Ceto Simon, 1874: 238; Grimm 1986: 10; Paik 1991: 263; Dippenaar-Schoeman & Jocqué 1997: 128.

Cetonana Strand, 1929 (replacement name); Platnick & Ewing 1995: 2; Platnick 2010.

Cetonana Mello-Leitão, 1941: Brignoli 1983: 556 [lapsus!].

Type species: Drassus laticeps Canestrini, 1868.

Diagnosis (after Grimm 1986 and Bosselaers et al. 2009): Cetonana can be recognised by the following combination of characters: the presence of ventral leg cusps on metatarsi and tarsi I and II of both sexes (absent from tibiae of both sexes); scopulate metatarsi and tarsi I and II of females comprising erectile bristles; the absence of leg spines; flat carapace; AME that are clearly larger than the other eyes; PME that are smaller than the PLE; female epigyne with posterior copulatory openings; and male palp with strongly ventrally curved cymbium and a tegulum occupying only part of the ventral side of the cymbium. Species included: C. laticeps, C. lineolata Mello-Leitão, 1941, C. orientalis (Schenkel, 1936), C. petrunkevitchi Mello-Leitão, 1945 and C. setosa (Simon, 1897).

Afrotropical species transferred to other genera: Afroceto coenosa (Simon, 1897) comb, n.; A. martini (Simon, 1897) comb. n. (= C. curvipes (Tucker, 1920) syn. n., = C. tridentata (Lessert, 1923) syn. n., = C. simoni (Lawrence, 1942) syn. n.).

Afrotropical species considered nomen dubium: C. aculifera (Strand, 1916).

For complete bibliography see Platnick (2010).

Material examined: SPAIN: 1♂ 1♀ Girona Province, Baix Empordà, Els Angels, 485 m, J. Bosselaers, sifting litter in corkoak wood (PCJB). GERMANY: 2♀ Baden-Württemberg, Tübingen (SMF, 20270).

Ceto aculifera Strand, 1916: 74.

This species was described from Madagascar on the basis of a single female. The type specimen was presumably lost or destroyed during World War II, and the original description is inadequate for the identification of the species. Despite considerable efforts to generate spider material in Madagascar during recent decades, no fresh tracheline specimens could be found in the California Academy of Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Smithsonian Institute or American Museum of Natural History fitting Strand's (1916) description, and as a result this name is considered a nomen dubium.

Etymology: The generic name is a combination of the prefix afro-, indicating the Afrotropical Region where the genus is found, and the suffix from Cetonana, to which this genus is closely related. Gender feminine.

Type species: Cetonana martini (Simon, 1897).

Diagnosis: The genus Afroceto gen. n. differs from other closely related genera, such as Cetonana, Patelloceto gen. n., Thysanina Simon, 1910 and Trachelas, in several respects. The most noticeable characteristics are their generally larger size and the presence of leg spines, of which the most diagnostic are one to four strong prolateral leg spines on the femora of leg I. The aforementioned genera lack leg spines with the exception of Patelloceto gen. n. and two Thysanina species, in which single fine spines are found on the femora, and isolated fine spines on the tibiae and metatarsi of the posterior legs (see below and Lyle & Haddad 2006). The posterior legs of Afroceto gen. n. usually have several spines scattered on the femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Ventral cusps are found on the anterior tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I and II in all males and in some females; in females without cusps the anterior metatarsi and tarsi are densely scopulate. Variation in cusp shape can be seen within species: tibial cusps are usually elongate with a rounded point and are slightly constricted at the base, while other cusps are often peg-like with a rounded point and flattened at the base (Figs 26, 83, 89). Males of Afroceto gen. n. have a well-developed dorsal abdominal scutum covering nearly the entire abdomen, in females extending up to 1/3 the abdomen length, or absent (Figs 1–22); dorsal abdominal scuta are absent in Thysanina, indistinct in male Cetonana and absent in their females, and often absent in Trachelas. Abdominal sclerotisation is similar to Patelloceto gen. n.

Description: Medium to large spiders, 3.4–8.1 mm in length; male smaller, with legs and abdomen thicker, more robust than female. Carapace slightly dorsoventrally flattened, highest immediately posterior to eye region; ocular region narrowest; carapace broader medially, concave posteriorly; carapace bright orange to dark red-brown, paler posterior to fovea (Figs 1–22); carapace covered in fine setae; fovea short, distinct, slightly thickened; ocular region darkened with dark rings around eyes. Anterior eye row nearly straight, either slightly procurved or recurved; posterior eye row slightly recurved (Fig. 81). Chelicerae usually with two or three promarginal teeth and two retromarginal teeth; labium usually longer than broad; endites straight along lateral margin; serulla distinct. Sternum shield-shaped (Fig. 82), longer than broad; short and long fine setae scattered across smooth surface; colouration pale brown to orange, darker towards border. Legs with paired tarsal claws situated in dense claw tuft; ventral cusps (Fig. 23) present on anterior tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of males, sometimes present in females (A. martini, A. corcula sp. n. and A. plana sp. n.); in other females anterior metatarsi and tarsi densely scopulate ventrally; long erect setae sometimes found on tibiae of anterior legs (Fig. 91); cusps varying in shape, either elongate with rounded point and tapered at base (Fig. 26), or peg-like with rounded point and tapered at base (Fig. 89); situated in deep sockets (Fig. 27); cusp arrangement differs among species and individuals; leg spines present, one to four strong prolateral spines on femur I, sometimes also on other femora; posterior legs with scattered spines on most segments; legs I to IV generally pale yellow to light brown, many species with grey bands on most leg segments. Abdomen broad anteriorly, broadest medially, tapering posteriorly; integument pale yellow to dark grey, with paired sigilla; some species with grey chevron or other dorsal abdominal markings (Figs 1–22); dorsal scutum present in males, usually absent in females. Female with paired copulatory openings in weakly sclerotised epigyne, often with uniquely shaped anterior epigynal hood and lateral epigynal ridges (Fig. 28); vulva with variable entrance ducts, ST II (spermathecae linked to entrance ducts) usually anteriorly located, and ST I (spermathecae linked to ST II and fertilisation ducts) smaller, posteriorly placed. Male palps with considerable variations in size and structure of tibial apophyses, and structure, length and origin of embolus (Figs 32, 87); patellar apophysis rarely present.

Species included: A. area sp. n., A. bulla sp. n., A. bisulca sp. n., A. capensis sp. n., A. coenosa (Simon, 1897) comb. n. (ex Cetonana), A. corcula sp. n., A. croeseri sp. n., A. flabella sp. n., A. gracilis sp. n., A. martini (Simon, 1897) comb. n. (ex Cetonana), A. plana sp. n., A. porrecta sp. n., A. rotunda sp. n. and A. spicula sp. n.

Ceto martini: Simon 1897a: 509; 18976: 179, fig. 184.

Ceto curvipes Tucker, 1920: 480, pl. 29, fig. 18. Syn. n.

Ceto tridentata Lessert, 1923: 200, figs 50, 51. Syn. n.

Ceto simoni Lawrence, 1942: 172, fig. 22. Syn. n.

Cetonana martini: Bosselaers & Jocqué 2002: 250, figs 3a, 4e.

Diagnosis: The female can be recognised by the coiled copulatory ducts, which are initially directed medially (Fig. 36) and are covered by long curved lateral epigynal ridges. The male can be recognised by the palp, which has a broad tibial apophysis with three distal excrescences, and the embolus that curves prolaterally after emerging from beneath the tegulum, ending in a fist-like tip (Fig. 39).

Remarks: Examination of the type material of C. martini (holotype female, and male and female syntypes), C. curvipes (holotype male), C. tridentata (holotype male) and C. simoni (holotype female) indicated several key similarities in somatic and genitalic morphology. Females share the same epigyne structure, particularly the shape of the epigynal ridges, and orientation of the copulatory openings and coiled entrance ducts. Males share similar palpal structures, particularly the embolus partially obscured by the tegulum, orientation of the distal end of the embolus and structure of the retrolateral tibial apophysis. We therefore propose the synonymy of C. curvipes syn. n., C. tridentata syn. n. and C. simoni syn. n. with A. martini comb. n. Although a male specimen is amongst the type series, it was never described by Simon (1897a).

Redescription: Female.

Measurements: CL 2.40–2.90, CW 2.05–2.33, AL 2.40–4.60, AW 1.48–2.80, TL 4.80–7.60, FL 0.15–0.23, SL 1.40–1.73, SW 1.20–1.38, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.53, PME—PME 0.20, PME—PLE 0.16, PLE—PLE 0.80. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.30+1.00+1.88+1.73+1.18=8.09; II 2.25+1.00+1.70+1.65+1.00=7.60; III 1.73+0.80+1.23+1.55+0.65=5.96; IV 2.30+1.05+2.20+1.60+0.85=8.00.

Carapace reddish brown (Fig. 1); first two thirds of carapace gradually rounded with highest point in first third, last third with relatively steep decline; surface smooth, with short, distinct, slightly thickened fovea at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown to dark brown with dark brown, almost black, rings around eyes; AER slightly procurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to 0.8 AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.4 diameter; AME separated from ALE by approx. 0.4 AME diameter; PER very slightly procurved, almost straight, PME larger than PLE; PME separated by distance equal to 1.2 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.2 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, orange towards fang base; anterior surface covered in pale, fine setae; fangs orange, paler at tips; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum light brown, darker towards borders; surface smooth covered in fine setae. Abdomen cream with brown mottling dorsally; some specimens with grey chevron markings; broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum small, covering less then one quarter abdomen length; venter pale grey, covered in fine setae. Legs I to IV uniform brown to pale yellow; some specimens with incomplete grey bands on all legs; anterior leg pairs more robust than posteriors; moderately dense scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi, remaining leg segments covered in fine, less dense setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1 rl 1, IV pl 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 8–10 rlv 8–10 cusps, II plv 3–8 rlv 5–11 cusps, III pl 1, IV plv 3 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 15 rlv 13 cusps, II plv 13 rlv 10 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV plv 1 vt 2; tarsi: I plv 8–10 rlv 7–8 cusps, II plv 6–9 rlv 6–8 cusps (Figs 23–27, 35). Epigyne with curved lateral epigynal ridges, with large copulatory openings close to lateral ridges (Figs 28, 36); entrance ducts forming two-fold coil before extending towards oval anterior ST II, with narrow tube leading to posterior globular ST I (Fig. 37).

Description: Male.

Measurements: CL 1.84–3.50, CW 1.65–3.00, AL 1.68–3.90, AW 1.29–2.13, TL 3.68–7.20, FL 0.18–0.25, SL 1.20–1.88, SW 1.08–1.73, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.08, ALE—ALE 0.65, PME—PME 0.23, PME—PLE 0.23, PLE—PLE 1.23. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 3.20+6.10+2.75+2.45+1.63=16.13; II 2.90+1.38+2.50+2.45+1.55=10.78; III 2.20+1.10+1.60+2.10+0.90=7.90; IV 0.80+1.25+2.60+3.40+1.18=9.23.

Carapace reddish brown (Fig. 2); first two thirds of carapace gradually rounded with highest point in first third, last third with relatively steep decline; surface slightly granular, with short, distinct, slightly thickened fovea at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown with darkened, almost black rings around eyes; AER very slightly procurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to 0.7 AME diameter; AME separated by approx. 0.4 diameter; AME separated from ALE by approx. 0.15 AME diameter; PER very slightly procurved, almost straight, PME larger than PLE; PME separated by approx. 1.2 diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance approx. equal to PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, orange towards fang base; anterior surface covered in fine, light setae; fangs orange, paler at tips; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards borders; surface smooth, covered in fine setae. Abdomen cream with brown mottling dorsally; some specimens with grey chevron markings; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum broad, covering three quarters of dorsum; venter cream, covered in short fine setae. Legs I to IV uniform brown to pale yellow; some specimens with incomplete grey band arrangement on all legs; anterior leg pairs more robust than posteriors; slightly dense scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi, remaining leg segments covered in fine, less dense setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1–4, II pl 1, III pl 1, IV pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7–9 rlv 0–3 cusps, II plv 4–10 rlv 0–2 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1, IV pl 1 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 15 rlv 10–11 vt 2 cusps, II plv 6–13 rlv 10 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 2; tarsi: I plv 6–9 rlv 4–7 cusps, II plv 4–6 rlv 2–7 cusps (Figs 29–31, 38). Palp with embolus originating prolaterally, partly hidden by tegulum, directed prolaterally then retrolaterally after emergence from beneath tegulum (Figs 32, 39); two small strong spines situated prolaterally and retrolaterally on distal end of cymbium (Fig. 33); tibia with three retrolateral apophyses, dorsal and ventral apophyses triangular, median apophysis curving ventrally (Figs 34, 40), with some variation in sharpness of curved tip (Fig. 41); patellar apophysis small, triangular (Fig. 40).

Lectotype (here designated) ♀ and paralectotypes 2♀ 1♂ and 1 imm. (examined): SOUTH AFRICA: Natal (no specific locality), C. Martin (MNHN, 9232). Note: The lectotype has been designated here to preserve the current concept of the species.

Type material of new synonyms (examined): Cetonana curvipes (Tucker, 1920). Holotype ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Groot Wintershoek Mts, 4200–4700 ft, 19.xi.1915, R.W. Tucker (SAMC, B2742).

Cetonana tridentata (Lessert, 1923). Holotype ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Umbilo, Bevis (MNHG).

Cetonana simoni (Lawrence, 1942). Holotype ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Umhlali, Sheffield Beach, ii.1940, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA, 2983).

Other material examined: LESOTHO: 2♂ 1 juv. Qachas Nek, 30°06.549′S:28°41.068′E, 1833 m, 8.xi.2003, C. Haddad, bluegum bark (NCA, 2006/1546). SOUTHAFRICA: Eastern Cape: 1♀ East London, Cambridge street, Outdoor Living Shop, 17.vi.1978, P. Croeser, wandering in camping equipment (NMSA, 18455); 1♀ 1♂ Fort Brown, Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, 33°07′S:26°37′E, 4.vi.1981, P.M.C. Croeser, found on and under bark of dry river bed trees Combretum caffrum (NMSA); 1♀ same data (NMSA); 1♀ Grahamstown, Dassienuaz, 8.x. 1989, R.F. Lawrence]. (AMG); 1♀ Grahamstown, Fern Point, ii.1933, J. Hewitt (AMG); 4♀ Hogsback, Amatola Mountains, 32°36′S:26°56′E, 25.iii.2007, C. Haddad, leaf litter (NCA, 2006/1521); 1♂ Kasouga Coastal Reserve, 16 km WSW of Port Alfred, 33°39′S:26°45′E, i. 1940, J. Omer-Cooper (NMSA); 1♀ Kei Mouth, 32°41.206′S:28°22.497′E, 8.xii.2005, C. Haddad, leaf litter, coastal forest (NCA, 2006/1291); 1♀ 3 juv. same data (NCA, 2006/1292); 3♂ same locality, 32°41.280′S:28°22.484′E, 13.xii.2002, C. Haddad, leaf litter at tree base (NCA, 2006/1509); 2♂ same data, 2.vi.2003, C. Haddad, leaf litter, coastal bush (NCA, 2006/1507); 1♀ same data, 2.vi.2003, C. Haddad, under cut grass, coastal bush (NCA, 2006/1495); 1♀ same data, 30.iv.2005, C. Haddad, leaf litter, coastal dune (NCA, 2006/1480); 1♀ near Mazeppa Bay, 36°26.495′S:28°36.968′E, 28.x.2006, C. Haddad, leaf litter, Eucalyptus plantation (NCA, 2007/279); 1♀ Mkhambathi Nat. Res., 10 m, 31.27333°S:30.02288°E, 27.12008, III-UKZN, Tree beats, forest (NCA, 2010/235); 1♂ Port Elizabeth, Lovemore Park, 34°00.282′S:25°31.597′E, 1.i.2010, C. Haddad, night collecting, bark and foliage (NCA, 2009/3667); 1♂ Rivierberg Range, Plessierivier, 43 km NE Willowmore at hwy R337, 33°08.31′S:23°50.4′E, 18.xi.1999, 650 m, E.I. Schlinger (CASC); 2♂ 20 km W of Grahamstown, along N2 highway, 33°25.237′S:26°21.266′E, 13.vii.2005, C. Haddad & R. Lyle, under Eucalyptus bark (NCA, 2006/1490). Free State: 1♂ Bethlehem District, Golden Gate National Park, Spelonken, 28°28′S: 28°38′E, 21.iv.1994, L. Lotz (NMBA, 6546); 1♀ same locality, 21.iv.1994, J. Irish, beating (NMBA, 6555); 3♀ Bloemfontein district, “Hopefield” farm, 28°54′S:26°14′E, 1.xii.2001, C. Haddad, under bluegum bark (NCA, 2006/1477); 2♂ same locality, 4.xii.2001, C. Haddad, bluegum leaf litter (NCA, 2006/1481); 2♀ Bloemfontein district, Maselspoort, 29°01.683′S:26°24.316′, 2.ii.2005, C. Haddad, Eucalyptus bark (NCA, 2008/2018); 1♀ Bloemfontein, Westdene, 29°06.088′S:26°12.506′E, 12.i.2002, C. Haddad, rolled up in dry leaves in shrubs (NCA, 2006/1503). Gauteng: 1♂ Pretoria, 3.iv.2001, B. Sunkel, in garden (NCA, 2004/428); 1♀ Johannesburg, Parktown North, 26°10′S:28°02′E, 19.xi.1986, S. Filmer, wall in lounge (NCA, 87/65); 1♂ Roodeplaat Dam Nat. Res., 25°38′S:28°21′E, 2311988, M. Filmer, ground under rock (NCA, 88/263); 1♀ Suikerbosrand Nat. Res., near Heidelberg, 26°30′S:28°15′E, 23.i.993, A. Leroy (NCA, 2006/1531). KwaZulu-Natal: 1♂ 1♀ Albert Falls, “Helenshoek” farm, x.1958, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA, 7023); 1♂ 1♀ Ashburton, 10 km SE of Pietermaritzburg, 211991, V.D. & B. Roth (CASC); 1♂ Charter's Creek, Lake street, Lucia Forest, 28°12′S:32°26′E, 19–21.xi. 1985, J.Doyen & C. & T. Griswold (NMSA); 1♀ Drakensberg, Champagne Castle Hostel, iv.1948, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA, 5580); 1♀ Dukuduku Forest, 22.i.1980, P. Reavell (NMSA, 13545); 1♀ Durban, 29°59′S:30°58′E, vii. 1915, W. Bell-Marley (SAMC, ENW-B001323); 1♂ Empangeni, 28°45′S:31°54′E, xii.1986, P.E. Reavell, on wall in garden (NMSA); 1♀ Empangeni, 28°45′S:31°54′E, 14.ii.1980, P.E. Reavell, in house (NMSA); Enseleni Game Reserve, Lower Umfolozi, 28°42′S:31°59′E, 12.xii.1994, L. Lotz (NMBA, 6932); 1♀ Eshowe, 28°54′S:31°28′E, xi–xii.1943, L. Bevis (NMSA, 12162); 1♀ Greater St. Lucia (iSimangaliso) Wetlands Park, False Bay Park, 20.x.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/794); 1♀ Greater St Lucia (iSimangaliso) Wetlands Park, Hell's Gate, 25.i.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/814); 1♀ same locality, 6.x.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/818); 1♀ same locality, 29.ix.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/758); 1♀ same locality, 8.ix.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/759); 2♀ 1 juv. same locality, 3.xi.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/788); 1♂ same locality, 27.x.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/797); 1♀ same locality, 10.iii.2003, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/798); 1♀ same locality, 25.x.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2005/219); 1♀ same locality, 3.v.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/210); 1♂ same locality, 20.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/217); 1♂ same locality, 3.v.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/211); 1♂ same locality, 9.viii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/214); 1♀ same locality, 1.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/220); 2♀ same locality, 8.xi.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/222); 1♀ same locality, 19.iii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/208); 1♀ same locality, 26.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/209); 1♀ same locality, 26.vii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/212); 1♀ same locality, 2.vii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/213); 1♀ same locality, 13.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2005/215); 1♀ same locality, 13.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/216); 1♀ same locality, 4.x.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/218); 1♀ same locality, 1.xi.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/221); 2♀ Ithala Game Reserve, Doornkraal Camp, 27°30.735′S:31°12.231′E, 29.vi.2007, C. Haddad, night collecting (NCA, 2007/2849); 1♀ same locality, Pongola River picnic site, Dakaneni Loop, 27°28.195′S:31°16.686′E, 30.vi.2007, C. Haddad, under bark, riverine forest (NCA, 2007/2835); 1♂ Kosi Bay Nat. Res., 26°57.767′S:32°48.981′E, 15.iv.2006, C. Haddad, beats, coastal forest (NCA, 2006/749); 1♀ Mtunzini, Garland Farm, 28°59′S:31°44′E, xi.1983, P. Atkinson, at light (NMSA); 1♂ (together with ♀ holotype of Ceto coenosa) Natal, C. Martin (MNHN, 71288); 1♂ Natal National Park, 1950–1951, ¼ S1 Doomey mus., ca 5500 ft, Swedish South Africa Expedition, Zoological Institute, University, Lund, Dr Brink & Dr Rudebeck (AMG); 1♂ Ndumo Game Reserve, Start of game count transect 8, 26°50.183′S:32°13.135′E, 2.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under bark of fever tree (NCA, 2006/1483); 13♀ same locality, SW shore Banzi Pan, 26°53.118′S:32°16.927′E, 28.vi.2003, C. Haddad, under bark, fever tree (NCA, 2006/1486); 1♀ same locality, W shore of Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.767′S:32°16.557′E, 3.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under Acacia xanthophloea bark (NCA, 2006/1489); 1♀ near Enseleni, 7.iii.1980, P. Reavell, dense Sandveld bush, on climbers (NMSA, 13123); 1♂ same locality, 7.iii.1980, P. Reavell (NMSA, 13129); 1♀ Pietermaritzburg, Botanical Garden, xii.1990, V.D. & B. Roth (CASC); 1♂ 1 juv. Pongola River, vii. 1936, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA, 131); 1♂ same data (NMSA, 133); 1♀ 10 km WEshowe, “Cascades” farm, Ngotshe Forest, 28°53′S:31°28′E, 1800 ft, 17–18.i.1984, C. Griswold & T. Meikle-Griswold (NMSA). Limpopo: 4♂ 1♀ Entabeni, 23°03′S:30°15′E, 12.ii.2008, D. de Bakker, R. Jocqué, W. Fannes & A. Henrard, canopy fogging, woodland (MRAC); 1♀ Lajuma Mountain Retreat, Soutpansberg Mountains, 15.vi.1997, M. van der Merwe, pit traps (NCA, 98/28); 1♀ same locality, 15.vi.1997, M. Mafadza, tall forest, pit traps (NCA, 2005/2020); 1♂ 2 juv. same locality, 23°02.414′S:29°41.046′E, 6.ii.2008, R. Lyle & R. Fourie, beats, Afromontane forest (NCA, 2008/505); 1♂ same locality, 15.ii.1999, S. Foord, grass, sweepnet (NCA, 2001/399); 1♀ Polokwane Nat. Res., 23°53′S:29°44′E, 9.iii.2005, M.A. Modiba, active search, island 2, site 2, sample 3 (NCA, 2006/1544); 4♂ 1♀ Tshulu Research Reserve, 22°34′S:30°48′E, 17.ii.2008, D. de Bakker, R. Jocqué, W. Fannes & A. Henrard, canopy fogging 15, Trichilia dregeana, riverine forest (MRAC); 7♂ 1♀ same locality, 17.ii.2008, D. de Bakker, R. Jocqué, W. Fannes & A. Henrard, canopy fogging 16, Trichilia dregeana, riverine forest (MRAC); 6♂ 6♀ same locality, 18.ii.2008, D. de Bakker, R. Jocqué, W. Fannes & A. Henrard, canopy fogging 17, Trichilia dregeana, riverine forest (MRAC). Mpumalanga: 1♂ Badplaas, Embuleni Nat. Res., 25°57′12″S:30°33′15″E, 1100 m, 28.iii.2001, D. & S. Ubick, grass veld savannah, in wooded areas (CASC); 1♂ Belfast, 31.v.1991, M. Filmer, under rock (NCA, 91/1498); 1♂ Bergvliet State Forest, Sabie, 23.x.1984, A.M. van den Berg, tree trap (NCA, 87/667); 3♀ Burgershall, 20.i.1989, M. van den Berg, beating, citrus orchard (NCA, 2008/2775); 1♂ Kaapmuiden, 25°32′S:31°19′E, 1–12.xi.1918, R.W.E. Tucker (SAMC, ENW-B004273); 1♂ Nelspruit, Lowveld National Botanical Garden, 25°26.586′S: 30°58.414′E, 17.xi.2007, A. Leroy, under bark of fever tree (NCA, 2008/1969); 1♂ same data (NCA, 2008/1970); 1♂ 1♂ 7 km NW of Nelspruit, “Glenwood” farm, 27.i.1998, M. van den Berg, on macadamia trees (NCA, 98/886). Western Cape: 1♂ Bellville, 33°54′S:18°38′E, 6–25.i.1989, R. Jocqué, in and around house (MRAC, 169691); 1♀ Betty's Bay, Harold Porter National Botanical Gardens, 34°20.915′S:18°55.183′E, 26.iii.2008, C. Haddad, walking on tree trunk (NCA, 2008/574); 1♀ Cape of Good Hope Nat. Res., Teeberg, x.1998, H.G. Robertson, mesic mountain fynbos of NE rocky slope, Winkler litter trap (SAMC); 2♂ Cape Town, Newlands Forest Reserve, SE of Table Mountain, 33°58′S: 18°28′, 4.iv.2001, N. Larsen, K. Muller, S. Prinsloo, D. & S. Ubick, indigenous forest (CASC); 1♀ Cape Town, Newlands Forest, 33°55′S:18°25′E, 18.ix.1997, M. Kreuels (MRAC, 207454); 1♀ Cape Town, Rondebosch, 1.ii.2006, M. Cumming, in garden (NCA, 2006/1557); 11♀ Cape Town, Table Mountain, Cecilia Ridge, 33°59.629′S:18°25.193′E, 23.v.2008, C. Uys, sugar-baited ant trap, Pinus radiata plantation (NCA, 2008/2914); 2♀ same locality, Cecilia Ridge, 33°59.629′S: 18°25.193′E, 23.v.2008, C. Uys, decayed log, Pinus radiata plantation (NCA, 2008/2919); 1♀ same locality, Cecilia Ridge, 33°59.629′S: 18°25.193′E, 23.v.2008, C. Uys, sugar-baited ant trap, sandstone fynbos (NCA, 2008/2920); 1♀ same locality, Fernwood Gully, 33°58′S:18°27′E, 150 m, 18.xii.1996, C.E. Griswold, indigenous forest (CASC); 1♂ same locality, Rooikat Ravine, 33°59.629′S: 18°25.193′, 23.v.2008, C. Uys, sugar-baited ant trap, Afrotemperate forest (NCA, 2008/2916); 5♂ De Hoop Nat. Res., Potberg, Eucalyptus forest, 34°22.487′S:20°31.980′E, 3–10.vi.2004, C. Haddad, pitfall traps (NCA, 2006/1512); 3♀ 15 juv. same locality, 6.iv.5004, C. Haddad, searching under bark (NCA, 2006/1501); 1♂ 2♀ same locality, Cupido's Kraal, Eucalyptus forest, 34°25.222′S:20°37.904′E, 26.ix.2007, C. Haddad & R. Lyle, under bark (NCA, 2007/2856); 2♂ Fisherhaven, 34°21.430′S:19°07.557′E, 26.xii.2000, C. Haddad, sieving leaf litter (NCA, 2006/1504); 1♂ Jakobsbaai, 32°57.734′S: 17°53.520′, 2.x.2007, C. Haddad & R. Lyle, night collecting (NCA, 2008/220); 2♀ Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Skeleton Gorge Forest, Table Mountain, 33°59′S:18°26′E, 800 ft, 7.i.1985, C. Griswold & T. Meikle-Griswold, under rocks and logs (NMSA); 1♀ same locality, 700 ft, 7.i.1985, C.E. Griswold (NMSA); 1♂ Malmesburg, Rondeberg 567 (Part 2), 33°24′S: 18°16′E, 26.x.1987, L.N. Lotz, in tent (NMBA, 2231); 1♂ 1 juv. Robben Island, 20.ix.2004, University of Cape Town, bush, Australian Acacia (NCA, 2005/2126). TANZANIA: 1♀ Tanga, W. Usambara Mountains, Mazumbai forest, 04°49′S:38°30′E, 1400–1800 m, 10–20.xi.1995, C.E. Griswold, N. Scharff & D. Ubick (CASC).

Distribution: Predominantly known from southern, central and north-eastern South Africa, and Lesotho, as well as a single locality in East Africa (Fig. 42).

Etymology: From Latin arcus (arch), referring to the arch-like structure of the anterior epigynal hood.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognised by the arch-shaped anterior hood of the epigyne and the two bulbous spermathecae that flank the copulatory openings (Fig. 43). The males can be recognised by the curve of the embolus and the rounded tip of the subtriangular retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs 47, 49). The sperm duct of this species is U-shaped and narrows towards the tip of embolus, either branching or not. The two variations of the male palp had largely overlapping ranges. However, no variation in female epigyne structure was observed in these populations, suggesting that these specimens are all conspecific.

Description:

Female.

Measurements: CL 1.98–3.00, CW 1.70–2.50, AL 2.25–4.60, AW 1.45–2.90, TL 4.10–8.10, FL 0.10–0.15, SL 1.13–1.70, SW 0.98–1.38, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.55, PME—PME 0.18, PME—PLE 0.20, PLE—PLE 0.88. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.40+1.13+1.88+1.55+1.15=8.21; II 2.20+1.18+1.70+1.48+1.18=7.74; III 1.53+0.90+1.13+1.40+0.58=5.54; IV 2.28+1.03+1.85+2.15+0.65=7.96.

Carapace orange to dark brown (Fig. 3); slightly raised to midpoint, with relatively gradual decline posteriorly; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, thickened, distinct, at ⅔ CL. Ocular region dark orange to brown with dark brown rings around eyes; AER very slightly recurved, nearly straight, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance approximately equal to their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.25 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by distance approximately equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance slightly larger than PME diameter. Chelicerae orange, dark brown towards border; dark long setae scattered on the anterior surface; fangs bright orange; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth slightly larger. Sternum orange, brown towards border; surface with long brown setae and short, light fine setae scattered throughout. Abdomen cream to pale yellow dorsally with grey chevron markings, with darkened median line and light grey transverse branches up to midpoint; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform orange; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense ventral scopulae; remaining leg segments covered with fine, less dense setae. Anterior legs slightly more robust than posterior. Leg spination: femora: I pl 3; patellae spineless; tibiae: III pl 1 vt 1, IV plv 2 vt 1; metatarsi: III pl 1 rl 1. Genitalia weakly sclerotised; epigynal anterior hood arched-shaped; copulatory openings situated mediolaterally, flanked by ST I and ST II; ST II large, globular, extending to approximately midpoint of epigyne; ST I small and globular, partially hidden by copulatory openings; ST I linked by narrow transverse duct (Figs 43, 44).

Male.

Measurements (eye and leg measurements taken from second largest specimen): CL 1.76–3.70, CW 1.45–3.00, AL 1.90–3.90, AW 1.30–2.70, TL 3.70–7.60, FL 0.10–0.35, SL 1.10–1.75, SW 0.90–1.75, AME—AME 0.15, AME—ALE 0.10, ALE—ALE 0.73, PME—PME 0.25, PME—PLE 0.28, PLE—PLE 1.13. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 3.00+1.50+2.70+1.80+1.30=10.30; II 2.60+1.35+2.33+1.65+1.08=9.01; III 1.70+1.05+1.10+1.58+0.58=6.01; IV 2.40+1.15+2.03+2.30+0.73=8.61.

Carapace orange to brown (Fig. 4); first third of carapace slightly raised with gradual decline in last two thirds; surface covered in short, fine setae; fovea short, thickened, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark orange to brown with dark brown to black rings around eyes; AER very slightly procurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; AME separated by distance approximately equal to their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to half AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by distance equal to 1.2 diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PLE diameter. Chelicerae orange to dark brown near fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae; fangs orange at tip, dark brown at fang base; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal and proximal teeth subequal in size; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards border; surface with scattered long brown and short pale setae. Abdomen cream dorsally with orange scutum covering entire dorsum; dorsum with pale brown chevron with thickened median line and pale brown transverse branches and dark grey lines laterally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; surface smooth with fine short dark setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform orange to brown; anterior legs slightly more robust than posterior legs; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense scopulae ventrally, remaining leg segments covered in fine, short dark setae. Leg spination: femora: I pl 2–3, II pl 3–4; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 15 vt 1 cusps, II plv 8 rlv 2 vt 2 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2–4 vt 1, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 3–12 cusps, II plv 2–8 cusps, III plv 2 rlv 1, IV rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 9 cusps, II plv 5–7 rlv 7 cusps (Fig. 45). Palp yellow-brown; embolus curved, distally located on tegulum, slightly coiled; sperm ducts U-shaped, unbranched (Fig. 46) or branched (Fig. 48) distally near embolus base; tibial apophysis prominent, subtriangular with rounded point (Figs 47, 49).

Holotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng: Knoppieslaagte [25.93°S:28.05°E], 13.ii.1980, D. Uys, pitfalls (NCA 84/605).

Allotype: ♂ LESOTHO: Mohale Dam, Island 2, 29°25.396′S:28°05.903′E, 14.xii.2003, C. Haddad, under rocks on hillside (NCA, 2006/1515).

Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 2♀ Bloemfontein district, “Deelhoek” farm, 28°51′S:26°07′E, 1999, C. Haddad, abandoned Trinervitermes trinervoides mound (NCA, 2006/1498); 1♂ same locality, 4.xi.2001, C. Haddad, under dung pad (NCA, 2006/1479). Gauteng: 1♀ Kloofendal Nat. Res., Roodepoort, 16.ii.1989, A. Leroy, under stone, exposed hillside (NCA, 89/741). Western Cape: 1♀ Anysberg Nat. Res., Vrede Cottages, 33°27.934′S:20°35.218′E, 23.ix.2005, C. Haddad & R. Lyle, night collecting (NCA, 2007/3936).

Other material examined: LESOTHO: 2♀ 2♂ 4 juv. Mohale Dam, Island 1, 29°25.255′S:28°05.985′E, 13.xii.2003, C. Haddad, among roots of fern (NCA, 2006/1517); 1♂ Mohale Dam, Island 4, 29°25.349′S: 28°06.253′E, 15.xii.2003, C. Haddad, under rocks (NCA, 2006/1516); 1♀ Mohale Dam, Island 5, 29°25.396′S:28°05.903′E, 16.xii.2003, C. Haddad, under rocks (NCA, 2006/1514); 1♂ near Ha Thlaku Village, 30°09.718′S:28°14.175′E, 2122 m, 14.xi.2003, C. Haddad, under rocks, near stream (NCA, 2006/1533); 1♀ Quthing, 17.iii.1949, Dr Brink, Dr Rudebeck, Swedish South Africa Expedition 1950–1951, Zoological Institute, University, Lund, rich meadows on horizontal layers of sandstone (AMG). NAMIBIA: 1♂ Vogelfederberg, 20.iv–18.v.1999, B. Wharton, pitfall trap (CASC). SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: 1♂ Alicedale, F. Cruden (AMG); 1♂ Fort Brown, xii.1915, Walton (AMG); 1♂ Grahamstown, 33 Oatlands road, 33°18′S:26°32′E, 17.xii.1979, P.M.C. Croeser, in house (NMSA); 1♀ 1♂ 5 imm. Jansenville district, “Klipfontein” farm, 32°54.492′S:24°45.436′E, 29.ix–1.x.2008, R. Lyle, active searching (NCA, 2008/2858); 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. near Kirkwood, Dunbrody, 1902, J. O'Neil (SAMC, 697); 1♂ Sundays River Valley, 23.xi.1999, H. Potgieter, citrus pitfall trap (NCA, 2000/234). Free State: 1♂ 1 juv. Bloemfontein district, “Hopefield” farm, 28°54′S:26°14′E, 15.xii.2001, C. Haddad, bluegum leaf debris (NCA, 2006/1497); 1♀ Brandfort, Florisbad, 28°46′S:26°05′E, 1250 m, 30.iii–26.iv.1988, L.N. Lotz, pres, traps (NMBA, 3987); 1♀ same data (NMBA, 8501); 1♀ Bloemfontein, 29°08′S:26°10′E, 1440 m, 18.ii.1993, L.N. Lotz, in house (NMBA, 5782); 1♀ Brandfort, Krugersdrift Dam, 28°42′S:25°55′E, 1.i.1987, Museum staff, in canal (NMBA, 9057); 1♀ Fauresmith, Boschrand 208, 29°56′S:24°48′E, 22.iii.2005, L. Lotz, sweeping, beating (NMBA, 10007); 1♀ Kimberley district, Benfontein Nat. Res., 28°49.259′S:24°50.155′E, 9.iii.2010, C. Haddad, base of grass tussocks (NCA, 2010/295). Gauteng: 1♂ Witwatersrand, Marievale Bird Sanctuary, 26°20′S:28°32′E, 8.xii.1990, V.D. & B. Roth (CASC). KwaZulu-Natal: 1♀ Pietermaritzburg, Scotsville, vii.1951, R.F. Lawrence, in dry leaves of garden (NMSA, 5649). North West: 1♂ Potschefstroom district, Thabela Thabang Mountain Retreat, 26°51.828′S:28°17.805′E, 29.x–5.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps, Vaal River bank (NMSA, 22680). Northern Cape: 1♂ 8.9 mi W of Hanover, Eierfontein, i.1902, S.C. Cronwright-Schreiner (SAMC, 10051); 1♂ same locality, xii.1901–ii.1902, Schreiner (SAMC, 11964); 1♀ Kathu District, “Sacha” farm, 27°42.500′S:22°57.967′E, 24–27.ii.2003, C. Haddad, pitfall traps (NCA, 2006/1500); 1♂ Lime Acres district, “Klien Papkuil” farm, 28°28.638′S:23°43.461′E, 12–17.i.2008, R. Lyle, leaf litter (NCA, 2008/2855); 3♀ same data (NCA, 2008/2856); 1♀ same data (NCA, 2008/2857); 3♂ Prieska District, Green Valley Nuts Estate, 22°56.683′S:29°35.183′E, 23.xi–18.xii.2001, C. Haddad, leaf litter, Eucalyptus trees (NCA, 2006/1502). Western Cape: 2♂ 1 juv. Buffels Bay, near Knysna, i.1910, W. Purcell (SAMC, B2315); 3♂ Cape Town, dunes near Khayelitsha, 33°55′S:18°25′E, 19.i.1989, R. Jocqué, fore dunes, sieved litter of shrub (MRAC, 169681); 1♀ same data, 20.i.1989 (MRAC, 169815); 1♀ Cape Peninsula, Muizenberg, 34°06′S:18°27′E, 5–19.v. 1991, R. Legg, dunes to the north (MRAC, 173716); 1♀ same data, 18.vii–11.viii.1991 (MRAC, 173801); 3♀ De Hoop Nat. Res., Potberg, 34°22.487′S:20°31.980′E, 6.iv.2006, C. Haddad, leaf litter (NCA, 2006/1511); 1♀ Kalk Bay Mountains, iii.1898, R.M. Lightfoot (SAMC, 3136); 1♀ Kommetjie, 30 km S of Cape Town, 34°09′S:22°10′E, 5.iv.2001, K. Muller, S. Prinsloo, D. & S. Ubick, coastal strand, intertidal zone (CASC); 1♀ Le Roux River, 10 km W Cango Caves, 33°30′S:22°10′E, 4.ii.1991, V.D. & B. Roth (CASC); 1♂ 3♀ 1 juv. Swartberg Nat. Res., Gamkaskloof, 15.ii.2001, Z. van der Walt, on soil (NCA, 2002/201); 1♀ same locality, 14.iv.1995, M. de Jager, on soil, on slides (NCA, 95/252); 1♂ Swartberg Nat. Res., Gamkaskloof, Die Hel, 33°21.0′S:21°40.2′E, iii.2006, Z. van der Walt, collected by hand (NCA, 2009/3678).

Distribution: Found in Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa. In South Africa recorded predominantly in grassland, karoo and fynbos habitats (Fig. 50).

Etymology: From Latin bis (double) and sulcus (a furrow); refers to the split in the retrolateral tibial apophysis, which forms two subtriangular excrescences.

Diagnosis: The male can easily be recognised by the broad tongue-like embolus and the retrolateral tibial apophysis split into two excrescences, of which the most dorsally situated one has a sharper point (Figs 52, 53). Female unknown.

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.40, CW 1.80, AL 2.20, AW 1.45, TL 4.60, FL 0.13, SL 1.23, SW 1.30, AME—AME 0.05, AME—ALE 0.03, ALE—ALE 0.28, PME—PME 0.13, PME—PLE 0.15, PLE—PLE 0.63. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.10+0.93+1.70+1.23+0.98=6.94; II 1.78+0.78+1.38+1.28+0.88=6.10; III 2.05+0.65+0.78+1.13+0.50=5.11; IV 1.75+0.75+1.60+1.65+0.53=6.28.

Carapace pale yellow, orange posteriorly (Fig. 5); first third of carapace evenly high, second third with gradual decline and last third with relatively steep decline; surface covered in fine, short setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region orange with light rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.8 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.8 PME diameter. Chelicerae orange; long, pale orange setae scattered on anterior surface; fangs light orange to pale yellow near tip; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, slightly darker yellow towards border; fine, pale setae scattered on surface. Abdomen very pale yellow dorsally, without distinctive markings or sigilla; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; venter pale yellow. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 4 rlv 1 cusps, II plv 2 cusps, III pl 2 rl 1 vt 1; metatarsi: I plv 10 rlv 2 vt 1 cusps, II plv 7 rlv 5 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1; tarsi: I plv 1 cusp, II plv 1 rlv 1 cusps (Fig. 51). Palp yellow; embolus broad, tongue-like (Fig. 52); retrolateral tibial apophysis prominent, with short, well-rounded ventral excrescence and sharply pointed dorsal excrescence (Fig. 53).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Cape Peninsula, Bergvliet, near Diep Rivier [34.04°S: 18.47°E], x.1898, F. Purcell (SAMC, 6238).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 55).

Etymology: From Latin bulla (a bubble); refers to the bubble-shaped ST II.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognised by the bubble-shaped ST II and the ducts linking the spermathecae, which converge at a 45° angle to the epigastric fold (Fig. 54). Male unknown.

Description:

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.90, CW 2.30, AL 3.80, AW 2.20, TL 6.70, FL 0.23, SL 1.80, SW 1.48, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.30, ALE—ALE 0.30, PME—PME 0.20, PME—PLE 0.53, PLE—PLE 0.90. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.50+1.78+2.35+2.03+1.18=9.84; II 2.48+1.40+2.08+1.65+1.05=8.66; III 2.90+1.50+2.70+2.90+1.10=11.10; IV 2.18+1.20+1.68+1.55+0.80=7.41.

Carapace orange to light brown posteriorly (Fig. 6); first two-thirds of carapace even and high, last third with relatively steep decline; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region light brown with dark rings around eyes; AER nearly straight, slightly procurved, ALE slightly larger than AME; clypeus height 0.8 AME diameter; AME separated by distance slightly less than their diameter; AME separated from ALE by approximately 0.3 ALE diameter; PER slightly recurved, ALE larger than AME; PME separated by distance equal to 1.4 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by twice PME diameter. Chelicerae dark brown, paler towards fang base; anterior surface covered in long scattered setae, denser toward fang base; fangs appear longer than other species, bright orange in colour; two promarginal teeth, equal in size; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, orange near border; surface covered in long, fine setae. Abdomen creamy yellow dorsally, mottled with dark brown, with grey chevron markings; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; surface covered in fine, light setae; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform yellow to orange, with irregular leg spines. Leg spination: femora: I pl 3, II pl 1, III pl 1 do 2 rl 1, IV do 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: II pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: II pl 1 rl 3 plv 3 rlv 2, III pl 3 rl 2 plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne weakly sclerotised; ducts linking spermathecae at 45° angle to epigastric fold; extending into small triangular ST I; ST II large, globular (Fig. 54).

Holotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: East London [33.0°S:27.9°E], v.1916, Rattray (AMG).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 55).

Etymology: This species is named after the Western Cape Province, where the entire type series was collected.

Diagnosis: The female can easily be recognised by the M-shaped anterior epigynal hood (Fig. 56). It has ST II that appear bilobed and are obscured by the large posterior subtriangular ST I (Figs 57, 58). The male of this species can easily be recognised by the well curved retrolateral embolus and the sharply pointed tapering prolateral tegular extension (Fig. 60).

Description:

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.60–2.70, CW 2.10–2.28, AL 2.80–3.80, AW 1.90–2.50, TL 5.80–6.50, FL 0.15–0.20, SL 1.60–1.65, SW 1.25–1.38, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.08, ALE—ALE 0.45, PME—PME 0.13, PME—PLE 0.18, PLE—PLE 0.75. ength of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I2.43+1.10+1.85+1.55+1.10=8.03; II 2.20+1.05+1.51+1.50+1.00=7.26; III 1.58+0.83+1.10+1.40+0.58=5.49; IV 2.38+0.98+1.85+2.23+0.68=8.12.

Carapace reddish brown to dark brown (Fig. 7); first third of carapace rising gradually to highest point, declining gradually in last two thirds; surface slightly granulated, covered in short, fine setae; fovea at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown to almost black with black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4 AME diameter; PER recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.2 PME diameter. Chelicerae reddish brown, dark brown near fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae, setae longer towards fang base; fang dark orange at base, bright orange at tip; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum dark brown, almost black near border, appearing mottled; surface texture granular, covered in scattered long, dark setae. Abdomen creamy yellow dorsally, with dark grey mottled pattern over entire abdomen; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; surface smooth, with short fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform yellow to brown; anterior legs darker, more robust than posteriors; femora to metatarsi with incomplete grey bands covering almost entire segment on legs I to IV; bands on anterior leg segments grey, light brown on posterior leg segments; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense scopulae. Leg spination: femora: I pl 2; patellae spineless; tibiae: IV rlv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: III pl 1 plv 2 vt 2, IV pl 1 plv 2. Palpal spination: tibia 1 do 1. Epigyne weakly sclerotised; anterior epigynal hood M-shaped; epigynal ridges funnel-shaped, with copulatory openings extending into bilobed ST II, partly obscured by larger posterior subtriangular ST I (Figs 56–58).

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.30, CW 1.93, AL 2.70, AW 1.63, TL 4.80, FL 0.15, SL 1.40, SW 1.15, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.38, PME—PME 0.10, PME—PLE 0.13, PLE—PLE 0.63. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I2.10+0.95+1.65+1.55+1.38=7.06; II 1.80+0.85+1.48+1.28+0.90=6.31; III 1.33+0.68+0.90+1.15+0.45=4.51; IV 1.90+0.75+1.53+1.75+0.63=6.56.

Carapace reddish brown to dark brown (Fig. 8); first third of carapace rising gradually to highest point, declining gradually until last quarter, declining steeply in last quarter; surface slightly granulated, covered in short, fine setae; fovea at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown with black rings around eyes; AER recurved, ALE slightly larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.6 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to 0.4 AME diameter; PER very slightly recurved, PME subequal to PLE; PME separated by distance equal to 0.84 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to 0.9 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, dark brown near fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange-brown, darkening near border; surface texture smooth, covered in scattered long, fine setae. Abdomen creamy yellow dorsally, with dark grey mottled pattern over entire abdomen; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; dark brown scutum extends over almost entire length of abdomen; surface smooth, with short fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform orange to brown; anterior legs darker, more robust than posteriors; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense scopulae. Leg spination: femora: I pl 3, II pl 2; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 11 cusps, II plv 3 cusps, III plv 3 vt 2, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 9 rlv 7 vt 1 cusps, II plv 11 rlv 6 vt 1 cusps, III pl 1 plv 3, IV pl 1 plv 2; tarsi: I plv 7 rlv 10 cusps, II plv 5 rlv 4 cusps (Fig. 59). Palp brown; embolus originating prolaterally, curving beneath large tapering curved prolateral tegular extension, emerging retrolaterally, curving and extending along retrolateral margin to cymbium tip (Fig. 60); retrolateral tibial apophysis parallel sided, directed dorsally, with sharp anterior point (Fig. 61).

Holotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: De Hoop Nat. Res., De Hoop Vlei, 34°29.425′S:20°25.762′E, 8.iv.2004, C. Haddad, litter under cut fynbos (NCA, 2006/1530).

Allotype: ♂ same locality as holotype, 2.i.1951, Swedish South Africa Expedition, Zoological Institute, University Lund, 1950–51, Dr. Brink & Sr. Rudebeck, soon Endan, under fern (AMG).

Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: 1♀ Hermanus, Petshus Park, 21.ii.1902, P. Lightfoot (SAMC, 11662); 1♀ Cape Peninsula, Kalk Bay Mtn., i.1900, W. Purcell (SAMC, 8657).

Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 67).

Ceto coenosa Simon, 1897c: 11; Simon 1897b: 179, fig. 183.

Diagnosis: This species may be recognised by the short curved entrance ducts that extend from the copulatory openings to ST II, and short diverging tubes leading to ST I (Fig. 62).

Remarks: Simon (1897b) illustrated the palp of A. coenosa. However, no males of this species could be traced in MNHN or other collections, and thus no redescription of the male is given. The holotype female of A. coenosa is deposited with a male of A. martini, which he may erroneously have interpreted as its matching male. As such, the true male of A. coenosa is unknown. It is possible that A. gracilis sp. n., known only from the male, is the matching male of A. coenosa, but specimens have not been collected together at the same locality and they are regarded as separated species until additional material can be sampled.

Redescription:

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.00–2.30, CW 1.70–1.93, AL 2.10–3.00, AW 1.95–2.10, TL 4.20–5.30, FL 0.13–0.15, SL 1.23–1.28, SW 0.98–1.05, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.30, PME—PME 0.18, PME—PLE 0.15, PLE—PLE 0.68. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I1.60+0.75+1.18+1.00+0.75=5.28; II1.48+0.70+1.03+0.95+0.95=4.79; III 1.13+0.63+0.73+0.95+0.43=3.87; IV 1.13+0.73+1.43+1.43+0.53=5.35.

Carapace brown to reddish brown (Fig. 9); rounded with highest point in second third of carapace length; surface smooth, covered in short, fine setae; fovea small, distinct and slightly thickened, at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown, eyes with black rings; AER slightly recurved, ALE larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to half AME diameter; PER very slightly recurved, almost straight, PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by 1.2 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.2 PME diameter. Chelicerae bright orange, with short, light setae scattered over anterior surface; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest, proximal tooth slightly smaller. Sternum dark orange, brown towards border; covered in short, fine setae, with longer setae towards border. Abdomen creamy white to pale yellow dorsally, with mottled grey pattern over entire abdomen; brown and grey mottled mark situated anteriorly; abdomen broader anteriorly and tapering posteriorly; scutum small, extending one quarter abdomen length; dorsal surface smooth, covered in fine setae; venter pale grey, covered in fine setae. Legs I to IV uniform yellow to light brown, dense ventral setae on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi; anterior legs more robust than posteriors; femora with large incomplete band covering almost entire segment, patellae with incomplete dorsal band, tibiae and metatarsi with two incomplete bands, situated proximally and distally. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae and tibiae spineless; metatarsi IV vt 1. Epigyne with semi-circular lateral ridges, which extend into relatively large medially located copulatory openings and copulatory ducts; copulatory ducts large, curving anteriorly into broad, curved STII, with narrow ducts running posteriorly, diverging to posterior ST I; ST I small and oval, situated at epigastric fold (Figs 62, 63).

Holotype (examined): ♀ deposited together with 1♂ A. martini: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal [no specific locality], C. Martin (MNHN, 71288).

Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: 1♀ Durban, Bluff, 14.iv.1976, F. Wanless & A. Russell-Smith, coastal dune scrub, shrub layer (BMNH); 1♀ Pietermaritzburg, Town Bush, 15.iv.1976, F. Wanless & A. Russell-Smith, on pine trunk (BMNH). Mpumalanga: 1♀ 11 km South East from Pilgrims Rest, 1400 m, 11–31.xii. 1985, S. & J. Peck, relict native forest edge, FIT-malaise (AMNH).

Distribution: Known from scattered localities in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces, South Africa (Fig. 67).

Etymology: From Latin corcullum (little heart); refers to the heart-shaped structure of the epigynal ridges.

Diagnosis: This species is easily recognised by the heart shape of the anterior epigynal ridges. It can be further recognised by the small globular shape of ST I and ST II, linked by a curved duct (Figs 65, 66). Ventral cusps are present on the anterior metatarsi and tarsi (Fig. 64). Male unknown.

Description:

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.80–2.95, CW 2.30–2.48, AL 2.60–3.50, AW 2.20–2.23, TL 5.70–6.40, FL 0.18–0.20, SL 1.60–1.78, SW 1.33–1.38, AME—AME 0.15, AME—ALE 0.08, ALE—ALE 0.48, PME—PME 0.15, PME—PLE 0.20, PLE—PLE 0.83. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I2.40+1.08+1.98+1.60+1.08=8.14; II 2.25+1.10+1.68+1.53+1.03=7.59; III 1.78+0.88+1.13+1.45+0.55=5.79; IV 2.50+1.05+1.95+1.80+0.70=8.00.

Carapace bright orange to brown (Fig. 10); first two thirds of carapace convex, last third with relatively steep decline; surface smooth, covered in short, fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region brown with dark brown rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance slightly less their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4 AME diameter; PER recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 1.2 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.6 PME diameter. Chelicerae orange, slightly darker at fang base; scattered long setae on anterior surface, increasing slightly in length towards fang base; fang pale orange; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; one retromarginal tooth, situated distally. Sternum pale orange, brown towards border; surface covered in fine, long, pale setae. Abdomen cream dorsally, with very pale grey chevron with few lateral branches; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; two pairs of pale grey sigilla, anterior and posterior to midpoint of abdomen; fine scattered setae covering abdomen; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform brown to pale yellow; anterior legs more robust than posterior pairs; relatively dense scopulae on ventral surface of tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi; remaining leg segments covered in fine, pale setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 2; patellae spineless; tibiae: III pl 1 vt 1, IV plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 5 cusps, II plv 5 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 2; tarsi: I plv 4 cusps, II plv 3 cusps (Fig. 64). Epigyne weakly sclerotised; epigynal ridges meeting anteriorly medially, heart-shaped, extending laterally to median copulatory openings (Fig. 65); ST II globular, situated slightly anterior to copulatory openings, with curved narrow duct leading to slightly larger globular lateral ST I; ST I situated posterior to copulatory openings (Figs 65, 66).

Holotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Horingsgat, ca 4 km N of Leliefontein in Kamiesberg, 30°18′S:18°05′E, 24–25.ii.1979, B. Lamoral (NMSA, 11891).

Paratype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Clanwilliam, Dwars Rivier 330, 32°31′S:19°16′E, 13.iii.1993, L.N. Lotz, night in house (NMBA, 5940).

Distribution: Known from the Western and Northern Cape provinces, South Africa (Fig. 67).

Etymology: This species is named after the collector of the type specimen, Peter Croeser, in recognition of the large quantity of valuable spider material he collected in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa.

Diagnosis: The female can be recognised by the broad curved copulatory openings that extend into looped copulatory ducts (Fig. 68). The male can easily be recognised by the retrolateral distally originating embolus with a narrow basal coil and curved, parallel sided distal section, ending in a serrated tip (Fig. 70). The sharply pointed tibial apophysis is situated dorsally (Fig. 71).

Description:

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.20, CW 1.85, AL 3.50, AW 2.15, TL 5.80, FL 0.10, SL 1.35, SW 1.08, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.03, ALE—ALE 0.40, PME—PME 0.15, PME—PLE 0.13, PLE—PLE 0.53. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I2.18+0.90+1.90+1.73+1.20=7.91; II 1.90+0.83+1.50+1.55+1.03=6.81; III 1.45+0.65+1.03+1.30+0.55=4.98; IV 2.25+0.85+1.90+2.23+0.73=7.96.

Carapace orange (Fig. 11); first two thirds of carapace slightly raised, highest point at posterior end of the first third, declining gradually until last quarter, with steep posterior decline; fovea short, distinct, slightly thickened, at two-thirds CL. Ocular region orange with dark brown rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height 0.8 AME diameter; AME separated by 0.6 times their diameter; AME separated by ALE by 0.1 AME diameter; PER recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 1.2 PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae bright orange, paler orange near fang base; scattered long brown setae on anterior surface, setae increasing in length towards fang base; fang pale orange; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, brown towards border; surface covered in long brown setae. Abdomen pale grey dorsally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; two pairs of sigilla, first pair pale grey, at midsection, second pair darker, at two-thirds abdomen length; venter pale grey. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow to orange, anterior legs slightly darker in colour and more robust. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1 rl 1, IV pl 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: III pl 1 rl 1 vt 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 1 vt 1. Palpal spination: patellae pl 1; tibiae pl 1 do 1 plv 1. Epigyne weakly sclerotised; copulatory openings broad and curved, in posterior half of epigyne, directed medially; ST II large, anteriorly situated, semi-circular; ST I triangular with whip-like duct (Fig. 68).

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.30, CW 1.90, AL 2.60, AW 1.55, TL 4.80, FL 0.15, SL 1.28, SW 1.13, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.03, ALE—ALE 0.43, PME-PME 0.13, PME—PLE 0.13, PLE—PLE 0.63. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total; both tarsi I missing): 12.23+0.98+1.85+1.68+?=?; II 1.95+0.85+1.53+1.53+1.15=7.01; III 1.55+0.68+1.05+1.30+0.65=5.23; IV 2.25+0.85+1.80+2.18+0.80=7.91.

Carapace orange (Fig. 12); first two thirds of carapace rounded, declining steeply in last third; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region orange with dark brown rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal 0.7 AME diameter; AME separated by distance half their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2 ALE diameter; PER recurved, PLE larger than PME; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.8 PME diameter. Chelicerae orange, paler brown at fang base; scattered, light, long setae on anterior surface; fangs bright orange; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum yellow, brown towards border; surface covered with scattered fine, long setae. Abdomen pale yellow dorsally with pale grey markings laterally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; dorsal scutum large, orange; two pairs of sigilla, pale grey pair anterior to midpoint, posterior pair darker in colour, posterior to midpoint; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow; dense scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi, remaining leg segments covered in fine, less dense setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 6 rlv 3 cusps, II plv 4 rlv 4 cusps, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 2 vt 1, IV pl 1 rl 2 plv 3 rlv 2; metatarsi: I plv 11 rlv 4 vt 1 cusps, II plv 8 rlv 4 vt 2 cusps, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 rlv 2, IV rl 1; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 4 cusps, II plv 2 cusps (Fig. 69). Palp brown throughout; tegulum oval, embolus originating retrolaterally distally, with narrow basal coil and curved, parallel sided distal section, ending in a serrated tip near prolateral cymbial margin (Fig. 70); sperm duct broad, running obliquely across tegulum; tibial apophysis triangular with sharp tip, situated dorsally (Figs 70, 71).

Holotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Mhlopeni Nat. Res., 5 km SE of Muden, 29°02′S:30°21′E, 3000 ft, [date unknown], P.M.C. Croeser, T. & C. Griswold, valley bushveld (NMSA).

Allotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: E of Glenmore, above KwaNcukunca stream, 20.i.1994, M. Burger, on soil, pitfall trap (NCA, 96/56).

Distribution: Known only from two localities in south-eastern South Africa (Fig. 80).

Etymology: From Latin flabellum (small fan); refers to the flattened, fan-like structure of the male embolus.

Diagnosis: The male can easily be recognised by the flattened tip of the embolus and the U-shaped sperm duct running along the margins of the tegulum, and the small, sharply pointed retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs 73, 74). The female can easily be recognised by the broad subtriangular shape of the anterior epigynal hood with lateral extensions leading to the copulatory openings (Fig. 75), along with small spherical ST II above the copulatory openings, and large, oval, laterally projecting ST I (Fig. 76).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.80, CW 2.28, AL 2.90, AW 1.75, TL 5.50, FL 0.18, SL 1.53, SW 1.30, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.53, PME—PME 0.15, PME—PLE 0.18, PLE—PLE 0.80. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.38+1.10+2.05+1.55+1.03=8.11; II 2.20+1.00+1.78+1.50+1.05=7.33; III 1.48+0.75+1.13+1.30+0.60=5.26; IV 2.18+0.85+1.73+2.00+0.68=7.44.

Carapace dark orange, fading to pale yellow posteriorly (Fig. 13); first third of carapace rounded, last two thirds with a gradual decline; surface smooth, covered in short, fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds abdomen length. Ocular region brown with dark brown rings around eyes; AER very slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height subequal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance approximately equal to 0.8 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4 AME diameter; PER recurved, PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by approximately 1.1 times their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, darker towards fang base; long, fine setae scattered on anterior surface, slightly longer towards fang base; fangs bright orange, darkening towards fang base; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, brown towards border; surface covered in short fine setae. Abdomen pale yellow to orange dorsally, with broad yellow stripe laterally and orange band dorsally across abdomen; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum almost covering entire abdomen length; two pairs of distinct sigilla, anterior pair slightly paler brown than posterior pair, situated either side of midpoint; venter pale yellow-grey. Anterior legs pale brown and more robust, posterior legs darker brown; metatarsi and tarsi covered with dense scopulae, remaining leg segments covered in pale fine setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 3, II pl 3; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7 cusps, II plv 4 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2 vt 2, IV plv 4 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 7 rlv 6 vt 1 cusps, II plv 9 rlv 4 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 2, IV plv 4 rlv 1; tarsi: I plv 5 rlv 9 cusps, II plv 8 rlv 1 cusps (Fig. 72). Palp yellow-brown, tegulum elongate; embolus originating prolaterally, curving retrolaterally, tip round and flattened; sperm duct U-curved, narrower at embolus base; retrolateral tibial apophysis small, triangular, sharply pointed (Figs 73, 74).

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.70, CW 2.10, AL 3.20, AW 1.80, TL 5.90, FL 0.13, SL 1.60, SW 1.28, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.53, PME—PME 0.15, PME—PLE 0.18, PLE—PLE 0.83. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.28+1.05+1.68+1.40+1.10=7.51; II 2.03+0.95+1.50+1.40+1.03=6.91; III 1.58+0.88+1.08+1.30+0.58=5.42; IV 2.30+0.75+1.80+2.10+0.65=7.60.

Carapace light orange, paler orange posterior to midpoint (Fig. 14); first third of carapace rounded, last two thirds with gradual decline; surface covered in short fine setae; fovea short, distinct, thickened, at two thirds CL. Ocular region orange with dark brown rings around eyes; AER recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance slightly less than their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to 0.5 AME diameter; PER recurved, PME and PLE subequal in size; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, darker towards fang base; long, fine setae scattered on anterior surface; fangs orange-brown; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, brown towards border; surface with scattered long brown setae. Abdomen cream, without markings dorsally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform light brown; anterior legs slightly more robust than posteriors; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense scopulae ventrally, remaining segments covered with fine setae; cusps absent. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: III pl 1 plv 2, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 2. Epigyne weakly sclerotised; anterior hood subtriangular, with lateral extensions leading to copulatory openings; ST II small, rounded, anterior to copulatory openings; ST I large, oval, projecting laterally, situated posterior to copulatory openings (Figs 75, 76).

Holotype ♂ and Allotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown [33.3°S:26.5°E], ii.1933, R.F. Lawrence (SAMC, B8279).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 80).

Etymology: From Latin gracilis (slender); refers to the slender embolus of the male.

Diagnosis: The male can easily be recognised by the slender, pointed embolus, which runs prolaterally of the tegulum at its base and obliquely towards the retrolateral margin in its distal section (Fig. 78). The tegular sperm duct has two sharp bends, one proximal and the second retrolateral (Fig. 78). The retrolateral tibial apophysis is short and triangular, with a broad base and dorsally directed rounded tip (Fig. 79). Female unknown.

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 1.50–2.23, CW 1.15–1.65, AL 1.81–2.56, AW 0.96–1.56, TL 3.69–5.04, FL 0.10–0.23, SL 0.88–1.19, SW 0.80–1.00, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.02, ALE—ALE 0.37, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.10, PLE—PLE 0.59. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.90+0.88+1.47+1.20+0.84=6.29; II 1.67+0.78+1.31+1.14+0.80=5.70; III 1.20+0.63+0.88+1.06+0.51=4.28; IV 1.78+0.73+1.49+1.75+0.64=6.39.

Carapace brown to dark brown nearing borders (Fig. 15); highest point in first third of carapace; gradually decline until last quarter, last quarter with steep decline; surface finely granulate, covered in short, fine setae; fovea distinct, at two thirds carapace length. Ocular region brown, with dark brown rings around eyes; AER recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height subequal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to approximately half their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.33 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by distance slightly larger than their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance slightly less than PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, darker towards fang base; long, fine setae scattered on anterior surface, slightly longer towards fang base; fangs orange, darker towards fang base; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale orange, brown towards border; surface covered in short fine setae. Abdomen pale yellow to orange dorsally, with grey stripe laterally, extending to half abdomen length; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; abdomen with brown scutum covering almost entire dorsum; two pairs of pale brown, indistinct sigilla. Legs I to IV yellow to light brown, dense ventral setae on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi; anterior legs more robust than posteriors; femora with large incomplete band covering almost entire segment, patellae with incomplete dorsal band, tibiae and metatarsi with two incomplete bands, situated proximally and distally; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 2, II pl 1, III pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7–8 rlv 3 vt 2 cusps, II plv 4–5 cusps, III pl 1 plv 1 vt 2, IV vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 10–12 rlv 7–8 vt 1–2 cusps, II plv 8–9 rlv 3–4 vt 1–2 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 2; tarsi: I plv 4–5 rlv 4 cusps, II plv 4–5 rlv 3–4 cusps (Fig. 77). Palp brown, tegulum elongate; embolus originating prolaterally, curving retrolaterally toward cymbium tip, distal section slender and pointed; sperm duct with sharp proximal and retrolateral bends (Fig. 78); retrolateral tibial apophysis short and triangular, with broad base, tip rounded and directed dorsally (Fig. 79).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga: Dullstroom, Sakhelwe Location, 25°24.887′S:30°05.572′E, 2017 m, 26–29.xi.2008, L. Makaka, pitfall traps (NCA, 2009/4819).

Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga: 1♂ Dullstroom, Groblers Farm, 25°20.002′S:30°06.292′E, 1950 m, 26–29.xi.2008, L. Makaka, pitfall traps (NCA, 2009/4817); 1♂ Dullstroom, Verloren Vallei Nat. Res., 25°18.832′S:30°07.791′E, 2189 m, 26–29.xi.2008, L. Makaka, pitfall traps (NCA, 2009/4818); 1♂ Veloren Vallei Nat. Res., Block 3, 25°18.832′S:30°07.791′E, 29.xi–2.xii.2008, L. Makaka, pitfall traps (NCA, 2010/226); 1♂ Roger Croall, 25°32′S:30°04′E, 26–29.xi.2008, L. Makaka, pitfall traps (NCA, 2010/223).

Distribution: Known only from the Dullstroom district in Mpumulanga Province, South Africa (Fig. 80).

Etymology: From Latin planus (flat); refers to the flat tibial apophysis of the male.

Diagnosis: The male of this species is closely related to A. martini but can be recognised by the flat retrolateral tibial apophysis with a single dorsally directed tooth-like excrescence, the more compact tegulum and cymbium, and the embolus that is directed distally after emerging from beneath the tegulum, with the tip close to the retrolateral cymbial margin (Figs 97, 98). The female can be recognised by the curved copulatory ducts, with ST II extending beyond the anterior margins of the lateral epigynal ridges (Figs 100, 101); in A. martini the copulatory ducts are distinctly coiled and ST II do not reach the anterior margin of the lateral epigynal ridges (Figs 36, 37).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.10–2.80, CW 1.83–2.50, AL 2.30–3.20, AW 1.53–2.20, TL 4.40–6.10, FL 0.18–0.28, SL 1.23–1.58, SW 1.08–1.45, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.08, ALE—ALE 0.53, PME—PME 0.20, PME—PLE 0.20, PLE—PLE 0.83. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I2.43+1.18+2.05+1.70+1.08=8.44;II 2.15+1.24+1.80+1.63+0.98=7.80; III 1.53+0.85+1.10+1.48+0.73=5.69; IV 2.18+0.98+1.93+2.33+0.73=8.15.

Carapace brown to dark brown, slightly paler posterior to fovea (Fig. 16); first two thirds of carapace slightly raised with highest point near one third of carapace length; last third with relatively steep decline; surface slightly granular, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, distinct, slightly thickened, at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown with black rings around eyes; AER slightly procurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to 0.5 AME diameter; AME separated by slightly less than 0.5 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.3 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE larger than PME; PME separated by 1.5 times their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PME diameter (Fig. 81). Chelicerae dark brown, paler near base; anterior surface covered in long, dark setae; fangs bright orange, darker at fang base; three promarginal teeth, median and proximal teeth subequal in size, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth slightly larger than proximal tooth. Sternum pale brown to yellow, covered in fine long setae throughout (Fig. 82). Abdomen cream to light brown dorsally, with dark grey ventral line, either branched into a chevron or unbranched; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; two pairs of grey sigilla, one pair anterior and other posterior to midpoint of abdomen; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow to light brown, with incomplete grey bands on femora to metatarsi; relatively dense scopulae ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi, remaining leg segments covered in fine, pale setae; anterior femora with two incomplete distal bands, tibiae with incomplete distal and proximal bands, metatarsi with incomplete distal and proximal band; posterior pairs of legs with similar band arrangement, with exception of femora, with one incomplete distal band; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1 rl 1, IV pl 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7–10 rlv 0–4 vt 1 cusps, II plv 4–9 rlv 0–4 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 10–14 rlv 8–11 vt 2 cusps, II plv 13 rlv 9 vt 2 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 2; tarsi: I plv 4–10 rlv 3–8 cusps, II plv 4–8 rlv 2–5 cusps (Figs 83–86, 96). Palp yellow-brown; embolus originating prolaterally, curving beneath tegulum, emerging distally; distal section of embolus directed distally, tip fist-like, close to retrolateral margin of cymbium (Figs 87, 97); cymbium with two short ventral spines, located prolaterally and retrolaterally near distal end of cymbium (Fig. 97); retrolateral tibial apophysis prominent, flattened, broad, with sharp, dorsally directed tooth-like excrescence; patellar apophysis sharp, slightly curved (Fig. 98).

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.00–2.40, CW 1.78–2.08, AL 2.40–4.00, AW 1.85–2.60, TL 5.00–6.30, FL 0.13–0.28, SL 1.33–1.43, SW 1.05–1.16, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.45, PME—PME 0.23, PME—PLE 0.10, PLE—PLE 0.58. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.05+0.95+1.55+1.40+0.95=6.90; II 1.83+0.88+1.38+1.35+0.88=6.32; III 1.38+0.73+0.95+1.25+0.48=4.79; IV 2.05+0.85+ 1.73+2.00+0.65=7.28.

Carapace orange to dark brown, paler posterior to midpoint (Fig. 17); first two thirds of carapace raised, with highest point at one third of carapace length, posterior third declining steeply; surface smooth, covered in short, fine setae; fovea short, distinct, slightly thickened, at two-thirds CL. Ocular region light brown with dark brown rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to 0.8 AME diameter; AME separated by 0.6 their diameter; ALE separated from AME by 0.8 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE larger than PME; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to 1.5 their diameter; PME separated by distance equal to PME diameter. Chelicerae light brown, slightly darker at fang base; anterior surface of chelicerae with scattered setae (Fig. 88); fangs orange; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, brown towards borders; surface covered in long, fine setae. Abdomen pale yellow to cream dorsally, with light grey lateral stripe; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; one pair of pale grey sigilla anterior to midpoint of abdomen; fine setae scattered throughout dorsum; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform light brown to pale yellow; erect setae on anterior legs, alongside cusps on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi; dense scopulae ventrally on anterior metatarsi and tarsi (Figs 90–92). Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1 rl 1, pl 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 9–13 rlv 4–7 cusps, II plv 2–8 rlv 3–4 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 14–16 rlv 9–10 cusps, II plv 11–12 rlv 8–9 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 1; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 4–6 cusps, II plv 3–4 rlv 1–3 cusps (Figs 89, 91–93, 99). Genital area sclerotised; lateral epigynal ridges comma-shaped, copulatory openings directed anteriorly; epigyne without mating plugs (Fig. 94) or with plugs (Fig. 95); copulatory ducts broad, curved, leading to small anterior ST II extending beyond anterior margin of lateral ridges (Figs 100, 101); narrow duct leading posteriorly from ST II to medially placed globular ST I in posterior half of epigyne (Fig. 101).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Crocodile Farm, 26°54.426′S: 32°19.185′E, 19.i.2002, C. Haddad, leaf litter under fig tree (NCA, 2002/385).

Allotype: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, W shore of Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.767′S: 32°16.557′E, 3.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under Acacia xanthophloea bark (NCA, 2006/1488).

Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: 5♂ Ndumo Game Reserve, Start of game count transect 8, 26°50.183′S:32°13.135′E, 2.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under bark of fever tree (NCA, 2006/1493). Western Cape: 1♂ 4♀ 1 juv. De Hoop Nat. Res., Potberg, 34°22.487′S:20°31.980′E, 6.iv.2004, C. Haddad, leaf litter (NCA, 2006/1505).

Other material examined: MALAWI: 1♀ Viphya Mountains, Chikangawa, 11°50′S:33°48′E, ix–x.1977, R. Jocqué, old pine plantation (MRAC, 153548). SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 1♂ Bloemfontein district, “Hopefield” farm, 28°54′S:26°14′E, 1.xii.2001, C. Haddad, under Bluegum bark (NCA, 2006/1478); 1♂ 1 juv. Sandveld Nat. Res., 27°41′S:25°43′E, 25.X.2003, C. Haddad, in chimney of Odontotermes termite mound (NCA, 2002/507). KwaZulu-Natal: 1♀ Ndumo Game Reserve, Crocodile Farm, 26°54.426′S: 32°19.185′E, 28.vi.2003, C. Haddad, active search (NCA, 2006/1494); 2♀ same locality, Crocodile Farm, 26°54.426′S:32°19.185′E, 8.xii.2000, C. Haddad, fever tree, active search (NCA, 2006/1506); 2♂ same locality, E shore of Shokwe Pan, 26°52.516′S:32°12.407′E, 21.vi.2006, C. Haddad, under logs (NCA, 2006/1238); 3♂ same data (NCA, 2006/1244); 1♂ same locality, near Nyamiti Bird Hide, Pongola R. floodplain, Ezikebheni, 26°53.362′S:32°18.892′E, 9.ii.2005, C. Haddad, leaf litter, floodplain (NCA, 2005/40); 16♂ same locality, start of game count transect 8, 26°50.183′S:32°13.135′E, 2.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under fever tree bark (NCA, 2006/1484); 8♀ same data (NCA, 2006/1485); 6♀ same locality, start of game count transect 8, 26°50.183′S:32°13.135′E, 2.vii.2004, C. Haddad, Ficus bark (NCA, 2006/1492); 3♂ same locality, W shore of Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.767′S:32°16.557′E, 3.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under A. xanthophloea bark (NCA, 2006/1487). Limpopo: 1♀ Tuinplaas, Springbokvlakte, Settlers Lodge, 7.v.2002, M. van Jaarsveld, aru 5731 grass, pitfall trap (NCA, 2003/332); 1♀ same locality, 7.V.2002, M. van Jaarsveld, aru 5730 grass, pitfall trap (NCA, 2003/333); 1♀ same locality, 7.V.2002, M. van Jaarsveld, aru 5734 grass, pitfall trap (NCA, 2003/334).

Distribution: Recorded from the eastern, central and southern parts of South Africa, with a single specimen collected in Malawi (Fig. 105).

Etymology: From Latin porrecta (stretched out, extended or long); refers to the very long embolus and cymbium of the male.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognised by the long, slender embolus that extends retrolaterally along the elongated, slender cymbium (Fig. 103). The palpal tibia has two distinctly separate retrolateral apophyses, of which the dorsal apophysis is larger and more sharply pointed (Fig. 104). Female unknown.

Description (only the type specimen was measured since the other specimen examined was severely damaged):

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.42, CW 1.92, AL 2.58, AW 1.62, TL 5.00, FL 0.38, SL 1.37, SW 1.20, AME—AME 0.01, AME—ALE 0.06, ALE—ALE 0.45, PME—PME 0.18, PME—PLE 0.16, PLE—PLE 0.71. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.35+1.00+1.94+1.63+1.08=8.00; II 2.08+0.90+1.67+1.45+0.92=7.02; III 1.57+ 0.73+1.06+1.37+0.53=5.26; IV 2.33+0.86+1.92+2.24+0.75=8.10.

Carapace reddish brown (Fig. 19); first third with gradual rise to highest point of carapace, gradual decline of carapace till last quarter, last quarter with steep decline; surface smooth, covered in fine setae; fovea long, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown with black rings around eyes; AER recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height slightly more than AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.7 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.29 AME diameter; PER procurved, PLE and PME are subequal in size; PME separated by 1.5 PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by slightly less than 1.5 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, slightly darker towards fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, proximal and distal tooth equal in size; two retromarginal tooth, largest situated distally. Sternum brown, border light brown; surface with scattered long setae. Abdomen pale grey; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; brown scutum extends two thirds dorsum length, dark brown median line extending to half abdomen length; surface smooth with short, fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow with incomplete band markings; anterior legs more robust than posteriors; legs with dense scopulae ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi; remaining segments covered in scattered setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1, IV pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7 rlv 2 cusps, II plv 5 rlv 5 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 2 vt 2, IV pl 2 plv 3 rl 1 rlv 2 vt 1; metatarsi: I plv 15 rlv 9 cusps, II plv 11 rlv 4 vt 2 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 1, IV pl 2 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 1; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 3 cusps, II plv 2 rlv 1 cusps (Fig. 112). Palp yellow, elongated slender embolus with narrow point (Fig. 103), curving retrolaterally on narrow, elongated cymbium; two retrolateral tibial apophysis, dorsal apophyses small, rounded, posterior apophyses large sharply pointed (Fig. 104).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: “Rosendal” Farm, near Prince Albert, 33°16.492′S:22°14.461′E, 24–27.ix.2008, D. van Rensburg, R. Lyle, R. Fourie, J. Saaiman, R. du Preez & V. Swart, pitfall traps, southern slope (NCA, 2008/2895).

Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: 1♂ Jansenville District, 28 km NWW of Jansenville, “Suurhaak” Farm, Trap 18-7 (NCA, 2008/2896).

Distribution: This species is only known from single localities in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces, South Africa (Fig. 105).

Etymology: From Latin rotunda (rounded); refers to the rounded anterior hood of the female epigyne.

Diagnosis: The male of this species resembles A. gracilis sp. n. in genitalic morphology, but can be distinguished by the single loop of the U-shaped seminal ducts, the presence of a ventral distal cymbial spine, and the broader, shorter retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs 107, 108). The female resembles A. area sp. n. in genitalic morphology but can be recognised by the round anterior hood with lateral extensions leading to the copulatory openings, and the absence of a transverse duct linking the STI (Fig. 109).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.58, CW 1.83, AL 1.41, AW 0.94, TL 3.99, FL 0.25, SL 1.49, SW 1.24, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.06, ALE—ALE 0.45, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.18, PLE—PLE 0.71. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.38+1.08+1.92+1.38+0.88=7.64; II 2.00+0.92+1.62+1.27+0.85=6.66; III 1.23+ 0.65+0.96+1.23+0.46=4.53; IV 1.81+0.77+1.54+1.73+0.54=6.39.

Carapace reddish brown, pale orange posterior to midpoint (Fig. 19); highest point in first third of CL, declining gradually in last two thirds; surface smooth, covered in fine setae; fovea distinct, slightly thickened, at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown with dark brown rings around eyes; AER recurved, AME and ALE subequal in size; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.84 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.5 AME diameter; PER very slightly recurved, PLE subequal to PME; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to 1.14 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, slightly darker towards fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum orange, border brown; surface with scattered long brown setae. Abdomen creamy pale yellow with grey mottling, with dark grey lateral line extending length of abdomen; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; brown scutum covering entire dorsum; surface smooth, with short, fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale brown; anterior legs more robust, slightly darker than posteriors; legs with relatively dense scopulae ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi; remaining segments covered in scattered fine setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 4, II pl 4; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 7 rlv 4 vt 2 cusps, II plv 5 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2 vt 1, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 10 rlv 7 vt 1 cusps, II plv 9 rlv 4 vt 1 cusps, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 3, IV pl 1 plv 3; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 4 cusps, II plv 4 rlv 3 cusps (Fig. 106). Palp brown; sperm duct U-shaped, narrowing towards embolus; embolus originating prolaterally, with narrow, sharply pointed tip directed obliquely towards the retrolateral margin of cymbium; cymbium with one strong prolateral distal ventral spine (Fig. 107); retrolateral tibial apophysis broad, triangular, ending in sharp point (Fig. 108).

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.54, CW 2.00, AL 3.46, AW 1.92, TL 6.00, FL 0.23, SL 1.47, SW 1.25, AME—AME 0.12, AME—ALE 0.06, ALE—ALE 0.45, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.16, PLE—PLE 0.69. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.06+0.98+1.55+1.27+0.84=6.70; II 1.86+0.88+1.39+1.20+0.78=6.11; III 1.27+0.76+0.98+1.18+0.47=4.66; IV 1.98+0.78+1.59+1.86+0.56=6.77.

Carapace reddish brown, pale orange posterior to midpoint (Fig. 19); highest point in first third CL, with gradual decline in last two thirds; surface finely granulated, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown, with black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME subequal to ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to their diameter, AME separated from ALE by distance equal to half AME diameter; PER recurved, PME subequal to PLE; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.17 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, darker towards fang base; dark long setae on anterior surface, increasing in length towards fang base; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards borders; surface with scattered long and short dark setae. Abdomen pale yellow with pale mottled grey; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; surface smooth, covered with short fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale brown; metatarsi and tarsi with dense ventral scopulae, remaining segments covered with fine, scattered setae. Leg spination: femora: I pl 4, II pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: III pl 1 rl 1 plv 4, IV vt 2; metatarsi: III pl 1 plv 1 rlv 1, IV rlv 2. Epigyne sclerotised, with rounded anterior hood, extending laterally to medially situated copulatory openings (Fig. 109); ST II approximately subequal to ST I, both spherical; ST II anterior of copulatory opening, linked by short, broad, curved duct to lateral ST I, posterior to copulatory opening (Fig. 110).

Holotype ♂ and Allotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: “Blesfontein” Farm, nr Sutherland, 32°28.087′S:20°25.113′E, 1357m, 30.xi.2008, V. Butler, active search, vlei [wetland] area (NCA, 2008/2899).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 117).

Etymology: From Latin spiculum (a dart, an arrow), which refers to the sharp embolus tip of the male.

Diagnosis: Males can easily be recognised by the sharp transverse embolus, the prominent, sharply pointed dorsal tibial apophysis, and the small, dorsally situated retrolateral patellar apophysis that is slightly curved into a point (Figs 112, 113). The female has long coiled copulatory ducts and anterior ST II, leading via a fine duct to the small round posterior ST I (Fig. 115).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 1.90, CW 1.73, AL 2.00, AW 1.33, TL 4.00, FL 0.23, SL 1.23, SW 1.08, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.03, ALE—ALE 0.38, PME—PME 0.10, PME—PLE 0.10, PLE—PLE 0.58. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.70+0.78+1.35+1.15+0.78=5.76; II 1.58+0.78+1.25+1.10+0.75=5.46; III 1.10+0.55+0.83+0.95+0.45=3.88; IV 1.63+0.70+1.33+1.45+0.53=5.64.

Carapace light brown, pale orange posterior to fovea (Fig. 21); carapace highest at eye region, first two thirds of carapace with gradual decline, with relatively steep decline in the last third; surface smooth, covered in fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region orange, with dark brown rings around eyes; AER almost straight, AME and ALE subequal in size; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.75 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to half AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 0.8 PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.8 PME diameter. Chelicerae orange to brown, slightly darker towards fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; one small retromarginal tooth, situated distally. Sternum pale yellow, border light brown; surface with scattered long brown setae. Abdomen creamy pale yellow, mottled grey posterior to midpoint; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum nearly covering entire dorsum; surface smooth with short, fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow; anterior legs more robust than posteriors; legs with dense scopulae ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi; remaining segments covered in scattered dark setae; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 3, II pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 1 cusp, III plv 1 vt 1, IV vt 1; metatarsi: I plv 7 rlv 3 cusps, II plv 3 rlv 1 cusps, III pl 1 plv 2, TV pl 1 rl plv 2 rlv 1; tarsi: I plv 6 rlv 3 cusps, II plv 2 rlv 1 cusps (Fig. 111). Palp yellow; embolus with sharply pointed tip, curving transversely across cymbium to retrolateral margin; sperm duct U-shaped, narrowing towards embolus; tibial apophysis dorsally situated, slightly curved, ending in sharp point; patella with small, slightly curved dorsal apophysis (Figs 112, 113).

Female.

Measurements: CL 2.30, CW 1.98, AL 3.40, AW 2.20, TL 5.80, FL 0.23, SL 1.40, SW 1.18, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.03, ALE—ALE 0.43, PME—PME 0.15, PME—PLE 0.15, PLE—PLE 0.65. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): 12.45+1.03+1.98+1.68+1.20=8.34; II 2.08+0.85+1.58+1.50+1.08=7.09; III 1.53+0.80+ 1.18+1.35+0.63=5.49; IV 2.40+0.98+2.05+2.28+0.88=8.59.

Carapace dark brown (Fig. 22); first two thirds of carapace rounded, with relatively steep decline in last third; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown with black rings around eyes; AER slightly procurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height slightly less than AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to their diameter, AME separated from ALE by 0.4 AME diameter; PER very slightly recurved, PME larger than PLE; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.2 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, darker towards fang base; dark long setae on anterior surface, increasing in length towards fang base; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards borders; long, surface with scattered long dark setae. Abdomen pale yellow with chevron markings, with grey median line, light grey transverse branches and dark grey lines laterally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; surface smooth, covered with short fine setae throughout; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform light brown, with distinct incomplete bands on femora to tibiae and complete bands on distal ends of metatarsi; dense scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi, remaining segments covered with fine, scattered setae; femora with one large incomplete proximal band; patellae with one incomplete proximal band; tibiae with two incomplete bands, proximal and distally situated. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: III rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2, IV pl 1 rl 2 plv 2; metatarsi: III pl 1 plv 2 rlv 2. Palpal spination: femora rlv 2, tibiae do 1. Epigyne sclerotised with semi-circular hoods, covering copulatory openings; entrance ducts coiled, ST II hidden behind hoods; ST I small, globose, posteromedially situated, linked to ST II by long narrow duct (Figs 114–116); anterior portion of spermathecal structures hidden in abdomen in ventral view (Fig. 114).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nat. Res., near Nieuwoudtville [31.4°S:19.1°E], 21.xii.2000, J. Leroy, sifted from leaf litter under Rhus lancea trees, riverine thickets (NCA, 2006/1529).

Allotype: ♀ SOUTHAFRICA: Northern Cape: 30km SE of Britstown, “De Put” Farm, 30°48.433′S:23°40.600′E, 20–29.i.2006, M. Burger, M. Carstens, K. Jacobs & A. Pretorius, caught in pitfall and funnel traps, SARCA (Grid trap) (NCA, 2006/1555).

Distribution: Known from the Northern Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 117).

Etymology: The name is a combination of the patella, referring to the large retrolateral patellar apophysis of the males (longer than the palpal patella), and Cetonana, to which the new genus is related. Gender feminine.

Type species: Patelloceto secutor sp. n.

Diagnosis: This genus superficially resembles Afroceto gen. n. and the South American genus Trachelopachys Simon, 1897, but can easily be recognised by the unique genitalic morphology: males have a distal femoral apophysis that is sometimes denticulate, a large retrolateral patellar apophysis that is longer than the patella itself, and a large dorsal triangular tibial apophysis. Females can be recognised by the broad membranous median septum separating the small lateral spermathecae, and the long oblique lateral epigynal hoods flanking the copulatory openings.

Description: Medium sized spiders, 3.4–8.1 mm in length; male smaller, more robustly built than female, with legs and abdomen thicker and more compact than female. Carapace convex, highest immediately posterior to eye region; ocular region narrowest, broader medially and concave posteriorly; carapace bright orange to red-brown; carapace covered in fine setae; fovea short, distinct and slightly thickened; ocular region darkened with dark rings around eyes. Anterior eye row slightly recurved; posterior eye row recurved. Chelicerae usually with two or three promarginal teeth, and two retromarginal teeth; labium usually longer than broad; endites straight along lateral margin, serulla distinct. Sternum shield-shaped, longer than broad; short and/or long fine setae scattered across smooth surface; colouration pale yellow to orange brown, darker towards border. Legs with paired tarsal claws situated between a dense claw tuft; ventral cusps present on anterior tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of males only, absent in females; cusps shape usually elongate with sharply rounded point (Fig. 129); cusp arrangement differs between species and individuals; leg spines present, one prolateral spine on femur I, sometimes found on other femora of remaining legs; limited number of scattered spines on posterior legs, especially when compared with the genus Afroceto; legs I to IV generally pale yellow to light brown, femora of all legs often darker than other leg segments. Abdomen broader anteriorly and tapering posteriorly; integument pale yellow to cream, with paired sigilla; males have large scutum covering abdomen dorsally, scutum in females reduced in size, usually only covering first fifth of abdomen. Female epigyne analogous structures, long oblique lateral epigynal hoods (Fig. 131) that flank small copulatory openings; small, lateral ST separated by a broad membranous median septum; distance between ST varies among species (Figs 136, 144); ST I large, situated posteriorly to ST II (Figs 137, 145). Male palps with limited variation in structures; distal femoral apophysis present, but varying in size between species; retrolateral patellar apophysis is longer than the patella, extending to or past tegulumbase (Figs 135, 140, 143); triangular tibial apophysis dorsally situated, varying is size; embolus short, with two-three spines situated near embolus tip (Figs 134, 139, 142).

Species included: P. denticulata, P. media and P. secutor (all new).

Etymology: From Latin secutor (a class of gladiator). The sharp dorsally pointed tibial apophysis that appears sword-like and is shielded by the palpal cymbium, is reminiscent of a gladiator armed with a sword and a shield.

Diagnosis: The male can easily be recognised by the dorsal palpal tibial apophysis that is more than half the dorsal cymbium length, and the presence of a small finger-like retrolateral palpal tibial apophysis (Fig. 134). The female can be recognised by the two widely separated copulatory openings that are shielded by two oblique epigynal hoods that are bent and extended medially along their anterior margin (Fig. 136).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 1.75–2.10, CW 1.52–1.83, AL 1.76–2.40, AW 1.28–1.53, TL 3.44–4.25, FL 0.13–0.28, SL 0.94–1.20, SW 0.90–1.08, AME—AME 0.09, AME—ALE 0.23, ALE—ALE 0.38, PME—PME 0.18, PME—PLE 0.40, PLE—PLE 0.60. Length of leg segmerits (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.58+0.73+1.20+1.08+0.73=5.32; II 1.53+0.70+1.08+0.98+0.65=4.94; III 1.10+0.58+0.75+1.00+0.43=3.86; IV 1.58+0.68+ 1.18+1.43+0.53=5.40.

Carapace dark brown (Fig. 118); carapace evenly high in first three quarters with relatively steep decline in last quarter; surface finely granular, covered in short fine setae; fovea short, thick, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region dark brown with black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to 1.5 AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.7 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PME and PLE subequal in size; PME separated by distance equal to 1.2 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance slightly less than PME diameter. Chelicerae dark brown, darker towards fang base; anterior surface of chelicerae with scattered black setae, setae longer towards fang base; fangs dark orange; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum dark orange, brown towards border; surface granular, rough, with dark setae. Abdomen dark orange dorsally, darkening to brown laterally and posteriorly; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum almost covering entire abdomen length; surface smooth, with short, fine setae throughout; venter pale brown. Legs I to IV yellow to orange, femora dark brown; metatarsi and tarsi with relatively dense scopulae ventrally; remaining leg segments covered in short, fine setae; anterior legs more robust; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 9 rlv 4 cusps, II plv 2 rlv 0–4 cusps; metatarsi: I plv 9–13 rlv 7–8 vt 2 cusps, II plv 10–11 rlv 2–8 vt 2 cusps; tarsi: I plv 5–6 rlv 2–6 cusps, II plv 3–4 rlv 0–3 cusps (Figs 123–129, 132). Palp brown, without spines; femur with lobed distal retrolateral apophysis, without denticles; patella with large, elongate, slightly twisted retrolateral apophysis, extending beyond base of cymbium; tibia with short, finger-like distal retrolateral apophysis and very large sword-like dorsal apophysis, anterior length nearly twice as long as tibial width (Figs 130, 133–135); tegulum elongate; embolus short, slightly curved, directed distally; cymbium with two short distal ventral spines, situated prolaterally and medially (Fig. 134).

Female.

Measurements: CL 1.80–2.15, CW 1.60–1.80, AL 2.25–3.00, AW 1.75–2.24, TL 4.20–4.50, FL 0.10–0.15, SL 1.10–1.23, SW 0.98–1.03, AME—AME 0.10, AME—ALE 0.02, ALE—ALE 0.39, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.12, PLE—PLE 0.57. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.65+0.78+1.25+1.14+0.78=5.60; II 1.57+0.71+1.41+1.06+0.70=5.45; III 0.90+0.63+0.82+1.02+0.47=3.84; IV 1.45+0.67+1.22+1.57+0.59=5.50.

Carapace reddish brown to brown (Fig. 119); first two thirds of carapace slightly raised, with steep decline in last third; surface granular, covered in short, fine setae; fovea short, thickened, distinct, at two thirds CL. Ocular region reddish brown to brown with dark brown to black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height subequal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance 0.8 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4 AME diameter; PER slightly recurved, PLE larger than PME; PME separated by distance equal to 1.25 times their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PLE diameter. Chelicerae dark orange to brown, almost black laterally, slightly paler near fang base; anterior surface with scattered black setae, setae longer towards fang base; fangs orange in colour; two promarginal teeth, subequal in size, both situated distally; two retromarginal teeth, subequal in size, situated proximally. Sternum orange, brown towards border; surface with scattered long brown setae. Abdomen cream to grey dorsally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; orange to brown scutum extending to one fifth of abdomen length; abdomen with two pairs of sigilla, first pair just posterior to scutum, second pair at two fifths of abdomen length; venter cream. Legs I to IV uniform orange to brown, femora dark brown; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with relatively dense scopulae ventrally; remaining segments covered in less dense setae; ventral cusps absent. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae and tibiae spineless; metatarsi: III vt 1. Palpal spination: tibiae pl 1. Epigyne with broad membranous median septum separating laterally placed spermathecae (Fig. 131); copulatory openings situated laterally, in same plane as ST II, flanked laterally by oblique epigynal hoods, anteriorly extending transversely to level of median margin of spermathecae (Fig. 136); copulatory ducts directed anteriomedially, bending sharply before running posteriorly to small bilobed ST II, connected by narrow duct to small oval ST I, not reaching epigastric fold (Fig. 137).

Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Greater St Lucia (iSimangaliso) Wetlands Park, Hell's Gate [28.03°S:32.42°E], 31.vii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, Block C (NCA 2006/233).

Allotype: ♀ same data as holotype, 9.ii.2004 (NCA, 2004/819).

Paratypes: MOZAMBIQUE: 1♂ Marracuene Lodge, near Marracuene, 12 m, 25°46.379′S:32°41.430′E, 1.xii.2007, R. Lyle & R. Fourie, beating shrubs, riverine forest (NCA, 2008/177). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: 2♂ Ndumo Game Reserve, E shore of Shokwe Pan, 26°52.516′S:32°12.407′E, 21.vi.2006, C. Haddad, under logs (NCA, 2006/1239). 1♂ same locality, Crocodile Farm, 26°54.426′S:32°19.185′E, 5.vii.2002, C. Haddad, fever tree bark (NCA, 2004/300); 1♀ same locality, W shore of Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.767′S: 32°16.557′E, 24.vi.2006, C. Haddad & F. Jordaan, under bark, fever tree (NCA, 2006/1245).

Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: 1♀ False Bay Park, 12.i.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/784); 1♂ 1♀ Greater St. Lucia (iSimangaliso) Wetlands Park, Hell's Gate, 26.i.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps (NCA, 2004/817); 1♀ same locality, 5.iv.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/226); 1♂ 1♀ same locality, 12.iv.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/234); 2♀ same locality, 26.iv.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/228); 1♂ same locality, 20.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block A (NCA, 2005/390); 1♀ same locality, 12.i.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2004/796); 1♀ same locality, 12.iv.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/227); 1♀ same locality, 3.v.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/229); 1♂ same locality, 31.v.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/230); 1♀ 1♂ 1 juv. same locality, 12.vii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse flytraps, block B (NCA, 2005/231); 1♀ same locality, 26.vii.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/232); 1♀ same locality, 13.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/235); 1♀ same locality, 15.xi.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block B (NCA, 2005/239); 1♂ same locality, 20.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/237); 1♀ same locality, 1.xi.2004, J. Esterhuizen, tsetse fly traps, block C (NCA, 2005/238); 1♀ Ndumo Game Reserve, Start of game count transect 8, 26°50.183′S:32°13.135′E, 2.vii.2003, C. Haddad, under fever tree bark (NCA, 2006/1482); 3♂ same data (NCA, 2006/1483); 2♂ 3♀ same data (NCA, 2006/1496); 1♂ same locality, Crocodile Farm, 26°54.426′S:32°19.185′E, 19.i.2002, C. Haddad, fever tree bark (NCA, 2002/389); 2♂ same locality, E shore of Shokwe Pan, 26°52.516′S:32°12.407′E, 21.vi.2006, C. Haddad, under logs (NCA, 2006/1239); 1♂ Ndumo Game Reserve, Banzi Pan, fish ladder, 26°52.010′S: 32°18.141′E, 27.vi.2009, C. Haddad, Acacia xanthophloea bark (TMSA 23588); 1♀ Tembe Elephant Park, open woodland/sand, near offices, 27°02.556′S:32°25.465′E, 7.vii.2007, C. Haddad, beats, short shrubs (NCA, 2008/2827); 1♀ 3 juv. same locality, 15.iii.2003, A. Honiball (NCA, 2004/260). Limpopo: 1♂ 2♀ Pafuri, Wallers Camp, 22°25′S:31°02′E, 16.ii.2008, D. de Bakker, R. Jocqué, W. Fannes & A. Henrard, canopy fogging 14, Kigelia africana/Colophospermum mopane, wooded savannah (MRAC). ZIMBABWE: 1♂ Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, 18°10′S:28°14′E, 900 m, 15.i.2007, M.S. Cumming (NCA, 2008/2859).

Distribution: Widely but sporadically distributed from Maputaland in South Africa and southern Mozambique, and collected at a single locality in Zimbabwe (Fig. 146).

Etymology: From Latin denticulata (bearing small teeth), referring to the denticles on the femoral apophysis of the male palp.

Diagnosis: This species can easily be distinguished from congeners by the presence of three rather than two ventral distal cymbial spines, and the broader, distinctly looping embolus (Fig. 139). Female unknown.

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 2.50, CW 2.08, AL 2.60, AW 1.75, TL 5.10, FL 0.18, SL 1.18, SW 1.18, AME—AME 0.13, AME—ALE 0.05, ALE—ALE 0.50, PME—PME 0.20, PME—PLE 0.13, PLE—PLE 0.73. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.03+0.90+1.60+1.30+0.93=6.76; II 1.85+0.95+1.45+1.23+0.90=6.38; III 1.38+0.55+ 0.93+1.05+0.55=4.46; IV 1.93+0.70+1.55+1.80+0.68=6.66.

Carapace orange (Fig. 120), slightly darker at eye region; first third of carapace convex, last third with steep decline; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea at two thirds of CL. Ocular region orange, eyes with dark brown rings; AER slightly recurved, ALE larger than AME; clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to half AME diameter; PER slightly procurved, almost straight, PME larger than PLE; PME separated by distance equal to twice PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.2 PME diameter. Chelicerae light brown, slightly darker at base; anterior surface with scattered long, fine setae; fang orange-brown; three promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow; surface smooth with scattered long, fine setae. Abdomen pale grey with cream undertones dorsally; abdomen broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; scutum covering entire abdomen length; two pairs of pale, indistinct grey sigilla; venter cream. Legs light brown to pale yellow in colour; anterior legs larger and more robust than posteriors; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1, III pl 1; patellae spineless; tibia: I plv 13 cusps, II plv 12 cusps, III plv 1, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 17 rlv 10 vt 2 cusps, II plv 12 rlv 5 vt 2 cusps, III plv 1; tarsi: I plv 8 rlv 4 cusps, II plv 7 rlv 3 cusps (Fig. 138). Palp pale yellow-brown, without spines; femur with small retrolateral apophysis with fine denticles; patella with slightly twisted retrolateral apophysis, extending beyond base of cymbium; tibia with pointed dorsal apophysis, anterior length approximately equal to distal tibial width (Fig. 140); tegulum elongate; embolus broad, looping retrolaterally, then distally, with sharp tip; cymbium with three short distal ventral spines, two situated prolaterally and one retrolaterally (Fig. 139).

Holotype: ♂ ETHIOPIA: Shoa, Lake Zwai Zwai, 07°45′S:38°45′E, 18.vii.1981, A. Russell-Smith, on trunk of Ficus sycomorus (MRAC, 223298).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 146).

Etymology: From Latin media (central), referring to the equatorial localities in Central Africa where most of the specimens were collected.

Diagnosis: This species is closely related to P. secutor sp. n., but males can be recognised by the much smaller dorsal tibial apophysis and the presence of small denticles on the retrolateral side of the femoral apophysis (Fig. 142). Females can be distinguished by the abruptly ending oblique lateral epigynal hoods (not extended medially as in P. secutor sp. n.) and the more anteriorly placed copulatory openings (anterior of ST II, not in same plane as ST II as in P. secutor sp. n.) (Fig. 143).

Description:

Male.

Measurements: CL 1.69–1.96, CW 1.42–1.65, AL 1.92–2.27, AW 1.12–1.35, TL 3.69–4.23, FL 0.06–0.14, SL 0.96–1.12, SW 0.88–1.02, AME—AME 0.08, AME—ALE 0.04, ALE—ALE 0.35, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.14, PLE—PLE 0.59. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.69+0.75+1.29+1.12+0.75=5.60; II 1.53+0.71+1.16+1.08+0.71=5.19; III 1.18+0.59+0.76+1.00+0.43=3.96; IV 1.63+0.65+ 1.25+1.51+0.57=5.61.

Carapace dark red-brown (Fig. 121), slightly darker at eye region; first third of carapace convex, last third with steep decline; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea at ⅔ CL. Ocular region brown, eyes with brown rings; AER slightly recurved, ALE larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.58 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.29 AME diameter; PER recurved, PME and PLE subequal; PME separated by 1.6 PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.6 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, slightly paler towards base; anterior surface with scattered long and short, fine setae; fang orange-brown; 2 promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; 2 retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest. Sternum orange brown; surface smooth with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen orange-grey dorsally; abdomen oval, broadest at midpoint, tapering posteriorly; brown scutum covering entire abdominal dorsum; two pairs of pale, indistinct brown sigilla; venter cream. Legs light brown to pale yellow; anterior legs larger and more robust than posterior ones; leg spines and cusps present. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1, II pl 1; patellae spineless; tibia: I plv 4–10 cusps, II plv 5–8 cusps, IV plv 1, IV plv 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 13–18 rlv 6–10 cusps, II plv 13–14 rlv 5–7 vt 2 cusps, IV plv 1; tarsi: I plv 4–7 rlv 4–6 cusps, II plv 2–7 rlv 1–2 cusps (Fig. 141). Palp brown; femur with small retrolateral apophysis with fine denticles; patella with large retrolateral apophysis, slightly longer than patella and extending beyond base of cymbium, with groove on outer margin; tibia with pointed dorsal apophysis, anterior margin approx. as long as tibial width (Fig. 142); embolus nearly straight, very slightly curved, fine with swollen tip, directed distally (Fig. 143).

Female.

Measurements: CL 1.85–2.04, CW 1.50–1.73, AL 2.65–2.88, AW 1.73–1.96, TL 4.50–4.92, FL 0.08–0.16, SL 1.06–1.18, SW 0.94–1.04, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.04, ALE—ALE 0.35, PME—PME 0.14, PME—PLE 0.12, PLE—PLE 0.59. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 1.67+0.75+1.25+1.10+0.80=5.57; II 1.49+0.67+1.12+1.06+0.73=5.07; III 1.16+0.59+0.84+1.06+0.51=4.16; IV 1.69+0.67+ 1.39+1.59+0.57=5.91.

Carapace dark red-brown (Fig. 122), slightly darker at eye region; first third of carapace convex, last third with steep decline; surface smooth, covered in short fine setae; fovea at ⅔ CL. Ocular region dark brown, eyes with black rings; AER slightly recurved, AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.71 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.29 AME diameter; PER recurved, PME and PLE subequal in size; PME separated by 1.33 PME diameter; PME separated from PLE by 1.67 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, slightly paler at base; anterior surface with scattered long, fine setae; fang orange-brown; 2 promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; 2 retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum brown; surface smooth with scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen grey with cream mottling dorsally, oval, broader medially, rounded posteriorly; dorsum with narrow anterior scutum extending ⅓ abdomen length; two pairs of pale brown sigilla; venter cream. Legs light brown to pale yellow; anterior legs larger and more robust than posterior ones; ventral cusps absent. Leg spination: femora: I pl 1; patellae spineless; tibia: IV vt 1; metatarsi: IV plv 1. Epigyne with broad membranous median septum separating laterally placed spermathecae; copulatory openings situated laterally, anteriorly of spermathecae, flanked laterally by abruptly ending oblique epigynal hoods (Fig. 144); copulatory ducts directed anteromedially for short distance, bending sharply before running posteriorly to oval ST II, connected anteriorly to narrow duct leading to teardrop-shaped ST I reaching epigastric fold (Fig. 145).

Holotype: ♂ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Ruwenzori W., kampi ya Tshupa, 00°20′N: 29°50′E, 4000 m, 3.vii.1935, H.J. Bredo (MRAC, 177193).

Allotype: ♀ DRC: Kivu, vallée de Kaisola, plaine de la Ruindi, Battag, 3.vii.1972, M. Lejeune (MRAC, 144353).

Paratypes: DRC: 2♂ 2♀ Rutshuru, 01°11′S:29°27′E, v.1937, J. Ghesquière (MRAC 174312); 1♀ same data (MRAC, 174284); 1♂ Sake, 01°34′S:29°02′E, v.1937, J. Ghesquière (MRAC, 174293). KENYA: 1♀ Kakamega forest, 00°13′N:34°54′E, 1654 m, 17–24.iii.2004, D. Shilabira Smith, Malaise trap (MRAC, 212612); 1♂ same data (MRAC, 212624); 1♀ same locality, 3–10.ii.2002, D. Shilabira Smith, Malaise trap (MRAC, 212626); 2♀ same locality, 6–13.i.2002, D. Shilabira Smith, Malaise trap (MRAC, 212629); 1♂ same locality, 10–17.ii.2002, D. Shilabira Smith, Malaise trap (MRAC, 212690); 2♀ same locality, 17–24. ii.2002, D. Shilabira Smith, Malaise trap (MRAC, 212636).

Other material examined: TANZANIA: 1♀ Manyara National Park, 3150 ft, 22.i.1970, M.E. Irwin & E.S. Ross (CASC); Mkomazi Game Reserve, 03°52.94′S:37°52.56′E, 31.xii.1995, G. McGavin, canopy fogging 3/15, Acacia Senegal (OUMNH). UGANDA: 1♂ 3♀ Rubaga, 00°18′N:32°33′E, vi.1994, D. Penney, on tree trunks (MRAC, 219697).

Distribution: Known from scattered localities in equatorial central and east Africa (Fig. 146).