Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae), commonly known as feijoa or pineapple guava, naturally occurs in southern Brazil and Uruguay (Thorp and Bieleski, 2002). Santos et al. (2009) have suggested that there is potential to develop this fruit resource as a food product and as a medicinal plant. In addition to its unique taste, the species has several bioactive properties that make it potentially useful for pharmacological purposes (Weston, 2010). The species is neither well known nor thoroughly exploited in its center of origin; however, commercial cultivars of the species have been cultivated in other parts of the globe (e.g., Colombia and New Zealand). The development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers can be very useful for a number of studies, such as cultivar fingerprinting and genetic diversity assessment of germplasm, which are essential for conservation, phylogeography, breeding, and characterization of population genetic structure of A. sellowiana.
Some specific molecular markers have already been developed (Santos et al, 2008); however, preliminary studies using those markers show that only nine of the 13 markers are being successfully used (data not published). Therefore, the development of new SSR markers will help to characterize the levels and distribution of genetic diversity; they will also be essential for phylogeographic, species domestication, and genetic mapping studies. Therefore, in this paper, we present 10 new microsatellite markers for A. sellowiana.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Total DNA was isolated from leaves of a single feijoa plant according to Doyle and Doyle (1990), and an SSR-enriched library was constructed based on Billotte et al. (1999). Briefly, total DNA was digested using AfaI restriction enzyme (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA) at 37°C for 1 h, followed by enzyme inactivation at 65°C for 20 min. Digested DNA was then ligated to AfaI adapters (Afa21: 5′-CTCTTGCTTACGCGTGGACTA-3′ and Afa25: 5′-TAGTCCACGCGTAAGCAAGAGCACA-3′) in a 50-µL reaction containing 500 ng of digested DNA, 10 µM of each AfaI adapter, 1× T4 DNA Ligase Buffer (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA), and 1 U/µL of T4 DNA Ligase (Promega Corporation). The reaction was incubated at 20°C for 2 h, followed by enzyme inactivation at 70°C for 10 min. Fragments were PCR amplified using a Veriti Thermal Cycler (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California, USA) to yield adequate DNA for the next step. The reaction was performed in a 50-µL reaction containing 5 µL of the ligation reaction, 10 µM of Afa21 adapter, 0.2 mM of each dNTP (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania), 1× Taq buffer (Fermentas), 1.5 mM of magnesium chloride (Fermentas), and 1 unit of Taq DNA Polymerase (Fermentas). A Veriti Thermal Cycler (Life Technologies) was used to amplify the ligated DNA with the following sequence: 95°C for 4 min; followed by 20 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min; and a final extension step at 72°C for 8 min. The DNA was enriched for microsatellite repeat regions (CTn, GTn, and TTCn) using Streptavidin MagneSphere Paramagnetic Particles (Promega Corporation) using the protocol suggested by the manufacturer.
Twenty microliters of the enriched DNA was PCR amplified with the same conditions used in the previous reaction, cloned using pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega Corporation) according to the protocol suggested by the manufacturer, and transformed in chemically competent Escherichia coli XL1-Blue cells (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA). A total of 192 positive clones were sequenced with a MegaBACE 1000 automated sequencer (GE Healthcare Biosciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). Of the sequenced clones, 36 presented unique SSR regions, and only 26 were suitable for primer design using Primer3 (Rozen and Skaletsky, 2000). Ten SSRs (Table 1) were genotyped in four populations of A. sellowiana: Ipê, Urubici, Bituruna, and Guarapuava (Fig. 1). The remaining designed primers were not included in this work due to PCR reaction problems (e.g., non-amplification, several off-target peaks). PCR reactions were performed in 12-µL reactions containing 20 ng of DNA template, 0.2 mM from each dNTP (Fermentas), 1 unit of Taq DNA Polymerase (Fermentas), 1× Taq buffer (Fermentas), 2 mM of magnesium chloride (Fermentas), and 5 pmol of each primer. A Veriti Thermal Cycler (Life Technologies) was used to amplify the 10 SSR loci with the following sequence: 95°C for 5 min; followed by 32 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, annealing temperature (Table 1) for 30 s, 72°C for 30 s; and a final extension step of 7 min at 72°C. Genotyping was performed using the MegaBACE 1000 automated sequencer, with ET-ROX 400 size standard (GE Healthcare). Sizing was carried out using Fragment Profiler software version 1.2 (GE Healthcare). MICRO-CHECKER version 2.2.4 (van Oosterhout et al., 2004) was used to assess null alleles and scoring errors. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each of the four populations were calculated using GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse, 2012). Number of alleles (A), expected (He) and observed heterozygosities (Ho), and polymorphic information content (PIC) were analyzed using CERVUS 3.0.3 software (Kalinowski et al, 2007).
Table 1.
Characteristics of 10 microsatellite primers developed in Acca sellowiana.
Fig. 1.
Geographic localities of the populations sampled in this paper: 1 = Ipê, Rio Grande do Sul (28°75′14″S, 51°35′39″W); 2 = Urubici, Santa Catarina (28°04′18″S, 50°29′70″W); 3 = Bituruna, Paraná (26°02′52″S, 51°70′20″W); and 4 = Guarapuava, Paraná (25°26′29″S, 51°39′17″W).
Table 2.
Results of initial primer screening in four populations of Acca sellowiana.
All PCR products met the expected sizes based on sequence information from the DNA library. Considering all populations and loci, A ranged from four to 27 alleles per locus (average: 14.10). Ho and He, considering all populations and loci, ranged from 0.269 to 1.0 (average: 0.735) and 0.569 to 0.938 (average: 0.805), respectively. The PIC, considering all populations and loci, ranged from 0.495 to 0.923 (mean: 0.773) (Table 2). Out of 10 new SSR markers developed, four showed PIC values greater than the SSR markers developed by Santos et al. (2008), thus expanding the number of highly polymorphic markers for the species. HWE was tested in all populations. All loci were in disequilibrium in at least one population (except the locus Fse16, P > 0.05), most likely due to heterozygote deficiency. However, these results should be treated with caution, given the small sample size for the populations (n = 15) (Hedrick, 2000).
In addition, for the first time, the transferability of these 10 new SSR markers was tested against DNA from four other Myrtaceae species—Plinia jaboticaba (Vell.) Kausel, P. cauliflora (DC.) Kausel, P. trunciflora (O. Berg) Kausel, and Eugenia uniflora L. Six loci successfully amplified products in P. jaboticaba, P. cauliflora, and P. trunciflora (Fse04, Fse09, Fse11, Fse16, Fse17, Fse21), and none of them amplified products in E. uniflora. These are the first SSR markers specific for A. sellowiana transferred to other Myrtaceae species.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the second study characterizing SSR markers for A. sellowiana. The new polymorphic markers double the sampling ability in the feijoa genome as well as the genome of other Myrtaceae species (due to the successful transferability of six markers), and will allow additional studies on breeding and the domestication process. Furthermore, the increase in genome sampling can help to better elaborate the proposition of conservation measures for this important species from southern Brazil.
LITERATURE CITED
Notes
[1] The authors would like to thank the Developmental Physiology and Plant Genetics Laboratory at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) for logistical and technical support. Financial support was provided by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient ífico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Funda ção de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inova ção do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC). G.H.F.K. was supported by a scholarship from Coordena ção de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). V.V., D.O., M.I.Z. and R.O.N. were supported by CNPq.
