A complete description of Esenbeckia cowanii Kaastra (Rutaceae) is presented, including new details for floral morphology. The original type of this taxon included only fruiting material, thus we designate an epitype with flowers. In addition, we provide taxonomic emendation to E. cowanii, including its leaf morphology variation, details of the fruit and seed, and an update of its geographic distribution.

A new species, Coniogramme bashanensis X. S. Guo & B. Li (Pteridaceae), is described and illustrated. This new fern species was collected from the northern slope of Mt. Bashan in Langao County of Shaanxi Province, China. It is similar to C. wilsonii Hieron. in its perennial habit and frond veins that are 1- or 2-forked, occasionally connected to form one or two areoles. These fern taxa differ by the shape of the frond base. Pinnules are asymmetrically cuneate or hastate, or divided with a small auriculate segment in C. bashanensis; pinnules are cordate or rounded to cuneate, also unevenly so, in C. wilsonii.

A new species, Nepeta sahandica Noroozi & Ajani (Labiatae), is described and illustrated from the high altitudes of the Sahand Mountains in northwestern Iran. Morphological differences of this species from its closest relatives in Nepeta L. sect. Capituliferae (Benth.) Pojark., N. lasiocephala Benth. and N. monocephala Rech.f., are discussed. These species differ mainly in their respective habit, basal and stem leaves, indumentum, and character of bract and calyx. The new species is restricted to the subnival vegetation zone, associated with unstable scree grounds. Nepeta sahandica is classified as Critically Endangered (CR), based on IUCN Red List criteria.

Polygala sect. Gymnospora Chodat (Polygalaceae) is recognized at the generic rank based on recent phylogenetic evidence as Gymnospora (Chodat) J. F. B. Pastore with two new combinations, G. blanchetii (Chodat) J. F. B. Pastore and G. violoides (A. St.-Hil. & Moq.) J. F. B. Pastore. We also present a taxonomic key for species identification and argue that P. blanchetii Chodat should not be treated as a synonym of P. pedicellaris A. St.-Hil. & Moq. and that P. pedicellaris is better treated as a synonym of P. violoides A. St.-Hil. & Moq. (as G. violoides). Thus, the name P. blanchetii (as G. blanchetii) is established, in keeping with its traditional treatment. Lectotypifications are provided for the following five names: P. blanchetii, P. laxa Nees & Mart., P. maritima Vell., P. pedicellaris, and P. violoides.

Polygala seção Gymnospora Chodat (Polygalaceae) é reconhecida com status genérico, como Gymnospora (Chodat) J. F. B. Pastore, baseado nas evidências filogenéticas. Nós apresentamos duas novas combinações G. blanchetii (Chodat) J. F. B. Pastore e G. violoides (A. St.-Hil. & Moq.) J. F. B. Pastore, uma chave taxonômica para identificação das duas espécies e defendemos que P. blanchetii Chodat não deveria ser tratada como um sinônimo de P. pedicellaris A. St.-Hil. & Moq., enquanto que P. pedicellaris é melhor tratada como sinônimo de P. violoides A. St.-Hil. & Moq. (como G. violoides). Assim, o nome P. blanchetii (como G. blanchetii) é estabelecido, mantendo o seu tratamento mais tradicional. São também indicados lectótipos para os seguintes nomes: P. blanchetii, P. laxa Nees & Mart., P. maritima Vell., P. pedicellaris e P. violoides.

A new species, Lycoris hunanensis M. H. Quan, L. J. Ou & C. W. She (Amaryllidaceae), is described from Yuanling County in Hunan Province, China. Diagnostic morphological characters that distinguish it from the similar L. straminea Lindl. are presented. The clearest differences are that the perianth of L. hunanensis is pink in bud, lightly yellowish pink in early anthesis, and gradually fading to white later in development, with light red spots apically, while that of L. straminea is always ocher-yellow. Lycoris hunanensis has longer scapes (50–60 cm vs. ca. 35 cm long in L. straminea). The leaf apex of L. hunanensis is acuminate, which is quite different from the obtuse apex of L. straminea, and the leaf blade midveins are noticeably paler in L. straminea. The new species is assessed as Endangered (EN), according to IUCN criteria.

A new species of Holcus L. (Poaceae), endemic to the island of Madeira (Portugal), is here described as H. pintodasilvae M. Seq. & Castrov. This new species is morphologically closely related to the Macaronesian endemics H. rigidus Hochst. ex Hochst. (Azores Archipelago) and H. mollis L. subsp. hierrensis Stierst. (El Hierro Island, in the Canary Islands) but differs by having the culm nodes light brown, the leaves with a glabrous sheath and subspreading lamina attenuated to an acuminate apex, the glumes blunt, shiny, glabrous (except in the minutely scabrous veins), the upper glume with proximal lateral veins, and the lemma of the upper floret with an awn ca. 4 mm, twice as long as the lemma. Chromosome counts in H. pintodasilvae are tetraploid (2n = 28). Morphology, ecology, biogeography, and conservation issues are discussed and related to other Macaronesian Holcus taxa. Holcus pintodasilvae was found as only three populations (totaling less than 20 individuals), and its IUCN conservation status is Critically Endangered (CR). A new specific status is proposed for H. mollis subsp. hierrensis, as H. hierrensis (Stierst.) Stierst. & M. Seq., based on its chromosome number and morphological identity.

Descreve-se uma nova espécie, Holcus pintodasilvae M. Seq. & Castrov., pertencente ao género Holcus L. (Poaceae), endémica da Ilha da Madeira (Portugal). Morfologicamente próxima dos endemismos macaronésicos H. rigidus Hochst. ex Hochst. (Arquipélago dos Açores) e H. mollis L. subsp. hierrensis Stierst. (Ilha de Hierro, Arquipélago das Canárias) diferencia-se por possuir: nós de coloração castanha-clara; folhas com bainhas glabras e lâminas subpatentes atenuadas num ápice acuminado; glumas brilhantes, múticas e glabras (excepto nas nervuras que se apresentam escabriúsculas), gluma superior com as nervuras laterais proximais; lema da flor superior com arista ca. 4 mm (duas vezes o comprimento da lema). Incluem-se ainda resultados da contagem de cromossomas de H. pintosilvae (2n = 28). Discutem-se, e relacionam-se com outros taxa Macaronésicos do género Holcus, aspectos relativos à morfologia, ecologia, biogeografia e conservação. Holcus pintodasilvae foi encontrado em apenas três populações (num total de menos de 20 indivíduos), sendo o seu estado de conservação IUCN está criticamente ameaçado (CR). Propõe-se ainda a combinação H. hierrensis (Stierst.) Stierst. & M. Seq. baseada na sua identidade morfológica e número cromossomático.

The new species Amomum sahyadricum V. P. Thomas & M. Sabu (Zingiberaceae) is described and illustrated from the Western Ghats, India. The new species is related to A. muricatum Bedd., but differs from it in the smaller habit (33–60 cm vs. 70–150 cm in A. muricatum), the prominently raised veins on the adaxial surface of the leaf lamina (vs. immersed venation), the fleshy and thick bracts (vs. membranous bracts), 2-horned bracteoles, the calyx with three mucronate teeth, dorsal corolla lobe mucronate at apex, and the rugose to muricate fruits (vs. echinate fruits). IUCN status, distribution, phenology, and ecological details are provided.

Three new species of Paepalanthus Mart. sect. Diphyomene Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae) from Minas Gerais (Brazil) are described and illustrated. Paepalanthus arcuatus Trovó, defined by its curved leaves, is known only from the Serra do Cipó National Park and shares morphological characters with P. decussus Körn. Paepalanthus linearis Trovó, defined by its linear leaves, is known exclusively from Itacambira and resembles P. polycladus Silveira. Paepalanthus sericiscapus Trovó, defined by its sericeous scapes, is known only from the type specimens collected in the Serra da Canastra and resembles P. arcuatus. All the species are known only from their type localities and are assigned a preliminary conservation status of Critically Endangered. Morphological variation, habitat, geographic distribution, and conservation status are noted.

Bauhinia hekouensis T. Y. Tu & D. X. Zhang (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae), a narrow endemic from Hekou County, Yunnan Province, in southwestern China, is described and illustrated. The new species can be diagnosed by a combination of characters, including tendrilled lianas; bilobed leaves with nine to 11 nerves; terminal, racemose inflorescences; spindle-shaped, slightly falcate flower buds with acute apices; tubular hypanthium; five freely reflexed sepals during anthesis; and large white flowers with oblanceolate, crisped petal blades. The general morphology suggests an affinity of the new species to series Clavatae (de Wit) Wunderlin of section Phanera (Lour.) Wunderlin in Bauhinia L., especially to the species B. coccinea (Lour.) DC. and B. nervosa (Wall. ex Benth.) Baker.

A revision of the Andean species of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) with hermaphrodite flowers and the lower leaf surface completely covered by the pubescence is presented. A key to the 22 recognized species is provided. Fourteen species are described as new: O. comata van der Werff, O. micrantha van der Werff, and O. stenophylla van der Werff from Bolivia; O. gentryi van der Werff, O. pedicellata van der Werff, and O. umbrina van der Werff from Colombia; O. loxensis van der Werff, O. palaciosii van der Werff, O. pautensis van der Werff from Ecuador; O. andina van der Werff, O. glabriflora van der Werff, O. pajonalis van der Werff, and O. trematifera van der Werff from Peru; and finally, the single species O. guaramacalensis van der Werff from Venezuela. Lectotypification is provided for the name O. jelskii Mez.

A new species of Aulonemia Goudot (Poaceae) is formally described here from the Distrito Federal and Goiás in central Brazil. Aulonemia xerophylla P. L. Viana & Filg., known from gallery forests in the Cerrado, has deflexed and coriaceous leaf blades and awnless spikelets as diagnostic characters. Descriptions and illustrations of macro-morphological and anatomical characters of the new species are provided, as well as comments on its IUCN conservation status of Endangered (EN).

Uma nova espécie de Aulonemia Goudot (Poaceae), nativa do Distrito Federal e Goiás, Brasil, é aqui formalmente descrita. Aulonemia xerophylla P. L. Viana & Filg., conhecida de matas de galeria em Cerrado no Brasil central, possui, como caracteres diagnóticos, lâminas foliares coriáceas e deflexas e espiguetas múticas. São apresentadas descrições e ilustrações de caracteres mofológicos e anatômicos da nova espécie assim como seu status de conservação, ameaçada, de acordo com os critérios da IUCN.

Two names proposed by H. S. Kiu, Croton dinghuensis (Euphorbiaceae) and Helicia yangchunensis (Proteaceae), were originally described from Guangdong, China, but were invalidly published because the author failed to specify the repository herbarium of the types. These names are validated by designating G. L. Shi 2763 (IBSC) as the holotype of C. dinghuensis H. S. Kiu and Zhanjiang Expedition 03261 (IBSC) as the holotype of H. yangchunensis H. S. Kiu.

A new species, Stephania novenanthera Heng-Chang Wang (Menispermaceae), from Xia-shi, Ping-xiang County, Guangxi Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to the sympatric species S. kuinanensis H. S. Lo & M. Yang, S. kwangsiensis H. S. Lo, and S. micrantha H. S. Lo & M. Yang by several characters, such as the tuberous root, the deltoid to rounded leaves, and the compound, umbelliform cymes. Stephania novenanthera differs from all species in Stephania Lour. in China by its nine anthers.