specimen but not saying how many he examined. Five specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; the four paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 700394 (Kühn no. 7149), male; AMNH 700395 (7276), male; AMNH 700397 (7279), female; AMNH 700398 (7277), female, all collected between 10 and 16 February 1906 on Ambon.

Zosterops novaeguineae wuroi Mayr and Rand

Zosterops novaeguineae wuroi Mayr and Rand, 1935: 16 (Wuroi, Oriomo River, Western Division, Territory of Papua).

Now Zosterops novaeguineae wuroi Mayr and Rand, 1935. See Mees, 1961a: 111–112, Coates, 1990: 330–332, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Holotype

AMNH 422406, adult male, collected at Wuroi, 08.50S, 143.07E (Deignan, 1964a: 234), Oriomo River, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, on 7 February 1934, by Richard Archbold and Austin L. Rand, on the 1933–1934 Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (no. 2784).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description and three specimens from Wuroi comprised the type series. The two paratypes are: AMNH 422405 (Archbold no. 2575), immature male and AMNH 422407 (2574), immature female, both collected at Wuroi on 25 January 1934.

A summary and itinerary of this expedition by Archbold and Rand (1935: 576) identified Wuroi as the landing place on the Oriomo River for the oil-drilling company that had been working at Dogwa. Mayr and Rand (1937) published on the birds collected in 1933–1934.

Zosterops novaeguineae wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard

Zosterops novaeguineae wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard, 1951: 14 (Nondugl, Wahgi Valley, Central Highlands, Mandated Territory of New Guinea).

Now Zosterops novaeguineae wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard, 1951. See Mees, 1961a: 112–115, Coates, 1990: 330–332, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Holotype

AMNH 348223, adult male, collected at Nondugl, 5200 ft, 05.50S, 144.45E (PNG, 1984), Wahgi Valley, Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea, on 28 April 1950, by E. Thomas Gilliard on the Gilliard Mount Hagen Expedition.

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description and the range of the subspecies was said to be the south slopes of the Bismarck Mountains. The following specimens, all collected in 1950, are paratypes: males, AMNH 705996, Base Camp, Mount Hagen, 24 July; AMNH 705997, Nondugl, 24 April; AMNH 705998, Nondugl, 26 April; females, AMNH 705999, Nondugl, 24 April; AMNH 706000, Nondugl, 24 April; unsexed, AMNH 706001, Nondugl, 27 April, AMNH 706002, Nondugl, 1 May. AMNH 706002 was sent to AM in 1953.

Mayr and Gilliard (1954) published the results of the Gilliard 1950 and 1952 expeditions to New Guinea.

Zosterops novaeguineae shaw-mayeri Mayr and Gilliard

Zosterops novaeguineae shaw-mayeri Mayr and Gilliard, 1951: 14 (Yandara, north slope of Mt. Wilhelm, Central Hightlands, Mandated Territory of New Guinea).

Now Zosterops novaeguineae wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard, 1951. See Mees, 1961a: 112–115, Coates, 1990: 330–332, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Holotype

AMNH 348224, adult male, collected at Yandara, 6000 ft, on the north slope of Mount Wilhelm, 05.45S, 145.00E (PNG, 1984), Bismarck Range, Simbu-Madang provincial border, Papua New Guinea, on 28 April 1950, by Fred Shaw Mayer (no. 707).

Comments

This single specimen was collected by Shaw Mayer and was a gift to the 1950 Gilliard Expedition. Mees (1961a: 113–115) considered wahgiensis and shawmayeri synonyms and, as first revisor, selected wahgiensis as the valid name of the subspecies on the basis of line priority.

For information on Fred Shaw Mayer, see Peckover and George (1992).

Zosterops metcalfii exigua Murphy

Zosterops metcalfii exigua Murphy, 1929: 5 (Shortland Island, Solomon Group).

Now Zosterops metcalfii exiguus Murphy, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 154–156, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Holotype

AMNH 220057, male, collected on Shortland Island, 07.05S, 155.45E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 13 December 1927, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 29941).

Comments

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description and the range was given as Shortland, Choiseul, Bougainville, and Buka islands. Paratypes are: Choiseul Island, males, AMNH 220050–220054, females, AMNH 220055, 220056, 221931–221933; Shortland Island, males, AMNH 220058–220073, females, AMNH 220074–220080; Bougainville Island, males, AMNH 221934–221950, females, AMNH 221951–221959; Buka Island, males, AMNH 221960, 221961, females, AMNH 221962–221964. Of these, the following were exchanged: AMNH 220064 and 220080 to CM; AMNH 220067 and 220071 to NRM; AMNH 221939 to ANSP, AMNH 221946 to ZIN. Ten specimens were exchanged with Rothschild and when that collection came to AMNH, the specimens were renumbered: AMNH 220054 (to 700646), 220060 (to 700642), 220065 (to 700643), 220076 (to 700644), 220079 (to 700645), 221935 (to 700635), 221937 (to 700636), 221947 (to 700637), 221953 (to 700638).

Mayr and Diamond (2001: 396) did not recognize exiguus, synonymizing it with the nominate subspecies.

Zosterops floridana Rothschild and Hartert

Zosterops floridana Rothschild and Hartert, 1901b: 180 (Florida Island).

Now Zosterops metcalfii floridanus 310Rothschild and Hartert, 1901. See Mees, 1961a: 156–157, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, and van Balen, 2008: 461.

Lectotype

AMNH 700653, adult male, collected on Nggela Sule (= Florida) Island, 09.05S, 160.15E (USBGN, 1974b), Solomon Islands, on 28 December 1900, by Albert Eichhorn for Albert S. Meek (no. 2704). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description nor was the number of specimens examined given, although measurements were published for more than one of each sex. Hartert (1920: 436) listed the type as specimen no. 2704, thus designating it the lectotype. Paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected on Nggela Sula, are: AMNH 700654 (Meek no. 2706), male, 28 December 1900; AMNH 700655 (2719), male, 31 December 1900; AMNH 700656 (2715), male, 29 December 1900; AMNH 700657 (2737), male, 22 January 1901; AMNH 700660 (2705), female, 28 December 1900.

Zosterops lutea tribulationis Mathews

Zosterops lutea tribulationis Mathews, 1912a: 384 (North-West Australia (Point Torment)).

Now Zosterops luteus balstoni Ogilvie-Grant, 1909. See Mees, 1961a: 125–131, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 685–686, and van Balen, 2008: 462.

Holotype

AMNH 700483, adult male, collected at Point Torment, 17.15S, 123.44E (USBGN, 1957), King Sound, west Kimberley, Western Australia, Australia, on 14 January 1911, by J.P. Rogers (no. 1146). From the Mathews Collection (no. 8264) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range of the form as “northwest Australia.” Paratypes are specimens in the Mathews Collection from Point Torment, collected by Rogers in January through April 1911: males, AMNH 700484 (Mathews no. 8260, Rogers no. 1144), AMNH 700485 (8261, 1127), AMNH 700486 (8266, 1071), AMNH 700487 (8263, 1130), AMNH 700488 (8262, 1110), AMNH 700489 (8265, 1066), AMNH 700490 (8445, 1353); females, AMNH 700491 (8257, 1153), AMNH 700492 (8258, 1143), AMNH 700493 (8259, 1145), AMNH 700494 (8667, 1524).

Zosterops lutea headlandi Mathews

Zosterops lutea headlandi Mathews, 1923b: 36 (Point Headland [sic], North Mid-west Australia).

Now Zosterops luteus balstoni Ogilvie-Grant, 1909. See Mees, 1961a: 125–131, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 685–686, and van Balen, 2008: 462.

Lectotype

AMNH 700479, unsexed, collected at Port Hedland (not Headland), 20.19S, 118.34E (USBGN, 1957), Western Australia, Australia, in October 1907. From the Mathews Collection (no. 2839) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews gave only the type locality of Point Hedland and mentioned no additional range or his catalog number of the type. AMNH 700479 bears a Rothschild Collection label, a Mathews Collection label, marked “Type of headlandi” by Mathews, and a “Figured” label, indicating that the specimen was illustrated in Mathews (1923a: pl. 506, bottom right fig., opp. p. 156, text p. 165), where the specimen bearing only the month and year, October 1907, is said to be the type of headlandi, thereby designating it the lectotype. Mathews had two additional specimens from Port Hedland, paralectotypes: AMNH 700477, female, collected 7 October 1914 and AMNH 700478, female, collected 27 October 1914. Both of these, collected by F.L. Whitlock, were originally in the H.L. White Collection, and were probably acquired from White during 191Mathews' 1914 visit to Australia; they were not cataloged by Mathews.

Zosterops lutea hecla Mathews

Zosterops lutea hecla Mathews, 1912b: 48 (Hecla Island, Parry Harbour).

Now Zosterops luteus luteus Gould, 1843. See Mees, 1961a: 124–125, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 685–686, and van Balen, 2008: 462.

Holotype

AMNH 700495, adult male, collected on Hecla Island, 13.58S, 126.00E (USBGN, 1957), Parry Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, on 14 November 1909, by G.F. Hill. From the Mathews Collection (no. 5658) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype in the original description. In addition to Hill's original label, the holotype bears Mathews and Rothschild type labels and a “Figured” label, indicating that the specimen was illustrated in Mathews (1923a: pl. 506, lower left fig., opp. p. 156, text p. 165), where it was confirmed as the type of hecla. Mathews cataloged the single specimen.

Zosterops aignani Hartert

Zosterops aignani Hartert, 1899b: 210 (St. Aignan Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago).

Now Zosterops griseotinctus griseotinctus 102103Hartert, 1899. See Mees, 1961a: 131–137, Coates, 1990: 333, Dickinson, 2003: 628, and van Balen, 2008: 262–263.

Lectotype

AMNH 700680, adult male, collected on Kimuta Island, 10.50S, 152.55E (PNG, 1984), (not St. Aignan = Misima), Louisiade Archipelago, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, on 7 December 1897, by Albert S. Meek (no. 1132). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert did not designate a type. Later, Rothschild and Hartert (1903c: 453) listed Meek's specimen no. 1132 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. LeCroy and Peckover (1998: 227–228) gave reasons why Hartert probably only studied specimens in this collection purchased by Rothschild and not others turned over to a dealer for sale; paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected in 1897, are: AMNH 700681 (Meek no. 1057), male, 30 November; AMNH 700682 (969), male, 5 September; AMNH 700683 (968), male, 5 September; AMNH 700684 (973), female, 5 September; AMNH 700685 (971), female, 5 September; AMNH 700686 (923), female, 31 July; AMNH 700687 (1197), female, 17 December. Of these, AMNH 700683 and 700685 were exchanged to FMNH in the early 1960s.

LeCroy and Peckover (1998: 232) found that the type specimen of Zosterops aignani, labeled as having come from Misima (= St. Aignan), was actually collected on the small island of Kimuta, offshore from Misima, that Meek's 5 September specimens could have been collected either on Misima or Kimuta, that his 31 July specimen was probably collected on a small island on his way to Misima, and that his 17 December specimen was from Kimuta. We did not see it on Misima nor has it been reported there by others. Mees (1961a: 135–137) and Mayr (1967: 311) considered aignani a synonym of Z. g. griseotinctus, but Coates (1990: 333) and Dickinson (2003: 628) recognized it. More recently, van Balen (2008: 462) again synonymized it with nominate griseotinctus. Z. griseotinctus is a small island specialist; the source of these island populations and the subspecies limits among them need to be reexamined.

Benson (1999: 139) did not accept Hartert's (1920: 436) listing of the type as a lectotypification and cited a “syntype” in UMZC; however, Rothschild and Hartert (1903c: 453) had also earlier designated this same specimen as the lectotype. Hartert's (1918: 4, 1919a: 123) purpose in publishing on the Rothschild types was to “fix” the type specimen, when that specimen was in the Rothschild Collection. Warren and Harrison (1971: 9) accepted this designation and did not list “St. Aignan” specimens in BMNH. The “paralectotype” that Benson cited was collected on 17 December on Kimuta Island; it probably was not in Hartert's hand when this subspecies was named.

Zosterops eichhorni Hartert

Zosterops eichhorni Hartert, 1926a: 48 (Nissan Island).

Now Zosterops griseotinctus eichhorni 125Hartert, 1926. See Mees, 1961a: 139–142, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, Hadden, 2004: 219–220, and van Balen, 2008: 462–463.

Holotype

AMNH 700705, adult male, collected on Nissan Island, 04.25S, 154.10E, Bougainville Province, Papua New Guinea, on 16 August 1924, by Albert F. Eichhorn (no. 9577). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert cited Eichhorn's unique field number of the holotype in the original description and noted (Hartert, 1926a: 46) that he collected eight specimens, all in 1924. Only seven of these specimens came to AMNH; the six paratypes are: male, AMNH 700704 (Eichhorn no. 9472), 29 July; females, AMNH 700706 (9539), 11 August; AMNH 700707 (9467), 29 July; AMNH 700708 (9591), 20 August; AMNH 700709 (9578), 16 August; AMNH 700710 (9463), 28 July.

Zosterops rennelliana Murphy

Zosterops rennelliana Murphy, 1929: 10 (Rennell Island, Solomon Group).

Now Zosterops rennellianus Murphy, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 142–143, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, and van Balen, 2008: 463.

Holotype

AMNH 222138, adult male, collected on Rennell Island, Solomon Islands, on 28 April 1928, by Hannibal Hamlin on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 35299).

Comments

Murphy cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that six males and two females were collected 27–30 August 1928. Paratypes are: males, AMNH 222136, 222137, 222139–222141; females, AMNH 222142, 222143. AMNH 222141 had been exchanged to Rothschild and when his collection came to AMNH in 1932, it was renumbered 700711. Other Rennell specimens were collected after the publication date of the name.

During the Whitney Expedition's stay on Rennell in 1928, its vessel, France, was anchored in Lughu (= Kungava or Kunggava) Bay (Mayr and Hamlin, 1931: 3), 11.40S, 160.17E (USBGN, 1974b).

Zosterops vellalavella Hartert

Zosterops vellalavella Hartert, 1908: 106 (Vella Lavella I., Central Group of the Solomon Islands).

Now Zosterops vellalavella Hartert, 1906. See Mees, 1961a: 143–145, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396, and van Balen, 2008: 463.

Holotype

AMNH 700719, adult male, collected on Vella Lavella Island, 07.45S, 156.35E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 26 February 1908, by Albert S. Meek (no. 3856). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert said that the type in the Rothschild Collection was a male with Meek's no 3858, collected on 26.ii.08; Meek's number on the above specimen is 3856. That the number listed in the description was a typographical error is confirmed by Hartert (1920: 436), who cited the number as 3856 without comment. There is no specimen of Z. vellalavella bearing the Meek no. 3858; that number is borne instead by a specimen of Myiagra ferrocyanea feminina (T. Trombone, personal commun.). The holotype bears in addition to Meek's label and a Rothschild Collection label, a Rothschild type label on which Hartert has written “no. 3856.” It is also cited as the type by Mees (1961a: 144). Hartert (1908: 106) did not say how many specimens he examined, but Rothschild and Hartert (1908: 358) listed four males and two females, with their Meek numbers. The following paratypes, all collected by Meek on Vella Lavella in 1908, came to AMNH: males, AMNH 700718 (Meek no. 3861), 26 February; AMNH 700720 (3848), 25 February; AMNH 700721 (3799), 20 February; female, AMNH 700722 (3857), 26 February. A female specimen bearing Meek's number 3819 is also a paratype, if found.

Zosterops luteirostris Hartert

Zosterops luteirostris Hartert, 1904b: 61 (Insula Salomonis Gizo dicta).

Now Zosterops luteirostris 110Hartert, 1904. See Mees, 1961a: 145–146, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396–397, Dickinson, 2003: 628, and van Balen, 2008: 463–464.

Holotype

AMNH 700727, adult male, collected on Gizo Island, 08.04S, 156.45E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 2 November 1903, by Albert S. Meek (no. A724). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert gave Meek's unique field number of the holotype but no indication of how many specimens he examined. Rothschild and Hartert (1905: 266) reported that Meek had collected five males and five females, giving Meek's field numbers for them. Eight of the nine paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; they were all collected by Meek on Gizo in 1903 (not 1902, as in Hartert, 1904b: 61): females, AMNH 700723 (Meek no. A606), 23 October; AMNH 700724 (A761), 5 November; AMNH 700725 (A748), 4 November; AMNH 700726 (A633), 26 October; males, AMNH 700728 (A795), 8 November; AMNH 700729 (A855) 14 November; AMNH 700730 (A803), 9 November; AMNH 700731 (A840), 13 November. The ninth paratype should have Meek's no. A631.

Various authors have considered this population and the next either as separate species (Mees, 1961a: 145–147; van Balen, 2008: 463), as species in the superspecies luteirostris (Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396–397), or as subspecies in Z. luteirostris (Mayr, 1967: 312; Dickinson, 2003: 628).

Zosterops splendida Hartert

Zosterops splendida Hartert, 1929: 12 (Island of Ganonga, Solomon Islands).

Now Zosterops splendidus Hartert, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 146–147, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 396–397, Dickinson, 2003: 628, and van Balen, 2008: 463.

Holotype

AMNH 220020, adult male, collected on Ganongga (= Ganonga) Island, Solomon Islands, on 24 October 1927, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 28852).

Comments

Hartert gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that he had examined four males and one female. Only part of the specimens collected on Ganongga was sent to Hartert for study and only those specimens comprise his type series. They are identifiable because someone in hand unknown has written on them in black ink “splendidus [sic] Hart.” The paratypes are: AMNH 220014, male, 19 October 1927; AMNH 220023, male, 25 October 1927; AMNH 220024, male, 25 October 1927; AMNH 220025, female, 22 October 1927.

On 24 October 1927, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored at the Ganongga village of Kumbokota, now called Pienuna, 08.02S, 156.36E (USBGN, 1974b), and expedition personnel collected from there to Mount Kela, 08.03S, 156.34E (USBGN, 1974b), according to Hamlin's Journal S, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition in the Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH.

As noted above, splendidus is variously regarded as a full species or a subspecies of Zosterops luteirostris.

Zosterops kulambangrae Rothschild and Hartert

Zosterops kulambangrae Rothschild and Hartert, 1901b: 180 (Kulambangra).

Now Zosterops kulambangrae kulambangrae 310Rothschild and Hartert, 1901. See Mees, 1961a: 147–149, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Lectotype

AMNH 700752, adult male, collected on Kolombangara (= Kulambangra) Island, 08.00S, 157.10E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 13 March 1901, by Albert S. Meek (no. 2875). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, but male and female were described and the type series was said to comprise four skins collected on Kolombangara in January, February, and March 1901. Hartert (1920: 436) listed Meek's specimen no. 2875 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The three paralectotypes are: males, AMNH 700751 (Meek no. 2881), 14 March; AMNH 700753 (2842), 7 March; female, AMNH 700754 (2795), 25 February. None was collected in January.

I have followed Mees (1961a: 147–151) and van Balen (2008: 464) in using kulambangrae as the species name for this taxon and for tetiparius (below). For discussions of Tristram's name rendovae, see Mees (1961a: 147–150, 1969: 293), Mayr (1967: 312–313), and van Balen (2008: 464) and included references.

Zosterops rendovae tetiparia Murphy

Zosterops rendovae tetiparia Murphy, 1929: 7 (Tetipari).

Now Zosterops kulambangrae tetiparius Murphy, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 147–149, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 222074, adult male, collected on Tetepare (= Tetipari) Island, 08.45S, 157.30E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 7 August 1928, by Hannibal Hamlin on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 35095).

Comments

Murphy cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that he had 11 males and five females collected on Tetepare, 6–8 August 1928. There were, however, 11 males and five females in addition to the holotype. The paratypes are: males, 6 August, AMNH 222070; 7 August, AMNH 222071–222073; 8 August, AMNH 222075–222080; females, 7 August, AMNH 222081, 222082; 8 August, AMNH 222083–222085. Of these, AMNH 222070 was exchanged to NRM in June 1929, and AMNH 222076 and 222085 were exchanged with Rothschild; when the last two were returned to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, they were renumbered 700747 and 700748, respectively. On 7 August 1928, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored off the Tetepare Plantation (Hamlin's Journal S, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH).

See previous entry for discussion of the species name Z. rendovae vs Z. kulambangrae for this form, and relevant references.

Zosterops murphyi Hartert

Zosterops murphyi Hartert, 1929: 11 (Kulambangra).

Now Zosterops murphyi Hartert, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 151–152, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 220087, adult male, collected on Kolombangara (= Kulambangra) Island, Solomon Islands, on 13 October 1927, by Joe Hicks on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 28564).

Comments

Hartert gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined three males and two females collected on the Whitney South Sea Expedition. The four paratypes from Hartert's type series, labeled in ink as “murphyi Hart.,” are: AMNH 220082, male, 12 October 1927; AMNH 220085, male, 12 October 1927; AMNH 220090, female, 11 October 1927, AMNH 220091, female, 11 October 1927. Of these, AMNH 220082 was exchanged to Rothschild and when it returned to AMNH, was renumbered AMNH 700764. Other specimens of Z. murphyi collected by the Whitney Expedition are not paratypes.

According to Hamlin's journal volume S, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored on 13 October 1927 in what was then known as Ariel Cove; it is now called Meresu Cove, 08.02S, 156.57E (USBGN, 1974b). Joe Hicks was a member of the crew of the France.

Zosterops alberti Rothschild and Hartert

Zosterops alberti Rothschild and Hartert, 1908b: 364 (San Cristobal).

Now Zosterops rendovae rendovae Tristram, 1882. See Mees, 1961a: 157–162, Mayr, 1967: 313, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 700667, adult male, collected on Anuta (= Yanuta) Island, 10.20S, 161.21E (USBGN, 1974b), Makira (= San Cristobal) Island, Solomon Islands, on 25 April 1908, by Albert S. Meek (no. 4078). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Rothschild and Hartert designated as the holotype the specimen bearing Meek's unique number 4078. Their type series comprised three males and three females from Anuta and Makira, with Meek's numbers listed. Paratypes, all collected in 1908, are: Makira, females, AMNH 700665 (Meek no. 4124), 1 May; AMNH 700666 (4123), 1 May; Anuta, males, AMNH 700668 (4086), 26 April; AMNH 700669 (4102) 27 April; female, AMNH 700670 (4103), 27 April. The entire island of San Cristobal is today called Makira, but there is a Makira Harbor in the northwest part of the island within which is the island of Anuta. This is undoubtedly where Meek anchored his boat.

Mees (1961a: 157–162) and van Balen (2008: 464) correctly used Z. r. rendovae for the Makira subspecies as it was shown that the original description of rendovae applied to the Makira bird.

Zosterops alberti oblita Hartert

Zosterops alberti oblita Hartert, 1929: 10 (Guadalcanar).

Now Zosterops rendovae oblitus Hartert, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 162–164, Mayr, 1967: 313, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 218110, adult male, collected on Guadalcanal (= Guadalcanar) Island, Solomon Islands, on 30 May 1927, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 26467).

Comments

Hartert gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and examined two males and three females from Guadalcanal. The paratypes are: AMNH 218114, female, 31 May 1927; AMNH 218115, female, 2 July 1927; AMNH 220101, male, 22 July 1927; AMNH 220103, female, 22 July 1927. The specimens that Hartert examined are labeled in ink “alberti oblita Hart.” The other specimens collected by the Whitney Expedition on Guadalcanal are not paratypes. Among the paratypes, AMNH 220101 and 220103 were exchanged to Rothschild and when they returned to AMNH they were renumbered AMNH 700672 and 700675, respectively.

According to Beck's Journal D, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored on 30 May 1927 in Doma Cove, now called Ndoma Cove, 09.19S, 159.48E (USBGN, 1974b) and its staff collected from there up to about 3500 ft in the hills.

Zosterops alberti hamlini Murphy

Zosterops alberti hamlini Murphy, 1929: 3 (Bougainville Island, Solomon Group).

Now Zosterops rendovae hamlini Murphy, 1929. See Mees, 1961a: 164, Schodde, 1977: 87–88, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, Hadden, 2004: 218–219, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 222098, adult male, collected on Bougainville Island, North Solomons Province, Papua New Guinea, on 27 January 1928, by Frederick P. Drowne (no. 562) on the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

Comments

Murphy cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that he examined 14 males and seven females collected 31 December 1927–29 (not 25) January 1928. Paratypes are: males, AMNH 222086–222097, 222099; females, AMNH 222100–222106. Of these, AMNH 222087 was exchanged to NRM in June 1929. The following were exchanged to Rothschild and renumbered when they returned to AMNH: AMNH 222089 (700677), AMNH 222091 (700678), AMNH 222095 (700676), and AMNH 222102 (700679).

According to Drowne's journal, volume Q, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the base camp in January 1928 was at Kupei, 06.15S, 155.25E (PNG, 1984).

Zosterops stresemanni Mayr

Zosterops stresemanni Mayr, 1931b: 26 (Malaita Island, British Solomon Islands).

Now Zosterops stresemanni 215216217Mayr, 1931. See Mees, 1961a: 164–165, Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 397, and van Balen, 2008: 464.

Holotype

AMNH 227362, adult male, collected on Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, on 6 February 1930, by William F. Coultas, Hannibal Hamlin, Walter J. Eyerdam, and Ernst Mayr on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 39129).

Comments

In the original description, Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype; he did not say how many specimens he examined but gave measurements for adult and immature males and females. The following specimens are paratypes of stresemanni: males, AMNH 227358–227361, 227363–227388; females, AMNH 227389–227411. The following were exchanged: AMNH 227360 to ZMB, AMNH 227371 to Berlioz (probably now in MHNP), AMNH 227376 to ANSP, AMNH 227388 to ZMB, AMNH 227405 to ANSP. I did not find AMNH 227358 and 227407; they were perhaps exchanged without the catalog having been so marked.

On 6 February 1930, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored at Su'u Harbour, 09.10S, 160.56E (USBGN, 1974b), according to Coultas' journal V, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH.

Zosterops samoensis Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops samoensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 11 (Savaii Island, Samoa).

Now Zosterops samoensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 141–142, Watling, 2001: 165–166, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 206312, adult female, collected on Savai'i Island, Western Samoa, on 23 May 1924, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 12729).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that they examined 24 specimens collected on Savai'i on 19 and 23 May 1924. The paratypes are: AMNH 206301–206311, 206313–206321, 206423, 222154, 222155. Of these, AMNH 206317 was exchanged to ZMB; AMNH 206319 was exchanged to NRM; and AMNH 206320 and 222154 were exchanged to ANSP. Four specimens were exchanged to Rothschild and renumbered when they returned to AMNH: AMNH 206303 (700785); AMNH 206309 (700787); AMNH 206313 (700786); and AMNH 206321 (700788).

According to Beck's journal volume F, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored at Salailua Bay, 13.39S, 172.33W (Times Atlas), on 23 May 1924.

For a study of genetic and phenotypic divergence within and among populations of Zosterops flavifrons in Vanuatu, see Phillimore et al. (2008).

Zosterops flavifrons gauensis Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops flavifrons gauensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 5 (Gaua Island, in the Banks Group of the New Hebrides).

Now Zosterops flavifrons gauensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 129–130, Bregulla, 1992: 250–251, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 216131, adult male, collected on Gaua Island, 14.17S, 167.30E (USBGN, 1974c), Banks Islands, Vanuatu, on 22 November 1926, by Jose G. Correia on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 23973).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews cited the AMNH number of the holotype and said that they had 11 specimens. The ten paratypes are: AMNH 216129, 216130, 216132–216139.

Zosterops flavifrons perplexa Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops flavifrons perplexa Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 3 (Ambrym Island, New Hebrides Group).

Now Zosterops flavifrons perplexus Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 128–129, Bregulla, 1992: 250–251, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 212600, adult male, collected on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 14 August 1926, by Jose G. Correia on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22057).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews cited the AMNH number of the holotype and listed 12 islands and dates for which they had specimens: Paratypes are: Aoba Island, AMNH 216160, 216161, 218134–218138, 218142, 218143; Pentacost Island, AMNH 216157, 216158; Meralav Island, AMNH 214073; Aurora Island, AMNH 218139–218141; Ambrym Island, AMNH 212599, 212614; Pauuma Island, AMNH 212606, 212625; Lopevi Island, AMNH 212607; Epi Island, AMNH 212608, 212626, 212627, 216150, 216151, 218132; Tongoa Island, AMNH 212609, 212610, 212620; Tongariki Island, AMNH 222156; Mai Island, AMNH 212601–212604, 212621–212624; Vanua Lava Island, AMNH 216140–216148, 216154. Of these, AMNH 218135 was exchanged to ZMB; AMNH 218143 was exchanged to ANSP; AMNH 212624 was exchanged to NRM; AMNH 216143 was exchanged to CM; and AMNH 216146 was exchanged to ANSP. The following were exchanged to Rothschild and were renumbered when they returned to AMNH: AMNH 218139 (700773), AMNH 212603 (700772), AMNH 216145 (700774).

According to Beck's journal Volume D, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored in Craig Cove, 16.16S, 167.55E (USBGN, 1974c) when this holotype was collected on 14 August 1926.

Zosterops flavifrons brevicauda Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops flavifrons brevicauda Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 3 (Malo Island, New Hebrides Group).

Now Zosterops flavifrons brevicauda Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 130–131, Bregulla, 1992: 250–251, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 213604, adult male, collected on Malo Island, 15.41S, 167.10E (USBGN, 1974c), Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 27 August 1926, by Jose G. Correia on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22378).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that they had four specimens from Malo and three from Espiritu Santo. The paratypes are: Malo, males, AMNH 213603, 213605, female, AMNH 213613; Espiritu Santo, males, AMNH 214071, 215882 (juvenile), 216153.

Zosterops flavifrons efatensis Mayr

Zosterops flavifrons efatensis Mayr, 1937: 2 (Efate Island, New Hebrides).

Now Zosterops flavifrons efatensis Mayr, 1937. See Mees, 1969: 132–134, Bregulla, 1992: 250–251, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 212597, adult male, collected on Efate Island, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 4 June 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 21040).

Comments

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype and published measurements for nine specimens; however, there were 10 specimens available to him. The nine paratypes of Z. f. efatensis are: Efate, AMNH 212596, 212598, 212615–212619, three males and four females, June and July 1926, AMNH 216156, male, 20 December 1926.; Nguna, male, AMNH 212611, July 1926.

Earlier, Murphy and Mathews (1929: 1–2), having no material from Tanna Island, had relied on Sharpe's (1900: 346) statement that Tanna and Efate birds did not differ and had identified the Efate birds as Z. f. flavifrons. They (Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 2) noted that 10 specimens from Efate and one from Nguna had been collected. Of these 11 specimens, AMNH 216155, a male from Efate, was exchanged to NRM in June 1929 and was not available to Mayr for his description of this form. AMNH 216156 was exhanged to Rothschild and returned to AMNH in 1932 with the Rothschild Collection, when it was renumbered AMNH 700770; it was available to Mayr.

According to Beck's journal D, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, Beck was staying in Port-Vila, 17.44S, 168.19E (USBGN, 1974c) when this holotype was collected.

Zosterops flavifrons majuscula Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops flavifrons majuscula Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 5 (Aneiteum Island, New Hebrides Group).

Now Zosterops flavifrons majusculus Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 135–136, Bregulla, 1992: 250–251, and van Balen, 2008: 465.

Holotype

AMNH 212612, adult male, collected on Aneityum (= Aneiteum) Island, 20.12S, 169.49E (USBGN, 1974c), Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 10 June 1926, by Jose G. Correia on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 20918).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and said that they had two specimens from Aneityum. The paratype is AMNH 212613, female.

Zosterops gouldi warreni Mathews

Zosterops gouldi warreni Mathews, 1916a: 62 (Warren River, South-west Australia).

Now Zosterops lateralis chloronotus Gould, 1841. See Mees, 1969: 12–29, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Lectotype

AMNH 700844, adult male, collected on the Warren River, 34.36S, 115.50E (Johnstone and Storr, 2004: 514), Western Australia, Australia, on 12 February 1910, by Thomas Carter. From the Mathews Collection (no. 6111) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews said only that the type was from the Warren River. Carter's original label for the above specimen was labeled “warreni Type” by Mathews and his catalog number was written on the label, although this was not given in the description. Mees (1969: 20) listed AMNH 700844 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. Mathews had a second specimen, paralectotype AMNH 700845, female, collected on the Warren River on 13 February 1910 by Carter. I did not find it listed in Mathews' catalog, but by the time warreni was published on 7 April 1916, Mathews' (1942: 54) collection was complete.

Even though listed as the type by Mees, the lectotype had not been included in the AMNH type collection; it now bears an AMNH type label and is housed with the types.

Zosterops australasiae edwini Mathews

Zosterops australasiae edwini Mathews, 1923b: 36 (Carnarvon, West Australia).

Now Zosterops lateralis chloronotus Gould, 1841. See Mees, 1969: 12–29, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Syntypes

AMNH 700904, adult male, 2 October 1913; AMNH 700905, female, 10 August 1916; AMNH 700906, female, 6 August 1911, all collected at Carnarvon, 24.51S, 113.45E (Times Atlas), Western Australia, Australia, by Thomas Carter. From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews said that his type was from Carnarvon, West Australia, but gave no information on how many specimens he had; however, by 1923, when this form was named, Mathews' collection was complete. I found only one of the above specimens in Mathews' catalog, Mathews no. 9747, with date 6 August 1911. A second specimen was cataloged there, Mathews no. 9748, a male collected at Carnarvon on 27 August 1911, but this specimen did not come to AMNH and there is no way of knowing whether Mathews exchanged it before naming edwini.

All three of the specimens listed above bear Carter's original label and a Rothschild Collection label printed “Ex. Coll. G.M. Mathews,” but there is no indication on the labels that they should have type status. Z. a. edwini was one of the subspecies hurriedly named by Mathews in 1923, and it is not apparent that he had his own collection at hand when he described it. Mathews (1923a: 160) wrote that Ashby had “recently confirmed my conclusion that the Carnarvon form was separable, writing ‘The birds at Geraldton are smaller and brighter in tint than birds observed at Perth’.” However, this observation by Ashby (1921: 136) was published before Mathews named edwini. Despite the fact that the name apparently refers to Edwin Ashby, the type of the name is from Carnarvon and is not one of Ashby's specimens. So it is reasonable to assume that the three specimens from Carnarvon that were in Mathews' collection may be the ones Mathews had in mind when he named edwini. They had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection.

Zosterops lateralis tasmanica Mathews

Zosterops lateralis tasmanica Mathews, 1912a: 385 (Tasmania).

Now Zosterops lateralis lateralis (Latham, 1801). See Mees, 1969: 30–70, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Holotype

AMNH 701090, adult male, collected at Devonport, 41.10S, 146.21E (USBGN, 1957), Tasmania, Australia, on 12 February 1909, by T[homas] C[arter]. From the Mathews Collection (no. 2840) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype and the range of tasmanica as “Tasmania.” AMNH 701090 bears, in addition to the field label, a Mathews type label with his catalog number, and a Rothschild type label; a description of it was included in Mathews (1923a: 138), where it was confirmed as the type of tasmanica. It was also listed by Mees (1969: 60) as the type of tasmanica. Four additional Mathews Collection specimens from Tasmania came to AMNH, but label data are minimal and I was unable to determine when Mathews received them. I do not consider them paratypes. Another specimen was collected on Mount Arthur, Tasmania, on 3 December 1912, after the publication of tasmanica.

The collecting locality of the holotype was miscopied onto the Rothschild label as “Davenport.” For use of 180l as the date of Latham's Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici see Schodde et al. (2010).

Zosterops lateralis investigator Mathews

Zosterops lateralis investigator Mathews, 1923a: 153 (New Zealand).

Now Zosterops lateralis lateralis (Latham, 1801). See Mees, 1969: 30–70, van Balen, 2008: 467–468, and Checklist Committee, 2010: 309–310.

Syntypes

collected at Katikati, 10 m, 37.32S, 175.58E (Times Atlas), Tauranga Harbour, AMNH 701115, female, 2 August 1914, by Robin Kemp (no. 4690); collected at Lucas Creek, Waitemata, AMNH 701119, male, 2 March 1915, AMNH 701120, male, 3 February 1915, AMNH 701121, female, 27 January 1915, AMNH 701122, sex?, 25 February 1915, by Robin Kemp (nos. 4796, 4776, 4771, 4794, respectively); collected at Oneroa, Waitemata Co., AMNH 701123, juvenile sex?, 23 February 1915, by Robin Kemp (no. 4790). All were collected on the North Island, New Zealand. From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mathews (1923a: 153) did not designate a type but introduced this name with the following comments: “The New Zealand form is credited with arriving from Australia and spreading all over New Zealand. When Iredale and I (Mathews and Iredale, 1913) drew up the Reference List of the Birds of New Zealand we noted that all the New Zealand birds were like Tasmanian ones and used the name of the Tasmanian subspecies. The green of the head is becoming more restricted, the grey on the back less, the flanks darker, the breast paler, the black lores more pronounced, the throat scarcely tinged with yellow, the bill longer. Whether these changes have taken place in the last sixty years or not I cannot say, but it is necessary to provide a name to attract attention to the fact that, according to the birds examined a distinct form appears to be evolving. As above noted, only one stage of plumage has been seen, as yet, from New Zealand, viz., the so-called winter plumage.” This implies that the changes Mathews envisioned had occurred between 1913 and the 1923 description of investigator. The six specimens from the Mathews Collection listed above were all collected after 1913, on Kemp's second visit to New Zealand, and I consider them syntypes; by 1914 Mathews had essentially stopped adding specimens to his catalog and none of these syntypes was found there.

Zosterops lateralis norfolkensis Mathews

Zosterops lateralis norfolkensis Mathews, 1929: 10 (Near Kingston, Norfolk I.).

Now Zosterops lateralis lateralis (Latham, 1801). See Mees, 1969: 30–70, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, van Balen, 2008: 467–468, and Checklist Committee, 2010: 309–310.

Holotype

AMNH 701145, adult male, collected near Kingston, 29.04S, 167.57E (Times Atlas), Norfolk Island, Australia, on 8 April 1913, by Roy Bell (no. 930). From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Mathews gave Bell's unique field number of the holotype. Mathews' collection had already been purchased by Rothschild when this subspecies was named, and Mathews listed the type as in the Rothschild Collection “ex Mathews Collection.” The Mathews Collection had held a large number of specimens collected on Norfolk in December 1912 through June 1913 by Bell, and all of these would have been available to Mathews in 1929; they were not entered in his catalog. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 701138–701144, 701146–701176; I did not find AMNH 701139 in the collection.

Zosterops westernensis vegeta Hartert

Zosterops westernensis vegeta Hartert, 1899c: 425 (Cape York).

Now Zosterops lateralis vegetus 102103Hartert, 1899. See Mees, 1969: 80–86, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Lectotype

AMNH 700950, adult male, collected on “Cape York,” northern Queensland, Australia, on 15 July 1898, by collectors for Albert S. Meek (no. 1941). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, Hartert only saying that the types were shot in July, without mentioning the number of specimens taken. Six syntypes came to AMNH. Hartert (1920: 433) listed the specimen bearing Meek's number 1941 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The five paralectotypes are: males, AMNH 700948, 700949, 700951; females, AMNH 700952, 700953, all collected on Cape York in July 1898.

Mees (1969: 80) discussed this population under the name Z. l. ramsayi; however, Schodde and Mason (1999: 690–691), in their more recent study, have recognized vegetus, and this has been followed by van Balen (2008: 467).

Parker (1966: 121–122) showed that in July 1898, Meek's collectors were on the Chester River, 13.42S, 143.33E.

Zosterops lateralis cornwalli Mathews

Zosterops lateralis cornwalli Mathews, 1912a: 385 (Mackay, Queensland).

Now Zosterops lateralis vegetus 102103Hartert, 1899. See Mees, 1969: 80–86, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Holotype

AMNH 700958, adult female, collected at Mackay, 21.10S, 149.10E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, undated. From the Mathews Collection (6505) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype in the original description, but did not mention how many specimens he examined. The holotype bears a Mathews Collection label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels, and a “Figured” label, indicating that the specimen was illustrated in Mathews (1923a: pl. 505, upper figure, opp. p. 136, text p. 139), where the illustrated female is confirmed as the type of cornwalli. Mathews' “no. 6505” is a single specimen of “Zosterops vegeta” which he had purchased from the dealer Gerrard. The number “716” which appears on his collection label refers to the number of the species in Mathews (1908).

Mathews (1912a: 386) gave the range of cornwalli as “Mid Queensland.” The following specimens are paratypes: Barron River, AMNH 700966 (Mathews no. 9556), female, 27 May 1911; Cairns, AMNH 700967 (2847), male, November 1908. The following specimens are probable paratypes; they were cataloged on 17 February 1912, shortly after Mathews description was published on 31 January 1912: Cairns, AMNH 700968 (10327), male, November 1911; AMNH 700969 (10325), male, October 1911; AMNH 700970 (10326), male, October 1911; AMNH 700971 (10328), female, November 1911; Tolga, AMNH 700973 (10323), female, August 1911; Malanda, AMNH 700974 (10324), female, August 1911. AMNH 700972 is not a paratype; even though it was collected at Cairns on 9 June 1884, it was not cataloged by Mathews until May 1913. Other specimens were either never in Mathews' collection or were collected after the date of publication of cornwalli.

Zosterops chlorocephalus A.J. Campbell and S.A. White

Zosterops chlorocephalus A.J. Campbell and S.A. White, 1910: 196 (North-West and Tryon Islands, Capricorn Group).

Now Zosterops lateralis chlorocephalus A.J. Campbell and S.A. White, 1910. See Mees, 1969: 86–88, Schodde and Mason, 1999: 687–691, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Lectotype

AMNH 700957, adult male, collected on North-West Island, 10.40S, 142.07E (USBGN, 1957), Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia, on 9 October 1910, by S.A. White. From the Mathews Collection (10378) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, no type was designated but white-eyes were said to be in great numbers on North-West and Tryon Islands. “Several skins were procured–the first by Mr. J.W. Mellor.” Mathews had three North-West Island specimens that were syntypes of chlorocephalus.

AMNH 700957, adult male, collected on 9 October 1910, bears four labels. The first is White's field label, with the original data on the front of the label; on the reverse is “to be returned” in White's hand and “afterwards given me by S.A. White” in Mathews' hand, Mathews annotations “wing 69” and “middle Fig.” The second label is a Rothschild type label bearing Mathews' catalog number and a citation to the original description. The third label is Mathews' type label, with his catalog number “10378,” which was not elsewhere cited, and a reference to the Campbell and White description; opposite Mathews' catalog entry the specimen is credited to White and was cataloged between 20 and 24 February 1912. The fourth label is Mathews' “Figured” label, indicating that it was illustrated in Mathews (1923a: pl. 505, middle figure, opp. p. 136, text p. 139), where the illustrated male with the correct data and a wing of 69 [mm] is said to be the type of chlorocephalus. That is an unequivocal designation of a lectotype. Mees (1969: 86–87) was thus in error when he reported that the Mellor specimen, AMNH 700956, was the lectotype designated by Mathews, perhaps as a result of looking only at specimens in the general collection. AMNH 700957 was marked as the type when the Rothschild Collection was cataloged at AMNH and has always been separated in the type collection.

With Mathews' designation of a lectotype, the two additional AMNH specimens become paralectotypes: AMNH 700956, adult male, collected in October 1910 by J.W. Mellor, whose name appears on the original label. This specimen was cataloged by Mathews as his no. 10379, attributed to Mellor. There is no indication on any of the labels that this was the first specimen collected. AMNH 700958, adult female, collected on 11 October 1910, apparently by White, as the handwriting on the field label matches that on the lectotype and the reverse is annotated “to be returned.” There is no additional note here that the specimen was given to Mathews by White, only “wing 63[mm]” appears. I did not find it in Mathews' catalog. An additional paralectotype is in SAMA, collected in October 1910 by S.A. White, and labeled “Co-type” by him (B. Blaylock, personal commun.). As the exact number of specimens was not given, other paralectotypes of chlorocephalus from North-West and Tryon islands may be held in other institutions.

Zosterops lateralis macmillani Mayr

Zosterops lateralis macmillani Mayr, 1937: 2 (Tanna, New Hebrides).

Now Zosterops lateralis macmillani Mayr, 1937. See Mees, 1969: 97–100, Bregulla, 1992: 252, Dickinson, 2003: 629, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Holotype

AMNH 330518, adult male, collected at Whitesands (= White Sands, as on label), ca. 19.31S, 169.26E, eastern Tanna Island, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 11 October 1935, by Lindsay Macmillan (no. 20), on the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

Comments

Mayr gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and measurements for seven male and seven female specimens. Only specimens from Macmillan's 1935 collection were available when Mayr published macmillani, and there were, in fact, 16 specimens. The 15 paratypes are: males, AMNH 336870–336875, Tanna; AMNH 336876, 336877, Aniwa; females, AMNH 336880–336884, Tanna; AMNH 336885, 336886, Aniwa. Whitesands was the British administrative headquarters during the period of the New Hebrides Condominium.

Mees (1969: 97–100) synonymized macmillani with vatensis but restricted the range of vatensis to the southern islands of Vanuatu and this was apparently followed by van Balen (2008: 467); Bregulla (1992: 252) listed the Tanna and Aniwa birds under Z. l. tropicus and omitted macmillani without comment. Dickinson (2003: 629) continued to recognize macmillani, and I agree with him. A check of the specimens in AMNH shows that the characters given by Mayr for macmillani are valid and, in addition, that the tarsus may be longer, heavier, and lighter in color.

Zosterops lateralis tropica Mees

Zosterops lateralis tropica Mees, 1969: 100 (Espiritu Santo).

Now Zosterops lateralis tropicus Mees, 1969. See Mees, 1969: 100–102, Bregulla, 1992: 252, Dickinson, 2003: 629, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Holotype

AMNH 214054, adult male, collected on Espiritu Santo Island, 15.15S, 166.50E (389390USBGN, 1974), Vanuatu, on 1 September 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22507).

Comments

Mees gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and the range of tropica as “the northern New Hebrides: Malo, Espiritu Santo, Tongoa (off Espiritu Santo, not to be confused with Tongoa near Epi); Banks Group: Gaua, Melapav, Ureparapara or Blight (sic); Torres Group: Low Island, Toga.” Specimens other than the holotype that Mees examined from those islands are paratypes of tropica. Mees visited AMNH when working on this part of his Zosteropidae monograph and would have seen all of the specimens in the AMNH collection. Paratypes in AMNH are: Malo, males, AMNH 213597, 213598; Espiritu Santo, males, AMNH 214050–214053, female, AMNH 214065, juvenile sex?, AMNH 215883; Gaua, male, AMNH 214056; Melapav, female, AMNH 214064; Bligh, male, AMNH 216128; Low, males, AMNH 216115–216118, 216120, females, AMNH 216121, 216122, 216124, 216125; Toga, male, AMNH 216126, female, AMNH 216127. AMNH 216119 and AMNH 216123 had already been exchanged to NRM and CM, respectively, and would not have been seen at AMNH by Mees. AMNH 216116 had been exchanged to Rothschild and renumbered AMNH 459013 when that collection came to AMNH in 1932; it would have been part of Mees' type series.

Bregulla (1992: 252) listed Tanna and Aniwa birds as Z. l. tropicus without comment. The holotype of this taxon had not previously been included in the type collection at AMNH.

Zosterops lateralis valuensis Murphy and Mathews

Zosterops lateralis valuensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 10 (Valua Island, Banks Group, of the New Hebrides).

Now Zosterops lateralis valuensis Murphy and Mathews, 1929. See Mees, 1969: 102–103, Bregulla, 1992: 252, Dickinson, 2003: 629, and van Balen, 2008: 467–468.

Holotype

AMNH 214063, adult female, collected on Mota Lava (= Valua Island), 13.40S, 167.40E (389390USBGN, 1974), Banks Islands, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), on 17 September 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22738).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description; they had eight specimens collected in September 1926. The seven paratypes are: AMNH 214057–214062, 214067, two males, two females, and three sex?.

[Zosterops lateralis mugga Mathews]

Z. l. mugga was introduced by Mathews (1925b: 86) as a replacement name for Z. flaviceps Finsch and Hartlaub, 1867, not Zosterops flaviceps Peale, 1848. However, Finsch and Hartlaub (1867: 52) did not introduce a new name, listing Peale as the author of Z. flaviceps. Mathews' name mugga has the same type as Zosterops flaviceps Peale, now in USNM (Deignan, 1961: 510). Mathews (1930: 710) listed mugga as a synonym of Z. flaviceps Peale.

Sanfordia lacertosa Murphy and Mathews

Sanfordia lacertosa Murphy and Mathews, 1929: 13 (Santa Cruz Island, Santa Cruz Group).

Now Woodfordia lacertosa (Murphy and Mathews, 1929). See Mees, 1969: 224–225, and van Balen, 2008: 479.

Holotype

AMNH 222157, adult male, collected on Nendo (= Santa Cruz) Island, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, on 26 February 1927 by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 24822).

Comments

Murphy and Mathews cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, noting that they had eight males and nine females collected on Nendo Island, 23–27 February 1927. The 16 paratypes are: AMNH 218167–218173, males; AMNH 218174–218182, females. Of these, AMNH 218173 was exchanged to NRM in June 1929, AMNH 218176 was exchanged to BMNH in November 1938, and AMNH 218181 was exchanged to ANSP in February 1938. AMNH 218171 and 218179 were exchanged to Rothschild and when that collection was cataloged at AMNH, these specimens were renumbered AMNH 701485 and 701486, respectively.

According to Beck's Journal D, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH, the expedition vessel, France, was anchored in Byron Bay, 10.40S, 165.59E (389390USBGN, 1974), on 26 February 1927, and expedition personnel collected from the bay to the top of the island.

Tephras ruki Hartert

Tephras ruki Hartert, 1897e: v (Ruk, in the Caroline group).

Now Rukia ruki (95969798Hartert, 1897). See Mees, 1969: 229–231, and van Balen, 2008: 479.

Lectotype

AMNH 701365, adult male, collected on Chuuk (= Truk = Ruk) Island, 07.28N, 151.51E (Times Atlas), Chuuk Islands, Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, on 23 November 1895, by collectors for Alan Owston (no. B 15). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

No type was designated in the original description, nor did Hartert say how many specimens he examined. Later, in reporting on the entire collection from Chuuk, he (Hartert, 1900a: 3) noted that eight specimens were obtained in November and December, but still did not mention a type. Hartert (1920: 438) listed a male specimen collected on 25 November 1895 as the type, also giving the Owston number “B 15.” None of the eight specimens in the type series was collected on 25 November and each bears the number “B 15.” The two male specimens collected in November are dated 23 and 28 November. The specimen that is now AMNH 701365 has the Owston label marked by Hartert “Tephras rucki Hartert. Type” and bears a Rothschild type label. In order to remove the confusion caused by Hartert's evident misprint (Hartert, 1920: 438) and to confirm his intended specimen as type, I hereby designate AMNH 701365 the lectotype of Tephras ruki.

Of the seven paralectotypes, there are only six in AMNH. One, listed by Mees (1969: 230) as BMNH, No. 98.4.29.15, was exchanged by Rothschild to BMNH in 1898, and was collected on Chuuk by Owston's collectors (no. B 15) on 16 December 1895 (Mark Adams, personal commun.). Paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected in 1895, are: males, AMNH 701366, 28 November, AMNH 701367, 16 December, AMNH 701368, 21 December; sex?, AMNH 701369, 25 December; females, AMNH 701370, 16 December, AMNH 701371, 28 November.

Rhamphozosterops sanfordi Mayr

Rhamphozosterops sanfordi Mayr, 1931d: 182 (Ponape).

Now Rukia longirostra (Taka-Tsukasa and Yamashina, 1931). See Mees, 1969: 231–232, and van Balen, 2008: 479–480.

Holotype

AMNH 329094, adult male, collected on Pohnpei (= Ponape) Island, Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, on 20 December 1930, by William F. Coultas on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 40988).

Comments

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, but did not say how many specimens he examined. Twenty-one specimens were cataloged at AMNH; the 20 paratypes are: males, AMNH 329093, 329095–329105, 329110A; females, AMNH 329106–329110, 329111, 329112. Of these, the following were exchanged: AMNH 329095 and 329107 to ANSP; AMNH 329099 and 399110A to ZMB in October 1932; AMNH 329101 to UMMZ in September 1984.

Mayr's name Rhamphozosterops sanfordi (4 November 1931) and Cinnyrorhyncha longirostra Taka-Tsukasa and Yamashina (15 October 1931: 599) were published only about three weeks apart, and Mayr contended for some time that proof was lacking that longirostra was published first. By 1967, however, Mayr (1967: 321) had accepted the prior publication of longirostra. Mees (1969: 231–232) discussed this, and references to the dispute will be found there. In the original description of the genus, the generic name appeared as “Cinny orhyncha,” one of the rs apparently having fallen out after the type was set, because the authors commented on the new bird having a Cinnyris-like bill. A few lines later, the species was described as “Cynnirorhyncha” longirostra, an obvious typographical error.

Coultas' collecting base on Pohnpei was at Rohnkite (= Ronkiti), 06.49N, 158.10E (Bryan, 1971), according to Coultas' journal volume W, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH.

Madanga ruficollis Rothschild and Hartert

Madanga ruficollis Rothschild and Hartert, 1923: 118 (Wa Fehat, Buru).

Now Madanga ruficollis Rothschild and Hartert, 1923. See Mees, 1969: 169–171, White and Bruce, 1986: 417, and van Balen, 2008: 481.

Holotype

AMNH 701487, unsexed [male], collected at Wa Fehat, 2700 ft, Buru Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 14 April 1922, by the Pratt brothers. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, the type was said to have been collected on 14 April 1922 at Wa Fehat; the above specimen is the only one of the four specimens comprising the type series that was collected on that date. The three paratypes, all collected in 1922 by the Pratts, are: AMNH 701488, unsexed, collected at Wa Fehat on 8 April; AMNH 701489, unsexed, collected at Wa Fehat on 11 April; AMNH 701490, female, collected on “Mada Range” on 9 April. The genus Madanga was described at the same time.

Hartert (1924a: 111), in his later paper on some of the unusual birds from the Pratts' collection on Buru, again said that four specimens were collected and noted that the “Mada Range” specimen was collected only one day after one of the Wa Fehat specimens. On AMNH 701490, someone has written “Mada Range” in ink over a pencilled name that is now indecipherable. All of the Pratts' collection was made in west central Buru, according to Joicey and Talbot (1924). Rothschild and Hartert (1923: 118) equate mountain ranges “Madang,” “Mada,” and “Fogha” with Mount Tomahu, 03.14S, 126.04E (USBGN, 1982a); whereas, Stresemann (1914b: 361) equated these mountains with Kapala Mada, which is probably the same as Kapalatmada, 03.15S, 126.09E (USBGN, 1982a). The latter seems more likely to me. Rothschild purchased only 32 of the approximately 200 bird specimens that the Pratts collected, the remainder going to BMNH (Hartert, 1924a: 104).

Oreosterops pinaiae Stresemann

Oreosterops pinaiae Stresemann, 1912c: 5 (Gŭnŭng Pinaia, 7500 feet).

Now Lophozosterops pinaiae (364365Stresemann, 1912). See Mees, 1969: 199–200, White and Bruce, 1986: 417–418, and van Balen, 2008: 481.

Holotype

AMNH 701424, adult male, collected on Mount Binaiya (= Gunung Pinaia), 7500 ft, 03.11S, 129.26E (USBGN, 1982a), Seram (= Ceram) Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 17 August 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 877), on the II. Freiburger Molukken-Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann cited his unique field number of the holotype but gave no information about how many specimens he collected. Later, he (Stresemann, 1914a: 138) listed seven specimens in his type series, five of which came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The four paratypes in AMNH are: Mount Binaiya, 7000 ft, AMNH 701423 (Stresemann no. 874), male; AMNH 701425 (873), female, both collected on 15 August 1911; Mount Sofia, 4000 ft, AMNH 701426 (682), male, 25 June 1911; AMNH 701427 (640), female, 13 June 1911. The two paratypes that did not come to AMNH are both from Mount Sofia, a male collected on 13 June, now in RMNH (Dekker and Quaisser, 2006: 21), and a female collected on 25 June 1911, now in ZMA (Roselaar and Prins, 2000: 115).

Zosterops goodfellowi Hartert

Zosterops goodfellowi Hartert, 1903c: 13 (Apo Volcano, Mindanao, 8000 feet).

Now Lophozosterops goodfellowi goodfellowi (107108Hartert, 1903). See Mees, 1969: 192–193, Dickinson et al., 1991: 402, Kennedy et al., 2000: 337–338, and van Balen, 2008: 481.

Holotype

AMNH 701415, adult female, collected on Mount Apo, 8000 ft, 06.59N, 125.16E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 415), Mindanao Island, Philippines, in April 1903, by Walter Goodfellow (no. 124A). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert gave the Goodfellow number “124A” of the holotype, but did not say how many specimens he examined. AMNH 701414, female, collected on Mount Apo in April 1903 is a paratype. Both of Goodfellow's specimens were numbered “124,” but Hartert added the “A” to Goodfellow's label on the type and to the Rothschld type label. Another specimen, AMNH 701416, was collected on Mount Apo in February 1905, after the publication of the name.

Chlorocharis squamiceps Hartert

Chlorocharis squamiceps Hartert, 1896a: 70 (Bonthain Peak, Celebes).

Now Lophozosterops squamiceps squamiceps (9293Hartert, 1896). See Mees, 1969: 185–186, and van Balen, 2008: 481–482.

Lectotype

AMNH 701459, adult male, collected on Mount Lompobattang (= Bonthain Peak), 6000 ft, 05.22S, 119.58E (Times Atlas), southern Sulawesi (= Celebes) Island, Indonesia, in October 1895, by collectors for Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description, only saying that he had a large series collected at 6000 ft and above. Hartert (1896c: 153) listed this new species again, when reporting on Everett's entire collection, but did not give further details. J.M. Dumas, Everett's assistant, and his helpers collected above the village of Tasoso, on the peak known as Buah Kraïing (Hartert, 1896c: 149). Six specimens, three males and three females collected in October 1895, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1920: 437) later listed the type as a male, in the Rothschild Collection, an action that nevertheless did not distinguish among the three male specimens in that collection. However, Everett's label on AMNH 701459 has “Type” written on it in Hartert's hand, and it bears a Rothschild type label, indicating that this was the specimen Hartert intended as the type. It was cataloged as the type when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH and has retained that status to the present. In order to confirm Hartert's intent and to avoid possible confusion in interpreting the older literature, I hereby designate AMNH 701459 the lectotype of Chlorocharis squamiceps. Paralectotypes in AMNH are: males, AMNH 701457, 701458; females, AMNH 701460–701462. AMNH 295145, female, from “Bonthain Peak,” 6000 ft, collected by Everett's collectors in October 1895, was purchased by L.C. Sanford for the Department of Ornithology from the dealer W.F.H. Rosenberg. Because there is no indication that this specimen was among the ones studied by Hartert, I have not considered it a paralectotype. There are two additional possible paralectotypes in BMNH (Mees, 1969: 186), but these were not listed as syntypes by Warren and Harrison (1971: 514) and they were perhaps purchased from a dealer. Benson (1999: 140) listed a “syntype” of C. squamiceps in UMZC, but no mention is made as to whether that specimen was obtained from Rothschild or from a dealer. It was also said to be from 5000 ft, whereas, Hartert (1896a: 70) said that all of his specimens were from 6000 ft and above. All of the six specimens of the type series now in AMNH are labeled 6000 feet by Everett on the original label.

Pseudozosterops squamiceps stachyrina Stresemann

Pseudozosterops squamiceps stachyrina Stresemann, 1932b: 107 (Latimodjong-Gebirge 2200 m).

Now Lophozosterops squamiceps stachyrinus (374Stresemann, 1932). See Mees 1969: 186–187, White and Bruce, 1986: 418, and van Balen, 2008: 481–482.

Holotype

AMNH 461240, adult male, collected in the Latimojong (= Latimodjong) Mountains, 2200 ft, 03.30S, 120.05E (USBGN, 1982a), south central Sulawesi, on 24 June 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 583).

Comments

Stresemann cited Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype in the original description but did not indicate the size of his type series. Later, he (Stresemann, 1940: 67) noted that he had five male, three female, and one juvenile specimens from Latimojong. Support for Heinrich's expedition came from L.C. Sanford for AMNH and from ZMB; primary types came to AMNH and the remainder of the collection was divided between the two institutions (Stresemann, 1931b: 7–9). Five paratypes are in AMNH: males, AMNH 293127, 293128; females, AMNH 293129–293131. The remaining paratypes are probably in ZMB.

Pseudozosterops squamiceps analoga Stresemann

Pseudozosterops squamiceps analoga Stresemann, 1932b: 107 (Tanke Salokko, 2000 m).

Now Lophozosterops squamiceps analogus (374Stresemann, 1932). See Mees, 1969: 188–189, White and Bruce, 1986: 418, and van Balen, 2008: 481–482.

Holotype

AMNH 300339, adult male, collected on Tanke Salokko, 1500 m, Mekongga (= Mengkoka) Mountains, 03.35S, 121.15E (USBGN, 1982a), southeastern Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on 5 January 1932, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 6399).

Comments

Stresemann cited Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype in the original description but did not mention the size of his type series. Later, he (Stresemann, 1940: 67) said that he had eight male and seven female specimens, but this probably refers to the number of specimens for which he published measurements; Stresemann had the entire collection in hand when he studied it. As in the case of the type series of Lophozosterops squamiceps stachyrinus (above), the type came to AMNH and the remainder of the specimens were divided between AMNH and ZMB; paratypes at AMNH, all collected at Tanke Salokko, are: males, AMNH 296564, 300334–300338, 300340, 300341; immature male, AMNH300342; females, AMNH 300343–300349; immature female, AMNH 300350. AMNH 296564 was sent to Professor Sarasin in Basel in 1932 and may now be in NMB.

Pseudozosterops squamiceps heinrichi Stresemann

Pseudozosterops squamiceps heinrichi Stresemann, 1931c: 82 (Matinang-Gebirge: Ile-Ile, 1700 m).

Now Lophozosterops squamiceps heinrichi (371372Stresemann, 1931). See Mees, 1969: 189–190, White and Bruce, 1986: 418, and van Balen, 2008: 481–482.

Holotype

AMNH 293138, adult male, collected at Ile-Ile, 1700 m, 01.04N, 121.40E (USBGN, 1982a), Matinan (= Matinang) Mountains, Sulawesi (= Celebes) Island, Indonesia, on 9 November 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 2566).

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann noted the Heinrich field number of the holotype as “2466.” This was apparently a typographical error as AMNH 293138 bears a ZMB type label filled in by Stresemann, and the data on Heinrich's field label otherwise agree with those given in the original description. Mees (1969: 191) listed the Heinrich number of the type as “2566” without comment, and no specimen of heinrichi with the number “2466” was among the specimens that came to AMNH. Roselaar and Prins (2000: 116) listed the holotype of P. s. heinrichi in ZMB in error (Roselaar, personal commun.) and S. Frahnert (personal commun.) confirmed that no specimen of P. s. heinrichi came to ZMB bearing Heinrich's number “2466.”

As in the case of the above two forms, the specimens of heinrichi were divided between AMNH and ZMB, with primary types to come to AMNH. Stresemann (1931c: 83) did not say how many specimens he examined. Later, he (Stresemann, 1940: 68) listed 18 specimens, but this undoubtedly refers only to specimens for which he gave measurements, as he had the entire collection in hand when this form was described. Paratypes in AMNH are: males, of which four are immature, AMNH 293132–293137, 293139–293151; females, AMNH 293152–293162, 293166; unsexed, AMNH 293163–293165. Of these, AMNH 293145 was originally identified as P. s. heinrichi by Stresemann and was part of his type series, but, according to an unsigned entry in the AMNH catalog, it later was found to be a specimen of Phylloscopus trivirgatus capitalis. It is a male, bearing Heinrich's field number 2798. Other paratypes are in ZMB (Frahnert, personal commun.), RMNH (Dekker and Quaisser, 2006: 21), and ZGMA (Roselaar and Prins, 2000: 116.

Oreosterops javanica elongata Stresemann

Oreosterops javanica elongata Stresemann, 1913: 366 (Gunung Bratan (Bali), 4000 f.).

Now Lophozosterops javanicus elongatus (Stresemann, 1913). See Mees, 1969: 181–183, Mackinnon, 1988: 337, and van Balen, 2008: 482.

Holotype

AMNH 701406, adult male, collected on Mount Bratan, 4000 ft, 08.15S, 115.12E (USBGN, 1982a), Bali Island, Indonesia, on 17 January 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 211) on the II Freiburger Molukken-Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Stresemann cited his unique field number of the holotype and listed three males and two females in his type series. The four paratypes are: Danau Bratan, male, AMNH 701405; Mount Bratan, 4000 ft, male, AMNH 701407, females, AMNH 701408, 701409.

Zosterops superciliaris Hartert

Zosterops superciliaris Hartert, 1897b: 172 (South Flores).

Now Lophozosterops superciliaris superciliaris (95969798Hartert, 1897). See Mees, 1969: 196–198, White and Bruce, 1986: 418, and van Balen, 2008: 482.

Lectotype

AMNH 701420, female, collected in southern Flores, above 3000 ft, in October 1896, by J.M. Dumas for Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description or give the size of his type series. Later, reporting on Everett's entire collection, he (Hartert, 1897d: 520) again did not mention a type or the number of specimens, only saying that he had a series. Hartert (1920: 437) listed as the type a female with the data given above for the lectotype. There are, however, two such specimens. AMNH 701420 bears a Rothschild type label, and on Everett's field label on the same specimen Hartert has written “Type of species”; this specimen was his intended type and was so cataloged when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH. In order to formalize Hartert's intent and prevent misinterpretation of the older literature, I hereby designate AMNH 701420 the lectotype of Zosterops superciliaris. Paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected in southern Flores in 1896 by Everett's collectors, are: males, AMNH 701417, 701418, November, 3500 ft; AMNH 701419, October, 3300 ft; females, AMNH 701421, October, above 3000 ft, AMNH 701422, November, 3500 ft.

Typification of this taxon offers an example of why it is important to make sure that the appropriate specimen is chosen as the type. All types of forms named by Rothschild and/or Hartert were in the Rothschild Collection unless stated otherwise by them, and Hartert's various lists of types were intended to make certain that such types were established, whether or not they had been specifically designated in the original description. For example, Hartert (1918: 4) wrote “The fixing of the types in the Brehm Collection has not been easy. … Only a careful comparison of the descriptions with the specimens in the collection could in some cases decide whether a specimen could be regarded as ‘type’ or not.” And again, he (Hartert, 1919a: 123) wrote “The majority of the birds described from the Tring Museum are naturally named by Lord Rothschild and myself, and next to ourselves by those ornithologists who have temporarily worked here … but there are altogether also a good many types made by other ornithologists in the collection, partly purchased with smaller collections or allowed to be described when already in the Tring Museum. … A critical examination of all types is not always easy and my judgment may not be correct in every case, but I trust that it is so in nearly all instances.” These statements make it quite clear that Hartert was attempting to “fix” the types present in the Rothschild Collection, to avoid questions about them in the future. In most cases this provided effective lectotypification of a particular specimen if a type had not been designated in the original description, but because the Rothschild Collection was not cataloged, there was sometimes no unique number that could be specified for a type. This introduced ambiguity into Hartert's lists when several specimens in AMNH bear the same label data, and in those instances, it is important to give valid standing to the specimens that Hartert intended to fix as the types, especially as some of the collections were widely scattered via dealers. In a confusing manner, Mees (1957, 1961a, 1969) sometimes accepted the type listed by Hartert as the lectotype when no holotype had been designated, but in other cases, he did not. In the case of Z. superciliaris, he did not.

Hartert (1920: 437) listed a type (= lectotype) of Z. superciliaris, and the data on the specimen bearing the Rothschild type label agree with the data published by Hartert for the type; Everett's label is marked “Type of the species” in Hartert's hand. Certainly, specimens in other collections would not have type status; nor is such status claimed by Warren and Harrison (1971: 545) for specimens in BMNH mentioned by Mees (1969: 197). Therefore there does not appear to be any evidence for Mees' (1969: 197) statement that all of the specimens collected by Everett and his hunters in October–November are cotypes (= syntypes).

As noted by Miriam Rothschild (1983: 158), Rothschild usually purchased up to six specimens of any form offered him by collectors. Any remaining specimens were then sent to dealers to be sold for the collector. It appears that this is what occurred in the case of Z. superciliaris, but it is unclear whether Hartert used all of the specimens or only the ones purchased by Rothschild for his description. However, the specimens Hartert used would comprise his type series and specimens other than the lectotype therefore become paralectotypes. Information I supplied to Dekker and Quaisser (2006: 22) caused them to list Everett's specimen of Z. superciliaris that is now in RMNH as a paralectotype. And because we do not know whether or not Hartert used all of the specimens Everett collected at that time, Dekker and Quaisser's decision was correct.

I did not at that time recognize the ambiguity in Hartert's (1920: 437) listing of the type and considered it a valid designation of a lectotype because the data for the type published by Hartert (1920: 437) agreed with the data on the specimen. Ambiguity arises, however, in cases where more than one specimen in AMNH has the same collection data as “the type.” In this case, there are two, and I have removed the ambiguity by designating as lectotype the specimen that Hartert intended as the type, which now has a unique AMNH catalog number.

Lophozosterops dohertyi Hartert

Lophozosterops dohertyi Hartert, 1896b: 568 (Volcano of Tambora, 1000–3000 feet high).

Now Lophozosterops dohertyi dohertyi 9293Hartert, 1896. See Mees, 1969: 201–202, White and Bruce, 1986: 419, and van Balen, 2008: 482–483.

Lectotype

AMNH 701428, adult male, collected on Mount Tambora, 1000 ft, 08.14S, 117.55E (USBGN, 1982a), Sumbawa (= Sambawa, as on label) Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, in April–May 1896, by William Doherty.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description or say how many specimens he examined. Eight specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; Hartert (1920: 438) designated as lectotype the only specimen that was collected at 1000 ft. The paralectotypes at AMNH, all collected on Mount Tambora in April–May 1896, are: AMNH 701429–701435, four males, two females, one female?, all collected at 3000 ft except for two for which no altitude was given. Of these, AMNH 701435 was exchanged to ANSP in June 1944.

The genus Lophozosterops was described at the same time, with L. dohertyi the type species. The species is figured in Rothschild (1897: 169, pl. 2, fig. 1).

Lophozosterops (an potius Zosterops) subcristatus Hartert

Lophozosterops (an potius Zosterops) subcristatus Hartert, 1897b: 171 (hills of South Flores).

Now Lophozosterops dohertyi subcristatus 95969798Hartert, 1897. See Mees, 1969: 202–204, White and Bruce, 1986: 419, and van Balen, 2008: 482–483.

Lectotype

AMNH 701436, adult male, collected on southern Flores Island, above 3000 ft, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, in October 1896, by collectors for Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description or say how many specimens he examined. Five specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; Hartert (1920: 438) designated as lectotype the only male specimen marked as having come from above 3000 ft. The four paralectotypes in AMNH, all from southern Flores and collected in October 1896, are: male, AMNH 701437, 3300 ft; sex?, AMNH 701438, 3300 ft; females, AMNH 701439, 701440, above 3000 ft.

Zosterops crassirostris Hartert

Zosterops crassirostris Hartert, 1897b: 172 (South Flores).

Now Heleia crassirostris (95969798Hartert, 1897). See Mees, 1969: 209–211, White and Bruce, 1986: 419, and van Balen, 2008: 483.

Lectotype

AMNH 701445, adult male, collected in southern Flores, 3500 ft, on 28 October 1896, by collectors for Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description or say how many specimens he examined; nor did he (Hartert, 1897d: 519–520) later add information, except to say that Everett sent a “fine series.” Seven specimens came to AMNH; Hartert (1920: 437) designated as lectotype the single specimen with the date 28 October and altitude 3500 feet. The paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected in southern Flores in October 1896 (with no day or altitude given), are: males, AMNH 701441–701444; females, AMNH 701446, 701447. The species is illustrated in Hartert (1897d: pl. III, fig. 2).

Chlorocharis emiliae Sharpe

Chlorocharis emiliae Sharpe, 1888a: 392 (Kina Balu, Northern Borneo).

Now Chlorocharis emiliae emiliae 347Sharpe, 1888. See Mees, 1969: 212–217, Smythies, 2000: 597–598, and van Balen, 2008: 483–484.

Lectotype

AMNH 701481, female, collected on Mount Kinabalu, 8000 ft, 06.03N,116.32E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Malaysia, on 27 February 1888, by John Whitehead (no. 2077). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Sharpe did not designate a type but had two specimens for which he listed Whitehead's numbers 2077 and 2079. Hartert (1920: 437) listed as the type of emiliae Whitehead's specimen no. 2077, thereby designating it the lectotype; it bears a Rothschild type label. Whitehead's label on this specimen was marked “Type RBS[harpe]” by Sharpe. This is one of the cases where Whitehead sent ahead to Sharpe “a pair of most birds I thought would be new” (Whitehead, 1893: 185). Because Sharpe described both male and female, no. 2079 must be a male, but no other information was given; specimen 2079 did not come to AMNH.

When Sharpe (1889: 63) published his account of the birds of northern Borneo collected by Whitehead on all of his trips there, he listed four specimens of emiliae, all collected 28 January–1 March 1888 and labeled a–d. Because Sharpe did not list Whitehead's numbers, matching these specimens with the seven now in AMNH is not possible; some of the dates match and some do not. However, only the two specimens listed in the original description comprise the type series of emiliae, and number 2079, if found, would be the paralectotype.

The genus Chlorocharis was described by Sharpe (1888a: 392, pl. XI, fig. 1) at this time, with the type species Chlorocharis emiliae.

Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Hartert

Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Hartert, 1903c: 13 (Mt. Apo, 8000 feet, Mindanao).

Now Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus 107108Hartert, 1903. See Mees, 1969: 238–240, Dickinson et al., 1991: 403, van Balen, 2008: 485, and Fjeldså et al., 2010: 747–760.

Holotype

AMNH 701496, adult female, collected on Mount Apo (= Apo Volcano, as on label), 8000 ft, 06.59N, 125.16E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 415), Mindanao Island, Philippines, in April 1903, by Walter Goodfellow (no. 121). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert listed “Types ♂♀, No. 121, Goodfellow Coll..” Only the female specimen, AMNH 701496, bears the number “121” and Mees (1969: 239) considered this specimen the holotype. Dickinson et al. (1991: 403) also considered it the holotype, and I agree. Hartert (1920: 438) listed it as the type, with no mention of the male specimen. AMNH 701491, male, collected on Mount Apo in April 1903 by Goodfellow (no number) is a paratype, as is AMNH 216472, female, collected on Mount Apo in April 1903 by Goodfellow (no. 122). This latter specimen was exchanged to AMNH by Rothschild on 10 September 1927.

Hypocryptadius was considered genus incertae sedis by Mayr (1967: 325). Recent molecular and morphological studies by Fjeldså et al. (2010: 747–760 indicate that Hypocryptadius is a member of the radiation of granivorous passeroid birds. They suggest a basal position for this genus and that it should be retained in a monotypic subfamily, Hypocryptadiinae Hachisuka, 1930.

Zosterops abyssinica socotrana Neumann

Zosterops abyssinica socotrana Neumann, 1908: 59 (Dahamis, Sokotra).

Now Zosterops abyssinicus socotranus Neumann, 1908. See Fry et al., 2000: 314–315, Kirwan, 2007: 141–142, and van Balen, 2008: 469–470.

Holotype

AMNH 699559, adult male, collected at Dahamis, 350 ft, Socotra Island, 12.30N, 54.00E (USBGN, 1976), Yemen, on 20 December 1898, by W.R. Ogilvie-Grant and H.O. Forbes (no. 190). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann said that the type, in the Rothschild Collection, was a male collected at Dahamis on 20 December 1898. AMNH 699559 is the only Rothschild specimen in AMNH bearing those data. Three additional specimens are paratypes: AMNH 699558 (field no. 419), female, collected at Adho Diemellus, 3500 ft, on 10 February 1899; AMNH 699560 (193) female, collected at Dahamis, 350 ft, on 20 December 1898; AMNH 699561 (232) female, collected at Thlütied, 1200 ft, on 7 January 1899.

Kirwan (2007: 141–142) discussed the various characters attributed to Z. a. socotranus by various authors and found it to be “only very doubtfully recognisable”; van Balen recognized it.

Zosterops omoensis Neumann

Zosterops omoensis Neumann, 1904b: 162 (Senti-Tal zwischen Uba und Gofa).

Now Zosterops abyssinicus omoensis 264Neumann, 1904. See Fry et al., 2000: 314–315, Kirwan, 2007: 140–141, and van Balen, 2008: 469–470.

Holotype

AMNH 699556, adult male, collected in the Senti Valley between Uba and Gofa, Ethiopia, on 28 January 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 690). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, the adult male from the Senti Valley was designated the holotype, and a second specimen, a female from Alesa in Koscha, was mentioned. Neumann (1906: 242) listed the same two specimens, giving his field number for each. The paratype is AMNH 699557, female, collected at Alesa in Koscha on 23 February 1901 by Neumann (no. 921).

The Zagē Shet' (= Senti) flows into the Omo River at 06.39N, 37.12E (USBGN, 1982b). This stream is also shown on the map in Neumann (1902c), spelled “Zenti.”

Zosterops smithi Neumann

Zosterops smithi Neumann, 1902b: 139 (Sillul, Bodele, Somali Land).

Now Zosterops abyssinicus jubaensis Erlanger, 1901. See Moreau, 1967: 327, Fry et al., 2000: 324–315, and van Balen, 2008: 469–470.

Lectotype

AMNH 699310, adult male, collected at Wadi Sillul (= Selou, as on label), Bodele, Ethiopia, on 7 August 1894, by A. Donaldson Smith (no. 140). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann designated as syntypes a male and a female in the Rothschild Collection, collected at [Wadi] Sillul by Donaldson Smith. Hartert (1920: 432) listed the male as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The paralectotype is AMNH 699311, female, collected at Wadi Sillul on 7 August 1894 by Donaldson Smith (no. 141). Neumann (1902b: 139) listed two additional specimens in BMNH, but because he designated syntypes in the original description, those specimens have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Sharpe (1895) reported on this, the first Donaldson Smith expedition to the area, and later noted (Sharpe, 1906: 277) that the 23 types of new forms that he had named had been presented to BMNH by Donaldson Smith. Apparently, those were the only specimens from this first expedition that went to BMNH. Sharpe (1895: 475–476), in his report on the collection, listed as Zosterops flavilateralis a male specimen bearing the same data as the lectotype of Z. smithi and in addition recorded the iris as “light brown” and feet as “dark grey,” both noted on the original label of the lectotype. I believe it was indeed this specimen but that it did not remain in BMNH; the female was not listed.

The date of collection of the lectotype appears to be 1 August; however, careful examination with a magnifying glass shows that part of the “7” was overwritten by Neumann with his new name, and the lectotype was collected on the same date as the paralectotype. A search of Sharpe (1895) for collecting dates provided 5–7 August for Wadi Sillul and 7–9 August for Selou (probably an alternative spelling). This agrees with map sheet 1 in Donaldson Smith (1896) where the Wadi Sillul crosses the expedition route at ca. 08.10N, 43.17E.

Zosterops massaica van Someren

Zosterops massaica van Someren, 1922: 192 (Sagala).

Now Zosterops abyssinicus flavilateralis Reichenow, 1892. See Moreau, 1967: 328, Fry et al., 2000: 314–315, and van Balen, 2008: 469–470.

Holotype

AMNH 699291, adult male, collected at Sagala, 03.31S, 38.35E (Polhill, 1988), Teita, Kenya, on 8 August 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, van Someren designated as the type a male in the Rothschild Collection collected at Sagala on 8 August 1918. AMNH 699291 is the only Rothschild specimen bearing those data. There are three paratypes at AMNH, all females from Sagala: AMNH 699292–699294.

Zosterops superciliosa Reichenow

Zosterops superciliosa Reichenow, 1892: 192 (Wadelai (Kiri und Fadjulli)).

Now Zosterops senegalensis senegalensis Bonaparte, 1850. See Chapin, 1954b: 180, Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1960: 736, Fry et al., 2000: 306–310, Carswell et al., 2005: 414, and van Balen, 2008: 470–471.

Syntype

AMNH 699282, adult male, collected at Pajule (= Fadjulli), 02.58N, 32.57E (Times Atlas), Uganda, undated, by Emin Pasha. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

Reichenow (1892: 192) based his description on two specimens from Wadelai (Kiri and Fadjulli) collected by Emin Pasha, but did not designate a type. The Fadjulli specimen came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and Hartert (1920: 433) listed it as either a type or cotype, depending on whether or not Reichenow had actually seen the second specimen in BMNH. That specimen is not listed by Warren and Harrison (1971: 546) but may lie unrecognized in the collection. Neumann (1904a: 111) said that only the two specimens existed, both collected by Emin. According to Hartert (1920: 433), Reichenow had probably borrowed the above specimen from Hartlaub before Rothschild bought part of the Emin collection from him, and it was Neumann who marked the above specimen as the type. Actually, the specimen has been marked both “Typus” and “Cotypus,” and variously overwritten. It does not have the original Emin label, but its label is marked “Emin coll. ex Hartlaub.”

Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1960: 736) considered superciliosa a synonym of Z. s. senegalensis; it was omitted from the synonymy by Moreau (1967: 329).

Zosterops elgonensis van Someren

Zosterops elgonensis van Someren, 1922: 191 (Bukedi).

Now Zosterops senegalensis jacksoni Neumann, 1899. See Moreau, 1967: 330, Fry et al., 2000: 306–310, and van Balen, 2008: 470–471.

Holotype

AMNH 699455, adult male, collected at Bukedi, Mount Elgon, 01.08N, 34.32E (Carswell et al., 2005: 512), Uganda, on 13 January 1916, from the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, van Someren listed the unique date of 13 January 1916 for his type of elgonensis in the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes in AMNH are: Bumasifa, Mount Elgon, AMNH 699456, male, 8 March 1916; AMNH 699457, female, 8 February 1916; Mount Elgon, AMNH 699458, female, March 1915; Maroto, AMNH 699459, male, and AMNH 699460, female, collected by J. Allen Turner, in December 1917.

Zosterops yalensis van Someren

Zosterops yalensis van Someren, 1922: 191 (Kaimosi).

Now Zosterops senegalensis jacksoni Neumann, 1899. See Moreau, 1967: 330, Fry et al., 2000: 306–310, and van Balen, 2008: 470–471.

Lectotype

AMNH 699436, adult male, collected at Kaimosi, 00.08N, 34.47E (Chapin, 1954a: 671), Kenya, on 22 January 1917, by J. Allen Turner (no. 614) for Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, van Someren only said that the type, a male from Kaimosi collected by Allen Turner, was in the Rothschild Museum. Hartert (1928: 207) designated the above specimen the lectotype by citing the unique collecting date of 22 January 1917. It bears the original Meinertzhagen label, marked “Type” by van Someren, a Rothschild type label, and a Rothschild Collection label. The range of yalensis was given by van Someren (1922: 191) as Yala, Mumias, Nyarondo, and Kaimosi. Paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected by Turner, are: AMNH 699426–699428, one male and two females from Yala River; AMNH 699429, 699430, male and female from Lucosi Road; AMNH 699431, 699432, females from Kakamega Road; AMNH 699433, 699434, male and unsexed from Kabrass; AMNH 699435, 699437–699440, two males and three females from Kaimosi; AMNH 699441–699444, four females from Lerundo. There are also three paralectotypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 70).

Zosterops stenocricotus kasaicus Chapin

Zosterops stenocricotus kasaicus Chapin, 1932: 15 (Luluabourg, Kasai district, Belgian Congo).

Now Zosterops senegalensis kasaicus Chapin, 1932. See Fry et al., 2000: 306–310, and van Balen, 2008: 470–471.

Holotype

AMNH 258612, adult male, collected at the Mission of St. Joseph, Luluabourg, 05.53S, 22.26E (Times Atlas), Kasai District, Congo (Kinshasa), on 5 December 1925, by R. Callewaert.

Comments

Chapin cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description; his type series comprised the six specimens in AMNH collected by Callewaert at Luluabourg, two specimens from Luluabourg in ANSP, and specimens collected by H. Schoutenden at Macaco near Luebo (which Chapin had not seen). The five paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 258608–258611, 258613, three males, one unsexed but marked [male], and one female. Other specimens collected by Callewaert at Luluabourg and sold to Rothschild, later came to AMNH at about the time the description was published, but they were not available to Chapin for the description.

Zosterops poliogastra erlangeri Neumann

Zosterops poliogastra erlangeri Neumann, 1908: 60 (Gadat in Gofa).

Now Zosterops poliogastrus poliogastrus Heuglin, 1861. See Moreau, 1967: 331–332, Fry et al., 2000: 316–317, and van Balen, 2008: 473.

Lectotype

AMNH 699580, adult male, collected at Gadat, Gamu-Gofa (= Gofa), Ethiopia, on 31 January 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 733). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann listed as his type a male in the Rothschild Collection collected at Gadat on 31 January 1901. There were two such specimens, but Hartert (1920: 432), in listing types in the Rothschild Collection, gave Neumann's unique field number of the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. Neumann (1908: 60) gave the range of erlangeri as Shoa, Harar, Arussi mountains and the Omo Region. Paralectotypes in AMNH are: AMNH 699578 (Neumann no. 583), male, collected at Gardula, on 13 January 1901; AMNH 699579 (729), male, collected at Gadat, Gamu-Gofa, 31 January 1901; AMNH 699581 (404), female, Alata, Sidamo, 13 December 1900; AMNH 699582 (397), male, Habela, Sidamo, 12 December 1900. Earlier, these specimens were all listed as Z. p. poliogastrus by Neumann (1906: 241–242).

Gadat is shown on the map in Neumann (1902c) at ca. 06.20N, 36.50E.

Zosterops kaffensis Neumann

Zosterops kaffensis Neumann, 1902a: 10 (Kaffa).

Now Zosterops poliogastrus kaffensis 260261Neumann, 1902. See Fry et al., 2000: 316–317, and van Balen, 2008: 473.

Holotype

AMNH 699419, adult male, collected at Anderacha (= Anderatscha, as on label), 07.11N, 36.17E (Times Atlas), Kaffa, Ethiopia, on 11 March 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 994). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann designated as type his specimen collected at Anderacha on 11 March 1901, adding that he had a number of examples from Kaffa. Neumann (1906: 243) confirmed that the type was his specimen no. 994, the only one collected on 11 March 1901, and listed six specimens that comprised his type series. Four paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: Anderacha, AMNH 699418 (no Neumann number), male, March–April 1901; AMNH 699420 (1003), male, 16 March 1901; AMNH 699421 (no Neumann number), female, March–April 1901; Buka-wori, AMNH 699422 (973), male, 4 March 1901. The remaining paratype is Neumann's no. 1002, male, Anderacha, 16 March 1901.

Zosterops schoana Neumann

Zosterops schoana Neumann, 1903: 185 (Abuje, (Provinz Gindeberat) Schoa).

Now Zosterops poliogastrus kaffensis Neumann, 1903. See Fry et al., 2000: 316–317, and van Balen, 2008: 473.

Lectotype

AMNH 699424, adult female, collected at Abuye (= Abuje), 09.44N, 37.46E (USBGN, 1982b), Anato, Gindeberat Province, Schoa, Ethiopia, on 3 October 1900, by Oscar Neumann (no. 134). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Neumann designated as type a female collected at Abuye on 3 October 1900; however, his two specimens of schoana both bore the same data and he did not cite his field number. Neumann (1906: 242) later listed both of his specimens with their field numbers but did not indicate there which one was his type. Hartert (1920: 433), by citing Neumann's specimen no. 134 as the type, thereby designated it the lectotype. It bears the original field label marked “Typus” by Neumann and Rothschild Collection and type labels. The paralectotype is AMNH 699423 (Neumann no. 135), female, collected at Abuye on 3 October 1900.

Zosterops virens somereni Hartert

Zosterops virens somereni Hartert, 1928: 207 (Mount Kenya, above Chuka).

Now Zosterops poliogastrus kikuyuensis Sharpe, 1891. See Moreau, 1967: 332, Fry et al., 2000: 316–317, and van Balen, 2008: 473.

Holotype

AMNH 699402, adult male, collected above Chuka, 00.20S, 37.38E (Polhill, 1988), Mount Kenya, Kenya, on 15 January 1921, by Noel van Someren. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments

In the original description, Hartert designated as type the only male specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected at Chuka on 15 January and noted that he had 12 specimens collected by Noel van Someren and two collected by J. Makinder (so spelled on his own label). There were, in fact, 12 specimens in addition to the holotype collected by Noel van Someren. The 14 paratypes are: above Chuka, AMNH 699401, 699403–699406, collected 15–17 January 1922, by Noel van Someren; Mount Kenya, 10,000 ft, west slope, AMNH 699407, 699408, collected 10 September 1899, by H.J. Makinder (nos. 72 and 73); Meru, AMNH 699409–699415, collected 22 December 1920–10 January 1921, by Noel van Someren.