Diagnosis:

Head round. Flagellum 14-segmented. First flagellomere length slightly more than width. Fore tibial comb absent. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. C ends beyond tip of R₅; Sc long, ends free; RS base at the middle of R₁; crossveins r-m, tb, and m-cu in one line; M3 section and base of M fork absent; CuA strongly curved back at the apex. A short. Male 9th tergite without marginal bristles, with one large, acute, triangular medial appendage and two small lateral ones; gonostyli do not bifurcate at apex.

Type Species:

Docidiadia burmitica, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a feminine anagram of Diadocidia.

Comments:

The genus is close to Diadocidia Ruthe, but differs in having the first flagellomere short; wing membrane without macrotrichia, Sc ending free, base of RS rather distal, M3 section and base of M fork reduced; CuA curved at apex rather than with two straight sections; and male tergite IX narrow, triangular, and with two lateral appendages. Diadocidia consists of two subgenera and includes 10 Holarctic species (Chandler, 1994; Laštovka and Matile, 1972; Polevoi, 1996; Wu, 1995; Zaitzev, 1994) and a Neotropical one (Edwards, 1940; Papavero, 1977a), as well as undescribed Australian species (Tonnoir, 1929; Colless, 1963). One species is known from Baltic amber (Evenhuis, 1994).

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 1.88 mm (holotype)/1.61 (paratype); wing length = 1.61/ 1.55 mm. Head. Eyes bare, facets round. Clypeus setose. Flagellum 14-segmented; first flagellomere cylindrical, width slightly less than length; apical flagellomere twice the width. Apical flagellomere of male secondarily segmented in two parts. Scape and pedicel turbinate. Only 3 segments of palpi seen, palpomeres cylindrical, subequal in length, basal wider than the rest. Thorax. Scutum setose, dome-shaped, with long protruding setae. Metepisternum bare, height equal to width, shallow incision anteriorly. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, midway between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc ends free, slightly beyond base of RS. R₁ setulose, R₅ with sparse setae, almost straight. R₁ short, about 0.6× wing length. M3 absent. M₁ and M₂ weakened, their bases absent. M₃₊₄ weakened. Abdomen. Female cerci wide, subtriangular with acute ventral angle. Male tergite IX narrow, triangular with two lateral appendages. Gonocoxites short, with length about the width. Gonostyli massive, length 2.5× the length of gonocoxites, hairy, without apical teeth or spines.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-033, male; paratype B-002, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a reference to Burma, the former name of the country where the amber originates.

SCIAROIDEA INCERTAE SEDIS

Diagnosis:

Eyes forming incomplete eye bridge, facets large, round. Ocelli three. Flagellomeres barrel-shaped, length no more than 1.5× the width. Antepronotum and proepisternum subequal, setose. Proepimeron touches episternum at the episternal suture. Anepisternum smaller than katepisternum. Anepisternal cleft distinct, narrow. Midpleural pit present. Metepisternum setose. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Insertion of abdomen wide. Wing membrane with or without macrotrichia. Sc short, ends free. Rs base, r-m, base of M₃₊₄, and CuA fork very basal. Section M2 connects r-m and base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork. M₃₊₄ reduced.

Type Species:

Thereotricha sibirica, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a feminine anagram of Heterotricha. The name is feminine.

Comments:

The new genus is close to the Heterotricha group of genera, which have been included in the Sciaridae or Diadocidiidae. Recently, Chandler (2002) reviewed known taxa of the group and described seven more genera from all zoogeographic regions except Nearctic. These taxa seem to represent a stem group of Recent families of Sciaroidea, but monophyly of the group is not apparent. The new genus differs from all taxa of the Heterotricha group in having eyes with large facets, that form an eye bridge, short antennae, the scape and pedicel not differing from flagellomeres in length, palpi very short, anepisternite and katepisternite subequal, the base of RS in basal position, and r-m and the section of M2 subequal, where eyes and palpi demonstrate an apomorphic condition. The new genus resembles Sciaropota Chandler in the porrect antenna with short flagellomeres, an absence of a clearly differentiated series of scutellar bristles, large katepisternum, mesepimepon broader below, but it differs by the short Sc, long stem of M₁₊₂, and reduced M₃₊₄.

Distinct synapomorphies separate the group from other Mesozoic Sciaroidea: M1 section completely reduced; M2 section fused with tb in one vein meeting the base of M₃₊₄, and that oblique vein is shifted distad. The same structure of the basal veins is observed in advanced representatives of the Mesozoic family Mesosciophilidae, which are thought to represent a sister group to Mycetophilidae (Kalugina and Kovalev, 1985; Blagoderov, 1993). Similar conditions occur in the peculiar Mesozoic family Archizelmiridae (Grimaldi et al., 2003), but Archizelmiridae have crossvein r-m aligned with M2 + tb and the basal portion of M₃₊₄, forming one horizontal vein and the base of RS is shifted distad. Diadocidiidae s.str. (Diadocidia and Docidiadia n.gen.) also have these veins aligned (r-m through the base of M₃₊₄), but they form a vertical vein. In Mycetophilidae the combined vein M2 + tb lost contact with the base of M₃₊₄ and meets the base of CuA or MA (arculus) (see Shcherbakov et al., 1995). Some Mycetophilidae (Drepanocercus, Ectrepesthoneura, Cretaceous Paradzickia, Drepanorzeckia, Ekhiritus, Zazicia) have the fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA sessile or short-stalked, but the base of the fork is situated more basally that in Mesozoic Sciaroidea and the Heterotricha group. Moreover, at least in Ectrepesthoneura the sessile fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA is secondary (see Analyses below and fig. 78). Obviously, reduction of M1 and fusion of M2 with tb might have originated several times in the history of Sciaroidea. Although monophyly of the group combining Recent Heterotricha- like taxa and Cretaceous Thereotricha is not proven, position of these taxa in sciaroid phylogeny should be at the base of lineages leading to Mesosoic Mesosciophilidae and Archizelmiridae and Recent Sciaridae on the one hand and higher sciaroids such as Mycetophilidae and Lygistorrhinidae on the other.

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane without macrotrichia, RS base very basal, oblique, ∼2× the length of r-m; M3 section long; base of M₁ and M₂ fork at level of tip of R₁; veins R₁, R₅, M₁, M₂, and CuA with long setae.

Description:

Body length = 1.83 mm (holotype)/1.84–1.85 mm (paratypes); wing length = 1.46 mm (holotype)/1.25 mm (paratype PIN 3130/185). Head. Three ocelli present, equal in size, distance of lateral ocellus from median ocellus and eye margin 1.5× its diameter. Occiput with numerous small setae. Eyes large, bare, forming incomplete dorsal bridge (separated by twice the facet diameter). Scape and pedicel short, rounded. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres barrel- like, width 1.3× the length, covered by short trichia. Palpi 4-segmented. Basal segment small, bacilliform, others short, rounded; antepenultimate segment with round sensory pit dorsomedially, slightly longer than others.Thorax. Antepronotum with one strong seta, proepisternum with six. Proepimeron touches episternum at episternal suture. Mesonotum uniformly setose. Midpleural pit present. Katepistrnum large, expanded caudally. Ventral part of mesepimeron not very narrow, parallel-sided. Laterotergites bare, small. Metepisternum setose, with narrow anteriodorsal cleft. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, one-third the distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc very short, ends free just beyond RS base. RS base proximad, oblique, 1.5× r-m length. R₁, R₅, M₁, M₂, and CuA with long setae. R₁ about 0.7× wing length. RS base oblique. Crossvein r-m fused with tb and m- cu in one horizontal vein. M3 section 1.5× as long as fork of M₁ and M₂. M₃₊₄ reduced, seen as a fold at base only. CuA ends before middle of the wing. Legs. Fore coxae with numerous setae on anterior and distal surfaces, mid coxae with distal rows and several setae on apical part, hind coxae with caudo- distal row of setae. Fore tibia with anteroapical pit having two combs of setae. Abdomen setose. Eighth segment slightly shorter than preceding ones. Ninth tergite ovoid, with apical comb of short blunt setae. Gonocoxites stout, triangular in lateral view. Gonostyli small, flat, rectangular, with several apical setae.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3130/183, male; paratypes, PIN 3130/182, 3130/184, 3130/ 185, males; all specimens in the same piece of amber. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantandarkh, coll. 1970.

Etymology:

The species epithet is in reference to Siberia, the region where the original locality is situated.

Diagnosis:

Three ocelli, touching. Wing membrane with scattered macrotrichia. RS base transverse, shorter than r-m. M₂ probably absent.

Description:

Body length = 1.56 mm (rest, estimated length 1.87 mm); wing length 1.48 mm. Partly preserved specimen. Head: Occiput and vertex with straight and curved setae. Three ocelli present, each on its own mound, the latter fused by contacting edges. Eyes bare, with incomplete bridge, deeply emarginate at antennal base. Frontal furrow and keels well developed. Scape and pedicel as long as flagellomeres. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres barrel-shaped, length about 1.5× the width, with few strong setae and numerous fine trichia. Clypeus setose. Palpi 4-segmented, short. Antepenultimate palpomere with dosomedial round sensory pit. Thorax: Proepisternum with 3 long and and 11 shorter setae. Proepimeron touches episternum at the episternal suture, katepisternum with shallow excavation below the point. Anepisternum less than katepisternum, the latter with several trichia in lower part. Laterotergite bare, divided with katepisternum by anepimeron. Mediotergite bare. Metepisternum setose. Scutum with scattered setae. Scutellum with 6 long setae. Wing membrane with microtrichia and macrotrichia mostly in apical and hind area. Costa, R₁, and R₅ with long setae. Sc very short, ends free. R₁ and R₅ almost straight. RS base short, ∼0.5× r-m length, transverse; r-m fused with tb and m-cu, slightly oblique. Crossvein m- cu twice the length of r-m. M₂ probably absent. M₃₊₄ absent. M₁ straight, weak.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3426/256, sex unknown. Russia, Taimyr Peninsula, Nizhnyaya Agapa, coll. 1973.

Etymology:

The species is an epithet in reference to the locality, the Nizhnyaya Agapa River.

Comments:

Structure of ocelli and a transverse RS base are apparent characters of generic level, distinguishing the species from T. sibirica, but incomplete preservation of the specimen from Nizhnyaya Agapa does not allow description of a new genus. Both species share such synapomorphies as an incomplete eye bridge, proepimeron apex at the episternal suture, setose metepisternum, and M₃₊₄ reduced. Until more specimens of this peculiar group will be found and phylogenetic analysis is done we prefer to keep the species in this genus.

FAMILY LYGISTORRHINIDAE EDWARDS, 1925

Diagnosis:

Eyes round; pedicel bears bristles apically; mouthparts reduced and form proboscis in some genera; Anepimeron fused to katepisternum; Sc very short; R₁ short; stem of M and M₁₊₂ fork base absent; r-m aligned with tb; M2 + tb subhorizontal; hind coxae short, hind tibiae and tarsi swollen; metepisternum with deep anterodorsal cleft; gonostyli of simple shape (presumably reversed in Plesiognoriste and Protognoriste).

Diagnosis:

Palpi long, three-segmented, mouthparts reduced. Base of RS present, crossvein r-m distinct. All the coxae approximately equal in length. Hind tibiae slightly swollen. Gonostyli with long inner process.

Type Species:

Archaeognoriste primitiva, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a combination of archaeos (Greek , or ancient) and the genus name Gnoriste. The name is feminine.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 1.58 mm (holotype)/1.47–1.61 mm (paratypes); wing length = 0.98/0.95–1.10 mm. Head: Posterior surface flat, with scattered setulae. Frons membranous. Eyes large, hairy. Ocelli not seen. Scape and pedicel slightly wider than flagellomeres, subconical. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, width about equal to length. Palpi 3-segmented, segments cylindrical. Penultimate segment about 0.75× the length of apical one and 2× the length of antepenultimate. Thorax: Scutum irregularly covered with short setae and bearing long lateral and acrostichal setae. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae and several short ones. Antepronotum and preepisternum with 6–8 long setae. Anepisternal suture declines posteriorly. Anepisternum with small cleft. Mediotergite setose, laterotergites bare. Dorsal edge of mesepimeron protruding toward laterotergite. Metepisternum with deep cleft, height more than width. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. C not reaching wing tip, ends one-fourth distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. All veins bear setae. Sc very short, free. R₁ about 0.6× the length of wing. RS base distinct, at the level of Sc tip. Crossvein r-m fused with tb, oblique. Stem of M and base of M₁ and M₂ fork absent. M₃₊₄ base very weak. M and CuA veins weak. Legs: Fore coxae densely setose, mid and hind coxae with setae on apical half, all coxae about equal in size. Tibial and tarsal trichia not in rows. Abdomen setose, with exception of 1st and 2nd sternites. Seventh sternite short, 8th small and retractable. Ninth tergite small, rectangular, with well-developed, short, one-segmented cerci apically. Gonocoxites straight. Gonostyli saberlike, thinner to apex, with one apical and one very long curved basal processes.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-1539, male; paratypes AMNH Bu-412a and Bu- 412b, 2 males in the same piece, Bu-485, Bu- 693, males. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is from Latin primitivus meaning “the first or earliest of its kind” and is a reference to the basal position of the species within Lygistorrhinidae.

Comments:

Venation of the species is almost identical to Palaeognoriste sp. (Grimaldi and Blagoderov, 2001: figs. 5a, 6a), with bases of RS and r-m somewhat reduced and shifted proximally. Characters such as reduced palpi, membranous frons, the wing venation, simplified genitalic structure, and a large metepisternum (presumably plesio- morphic) with deep anteriodorsal cleft obviously refer the species to the Lygistorrhinidae, but compared to more derived species the new species has many plesiomorphies: presence of RS base and a distinct r-m, unmodified legs, and gonostyli with long processes.

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane without macrotrichia, R₁ short, crossvein r-m fused with base of M₃₊₄, fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA not sessile; preapical palpomere attached at the tip of antepreapical, inner mid and hind tibial spurs longer than outer ones.

Type Species:

Lebanognoriste prima, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a combination of Lebanon, source country of the amber, and the genus name Gnoriste. The name is feminine.

Comments:

Lebanognoriste together with Archaeognoriste form the most basal group of Lygistorrhinidae. Synapomorphies such as rather long fore coxae; short vein R₁; short, transverse RS1 section; reduced base of the M₁ and M₂ fork; and crossvein r-m shifted proximally and aligned to M2 + tb fused vein, which is oblique or longitudinal and shifted proximally, undoubtedly ally these two genera with the lygistorrhinids (see also Analyses). Both genera lack autapomorphies, and comparison to recent representatives of the family indicates various plesiomorphies.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 1.53 mm; wing length = 1.64 mm. Head: Postocciput flat, with several strong setae behind eye margin. Eyes setose. Ocelli not visible. Scape and pedicel twice as wide as flagellomeres, scape with one and pedicel with two apical rows of setae. Flagellum with 14 cylindrical segments, covered by hairs as long as 1/2 flagellomere diameter. Face setulose. Only three apical segments of palpi visible; antepenultimate and penultimate knoblike; apical long, slender, straight, its length approximately the combined length of preceding two palpomeres. Thorax: Mesonotum with few long lateral and scattered shorter setae. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Scutellum with 6 long setae and sparse short ones. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing membrane without macrotrichia, microtrichia not arranged in rows. All longitudinal veins with setae. Costa ends far beyond tip of R₅. Humeral cross-vein transverse. R₁ short, about 0.4× wing length. Sc short, ends in R at middle of r-m. R₅ slightly curved caudally. M₁ slightly curved forward at tip. M fork base and M stem absent. Crossvein r-m short, oblique, fused with base of M₃₊₄. M₃₊₄ and CuA stem short, but distinct. M₃₊₄ almost straight, CuA curved gently back. Legs: Fore tibiae with simple anteroapical depressed area bearing one row of short bristles. Mid tibia with inner spur 1.5× as long as outer one, inner hind tibia spur 1.3× as long as outer one. Tibial setulae in distinct rows. Tibial spurs 2–3× the tibial diameter. Tarsal claw with one tooth. Abdomen short, setose, with 7 visible segments. Genitalia rounded, rotated at 180°. Gonocoxites massive, fused ventrally. Gonostyli hemicylindrical, slightly curved, shovel-like at apex. Ninth tergite length equals the width, with two deep lateral incisions.

Material:

Holotype AMNH JG268/1, male. Lebanon: near Jezzine, coll. Aftim and Fadi Acra.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a Latin word primus meaning “first” and is a reference to the oldest find of the family in the fossil record.

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Palpi short, two-segmented. Face wide, about one-third of head width. Eyes of male relatively small, setose. Proboscis not distended. Laterotergites bare. All veins with setae. R₅ runs very close to R₁. RS base absent. M₂ absent. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork short. Middle and hind tibiae spurs almost equal in length. Tibial setulae forming more or less regular rows apically.

Type Species:

Plesiognoriste carpenteri, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a combination of plesion (Greek πλη;σίoν, or neighbor) and the genus name Gnoriste. The name is feminine.

Comments:

See under Protognoriste.

Diagnosis:

Apical palpal segment curved, bulbous; flagellomeres longer than wide, anepisternite with small dorsal cleft; M₃₊₄ gently curved, M₃₊₄ and CuA stem weakened, fore and hind tibiae and hind femora broadened.

Description:

Body length = 1.32 mm; wing length = 1.27 mm. Head: Antennae inserted near middle of head. Scape cylindrical; pedicel subconical, apex wide with oblique margin. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, length of each twice the width, covered with setulae as long as flagellomere diameter. Face wide, pentangular, setose. Frons and occiput uniformly setulose. Three ocelli present, equal in size, distance from middle to lateral ocelli the same length as from lateral ocellus to eye margin (distance of lateral ocellus from eye margin equal to diameter of ocellus). Eyes setose, slightly emarginate at antennal bases. Palpi with two visible segments; apical segment slightly curved, bulbous, setulose; basal one with a few short setae. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral and dorsocentral setae. Scutellum with 6 long setae. Antepronotum setose, divided from proepisternum by a distinct suture. Anepisternum with small dorsal cleft. Mediotergite bare. Laterotergite not fully visible. Wing membrane without macrotrichia; microtrichia not arranged in regular rows. Costa ends slightly beyond tip of R₅. All veins bear setae. Sc very short, ends free, humeral cross-vein almost transverse. R₁ about 0.6× wing length. RS base absent. R₅ runs very close to R₁, virtually straight; base weak, so that vein invisible proximal to Sc tip. M₁ weak, originates midway between tips of R₁ and R₅. M₂ and stem of M absent. M₃₊₄ curved gently. CuA has distinct kink at base of M₃₊₄. M₃₊₄ and CuA stem weak. Legs rather short and stout. Fore coxae with long bristles on anterior edge. Fore tibia widened. Hind coxae equal in length to middle ones, but broader, with scattered setae. Hind femora swollen, without ventral spines. Hind tibiae with apical comb of setae. Tarsal claw with one tooth. Abdomen shorter than wings, setose. Gonocoxites quadrate, flat, setose, with dorsal protruding appendage. Gonostyli simple, length ∼3× the width, apically with two black inner spines and outer comb of short setae.

Material:

Holotype MCZC 6927, male. Canada: Manitoba, Cedar Lake, coll. F.M. Carpenter.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a patronym for the late Professor Frank Carpenter of the MCZ, who collected this and many others Canadian amber specimens.

Diagnosis:

Scape and pedicel not enlarged, flagellomeres short, eyes form incomplete bridge, apical palpal segment rounded, M₃₊₄ strongly curved, legs not modified.

Description:

Body length = 1.40 mm; wing length = 1.22 mm. Head: Postocciput flat. Antennae inserted near middle of face. Scape and pedicel not enlarged, widths equal to width of average flagellomere. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, width about equal to length, setulose. Frons setose. Eyes setulose, emarginate at antennal bases, forming lobes toward middle of head 4–5 facets wide, but dorsal bridge incomplete, separated by distance more than 4× facet diameter. Ocelli three, equal in size to the distance from middle to lateral ocelli, twice the length as from lateral ocellus to eye margin (distance of lateral ocellus from eye margin equal to diameter of ocellus). Face setose. Palpi short, only 2 visible, rounded segments, with numerous hairs. Clypeus bare. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Scutellum with 6 long setae. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Suture between antepronotum and proepisternum oblique. Proepimeron touches mesepisternum at anepisternal suture. Anepisternal cleft narrow, oblique. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Metepisternum touches katepisternum. Wing membrane without macrotrichia, with scattered microtrichia. All veins setose. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, one-third the length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc very short, ends free. R₁ short, about 0.5 wing length. R₅ about 0.85× wing length, curved slightly, runs very close to R₁. M₁ confined to apical third of wing. RS base, M₁ and stem of M absent. Crossvein r-m fused with R₅, horizontal, fused with CuA base. CuA base weak. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at level of tip of R₁. M₃₊₄ curved and well rounded. CuA with two straight segments forming obtuse angle. Legs: Coxae almost equal in length. Hind coxae bare at base. Fore tibia distally with apical hemispherical anteroapical depression with comb of fine setae. Tarsal claw without teeth. Abdomen shorter than wings, with 7 visible segments, setose. Sixth and 7th segments twice as short as 5th, 8th retracted. Cerci one-segmented.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3311/664, female. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1971.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a patronym in honor of the late Dr. Vladimir Zherikhin of the Paleontological Institute in Moscow, prominent paleoentomologist, who collected the specimen.

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane without macrotrichia, occiput without row of strong setae. Palpi short. Eyes bare. Face wide. Stem of M and M₂ absent. RS base distinct. Crossvein r-m meets M₃₊₄ and CuA stem. CuA gently curved. Abdomen insertion broad. Fore tibiae shorter than femora.

Type Species:

Protognoriste amplicauda, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a combination of protos (Greek πρώτoς, or first) and the genus name Gnoriste. The name is feminine.

Comments:

The following apomorphic characters refer the genera Plesiognoriste and Protognoriste to the Lygistorrhinidae: short palpi; small dorsal cleft of anepisternum; anepisternum and metepimeron not divided by laterotergite (possibly plesiomorphic); short, incomplete Sc; short R₁; RS base and M stem reduced; r-m horizontal and fused with R₅; hind coxa smaller and broader than mid coxa; abdomen insertion narrow; cerci simple. Face wide, with three ocelli, situated almost in straight line, suggestive of Manotinae, but structures of palpi, katepisternum and metepimeron, and absence of strong setae, show no apomorphies with respect to that subfamily. Eye size, face width, vein vestiture, tibial spurs of equal size, and complicated shape of the gonostyli are more primitive conditions than occur in Recent lygistorrhinids, although some features of venation and gonostyli are apomorphic. The short fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA and absence of a long proboscis are most similar to the genus Seguyola Matile. It is possible that these two genera should be treated as a separate subfamily of Lygistorrhinidae. We prefer to expand the definition of the family to include newly described taxa.

Diagnosis:

R₁ length 3× that of r-m. Gonocoxite massive. Gonostyli straight, flattened dorsoventrally.

Description:

Body length = 1.25 mm; wing length = 1.11 mm. Head: Eyes setulose, setae very short. Ocelli three, equal, almost in straight line, distance of lateral ocellus from eye margin equal to distance from mid ocellus to lateral one. Vertex and frons setose. Scape very small. Pedicel spherical, obscure. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, lengths about equal to widths, setose. Palpi short, 3-segmented, apical segment rounded, penultimate cylindrical, length 2× the width. Face wide, quadrate. Thorax: Scutum with lateral, dorsocentral and acrostichal setae. Scutellum with several long setae. Mediotergite with short trichia. Metepisternum with anterodorsal cleft, height about equal to width. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, at 1/6 the length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc short, ends free at the level of RS base. Humeral cross-vein transverse. R₁ short, about 0.4× wing length. R₅ about 0.8× wing length, almost straight. RS base very short, transverse. Crossvein r-m horizontal, meets M₃₊₄ and CuA stem, its length 3× less than R₁ length. M₁ almost straight, weakened at base. M₂ and M stem absent. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork between levels of RS base and R₁ tip. CuA and M₃₊₄ curved caudally. Legs: Coxae almost equal in length, hind coxae bare. Tibial setulae in distinct rows. Tibiae, especially fore, short. Tarsal claw with small obtuse tooth. Abdomen as long as wing, with 8 segments, setose. Eighth segment short, retracted. Gonocoxite massive. Gonostyli straight, flattened dorsoventrally.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3426/257, male. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Nizhnyaya Agapa, coll. 1973.

Etymology:

The species epithet is derived from Latin words amplus meaning “large, distinguished” and cauda meaning “tail” in reference to large terminalia of the species.

Diagnosis:

R₁ length 1.8× that of r-m.

Description:

Body length = 1.21 mm; wing length = 0.95 mm. Head: ovate, height ∼1.5× width in profile. Occiput and postgena densely setose. Antennae attached below the middle of the head. Scape and pedicel subconical, wider than flagellum. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length 1.1–1.5× the width. Eyes setose, ovate, without incision, facets round, close. Clypeus bare. Two palpomeres seen: basal one ovate, length 2× the width, apical round, 4× shorter than basal. Thorax: Scutum irregularly setose. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Scutellum small. Anepisternum with several setae. Proepimeron touches mesepisternum at anepisternal suture. Anepisternum with deep cleft in the middle. Laterotergite shifted dorsocaudally, so that metepisternum contacts katepisternum for some distance, not in a point. Laterotergites and metepisternum with short hairs. Mediotergite short. Meron at mid coxae large. Wing membrane with microtrichia not arranged in rows. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, at one-fourth length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc very short, ends free. Humeral cross-vein oblique. R₁ short, about 0.4× wing length. RS base short, transverse. R₅ about 0.8× wing length, almost straight. M₁ slightly sigmoid, confined to apical third of wing, ends at tip of wing. Stem of M and M₂ absent. Crossvein r-m horizontal, very weak, meets M₃₊₄ and CuA stem, its length 1.2× more than length of R₁. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork 1.7× stem length, its base between levels of RS base and tip of R₁. M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently. Legs: Fore tibia 1.25× shorter than fore femora. Tibial and tarsal setulae not in rows. Hind tibia with 15 dorsal bristles. Tibial spurs 2× the diameter of tibia. Hind tibiae with apical comb of short setae. Fore coxae with dense anterior setae, mid and hind coxae with setae in apical part, hind coxae without posterior setae. Abdomen insertion broad. Abdomen shorter than wings. Cerci with large basal and small round apical segments.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-406, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet in honor of Mr. Robert Goelet, for his generosity in funding purchase of specimens and the authors' work.

Diagnosis:

RS base and the base of the M₃₊₄ and CuA fork very basally. R₁ length 4× r-m.

Description:

Body length = 1.09 mm; wing length = 1.05 mm. Head: Occiput and frons setose. Pedicel and scape wider than flagellomeres. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, length about equal to width. Face wide, quadrate. Clypeus setose, palpi 2-segmented, basal palpomere swollen, apical one very small. Eyes with incision, forming incomplete eye bridge (possibly artifact, face deformed). Thorax: Proepimeron contacts katepisternum. Anepisternum width 1.5× height, with distinct cleft posteriorly. Laterotergites, mediotergite and metepisternum with very short trichia. Scutum with numerous erect setae. Metepisternum with long anteriodorsal process touching katepisternum. Wing: Sc very short, free. Costa produced beyond R₅ one-third distance between R₅ and M₁ apices. RS base situated proximally, faint, oblique. R₁ length 4× that of r-;m. Crossvein r-m weak, 4× shorter than R₁. M₁ originates at distal third of wing, curved at base. Base of the M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at the level of RS base. Legs: Hind coxae shorter than mid ones. Fore coxae with long anterior setae, mid and hind ones with apical setae. Tibial setulae not in rows except apical half of hind tibiae. Hind tibiae long, swollen somewat at apex, with dorsal row of bristles and apical comb of setae. Tibial spur length 1.0–1.3× tibial diameter. Abdomen setose, segments short. Genital complex wider than long. Gonocoxites fused. Gonostyli with one outer and two inner lobes.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-434, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet derived from U.S. National Science Foundation, a generous sponsor of this and other fossil insect research at the AMNH.

Diagnosis:

Palpi short, 4-segmented. Mouthparts form short proboscis or reduced. Laterotergites and mediotergite setose. Wing membrane with macrotrichia. Sc long, ends at C. Costa produced beyond R₅, not reaching wing apex. M₁ absent. M₂ reduced at the base. RS base transverse. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork stalked. Hind coxae shorter than fore and mid ones. Male genitalia simple.

Type Species:

Leptognoriste davisi, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a combination of leptos (Greek λεπτο;́σ, or thin, lean) and the genus name Gnoriste. The new name is feminine.

Diagnosis:

The base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at level of base of RS. Mouthparts form short proboscis. M₁ reaching wing margin. Ninth tergite small, longer than wider, rectangular.

Description:

Body length = 1.94 mm (holotype)/1.69 mm (paratype); wing length = 1.26 mm (holotype)/1.27 mm (paratype). Head round with protruding ocelli. Ocelli in triangle, lateral separated from medial by ocellus diameter and from eye margin by 2 ocellus diameters. Eyes large, rounded, with light emargination, with large facets. Clypeus narrow, triangular, setose. Palpi 4-segmented, palpomere length ratio 1:2:2:3. Apical palpomere attached preapically. Short proboscis, one-half head height. Wing length equal to abdomen length. Sc produced slightly beyond RS base. R₁ length 1.2× r-m. M₂ originates in distal half of wing. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at level of RS base. Macrotrichia numerous in basal part of wing. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral and acrostichal and shorter irregular setae. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Antepronotum and proepisternum setose. Anepisternum wider than its height. Proepimeron touches katepisternum slightly below anepisternal suture. Mesepisternum with long anterodorsal process, touching anepisternum. Laterotergites with row of long setae. Mediotergite irregularly setose with short setae. Legs: Coxae with relatively short setae. Hind tibiae with bristles in dorsal row, 1.5× longer than femora. Abdomen setose, except first sternite. Abdomen insertion very narrow. Tergite 8 shorter than sternite. Tergite 9 narrow, rectangular with numerous setae at apex. Gonocoxites rather slender. Gonostyli slightly curved.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-126a, male; paratype AMNH Bu-126b, male, in the same piece. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a patronym for Mr. Jim Davis, who supplied the AMNH with fossiliferous amber from Myanmar.

Diagnosis:

Mouthparts reduced. R₁ shorter than r-m. M₂ weak at apex. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork beyond the level of RS base. Male 8th tergite wider than long, rounded.

Description:

Body length = 1.33 mm; wing length = 1.24 mm. Head: Occiput with long setae. Pedicel slightly wider then scape and flagellum, flagellomeres barrel-shaped, as long as wide. Palpi 4-segmented, palpomere length ratio 1:2:2:3.5. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral, acrostichal, and dorsocentral setae and short setae between rows. Proepimeron touches katepisternum below the episternal suture. Anepisternum width about equal to height. Laterotergites with long setae. Mediotergite with several long setae ventrally. Mesepisternum with long anterodorsal process, touching anepisternum. Wing length 1.5× the abdomen length. R₁ slightly shorter than r-m. Macrotrichia in basal part of wing absent. M₂ weak at apex. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork beyond the level of RS base. Legs: Fore coxae with dense long anterior setae, mid and hind ones with apical. Hind tibiae without dorsal bristles, only slightly longer than femora. Abdomen. Tergite 9 wider than long, rounded on apex. Sternite I bare. Gonostyli curved at apex.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-429. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a combination of micros (Greek μικρoζ, or small) and stoma (Greek στο;́μα, or mouth), in reference to the reduced mouthparts.

Diagnosis:

Antepronotum and proepisternum completely divided; mediotergite and laterotergites bare; wing membrane with or without macrotrichia; R₁ relatively short, length of R₁ about the length of r-m; R₄ present; M₃₊₄ and CuA fork with stem.

Type Species:

Alavamanota hispanica Blagoderov and Arillo, 2002.

Comments:

Closest to the recent genus Manota Williston, 1896, distinguished by having the fourth palpomere attached preapically but very close to the apex of the third; two crossveins instead of one between R₁ and R₅ (RS1 and R₄); tibial trichia irregularly arranged; sternite 9 separate; sternite 8 without 4 strong protuberances bearing long setae; and the basal segment of each cercus small.

Diagnosis:

Flagellum compressed dorsoventrally; mesonotum with long lateral setae; wing membrane with macrotrichia; length of small radial cell 6× width; base of M₁ and M3 section weak; tibial setulae arranged in rows.

Description:

Body length = 2.50 mm (holotype)/1.62–2.5 mm (paratypes); wing length = 1.69 mm (holotype)/1.08–1.85 mm (paratypes). Head: Postocciput with row of long protruding setae behind eye margin. Eyes slightly emarginate, densely setose, setae length 2× facet diameter. Facets round, densely set. Three ocelli in triangle, close to each other. Frons and face setulose. Antennae inserted above middle of head. Scape and pedicel subconical, with apical setae. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres compressed, widths 1.2–2× length, apical one conical. Texture of flagellomeres polygonlike. Only 3 segments of palpi visible, antepenultimate and penultimate with strong setae; penultimate 2.5× as long as preceding one, ovate; apical segment 1.7× length of penultimate one, narrow. Thorax: Scutum uniformly densely setose with short setae, bearing long lateral and posterior setae. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Suture between antepronotum and proepisternum complete, both segments uniform and covered with bristles. Scutellum with long setae. Anepisternum wider than higher, with wide dorsal cleft. Anepisternal suture declines posteriorly. Katepisternum setose ventrally. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Metepisternum with several light hairs posteroventrally. Wing membrane with macrotrichia; microtrichia not arranged in rows. Costa ends slightly beyond the tip of R₅, C and R₅ run very close to each other in apical part. R₁, R₅, r-m, M₁, and M₂ with setae ventrally and dorsally. Sc very short, ends free. Humeral vein oblique. R₁ about equal to length of r-;m. Ratio of r-m and RS2 section is 1: 1.4. Base of M₁ and M₂ fork at the level of R₄. Small radial cell with length 6× width. Crossvein r-m horizontal, fused to tb, meets MA. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork long, but not sessile. CuA curved caudally. Legs. Hind coxae bear apical only, not posterior setae. Tibial spur lengths ca. 4× tibial diameter. Tibial trichia in rows. Abdomen setose, with 6 visible segments. Gonocoxites fused, lighter then abdomen, setose, swollen. Gonostyli not seen.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-1271, male; paratypes AMNH Bu-428a, Bu 279a, males. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Diagnosis:

As given by Vockeroth (1972): Tibiae with distinct bristles, length of tibial spurs twice the tibia diameter; anepisternum, mesepimeron, and metepisternum bare; wing membrane with macrotrichia; sternite 8 of male large; gonocoxites partly or completely fused ventrally, gonostyli complex, subdivided or with elaborate processes.

Type Species:

Mycetophila nemoralis Meigen, 1818: 256 (orig. des.).

Comments:

Two species of the genus were described from Baltic amber (Meunier, 1904)

Diagnosis:

Sc short, ends before RS base; length of RS1 section 2.5× that of crossvein r-m; base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at the middle of r-m; mediotergite with sparse, fine trichia.

Description:

Body length = 2.11 mm (rest); wing length = 2.05 mm. Head: Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, with length about equal to width. Scape and pedicel rounded. Mouthparts form proboscis slightly shorter than head height. Palpi 4-segmented, basal and antepenultimate segments oval, penultimate and apical segment bacilliform, apical slightly longer and narrower than penultimate, length ratio 1:3:4: 5.5. Thorax: Scutum with numerous, short, scattered setae and long lateral ones. Antepronotum with three setae, proepisternum with five. Anepisternum bare, with deep cleft in posterior part. Anepisternal suture declines posteriorly. Metepisternum quadrate, touching katepisternum. Laterotergites with several setae, mediotergite with sparse, fine trichia caudally. Wing membrane with microtrichia and few macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅. Sc meets C just before RS base. Sc₂ absent. Longitudinal veins with setae. M₃₊₄ and CuA base slightly distad of M3 base. Legs: Tibiae with distinct bristles. Fore tibia longer than first tarsomere.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3311/661, end of abdomen not preserved, sex unknown. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1971.

Etymology:

Species epithet is derived from the Maimecha river on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, where the amber deposit is located.

Diagnosis:

Laterotergites and mediotergite setose. Wing membrane with macrotrichia and with or without microtrichia. Sc₂ preapical or medial. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork before the base of the fork of M₁ and M₂.

Type Species:

Eurycera flava Dziedzicki, 1885: 167 [= pulchella (Curtis, 1837)] (by monotypy).

Comments:

Another fossil species occurs in Lower Cretaceous Spanish amber (Blagoderov and Arillo, 2002).

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane with macro- and microtrichia. Segment M3 2.5× length of r-m, 0.3× that of M fork. Sc ends at level of RS base; Sc2 in the apical one-fourth of Sc, distal to midpoint of Sc.

Description:

Body length = 2.86 mm; wing length = 2.46 mm. Head: Flagellum 14-segmented, thickened to apex. Flagellomeres almost equal in length, length of the first one 2× its width, apical one 5× its width. Scape and pedicel subconical, with small apical setae, 2× wider than flagellomeres. Eyes pubescent. Two palpomeres seen, cylindrical, length ca. 4× the width. Thorax: Scutum irregularly covered with short setae and with strong, long lateral setae. Antepronotum with long setae. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae and several more short ones. Laterotergites and mediotergite with setae. Metepisternum with two short setae posteroventrally.

Wing membrane clear, with macro- and microtrichia. Costa ends at tip of R₅. Sc meets C beyond RS base. Sc₂ at level of base of section M3. Section of RS1 transverse. R₁ rather short, about 0.7× wing length. R₅ curved caudally, not reaching wing apex. Crossvein r-m approximately 2.5× as long as section RS1 and 2.5× length of section M3. Fork of M₁ and M₂ 3.3× as long as section M3. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork slightly before base of section M3. Legs: Hind coxae with long posterior setae. Fore tibiae longer than first tarsomere. Cerci 1-segmented, 2× as long as 8th tergite, setose.

Material:

Holotype AMNH B-056, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a reference to the country of origin of the amber.

Comments:

The species is very close to A. xavieri, but differs in having a shorter Sc vein and a longer M₁ and M₂ fork.

Diagnosis:

Infraorbital setae absent. Three palpomeres, penultimate one with long thin apical appendage. Antepronotum wide. Proepisternum rodlike. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Sc short, free. Wing membrane with macrotrichia. Base of M₁ and M₂ fork reduced. M₁ reaches wing margin before wing apex. M₃₊₄ free at the base. Gonostyli simple, slightly curved.

Type Species:

Pseudomanota perplexa n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a combination of pseudos (Greek ψεῠδoσ, or a lie, a fraud) and the genus name Manota. The name is feminine.

Comments:

Some structures, especially the wide quadrate face, long and flexible apical palpomere, short Sc and R₁, horizontal r-m, and reduced venation are like Manotinae. Also, unlike typical Sciophilinae, the new genus has laterotergites and especially the mediotergite bare. Nevertheless, the genus is attributed to the subfamily Sciophilinae based on a long, rodlike proepimeron, the rather distal position of humeral vein, and long and slender gonocoxites (which are not known for any manotines). Within Sciophilinae the new genus might be close to the Azana group of genera (Matile, 1998), demonstrating reduction of median veins. All of the genera in the group have reduced venation, with CuA simple and not forming a fork with M₃₊₄. Matile (1998) supposed that M₃₊₄ in this group was reduced completely, while the fork of M₁ and M₂ lost its base. Jugding on the position of vein apices, at least Paratrizygia, Neoaphelomera, and Neotrizygia may have lost M₂, and an incomplete vein between M₁ and CuA may be homologous to M₃₊₄. The new species has venation more primitive than the genera in the Azana group, preserving all the longitudinal veins, although without bases.

Diagnosis:

As for the genus.

Description:

Body length = 1.44 mm; wing length = 1.07 mm. Head: Eyes large, setulose, with large facets. Occiput and postgena setose, without erect bristles. Ocelli not seen. Antennae attached above middle of head. Frons, face and clypeus setose. Pedicel subconical. Flagellum 14-segmented, slightly thicker toward apex; flagellomeres cylindrical, width 1–1.5× length. Three palpomeres seen, basal one heart-shaped, penultimate one with long thin apical appendage about one-third its length, apical one long and slender. Thorax: Antepronotum and proepisternum wide, completely divided, setose. Proepimeron narrow, rodlike. Scutum with lateral, acrostichal, and dorsocentral setae with bare strips in between. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Anepisternal suture declines posteriorly. Anepisternum with wide cleft. Metepisternum with long, narrow anterodorsal process touching laterotergite. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing membrane with macrotrichia and microtrichia. Humeral vein slightly distad of MA. Costa extends to R₅ apex at two-thirds distance between tips of R₅ and M₁, not reaching wing apex. Length of R₁ is 0.6× wing length. Small radial cell length 5× width. M₁ originates at apical one-third of wing, reaching wing margin before wing apex. M₂ originates at apical half of wing. M₃₊₄ free at the base. M₁, M₂, M₃₊₄, and CuA apices weak. Legs: Tibial setulae not arranged in rows except on apex of mid and hind tibiae. Tibial spurs ca. 3.5× tibia diameter. Hind tibia with a dorsal row of bristles. Abdomen setose, with 6 segments visible. Genital complex as long as 4th–6th segments combined, rotated 180°. Tergite 9 small, apex round, covering basal part of gonocoxites only. Aedeagus with two teeth apically. Gonocoxites separated, massive, setose. Gonostyli simple, sticklike, slightly curved, apically flat, shovel-like.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-599a, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is from the Latin word perplexus, meaning “muddled, intricate”, in reference to the intriguing combination of sciophiline and manotine characters.

TRIBE GNORISTINI EDWARDS, 1925

Diagnosis:

Mediotergite bare; laterotergites setose; Sc meets C; R₄ present; base of M₃₊₄ distad of r-m, faint; M2 several times longer than r-m.

Type Species:

A. rara Grzegorgzek, 1885: 206 (by monotypy) [= subincana (Curtis, 1837) (Sciophila)]

Comments:

This genus is widely distributed in the Holarctic but is of low diversity, including only one described Palaearctic and one undescribed Nearctic species (Vockeroth, 1981). Apolephthisa mesozoica is described from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia (Blagoderov, 1998a), and one undescribed specimen is known from Palaeocene Sakhalin amber (Blagoderov, in prep.).

Diagnosis:

Sc short, ends before RS base. Gonostyli with distinct rounded apical lobe and long inner process.

Description:

Body length = 2.24 mm; wing length = 1.46 mm. Head: Eyes slightly emarginate near antennal base. Flagellum with 14 cylindrical flagellomeres, covered by trichia equal to 0.5× flagellomere diameter. Palpi rather long; antepenultimate segment oval, broadened; penultimate and apical segments long and slender, together equal to fore coxa in length; apical segment slightly clubbed at apex, with several short setae. Palpomere length ratio 1:2:4. Thorax: Scutum with lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal rows of short setae. Mediotergite bare. Wing: Veins R₁, R₅, M₁, and M₂ with setae. Sc meets C before RS base. R₅ almost straight. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅ one- fifth the distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. M₁, M₂, and M stem weak. Base of M₃₊₄ absent. Legs: Hind coxae without posterior setae. Abdomen setose, with 7 visible segments, 8th one small and retracted. Gonocoxites long, stout, thinner apically. Gonostyli with rounded apical lobe, bearing dorsoventral row of bristles and long inner process, ending in a short spur.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3963/4, male. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Bulun, coll. 1976.

Etymology:

The species epithet is toponymic.

Comments:

Given the current low diversity of the genus, it would seem highly improbable for three fossil species to occur unless the genus was more diverse and abundant in the past.

Diagnosis:

As given by Freeman (1951): Setae on stems and forks of both M and Cu present, flagellomere lengths not more than width, Sc long, penultimate palpomere shorter than apical and antepenultimate ones, laterotergites bare or setose, midtibial organ present.

Type Species:

S. fasciata Meigen, 1818 (by monotypy).

Comments:

About 25 extant species of Synapha are known from all biogeographic regions. Two fossil species of the genus were described from Eocene Baltic amber (Meunier, 1904) and the Lower Cretaceous of Montsec, Spain (Blagoderov and Martínez- Delclós, 2001). The related genus Austrosynapha Tonnoir, 1929 has 23 species from South America, which were cataloged by Papavero (1977b); 7 occur in New Zealand (Tonnoir and Edwards, 1927) and one is from Australia (Tonnoir, 1929).

Diagnosis:

Distinguished from living and fossil members by the structure of genitalia, having gonostyli very long and with numerous inner spurs.

Description:

Body length = 2.15 mm; wing length = 1.58 mm. Head round. Eyes large, rounded, with round facets. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, length of each about 1.5× its width. Two palpomeres seen. Penultimate 0.7× length of apical one, which is slender and flexible. Thorax: Scutum irregularly setose. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Wing: R₁ and R₅ almost straight, with setae, remaining veins bare, except apex of M₃₊₄, a few setae present on M₂ and CuA₁ dorsally. Length ratio of sections RS1, RS2, and RS3 is 1:1.4: 13. Crossvein r-m slightly sigmoid, its length 2× length of M3 section. Base of M₃₊₄ absent, the vein originates at level of M3 midpoint. CuA and M₃₊₄ gently curved caudally. Legs: Midtibial organ absent. Abdomen with 6 visible segments, 7th and 8th segments small and retractable. Gonocoxites fused. Gonostyli long, straight, with numerous stiff spines arranged in rows on inner surface and several dark, curved ones at base.

Material:

Holotype MCZC 6944, male, Canada: Manitoba, Cedar Lake.

Etymology:

The species epithet refers to the long gonostyli of the species.

Comments:

This species lacks distinct synapomorphies of Synapha (i.e., midtibial sensory organ and short gonostyli) as well as strong setae on the medial and cubital forks. The fossil has moderately long flagellomeres and subequal palpomeres, considered to be synapomorphies of Austrosynapha (see table 2). Long, slender gonostyli, which are characteristic for Austrosynapha and many other Mesozoic fungus gnats, is considered to be plesiomorphic. Most likely, the new species together with the Lower Cretaceous S. rubiesensis Blagoderov and Martínez-Delclós, 2001 represent a Synapha-Austrosynapha stem group, although monophyly of the group and included genera is still to be established. Matile (1991) noted that Synapha was probably polyphyletic. The definition of both genera is vague, and often characters of different subgroups overlap. For example, species of A. (Paraaustrosynapha) Duret have short flagellomeres, while species of A. (Neoaustrosynapha) Duret retain some macrotrichia on the medial fork (Duret, 1980).

Diagnosis:

After Freeman (1951): Eyes emarginate at level of antennae; 3 ocelli in a straight line; laterotergal hairs present or absent; wing membrane without macrotrichia; Sc ending at R before or beyond base of RS, Sc₁ may be present as a short stump; base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork considerably basal to M₁ and M₂ fork; R₄ may be present or absent.

Type Species:

Hertwigia marginata Dziedzicki, 1885: 165 (by monotypy).

Comments:

About 50 extant species of the genus are described, mostly from the New World, especially South America, with several species from Holarctic and Afrotropics. Four species are known from Baltic amber (Meunier, 1917a, 1917b, 1922) and one from the Oligocene of Rott (Statz, 1944). Some authors (Chandler, 1999; Hutson, 1979; Matile, 1992; Vockeroth, 1980) noted that the genus in present definition was plausibly polyphyletic since some of the species belong to other gnoristine genera, such as Syntemna Winnertz, 1863 and Hadroneura Lundström, 1906.

Diagnosis:

Laterotergites setose. Forked veins without setae. Tergite 9 short. Gonocoxites simple. Gonostyli with strong inner process.

Description:

Body length = 2.96 mm (holotype)/2.92–3.37 mm (paratypes); wing length = 2.50 mm (holotype)/2.28–3.32 mm (paratypes). Brown gnats, thorax dark brown, occiput greyish brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish. Head: Eyes large, bare, slightly emarginate; three ocelli in line. Median ocellus slightly sunken, distance from middle to lateral ocellus and from lateral one to eye margin ∼1.5× ocellus diameter. Scape and pedicel shorter than flagellomeres, bare. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length ∼1.5× width, length of apical one ∼2× the width. Three palpomeres seen, short, gradually thinner toward apex. Mouthparts less than one-fourth height of head. Thorax: Mesonotum very convex, with dorsocentral, acrostichal, and lateral setae well developed. Antepronotum and laterotergite setose, other sclerites bare. Proepimeron thick, short, touches katepisternum. Anepisternal suture declines posteriorly. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Sc ends at R₁ beyond RS base. Sc₁ absent. RS1, RS2, and RS3 ratio 1:1.2–1.3:11–15. M3 length 2× that of r-m crossvein. Base of M₁₊₂ fork at level of R₄. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork before base of r-m. Abdomen setose, 7th segment 2× shorter than 6th. Male: Gonocoxites massive, bristly, separated ventrally by deep cleft. Ninth tergite short, transverse, covers only base of gonocoxites. Gonostyli with a strong, thin, dark process pointed inward. Female with cerci 2-segmented. Basal segment 2.5× apical one, cylindrical. Apical segment rounded.

Material:

Holotype AMNH NJ-117a, male. Paratypes: AMNH NJ-117b, c, e, m, females, NJ-117d, g, h, males, NJ-117f (wing), all in the same piece of amber. USA: New Jersey, Sayerville, coll. P. Nascimbene. See figure 38 for a map of syninclusions.

Etymology:

The species epithet is patronymic for Mr. Paul Nascimbene, who collected the piece and who has diligently prepared numerous amber specimens for the AMNH.

Comments:

Differs from all other species by the structure of male genitalia. A thorough comparision will be possible only after revision of the genus.

Diagnosis:

As given by Vockeroth (1980): Face weakly sclerotized, bare; laterotergites bare; metepisternum with short fine hairs; prosternum bare; sternites of abdomen with median fold line. Male with tergite 7 and sternite 7 haired; subequal in length, two- thirds length of segment 6; tergite 9 not fused with gonocoxites. Female with sternite 8 deeply emarginate posteriorly.

Type Species:

Boletina cincta Johannsen, 1912: 270 (by original designation).

Comments:

Three species of the genus are known from Eastern North America, Europe and Japan (Khonsu), and Taiwan and Nepal.

Diagnosis:

Distinguished from the living species by Sc long, meeting C just before RS base.

Description (see also table 3):

Body length = 2.84 mm, wing length = 1.80 mm. Head: Ocelli three, each slightly raised, very close. Eyes pubescent. Vertex and clypeus setulose. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, with length slightly greater than width. Mouthparts form short proboscis, length is one-half the head height. Only three palpal segments seen: antepenultimate segment swollen, penultimate and apical ones narrower, bacilliform. Length ratio 1:1.7:2.7. Thorax: Antepronotum with two long setae. Scutum with strong, curved lateral, dorsocentral and acrostichal setae. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Scutellum with 5 pairs of rather short setae. Metepisternum with two long setae dorsally. Wing: Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, one-third distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. Stem of R, R₁ and R₅ with rows of dorsal and ventral setae. R₁ and R₅ straight. Sc meets C just before RS base. Sc₂ apical, proximal to base of M3. Crossvein r-m 1.5× length of RS1 and 0.3× length of M3 section. Fork of M₁ and M₂ 2.7× length of M3. M₁ and M₂ fork campanulate, veins straight, with a few ventral setae apically. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork proximal to base of M₁ and M₂ fork, M₃₊₄ and CuA curved caudally. Legs: Tibial bristles 2× tibial diameter. Tarsal claw with one tooth. Abdomen: Sternite 8 with two triangular, rounded, caudal lobes covered by long setae. Cerci two-segmented. Basal segment large and broad, apical one 0.5× the length and 0.5× the width of basal one; both setose.

Material:

Holotype TMPD P79.15.7.21, female. Canada: Alberta, Grassy Lake, coll. T. Pike.

Etymology:

The species epithet is patronymic for Dr. T. Pike, who collected the specimen.

Comments:

This species has almost all the features of Saigusaia (table 3, see also Vockeroth, 1980), so despite the long Sc vein its placement in the genus is virtually certain.

Diagnosis:

Mediotergite bare; laterotergites setose; wing membrane with macrotrichia; Sc meets R; radial cell very small, subquadrate; base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork proximal to base of M₁ and M₂ fork; segment 7 of abdomen reduced.

Type Species:

S. morosa Winnertz, 1863: 767, by monotypy.

Comments:

About 20 extant species are known from the Holarctic (Zaitzev, 1994), with an additional 12 species described from Baltic amber (Meunier, 1904, 1917a, 1922) and 4 from the Lower and Upper Cretaceous of northeast Asia (Blagoderov, 1995, 1998a, 2000).

Diagnosis:

Sc ends at R at the base of RS; R₄ present; crossvein r-m 0.5× length of M3 section; base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA proximal to the base of M₁ and M₂ fork.

Description:

Body length = 3.06 mm, wing length = 2.28 mm. Head not fully visible. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres barrel-shaped, length of each 1.5× the width, setose, length of setae about equal to flagellomere width. Thorax: Scutum with strong, long setae in lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal rows, with short setulae. Antepronotum, proepisternum, laterotergites, and mediotergite setose. Wing membrane with microtrichia and short macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond the tip of R₅, one-fourth distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc meets R just before base of RS. Sections of RS1 and RS2 equal and 1.5× length of r-m. Crossvein r-;m 0.5× length of M3 section. Fork of M₁ and M₂ 3.5× length of its stem (M3). Base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA proximal to the base of M2 section. Legs: Inner surface of mid tibia with fissurelike sensory pit in apical third. Tarsal claws with two short teeth at the base. Abdomen setose, with 7 visible segments, 7th one very small. Cerci 2-segmented, basal segment roundish, with numerous long trichia; apical segment bacilliform, with length twice the width, bare. Lateral lobes of 8th sternite setulose.

Material:

Holotype TMPD P83.15.3.8, female. Canada: Alberta, Grassy Lake, coll. T. Pike

Etymology:

The species epithet is the Latin word fissures, meaning “full of cracks”, in reference to the state of preservation of the specimen.

Comments:

The new species differs from all other known Mesozoic species in having section M3 long, at least twice the length of crossvein r-m.

Diagnosis:

Costa virtually ends at the apex of R₅. Sc bare. Sc₂ apical. Section M2 setose. R₅ not reaching wing apex. M3 weak. Acrostichal setae absent. Tergite 9 short. Gonostyli well developed.

Type Species:

Gregikia pallida, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is derived from some letters commonly used in names of genera in this complex. The name is feminine.

Comments:

The genus is very similar to Palaecomoptera Blagoderov, 1997, five species of which were described from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia (Blagoderov, 1997, 1998a), as well as to three monotypic genera: Grzegorzekia Edwards, Creagdhuhia Chandler, and Phoenikiella Chandler. It is distinguished from Palaecomoptera by R₅ not reaching wing apex, costa not produced after R₅ apex, and base of fork of M₁ and M₂ weak. The genus differs from Grzegorzekia, Creagdhuhia, and Phoenikiella by a short apical palpomere, absence of acrostichal setae, weak M stem and base of fork of M₁ and M₂, absence of setae on A, from Grzegorzekia also by having Sc bare. Gonocoxites of the new genus also have two lobes as in the last three genera, but the gonostyli are better developed. This state is undoubtedly more plesiomorphic than the highly modified genital complex of Grzegorzekia, Creagdhuhia and Phoenikiella. Species of Palaecomoptera have gonostyli developed as well, but some (P. shcherbakovi, P. lukashevichae) have tergite 9 large, fully covering the gonocoxites.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 3.77 mm (holotype)/3.09–3.65 mm (paratypes); wing length = 3.26 mm (holotype)/2.36–3.76 mm (paratypes). Head: Vertex setose. Scape and pedicel small. Flagellum 14-segmented. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length 2× the width, covered by trichia, length of trichia about one-half flagellomere width. Only three segments of palpi visible; segments short, nearly cylindrical, combined length slightly less then head height. Thorax: Scutum with erect setae, arranged in rows with wide bare strips between them, acrostichal setae absent. Antepronotum and proepisternum setose. Proepimeron touches mesepisternum at anepisternal suture. Scutellum with four pairs of setae. Anepimeron very narrow ventrally, so that laterotergite touches katepisternum. Katepisternum larger than anepisternum. Mediotergite, laterotergites, and metepisternum bare. Wing: Costa ends slightly beyond tip of R₅. Sc meets C at level of RS base. R stem, R₁, R₅, and distal parts of M₁ and M₂ with setae. R₅ not reaching wing apex. Section RS1 oblique. R₄ transverse. Ratios of lengths of RS1, RS2, and RS3 is 1:1.5:12– 15. Length of crossvein r-m about equal to RS1 and 0.25× M3 section. M₁ subparallel to R₅; veins M₁, M₂, M₃₊₄, and CuA divergent. Base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA proximal to M3 base. M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently. M₁, M₂, M₃₊₄, and CuA with a few setae on apical part. Legs: Hind coxae with long dorsolateral setae. Mid tibiae without sensory pit. Tarsal claw with one basal tooth. Abdomen densely setose. Segments 7 and 8 short, about one-half length of segment 6. Tergite 9 short, does not cover gonocoxites. Gonocoxites densely setose, with long, slim apical and basal lobes, pointed caudally and bearing numerous inner setae. Gonostyli ovate, bare, with strong dark apical processes.

Material:

Holotype AMNH NJ 117j, male. Paratypes: AMNH NJ 117i, male (see fig. 74 for the scheme of syninclusions), coll. P. Nascimbene; AMNH NJ 871a and NJ 871b, sex unknown, coll. K. Luzzi. USA: New Jersey, Sayreville.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a Latin word pallidus meaning “pale” in reference to state of preservation of the specimen.

Diagnosis:

Palpi 3-segmented, short. Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Laterotergites bare. Sc ends at R. Base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA at the level of r-m base. M3 section approximately equal to r-m. Gonostyli simple.

Type Species:

Gaalomyia carolinae, n.sp.

Etymology:

The name is a feminine anagram of the genus name Aglaomyia.

Comments:

The new genus differs form Aglaomyia Vockeroth in having acrostichal setae present, palpi short, Sc ending at R basally of posterior fork, and 7th abdominal segment well developed. Palaeodocosia Meunier has palpi 4-segmented, vein Sc shorter, and the base of fork M₃₊₄ and CuA more proximal. Pseudalysiinia Tonnoir has palpi 4-segmented and incrassate, with no bristles on the thorax and legs, and tibial spurs short. The genus may be close to Ipsaneusidalys Blagoderov, 1998, especially I. longipennis, but the latter differs in having long fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA and M3 section, and R₅ is sinuous. Preservation of I. longipennis seems to be insufficient to decide if both species are congeneric.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 2.68 mm; wing length = 2.34 mm. Head: Occiput and frons densely setose. Eyes large, with round facets, slightly emarginate, setulose. Ocelli absent. Scape and pedicel rounded, flagellum 14-segmented, filiform. Length of 1st and apical flagellomeres 2.5× width, with others 2× width. Palpi 3-segmented, palpomeres equal in length and subsequently narrower to apex. Length of penultimate one 1.5× width, apical one 3× width. Clypeus setose. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Proepimeron touches katepisternum at shallow incision. Katepisternum larger than anepisternum. Anepisternal suture horizontal. Antepronotum and proepisternum with long setae, other thoracic sclerites bare. Wing membrane without microtrichia. R, R₁, R₅, and M₁ with dorsal setae. Sc ends at R at the level of base of r-m. R₁ and R₅ straight. Crossvein r-m equal to M3 section. Length of fork of M₁ and M₂ 4× M3 section. M₁ and M₂ not reaching wing margin. Legs: Fore and mid coxae densely setose, hind coxae with long posterolateral setae. Femora with ventral row of setae. Tibial spurs 2–2.3× tibial diameter. Abdomen densely setose. Sternite I bare. Eighth tergite short, length 0.5× 7th tergite. Tergite IX reniform, width 3× length. Gonocoxites slender, length 3.5× width, widely separated. Gonostyli saberlike, curved inside.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-390, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a patronym honoring our friend and colleague Caroline S. Chaboo, specialist on chrysomelid beetles.

TRIBE LEIINI EDWARDS, 1925

Diagnosis:

Three ocelli, lateral ones do not contact eye margin. Sc merges with R. R₁ 2–3× length of r-m. Veins of median and cubital forks lightly sclerotized. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork lies between levels of base of r-m and M₁–M₂ fork. Tibial bristles absent.

Type Species:

Nedocosia exsangius, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is derived from the prefix ne-, “negation”, and the genus Docosia. The name is feminine.

Comments:

This genus is most similar to Docosia Winnertz, 1863, which consists of 25 extant Palaearctic, 15 Nearctic, and 2 Neotropical species (Zaitzev, 1994). Seven species of Docosia are known from Baltic amber (Meunier, 1904, 1916, 1922, 1923) and one from the Oligocene shales of Rott, Germany (Statz, 1944). The new genus differs by having lateral ocelli not touching the eye margins (undoubtedly plesiomorphic), and by the lack of strong tibial bristles. Differences in sclerotization of anterior veins (Sc, R, R₅) and posterior veins (forks) in the new genus are not as great as in Docosia species. Two species of Docosia described from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia (Blagoderov, 1995) may also belong to the new genus, in fact showing affinities to N. novacaesarea.

Diagnosis:

Sc meets R before level of base of r-m. Laterotergites bare. Cerci with two combs of dark setae. Apices of gonostyli sharp, curved inward at right angle.

Description:

Body length = 1.29 mm; wing length = 0.67 mm (rest). Head oval, with rounded occiput, occiput and frons with scattered setae. Ocelli three, lateral one about its own diameter from eye margin and two diameters from medial ocellus. Eyes slightly emarginate, with round facets and short interfacetal trichia. Scape subconical, pedicel cylindrical. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres of hexagonal surface texture, cylindrical, lengths about equal to width. Face and clypeus setose. Thorax: Scutum with setae in lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal rows. Antepronotum with 4 long and several shorter setae. Proepimeron very small, touches katepisternum at incision. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Metepisternum broader than high. Wing: Sc meets R before M3 base. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, more than one-half length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Crossvein r-m 0.37× length of R₁, and 0.6× length of M3 section. Base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA between levels of bases of M3 section and M₁ and M₂ fork. M₃₊₄ very weak. M₁ and M₂ fork campanulate. Longitudinal veins with setae, except Sc. Legs: Fore coxae with anterior setae, mid coxa with apical setae. Fore leg with first tarsomere 2× longer than second and 0.55× length of tibia. Abdomen: Tergites setose, sternites bare. Cerci with two comblike rows of black bristles. Apices of gonostyli sharp, squarish, curved inward.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3130/193, male. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1970.

Etymology:

Latin, meaning pale or bloodless, referring to the pale color of the specimen.

Diagnosis:

Sc meets R at the level of the base of the stem of M₁₊₂. Laterotergites setose. Anterior edge of fore coxa bare. Hind legs stout.

Description:

Body length = 2.37 mm, wing length = 1.82 mm. Head: Occiput and frons setose. Ocelli three, equal in size; distance of median to lateral ocellus and from lateral ocellus to eye margin equal to twice their diameter. Eye with slight incision at antennal bases. Antennae short, only 10 flagellomeres preserved; flagellomeres cylindrical, widths 1.1–1.5× lengths. Face triangular, setose, clypeus ovate, bare. Palpi 5-segmented, short, antepenultimate segment swollen, with medial sensory pit on inner surface. Apical palpomere shorter than penultimate one, both slender, with sparse setulae. Length ratio 1: 3:3:5:5. Thorax: Mesonotum with short trichia and setae of various sizes; setae arranged in 5 rows. Antepronotum with three setae; proepisternum with two on lower part. Scutellum with two very long setae and two smaller ones. Laterotergites with a few trichia in lower part. Mediotergite bare. Wing: Sc meets R at the level of the base of the stem of M₁₊₂. R₁ twice the length of r-m. R₅ curved slightly back. C ends far beyond tip of R₅, but does not reach wing apex. Stem of R, R₁, and R₅ with setae. Legs: Anterior edge of fore coxae without setae. Fore tibiae with semicircular anteroapical depressed area, covered with numerous small trichia. Mid tibial spur length 2.5× apical diameter of tibia, hind tibial spur 1.5× diameter. Hind legs stout, longer than mid legs. First fore tarsomere 2.5× longer than second and 0.67× length of tibia. Cerci simple.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3311/665, female. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1971.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a reference to the region of origin of the amber.

Diagnosis:

Sc meets R before level of base of the stem of M₁₊₂. R₁ 2.5× length of r-m. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at the level of r-m. M3 section shorter than r-m crossvein. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare.

Description:

Body length = 1.50 mm (preserved part). Head: Occiput with setae of different length. Ocelli not seen. Eyes with round facets, setulose. Scape small, pedicel subconical. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, lengths equal to widths, densely covered by trichia no longer than half width of basal flagellomere. Three segments of palpi seen, combined length equal to head height. Thorax: Scutum uniformly setose with long and short setae. Antepronotum with two very long setae and several short ones. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing: Sc meets R before level of base of the stem of M₁₊₂. R₁ 2.5× length of r-m. Crossvein r-m 1.3× length of M3 section. Base of fork of M₃₊₄–CuA proximal to base of fork of M₁–M₂.

Material:

Holotype MCZC 6897, incomplete specimen, sex unknown. Canada: Manitoba, Cedar Lake, coll. F. M. Carpenter.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a reference to the country of origin of the amber.

Diagnosis:

Flagellum 11-segmented. Sc long, ends at R between RS and r-m bases. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at level of r-m. Fore leg with tibia equal to femur or slightly longer.

Description:

Body length = 2.34 mm (holotype)/2.88 mm (paratype); wing length = 1.75 mm (holotype)/2.20 mm (paratype). Head: Three ocelli in line, distances between median and lateral ones, and between lateral and eye margin, are equal. Face rectangular, bare. Clypeus bare. Scape and pedicel rounded, shorter than flagellomeres. Flagellum 11- segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, with lengths 2× width. Two palpomeres seen, apical one 2× length of basal. Thoracic sclerites bare. Scutum with long lateral setae and numerous short ones, not arranged in rows. Proepimeron small, fits in shallow incision on katepisternum. Anepisternal suture declines backward. Metepisternum touches anepimeron. Meron large. Wing: Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, more than one-third length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc long, ends at R between RS and r-m bases. Length of R₁ 2.5–3× that of r-m, M3 section twice that of r-m. Length of fork of M₁ and M₂ 2.5–3× M3 section. Base of fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA at level of r- m base. Legs: Fore coxae with short anterior setae, hind coxae with long posterolateral setae. Fore leg with tibia equal to femur. Tibial spurs 1.2–1.5× tibial diameter. Abomen setose. Seventh segment very narrow. Gonocoxites massive, with apices blunt.

Material:

Holotype AMNH NJ-117k, male; paratype NJ-117l, male in the same piece. USA: New Jersey, Sayreville, coll. P. Nascimbene.

Etymology:

The species epithet is derived from Latin Nova Caesarea meaning “New Jersey” and is a reference to the state of origin of the amber.

Comments:

The species is similar in venation to Docosia baisae Blagoderov, 1998 and D. zaza Blagoderov, 1998, by proximal position of the forked base of M₃₊₄ and CuA, but differs from the latter species in having Sc long and M3 section short.

Diagnosis:

As given by Chandler (1980): Lateral ocelli remote from eye margin; laterotergites bare; Sc ending in R before base of RS; R₄ present; R₁ short, at most twice as long as r-m; R₅ straight; C prolonged well beyond tip of R₅; veins of medial and cubital sectors weak and faint; posterior fork sessile. Males with “sensory pit” near the base of mid tibia; hind tibial comb absent.

Type Species:

Tetragoneura hirta Winnertz, 1846: 19 (orig. designation)

Comments:

There are about 10 extant species from the Holarctic region. The genus is very close to Tetragoneura Winnertz (about 100 widespread living species) and is sometimes included in it or treated within the tribe Gnoristini (Tuomikoski, 1966; Vaisanen, 1986). There are two fossil species described from Baltic amber (Meunier, 1904) and the Oligocene of Rott, Germany (Statz, 1944). Chandler (1999) suggested that Ectrepesthoneura was paraphyletic.

Diagnosis:

Fore tibiae slightly shorter than fore femur. Section M3 and bases of M₁ and M₂ very weak. Length of small radial cell twice the width.

Description:

Body length = 2.39 mm; wing length = 2.02 mm. Head: Occiput and frons with short curved setae. Ocelli three, distance of lateral one to eye margin more than twice the ocellus diameter. Scape subconical, pedicel rounded, width twice flagellomere width. Eleven segments of flagellum preserved, flagellomeres cylindrical, with length about equal to width. Face setose. Palpi 4-segmented; 1st palpomere very small; antepenultimate one oval, its length twice the width, with medial sensory pit; penultimate one with length 3× width, attached to the second one preapically; apical segment long and slender. Clypeus triangular, setose. Thorax: Scutum with numerous long setae mostly curved forward and shorter ones curved back, arranged in rows. Antepronotum with 3 long setae. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Other thoracic sclerites bare. Wing: All longitudinal veins with short setae. Sc meets R proximal to base of M3. Length ratio of sections RS1, RS2, and RS3 is 1:2:13. RS1 transverse, 0.3× length of r-;m. Crossvein r-m 0.7× length of R₁ and 0.5× length of M3 section. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, one-third distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. Section M3 and M₁ and M₂ bases very weak. Legs: Fore coxae with numerous anteromedial setae, hind coxae with posterolateral setae. Fore and mid tibiae slightly shorter than fore femora. Mid and hind tibiae and tarsi with rows of black bristles. Tibial spurs 1.5–2× tibial diameter. Tarsal claw with one long tooth. Abdomen setose. Eighth sternite almost triangular. Cerci 2-segmented, basal segment stick-shaped, with length twice the width, extends beyond 8th sternite; apical one discoidal, attached at the apex of the basal one, 2.2× shorter. Dorsal border of 8th sternite (gonocoxite 8 of Martinsen and Söli, 2000) straight.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3311/662, male. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1971.

Etymology:

From Latin succinum meaning “amber” and montanus meaning “mountainous”. Yantardakh means “amber mountain” in Dolgan language.

Comments:

Comparision with recent species is difficult, because nongenital characters used for distinguishing species have been considered to be unreliable for this genus (Martinsen and Söli, 2000). For species where the female genitalia are known the new species is most similar to E. hirta Winnertz.

Diagnosis:

Sc long, meets R just before base of M3. Small radial cell relatively long. Gonocoxites with triangular ventral appendages bearing 2 long, dark apical spurs.

Description:

Body length = 2.71 mm; wing length = 2.46 mm. Head: Ocelli three, from lateral ocellus to eye margin twice ocellus diameter. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length 1.5× width. Three palpomeres seen, apical one slender, length ratio 1:2:3.5. Thorax: Antepronotum with 2 setae, proepisternum with 4. Scutum with setae curved forward, lateral setae very long. Wing: All longitudinal veins except Sc with short setae. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, one-half distance between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc meets R just before M3 base. Length of R₁ 2.2× that of r-m. Length of M3 2.7× that of r-m. Ratios of lengths of sections RS1, RS2, and RS3 1:2.3:7. RS1 oblique, 0.58× length of r-m. M3, M₁, and M₂ weak, M₁ slightly curved forward. M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently caudad. Legs: Fore and mid tibiae longer than femora. Mid tibia with anterolateral, posterolateral, and posteromedial rows of short bristles, hind tibia with two rows of posterior setae. Basal third of mid tibia with large, dark, narrow sensory pit. Tibial spurs 1.3–1.7× tibial diameter. Abdomen. Ninth tergite large, conceals gonocoxites and gonostyli almost completely; caudal edge straight, without medial cleft. Ninth tergite straight caudally, without cleft, with numerous curved setae apically. Gonocoxites with triangular ventral appendages bearing 2 long, dark apical spurs. Gonostyli short, pointed, curved S-like.

Material:

Holotype AMNH NJ 824, male. USA: New Jersey, Sayreville; coll. S. Swolensky, 1997–1998 (mentioned in Grimaldi, 2000: fig. 48h).

Etymology:

The species epithet is patronymic for the late Steve Swolensky, who collected the specimen.

Comments:

The new species differs from other species of the genus in the structure of male genitalia, especially by ventral appendages of gonocoxites bearing dark sclerotized spurs.

Diagnosis:

Facets round. Lateral ocelli not touching eye margins. Clypeus setose. Sc meets C just beyond level of base of M3; Sc₂ absent. Length of R₁ 2× that of r-m. Section M3, and fork of M₁ and M₂–M₃₊₄ reduced; CuA weakened. M₃₊₄ interrupted at base.

Type Species:

Izleiina mirifica, n.sp.

Etymology:

Name is derived from the tribe Leiini.

Comments:

We assume that in the new genus vein M₁ is entirely reduced. As a rule, in most leiine genera, vein M₁ reaches the wing margin at or even before the wing apex. They have retained a complete vein that is homologous to CuA based on the length and shape of the vein, and which is strongly curved back and ends at the level of RS1, as in most Leiini. The new genus differs from Neoclastobasis Ostroverchova by the lateral ocelli touching eye margins, and from Clastobasis Skuse and Neoclastobasis by C ending beyond the tip of R₅, and by the presence of the base of M₃₊₄. Having R₁ relatively long and Sc ending at C makes the genus similar to Rondaniella Johannsen and Indoleia Edwards, but differs from them by reduction of the veins in the medial sector. Such a reduction also occurs in other leiine genera, for example Novakia Strobl and Sigmoleia Tonnoir and Edwards, but they have Sc very short and free. Species of Cycloneura Marshall and Paracycloneura Tonnoir and Edwards also have M unbranched and M₃₊₄ free or reduced at the base, the anepisternum large, metepisternum narrow like Izleiina, but they differ strongly in the shape of CuA, by having M₂ long, Sc short and free, and by the presence of strong tibial bristles.

Diagnosis:

Apical palpomere short. Tibiae without bristles. Gonostyli conical, curved inward.

Description:

Body length = 1.44 mm, wing length = 1.23 mm. Head: Ocelli three, distance from eye margin equal to two ocellus diameters; distance between each other equal to one diameter. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical, lengths about equal to widths, covered by setulae no longer than one-half flagellomere width. Palpi 4-segmented, three basal segments bacilliform, apical one short and rounded. Occiput, frons, face, and clypeus with short setulae. Thorax: Prescutum and anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Antepronotum with 6 setae, proepisternum with two. Scutum arched. Scutellar setae in rows. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Cavity on anterior edge of katepisternum shallow. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing: Sc meets C just beyond level of base of M3. C ends far beyond apex of R₅. R₁, R₅, and r-m with setae. R₁ length 2× that of r-m. R₅ straight. Length of crossvein r-m 0.5× length of section M3. M3 weak, can be seen only by absence of microtrichia on wing membrane. M₃₊₄ and CuA fork base proximal to the base of r-m. M₃₊₄ interrupted at base, not reaching wing margin. Legs: Fore coxae with anterior setae, mid coxae with lateroapical ones. Tibiae without bristles. Genitalia: Gonocoxites massive, fused. Gonostyli hornlike and slightly curved, with long setae, colored lighter than gonocoxites.

Material:

Holotype PIN 3130/187, male. Russia: Taimyr Peninsula, Yantardakh, coll. 1970.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a Latin word mirificus meaning “amazing” in reference to unusual combination of characters. The name is feminine.

Diagnosis:

Tibiae with bristles. Gonostyli cylindrical, length 2.5× the width, with 3 dark teeth at the apex

Description:

Body length = 2.07 mm; wing length = 1.65 mm. Head: Ocelli three, almost in a straight line. Lateral ocelli distant by two diameters from medial ocellus and their own diameter from eye margin. Frontal furrow distinct. Eyes emarginate at antennal base, bare. Frons bare. Face setose. Scape and pedicel without strong setae, rounded, wider than flagellomeres. Eight flagellomeres seen, cylindrical in shape, lengths 1.5× width. Clypeus rounded, setulose. Palpi 4- segmented, basal segment rounded, antepenultimate and penultimate one bacilliform with lengths 3–4× width; apical palpomere long. Thorax: Scutellum with 4 long setae. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing: Sc long, meets C at level of M3 base. R₁ straight, 2× length of r-m. R, R₁, R₅, and r-;m with a dorsal row of setae. Crossvein r-m almost horizontal. R₅ curved caudally. C ends beyond tip of R₅. M₂ and M₃₊₄ weak. Base of CuA weak. CuA curved caudally, not sigmoid. Legs: Tibiae with bristles. Abdomen: Genitalia covered by long setae. Ninth tergite rectangular, length 2.3× the width. Gonocoxites slightly swollen. Gonostyli almost straight, length 2.5× width, with 3 dark teeth at the apex.

Material:

Holotype AMNH NJ-346, male. USA: New Jersey, Sayreville, coll. Y. Goldman, 1995.

Etymology:

The species epithet is derived from Latin spina, meaning “spine”, and tibia, meaning “leg”.

Diagnosis:

Close to Izleiina n.gen., but differs in having palpi long, Sc free, M₁ reduced at base, M₂ absent, and base of posterior fork proximally with r-m touching the base of M₃₊₄. Setulae on flagellomeres arranged in rings.

Type Species:

Zeliinia orientalis, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is an anagram for Izleiina. The name is feminine.

Diagnosis:

Genitalia longer than wide; gonostyli bilobate. Tergite 9 obovate, with numerous setae at apex.

Description:

Male. Body length = 1.25 mm; wing length = 1.07 mm. Head: Ocelli three, close to each other. Eyes strongly incised, forming incomplete bridge. Pedicel slightly wider than scape and flagellum; 14 cylindrical flagellomeres with length 2× width. Three palpomeres seen, sticklike, length ratio 1:1.3:2. Thorax: Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Katepisternum larger than anepisternum, proepimeron touches katpisternum at small excavation. Antepronotum and proepimeron setose. Laterotergites and mediotergite bare. Wing: Costa slightly produced beyond apex of R₅. Sc free, ends at the middle of r-m. R₁ and R₅ with long dorsal and ventral setae. Crossvein r-m forming one vein with tb and M2 section, equal to 1.5× length of R₁. Length of R₅ 2.8× R₁. Base of M3 faint. M₁ ends at wing apex, base curved posteriorly. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork contact r-m. Legs: Tibial setulae irregular. Tibia II with apical comb of setae. Tibial spurs 1–1.5× tibial diameter, spur formula 1:1:1. Abdomen setose, 7th and 8th segments short, narrow, retractable. Genital complex large, length equal to 4th–8th segments combined. Ninth tergite fiddle-shaped, with two apical combs of dark setae. Gonocoxites rectangular in lateral view. Gonostyli bilobate.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-315, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a Latin word orientalis, meaning “eastern”, referring to origin of the amber.

Diagnosis:

Clypeus with long setae; mediotergite and laterotergites bare, wing membrane without macrotrichia, Sc short, ends free, R₁ short, 1.5× longer than r-m, ends proximally at tip of CuA. Genital complex wider than long; gonostyli unilobate.

Description:

Body length = 1.79 mm; wing length = 1.22 mm. Head: Eyes bare, forming dorsal bridge, possibly incomplete (vertex and occiput not fully seen due to deformation). Scape and pedicel short, rounded. Flagellum 14-segmented, flagellomeres equal in length, apical flagellomeres more narrow than basal ones, with length about twice the length of pedicel, covered with short microtrichia. First flagellomere length 1.6× width, preapical is 2.5× width. Clypeus setose. Three visible palpal segments, two basal ones about equal in length; apical palpomere long and slender, about twice the length of the penultimate. Thorax: Antepronotum with two setae, proepisternum with one. Scutum with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Scutellum with 4 pairs of long setae. Katepisternum larger than anepisternum. Metepisternum small, quadrate, bare. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. R, R₁, and R₅ setulose. Sc short, ends free. R₁ 1.5 length of r-m, R₅ more than 4.5× length of r-m. Crossveins r-m, tb, and m-cu fused into one oblique vein, with distinct kink at the base of the stem of M₁₊₂ (M3 section). Stem of M₁₊₂ and base of M₃₊₄ weak. M apparently without fork. M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently caudad. Legs: Femora with ventral row of long setae. Coxae relatively short, fore coxa as long as mid and hind ones. Mid and hind tibiae with short bristles. Tibial spurs 1.2–1.5× tibial diameter. Tarsal claws with very small tooth. Abdomen densely setose, with long setae. Genitalia rectangular, width 1.6× length. Gonocoxites stout, gonostyli simple, pointed, with inner surface slightly curved apically.

Material:

Holotype MCZC 6943, male. Canada: Manitoba, Cedar Lake, coll. F.M. Carpenter.

Etymology:

The species epithet is Latin meaning “western”, referring to origin of the amber

Comments:

Z. occidentalis differs from the type species in the structure of genitalia, and although it possesses the same arrangement of flagellar setulae and venation pattern, both species may not be congeneric.

Diagnosis:

Wing membrane with macrotrichia; Sc long, meets C before base of M3 section; C ends at tip of R₅; M3 section 3× length of r-m; M₃₊₄ not interrupted at the base; tibial setulae irregular; tibial bristles absent; abdominal segment 6 not reduced; 7th and 8th segments telescopic.

Type Species:

Temaleia birmitica, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a feminine anagram of Metaleia.

Comments:

The genera Clastobasis Skuse, 1896, Neoclastobasis Ostroverchova, 1970, and Metaleia Baxter, 1994 have M₃₊₄ interrupted at the base and/or CuA sinuous. The genus Sticholeia Söli, 1996, besides having extremely long cerci and other details of the male terminalia, differs by having a short M3 section.

Diagnosis:

As for the genus.

Description:

Body length = 2.17 mm (holotype)/2.03–2.38 mm (paratype); wing length = 1.96 mm (holotype)/1.50–2.07 mm (paratype). Head: Pedicel rounded, length about equal to width. Flagellum 14-segmented; flagellomere length about twice the width. Eyes large, densely setose. Occiput covered with numerous short setae. Clypeus setose. Palpi 3-segmented, very short, palpomeres with length about equal to width. Labella longer than palpi. Thorax: Scutum irregularly covered with short setae and with long lateral, dorsocentral, and acrostichal setae. Scutellum with three pairs of long bristles. Laterotergites and mediotergite with several protruding bristles. Wing membrane with microtrichia and macrotrichia, located mostly in distal half of wing. Costa ends at tip of R₅, not reaching wing apex. Sc long, meets C before base of M3. Sc₂ apical. R₁ very short, 1.5× length of r-m. M3 section 3× length of r-m. M₁ meets wing edge at wing apex. M₁ and M₂ fork 2.5× as long as M3 section. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at level of M3 base. M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently caudad. Legs: Fore coxae with anterior and anterolateral setae. Mid coxa with lateroapical setae, hind one with posteroapical setae. Tibial spurs short, no longer than maximum tibial diameter. Tibial and tarsal bristles absent. Tibial setulae irregular. Abdomen pubescent, with 7 visible segments, 8th small and retracted. Ninth tergite large, oval. Female: Cerci one-segmented, bacilliform, setose. Male: Gonocoxites and gonostyli long, slender, bacilliform. Gonostyli slightly curved inside at apex, saberlike.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-483a, female; paratypes AMNH Bu-060, male, Bu- 054, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a reference to Burma, the former name of the country where the amber originates.

Diagnosis:

Palpi reduced, laterotergites setose; wing membrane with macrotrichia; Sc free, Sc₂ absent; M₃₊₄ interrupted at base, M₃₊₄ and CuA curved gently caudad, 9th tergite small or fused with synsclerite; gonocoxites widely separated.

Type Species:

Lecadonileia parvistyla, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a feminine anagram of the Caledonileia Matile, 1993.

Comments:

The genus is close to the genus Caledonileia, from which it differs in number and position of ocelli, number of palpomeres, setation of scutum, and in having Sc long, the radial cell wide, M3 long, and gonostyli unilobate (Matile, 1993). The genus differs from Megophthalmidia Dziedzicki in having M₃₊₄ interrupted at the base and the fork of M₁ and M₂ not shifted anteriorly, so that M₁ reaches the wing margin beyond the wing apex.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 2.24 mm, wing length = 2.05 mm. Head: Vertex setose. Ocelli three, lateral one twice its diameter from eye margin. Frons bare, face with tiny trichia. Scape small, roundish. Pedicel rounded, with dorsal setae, wider than flagellomeres. Flagellum 14-segmented, cylindrical, flagellomere length equal to width. Palpi 4-segmented. Basal palpomere very short, apical three subequal, lengths 2.5–3× their width. Clypeus setose. Thorax: Scutum irregularly setose. Antepronotum with 4 setae, proepisternum with 5. Ventral process of proepimeron just opposite anapleural suture. Anepisternum with distinct oblique cleft. Anepimeron very narrow ventrally. Laterotergites setose. Mediotergite bare. Wing membrane with macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, at one-fourth length between tips of R₅ and M₁. R₁ and R₅ with two rows of setae; R stem, r-m, M₁, M₂, M₃₊₄, and CuA with one row. Sc ends free at the level of the base of M3 section. R₁ equal to M3 section and 2.5× length of r-m. Fork of M₁ and M₂ 1.8× length of M3. M₃₊₄ base absent, vein begins at level of RS base. Legs: Fore coxae with numerous setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Mid coxae with setae on apical half. Hind coxae with posterolateral row of setae. Tibial bristles short. Fore tibiae with 3 apical bristles; mid one with 2 anterior and 6 apical bristles; hind tibia with 4–6 bristles in anterior, anteroventral, and anterodorsal rows and several apical bristles. Anteroapical depression on fore tibiae well developed, with single row of short setae. Tarsal claws without teeth. Abdomen setose. Eighth and 9th segments very short and retracted. Gonocoxites semicylindrical, widely separated at base. Gonostyli small, with one apical appendage turned medially.

Material:

Holotype MCZC 6941, male. Canada: Manitoba, Cedar Lake, coll. F.M. Carpenter.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a combination of the Latin word parvus, meaning “small”, and stylus, meaning “spike, stem, pen”, in reference to simple small gonostyli of the species.

Diagnosis:

Ocelli absent; anepisternum with very short setae and trichia; mediotergite and laterotergites bare; wing membrane with micro- and macrotrichia; Sc ends at C; r-m 2× length of R₁, M3 base at basal one- sixth of wing, M3 weak, M₂ absent.

Type Species:

Disparoleia cristata, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a combination of the Latin word dispar, meaning “unequal, unlike”, and the genus Leia, in reference to the distinctiveness of the new genus. The name is feminine.

Comments:

The genus differs from all Recent Leiini in the unique combination of such characters as absence of ocelli, very long r- m with the proximal position of the base of M3, and reduction of veins in the medial sector. It differs from Novakia Ströbl in having the base of RS distinct, M₂ absent, and Sc ending at C. It differs from Zeliinia, n. gen. in having flagellomeres of smooth texture, ocelli absent, vein M₁ and M3 section present though weak, and fork of M₃₊₄ and CuA long but not sessile.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Female. Body length = 2.73 mm, wing length = 2.08 mm. Head: Vertex with group of long erect setae. Scape and pedicel wider than flagellum. Flagellum 14- segmented, flagellate, flagellomeres longer and narrower apicad. Eyes setose, slightly emarginate at antennal base. Ocelli absent. Clypeus setose. Palpi 3-segmented, 1st palpomere short, 2nd longer, cut obliquely, 3rd longer than length of 1st and 2nd, narrow. Thorax: Scutum with lateral and dorsocentral rows of long setae and short irregular setae. Scutellum with numerous short setae. Antepronotum with long curved setae and several short ones. Anepisternum with 4 light short setae in upper part and very fine hairs at lower apical part. Proepimeron touches katepisternum slightly ventral to anepisternal suture. Mediotergite and laterotergites bare. Metepisternum large, with dorsal margin wider than ventral one. Wing membrane with microtrichia and short macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, at one-third length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Humeral vein located beyond the MA. Sc short, ends at C before level of M3 base, apex faint. R₁ very short, r-m 3× length of R₅. Median veins weak. M₁, base of M₁ and M3 very weak. Base of M3 very proximal, slightly distal to apex of Sc. Crossvein r-m 3× length of M2 section, M3 section 3.5× that of M2. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork slightly distal to level of base of M3 section. R, R₁, R₅, M₃₊₄, and CuA with setae dorsally and ventrally. Leg: Tibial spur formula 1:2:2. Spurs long, 4–5× tibia diameter. Mid and hind tibiae with bristles. Empodium absent; tarsal claws with one tooth. Abdomen: Tergites of abdomen setose. Seventh tergite 1.5× shorter than 6th, 8th is very short. Cerci 2-segmented, slightly shorter than 6th and 7th segments together. Apical segment round, basal one bacilliform, 2.5× apical.

Material:

Holotype AMNH B-0125, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is Latin word cristatus, meaning “tufted, plumed”, in reference to the group of setae on the vertex.

Diagnosis:

Three ocelli in straight line, middle one small, lateral ones not touching eye margin; wing membrane without macrotrichia; Sc short, ends at R; R₁ short, no more than 2× length of r-m; r-m short, oblique; M3 short; tibial setae in rows, mid and hind tibiae with inner spurs longer than outer one.

Type Species:

Hemolia matilei, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a feminine anagram of Mohelia Matile, 1978.

Comments:

The genus is close to Mohelia in the structure of the ocelli, and wing venation, and it differs in tibial spur length and details of male genitalia structure. It differs from Mohelia in having setae on the mediotergite, tibial setae in rows, mid and hind tibiae with inner spurs longer rather than the outer ones, and C ending close to the tip of R₅; Sc is longer, R₁ longer than r-m; and M3 is short.

Diagnosis:

Scutum densely setose; laterotergites setose; Sc rather long, ends at the level of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork base.

Description:

Body length = 2.19 mm (holotype)/2.39 mm (paratype); wing length 1.49 mm (holotype)/2.21 mm (paratype). Head: Eyes setose. Occiput and frons densely setose. Three ocelli in straight line, middle one small; lateral one separated from eye margin by its own diameter. Flagellum 14- segmented, flagellomeres cylindrical; length of flagellomeres about equal to their width. Clypeus setose. Palpi 4-segmented, basal segment small, penultimate and apical ones situated preapically, antepenultimate with round sensory pit on inner surface. Thorax: Scutum with long setae not arranged in distinct rows. Laterotergites with long setae. Scutellum protruding, with 6 pairs of long setae. Antepronotun and proepisternum with long setae. Wing rather wide, membrane without macrotrichia. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅ at one-fifth length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc ends in R at the level of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork base. R, R₁, and R₅ with setae dorsally. R₁ length 1.8× length of r-m. Crossvein r-m about the length of M3, with constriction in the middle. Length of M₁ and M₂ fork 5.3× length of M3. Legs: Tibial setae in rows. Tibial spur formula 1:2:2; mid and hind tibial spurs differ in length: inner spur 1.7× outer one. Fore leg basitarsomere shorter than tibia. Abdomen setose, with 6 visible segments, 7th and 8th ones small and retractable. Gonocoxites divided by complete suture ventrally. Male: Gonostyli large, triangular, flat, with inner, bilobed appendage. Aedeagus bilobate. Female: Eighth sternites triangular; 10th sternite with 4 dark, thick, wavy, blunt setae. Cerci 2-segmented, rounded, flat; apical segment 0.24× basal one, semicircular.

Material:

Holotype AMNH B-0132, male; paratype AMNH B-0133a, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is a patronym in honor of the late Professor Loïc Matile, a world authority on Sciaroidea, who was also very generous and helpful to both authors.

Diagnosis:

Laterotergites bare; scutum almost bare, dark and shining, Sc meets R well before the level of base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork.

Description:

Body length = 3.16 mm; wing length = 2.05 mm. Head: Occiput with short setae. Three ocelli in line, of the same size, distant from each other and from eye margin by two ocellus diameters. Eyes large, setose. Pedicel with round sensory organ. Flagellum 14-segmented, apical segment conical, secondarily divided. Thorax: Scutum almost bare; dark, shiny. Anterior parapsidal suture distinct. Scutellum and laterotergites bare. Mediotergite with a few fine setae anteroventrally. Mid and hind tibiae with inner spurs 1.5× longer than outer ones. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Humeral vein at the level of MA. Costa ends beyond tip of R₅, at one-third the length between tips of R₅ and M₁. Sc short, ends at R. R₁ 1.3× the length of r-m. Length of M3 about equal to length of r-m. Length of M₁ and M₂ fork 4.3× the length of M3. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork between tip of Sc and M3 base. Legs: Coxae without setae. Hind tibiae with posterior bristles. Abdomen with scattered setae. Cerci 2-segmented, apical segment conical, basal one cylindrical, 3× length of apical one. Gonocoxites 8 long, narrow, slightly curved, with long setae.

Material:

Holotype AMNH B-0112, female. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is Latin for “hairless, smooth”, in reference to the absence of thoracic setae and setulae.

Diagnosis:

Small, dark gnats with antennae shorter than thorax, flagellomeres shorter than wide. Mesonotum densely covered with short trichia, with or without a few setae laterally. Sc short, free. Costa is not produced beyond the tip of R₅, which is long, curved, and almost reaching the tip of M₁. Fork of M₁ and M₂ shifted anteriorly, M₁ ends before wing apex. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork at the level of base of M3, in basal one-sixth of wing. M3 length about equal to that of M₁ and M₂ fork.

Type Species:

Protragoneura platycera, n.sp.

Etymology:

The genus name is a combination of the prefix pro- (Greek πρo-, beforehand) and Tetragoneura. The name is feminine.

Comments:

Closest to Tetragoneura Winnertz, 1846, about 100 extant species of which are known from the Holarctic (17 spp.), Neotropical (ca. 60 spp.), and Australasian (23 spp.) regions. The new genus differs in having C not extended beyond the tip of R₅, RS2 section (small radial cell) long, and base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork very basal; M₁ and M₂ fork shifted anteriorly. Setation of mesonotum is also distinctive and separates the new genus from Tetragoneura.

Diagnosis:

As for genus.

Description:

Body length = 2.49 mm (holotype)/2.39 mm (paratype); wing length = 1.63 mm (holotype)/1.93 mm (paratype). Head ovate, with row of long erect setae behind eye margin. Scape and pedicel subconical, with numerous apical setae, both black. Flagellum compressed laterally, flagellomeres transverse, widths 1.5–2.5× length, densely covered with short trichia. Clypeus setose. Three palpomeres seen; antepenultimate one swollen, obovate, length 2× width. Penultimate one attached to antepenultimate palpomere preapically; length 4× width, knoblike. Apical palpomere long and narrow. Length ratio 1:1.7:2.5. Thorax: Scutum densely covered with short erect trichia, bearing some setae laterally. Antepronotum and proepisternum with long strong setae. Anepisternum with deep cleft. Katepisternum without distinct excavation on anterior margin. Laterotergites, mediotergite bare. Metepisternum with few short trichia ventrally. Wing membrane with macrotrichia in distal and posterior part. Sc extremely short, free. All longitudinal veins except R base with setae. M3 reduced, can be traced by setae only. M₁ base reduced. Base of M₃₊₄ and CuA fork weakened. Small radial cell length 7× width. Halters dark, with few short setae. Legs: Coxae and femora dark, densely setose, tibiae and tarsi yellowish. Hind tibiae with numerous posterior bristles. Tibial spurs 4× tibial diameter. Abdomen with 6 visible segments, 7th and 8th very short, retracted. Tergite 9 oval, short, covering the base of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites fused at base, massive, narrowing to apex in distal half. Gonostyli with long ventral lobe bearing a comb of short, knoblike setae; a somewhat shorter, dorsal, bare lobe and internal wide lobe with a row of curved bristles.

Material:

Holotype AMNH Bu-135, male; paratype AMNH Bu-1076, male. Myanmar: Katchin, from amber mines near Myitkyina.

Etymology:

The species epithet is derived from platy (Greek πλάτυς, broad) and cerus (Greek κέρας, horn), in reference to the compressed antennae.