Illustrated Key and Systematics of Male South African Atherigona s. str. (Diptera: Muscidae)

ABSTRACT A key to the males of Atherigona s. str. species is provided and all species known to occur in South Africa are treated. The number of previously described species known to occur in South Africa is increased to 43 from the approximate previous 35, and an additional 25 new species: A. albicornis sp. n., A. capitulata sp. n., A. chrysohypene sp. n., A. convexa sp. n., A. danielssoni sp. n., A. erectisetula sp. n., A. flavifinis sp. n., A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n., A. heteropalpata sp. n., A. kirkspriggsi sp. n., A. latibasilaris sp. n., A. libertensis sp. n., A. londti sp. n., A. ndumoensis sp. n., A. nesshurstensis sp. n., A. oblonga sp. n., A. parviclivis sp. n., A. parvihumilata sp. n., A. piscatoris sp. n., A. rimapicis sp. n., A. stuckenbergi sp. n., A. tigris sp. n., A. umbonata sp. n., A. vernoni sp. n. and A. zulu sp. n. are described. A. hancocki van Emden, 1940 is designated as junior synonym to A. divergens Stein, 1913.


INTRODUCTION
Atherigona Rondani, 1856 is one of the most speciose genera of muscids in the world with just under 300 recognised and described species, of which 131 were known from the Afrotropical Region (Dike 2003;Couri et al. 2006) until now. The genus comprises two subgenera: Atherigona s. str. and Acritochaeta Grimshaw, 1901, with 117 and 14 respective species known from the Afrotropical Region.
Many species of Atherigona Rondani, 1856 are well known as major economic pests of various grasses and cereals. Larvae of Atherigona s. str. tend to be pests of various Poaceae, whilst the majority of Achritochaeta are regarded as facultative predators in organic matter, with a few exceptions, such as A. orientalis, which is a widespread pest of bell peppers, tomato and sorghum in various African countries and southern Asia. Atherigona s. str. has a greater number of obligate phytophagous species, with many causing economic loss in especially sorghum and millet throughout Africa.
Atherigona soccata is a particularly important pest, causing crop losses in Africa, Asia and Latin America by damaging the growth points of seedlings, leading to typical dead heart symptoms (Young & Teetes 1977;Sherwill et al. 1999). In extreme instances, up to 90 % of sorghum seedlings may be infected by A. soccata when late sowing occurs. Other species of Atherigona s. str., such as A. tritici Pont & Deeming, 2001, A. naqvii Steyskal, 1966 (Thomson, 1869) and A. lineata (Adams, 1905), are also known to damage cereal crops, with A. tritici being quite destructive on wheat, causing up to 10 % loss (Pont & Deeming 2001).
Van Emden (1940) was one of the first to examine Afrotropical Atherigona in detail as part of his work on the Coenosiinae collected during the then British Museum (Natural History Museum) expedition to the Ruwenzori range in East Africa, specimens received from other various east African sources, and those examined in the British Museum. He described 23 new species of Atherigona s. str. and greatly contributed to the knowledge of the group. The next major revision of the group was that by Deeming (1971), who described 21 new species, and who continues to work on this group (albeit to a lesser degree) to this day, having described another 30 species since 1971. Deeming initially focussed on West African fauna, with his 1971 paper and 21 new species focussing solely on specimens collected throughout northern Nigeria. His later work did include some more East and West African specimens, and to a lesser degree southern African specimens (although these were mostly specimens from the Natural History Museum in London which were collected throughout the 1900s). Dike (1989a) published a key on the Afrotropical species of Atherigona and combined the knowledge up to that time into a very usable key, building upon the layout and structure of Deeming (1971).
At the beginning of the present study, it was found that many South African Atheri gona in museum collections did not key to any known species; or if they did key out, they did not completely match descriptions of types from East and West African countries. Also, up until now only three species have been described from South Africa (Table 1). Furthermore, a degree of geographical variation is expected and as such it was therefore necessary to incorporate the South African fauna (known and presently unknown) into a local revision.
The aim of this study was thus to review and update the systematics of Atherigona s. str. in South Africa and provide an identification key. To accomplish this, one cannot look at South African species in isolation. Many species are pan-African and due to the limited historical focus on South African and southern African species, very little is known with regard to the species composition of the subgenus, apart from economically important species and specimens collected by chance and deposited in overseas institutions. Due to this, it would not be feasible to unequivocally state which species are endemic to South Africa and which are not. The systematic overview and treatment that follows incorporates many geographically widespread species, as well as some species which are only known from southern Africa and South Africa in particular.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The specimens examined during this study emanate from three main preservation methods: pinning, point mounting and preservation in 70-96 % ethanol.
While specimens of Atherigona s. str. can be keyed to species in some cases using only external morphological characteristics, it is preferable for dry specimens to be dissected or relaxed in order to examine the trifoliate process to verify the determinations. Freshly collected specimens' trifoliate processes should be teased out directly after being killed by pulling down on the abdomen of each male specimen using fine forceps (alternatively this can also be done if the specimens are in ethanol). Live specimens also tend to extend the trifoliate process out of the abdomen when frozen. Unfortunately most historical museum specimens studied were only pinned and not readied in this manner and required destructive dissection.
The dissection process involved first noting all important characters (especially coloration and markings) and taking measurements before separating the abdomen from the rest of the specimen, and placing it in a heated solution of 10 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) for approximately 5 minutes. KOH is a strong base and an effective means of dissolving soft tissue and clearing the abdomen, leaving only cuticle behind, allowing the trifoliate process and genitalia to be studied clearly. It also has an added advantage in that it dissolves and removes concentrated sugars present in the abdomen of the flies (due to adults feeding on nectar). The sugars from the digestive tract leech out into the surrounding tissue, making it impossible to note markings, sometimes even changing the entire colour appearance of a specimen. After clearing in KOH, the abdomen is transferred to glacial (100 %) acetic acid for another 5 minutes before removing and rinsing with distilled water. Thereafter it is transferred to 96 % ethanol for viewing under a microscope.
Measurements were made using a micrometer eye-piece and calibration slide. All measurements given are the averages for each species.
Whilst there is generally no shortage of females in collected field-samples or museum collections, it is virtually impossible to associate females with males of the same species unless the specimens were collected in copula, or reared from host plants (for which no information is available with regards to the newly described species). For this reason species descriptions and diagnoses are based on male specimens only, as this is most comparable to existing species knowledge, making a comparison between new and already existing species possible.
Photographs of terminalia used for some of the illustrations were taken using a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereo microscope with an attached camera.
The trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of each species were drawn using a drawing tube attached to a Wild M5 stereo microscope. Illustrations were done in pencil, scanned and digitally "inked" using Adobe Illustrator CS5 and finalised in Adobe Photoshop CS5.
Afrotropical distributions for species are incorporated from the literature, spec ifically Pont (1980) and Dike (2003), as well as from personal examination of previously unrecorded specimen label data. Non-Afrotropical distributions are not listed.
All identifications were done by the author, unless stated otherwise in the material examined sections of the treatments.
Authors have used mixed terminologies in the past with regard to the naming of morphological characters and the numbering of abdominal tergites, with Deeming (1971Deeming ( , 1972aDeeming ( , 1978Deeming ( , 1979Deeming ( , 1981 utilising the numbering of Venturi (1968). McAlpine (1981) has arguably made one of the biggest contributions to standardising dipteran morphological terms, and for this reason the manuscript follows terminologies from that publication, with the only exception being that of the 3 rd antennal segment, which is referred to here as the "postpedicel" as in Stuckenberg (1999), and not as antennal flagellomere 1.
Abbreviations used: tp pv -trifoliate process posterior view, tp lv -trifoliate process lateral view (profile), hp av -hypopygial prominence anterior view, hp lv -hypopygial prominence lateral view (profile), hp dv -hypopygial prominence dorsal view. Material examined during this study are deposited at the following institutions Genus Atherigona Rondani, 1856 Diagnosis: Atherigona can be distinguished from other genera of South African Muscidae by the very characteristic angular head shape, its elongated parafacial, and long postpedicel (third antennal segment) which extends past the middle height of the eye; in some species almost extending to the lower facial margin. Only one pair of reclinate orbital setae present, the proclinate orbital pair being absent. The katepisternum with three setae arranged in the shape of an equilateral triangle (1:1:1) and the hind tibia has no calcar present.
Subgenus Atherigona Rondani, 1856Orthostylum Macquart, 1851b (as genus). Type species: Orthostylum rufipes Macquart, 1851 [=Coenosia pulla Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation. Atherigona Rondani, 1856: 97 (as genus). Type-species: Atherigona varia Meigen, 1826, by original designation. Diagnosis: Males of Atherigona s. str. can easily be distinguished from members of the subgenus Acritochaeta Grimshaw and other muscids by the presence of a stemmed trifoliate process, extending from the epandrium; and in most species a hypopygial prominence on the dorsal surface of tergite 7+8 (some species, such as A. divergens Stein, 1913(= A. hancocki van Emden, 1940 and A. tetrastigma Paterson, 1956, have it absent). Female Atherigona s. str. can be distinguished by having paired anterior plates on tergite 8. The male palpal shape has also served as diagnostic in the past, with the male palpus being short, apically dilated and usually with a degree of truncation, in contrast to the female palpus which is more straplike. There are, however, two new species described in this study (A. heteropalpata sp. n. and A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n.) with the males having straplike palpi, resembling those of the females of the subgenus. Description remarks: The inclusion of the rm crossvein ratio is important, as it can possibly be used in the future to discriminate between or at least group individuals of the same species based on the ratio itself if the measurement of enough individuals are recorded.
8 Hypopygial prominence in the shape of a rounded or truncated knob, not projecting (Fig. 7c)  postpedicel infuscated except for narrow basal margin; wing entirely hyaline; tergites 4 and 5 with only dorsal spots and without setae on their posterior margins; hypopygial prominence in the shape of a rounded knob (Fig. 7c)  .15 -Hypopygial prominence truncate knob-shaped, but without any emargination ....16 15 Hypopygial prominence with slightly emarginated apex; median piece of trifoliate process in profile narrow throughout its length, with gradual apical dilation; nowhere throughout its length is it more than ¹⁄5× as broad as it is long (Fig. 12a, b); tergite 3 usually immaculate or with only some brownish shadows, although in some specimens with a darker marking on dorsum .............. aurifacies van Emden -Hypopygial prominence broadly emarginated at apex; median piece of trifoliate process in profile very strongly dilated along most of its length, although much less so towards apex (Fig. 13b), piece almost half as wide medially as it is long .. -Wing entirely hyaline; median piece of trifoliate process noticeably dilated from base to just before apex; lateral plates narrow in profile, with a backwards twisted appearance (Fig. 14b) Fig. 20c-e); trifoliate process infuscated with a clubshaped median piece, the apex of which is either convex or slightly emarginated in some specimens, with four erect setulae; lateral plates with inner lobes present, plates with a hyaline centre (Fig. 20a) (Fig. 21c); trifoliate process club-shaped in posterior view with three weak setulae on each "lobe" of the emarginated apex; lateral plates without inner lobes (Fig. 21a)  tergites 3 and 4 each with interrupted median vitta; tergite 3 with large dark marks, tergite 4 with small spots; median piece of trifoliate process dilated medially and apically; lateral plates narrow and curved in posterior view, with a long emargination in basal third of outer margin (Fig. 26a) (Fig. 27a), and quite strongly uncurved in profile, the apex appearing almost fishhook-like with a pair of long setulae (at least 5× as long as the secondary pair of setulae) (Fig. 27b) . 38c); trifoliate process with median piece entirely filiform in posterior view (Fig. 38a), strongly dilated in profile (Fig. 38b)  in both posterior view and profile (Fig. 46a, b); lateral plates at most as wide as median piece in profile; hypopygial prominence bilobate ( Fig. 46c- 58 Bifurcation with bases of processes close together, appearing "v" or "u" shaped ...59 -Bifurcation with bases of processes widely separated, at least twice width of processes themselves (Fig. 54c) (Fig. 58c); trifoliate process with a strongly dilated median piece, having a deep cleft at apex (Fig. 58a); median piece almost bent at an angle in profile (Fig. 58b)  prominence processes noticeably projecting anteriorly (Fig. 60d, e); trifoliate process with median piece approximately same width as lateral plates in profile (Fig. 60b)  prominence processes barely projecting anteriorly (Fig. 61d); trifoliate process with median piece dilated in profile along almost entire length (Fig. 61b)  trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated and apex slightly emarginate in posterior view (Fig. 63b) (Fig. 66c, d); median piece of trifoliate process rather filiform, with only a slight apical dilation (Fig. 66a), piece somewhat dilated throughout in profile (Fig. 66b)  and cornu (horn), i.e. "white-horned" referring to the characteristically white apical half of the trifoliate process with median piece having two long hyaline setulae appearing as horns. Diagnosis: This species is most similar to A. flavifinis sp. n. and A. binubila van Emden, 1940 and also keys to the latter in Deeming (1971) and Dike (1989a). It differs, however, in having its trifoliate process' median piece dilated, with long white apical setu lae and having its lateral plates expanded (Fig. 31a), compared to that of A. binubila (Fig. 26a) which appear narrow. A. albicornis also has a tridentate hypopygial prominence (Fig. 31c) compared to that of A. binubila (Fig. 26c). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.38 mm; wing: 2.87 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.447.
Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly and laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle grey dusted, sub-shining. Frontal vitta wholly infuscated. Frontal plate grey dusted, sub-shining around bases of three pairs of proclinate frontal and two pairs of orbital setae; first pair of frontal setae only two thirds the length of the other two pairs. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, narrow. Scape, pedicel, postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus infuscated; apically dilated and truncated, with hyaline setulae. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe grey dusted, with three setae and 13 setulae. Pleura grey dusted, except for area where anepisternum, anepimeron and katepisternum meet which is golden dusted. Proepisternum not conspicuously protruding. Scutum grey dusted, with three dark and clearly visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, extending and merging over a third the width of the scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae; one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae, equal in length. Legs: All legs entirely infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Apical three fore tarsal segments with long dorsal setulae, at least as long as segments are wide. Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at apex of ScR 1 and around humeral cross-vein. Veins dark-brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow, grey dusted on all dorsal surfaces; tergite 1+2 with darkbrown median trapezoidal mark, reaching the apical margins, appearing to flow into tergite 3 markings; tergite 3 with two large dark-brown oblong marks taking up two thirds of dorsum width; dark clearly visible median vitta that extends to basal-half of tergite 4; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 with two faint small brown markings. Hypopygial prominence tridentate, with two anterior projecting processes and one medial, somewhat upwards directed process. Trifoliate process stem 2.5× the length of the apical process, hyaline on basal half, infuscated on apical half with the exception of the area surrounding the hood which is also hyaline; median piece hyaline on apical half, with slight rounded bifurcation, dilated in both posterior and lateral views, with one pair of long hyaline setulae (longer than median piece); lateral plates infuscated, wider than median piece in profile, inner lobes present. Surstylus infuscated on majority of dorsal surface. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa.
Atherigona angulata Deeming, 1971 Fig. 5 Atherigona angulata Deeming, 1971: 157, figs 54, 55;Deeming 1981: 105. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by the combination of its golden/yellow vibrissae and yellow palpi and frontal vitta. Its hypopygial prominence is knoblike with an apical emargination. The trifoliate process has its median piece bent at a right-angle when viewed in profile. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by its infuscated frontal vitta, front half of tibia and basal two tarsal segments. Its palpi is yellow and tergite 5 is immaculate. The hypopygial prominence is knoblike with two posteriorly projecting tubercles at its apex. The trifoliate process is infuscated, with the median piece strongly dilated apically.  ) 19557, 19737, 19563, 19629, 19564, 19627, 19589, 19784, 19741, 19652, 19549, 19612, 19615, 19574, 19703, 19587, 19687, 19595, 19731, 19773, 19767, 19593, 19743, 19635, 19646, 19752, 19764, 19640, 19793) Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by the combination of its yellow frontal vitta and very distinctly shaped hypopygial promince which has a blunt central tubercle and four sharply defined tubercles that are quadrately arranged. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by its infuscated antennae, frontal vitta and palpi. The hypopygial prominence is in the shape of a truncated knob with its apex emarginated. The trifoliate process has its median piece narrow throughout its length in profile, with only a slight apical dilation. Tergite 3 is immaculate or with only slight brownish shadows. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by its yellow frontal vitta, palpi and legs. The postpedicel is also mainly ferruginous. The hypopygial prominence is in the shape of two fused triangles. The trifoliate process has its median piece emarginated and strongly dilated apically. Atherigona bimaculata Stein, 1910 Fig. 8 Atherigona bimaculata Stein, 1910: 157;van Emden 1940: 116, figs 6, 34;van Emden 1956: 519;Deeming 1971: 153, figs 30-32. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by the very unique setal arrangement on tergite 5 -a strongly developed seta is present on the posterior margin of each dorsal spot. Its wings have dark smoky suffusions over the humeral crossvein and ScR 1 . The frontal plates of the head are glossy, shining black. The hypopygial prominence is in the shape of a rounded knob. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by its infuscated frontal vitta and palpi. The wings have brownish suffusions over the humeral crossvein and ScR 1. The hypopygial prominence is knoblike, with two strongly projecting tubercles and the trifoliate process has its median piece and lateral plates narrow. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by the combination of either yellow or infuscated (see below) frontal vitta, yellow palpi and legs. The hypopygial prominence is truncated with extended lateral ridges leading towards anteriorly projecting tubercles. The trifoliate process has the median piece greatly dilated in profile, being wider than the lateral plates.  19820,19677,19676,19693,19717,19571,19718,19551,19824,19775,19643,19546,19783,19697,19721,19756,19667,19576,19613,19789,19716,19672,19639,19778,19644,19732,19769,19688,19560) Deeming, 1971 when using the key to Afrotropical species in Dike (1989a), but differ from it in having the frontal vitta yellow instead of infuscated. Also the trifoliate process shape did not match. If run through the key as having the frontal vitta infuscated, they key easily to A. budongoana. This then is the first record of variation in frontal vitta colour for this species.
Atherigona capitulata sp. n. Fig. 14 Etymology: From the Latin capitulatus (ending in a small head), referring to the size of the apex of the median piece in comparison to the rest of the structure when viewed in profile. Diagnosis: This species is most similar to A. griseiventris van Emden, 1940, and also keys to it in Deeming (1971) and Dike (1989a). The median piece ( Fig. 14a, b) of the trifoliate process looks quite similar in profile to that of A. griseiventris (Fig. 13a, b), but lacks the apical dilation when viewed posteriorly; the lateral plates are also shaped entirely different, appearing twisted ( Fig. 14b) compared to that of A. griseiventris (Fig. 13a). Furthermore, the hypopygial prominence of A. capitulata is without any apical emargination, compared to A. griseiventris. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.844 mm; wing: 3.344 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.392. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted posteriorly and laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle silvergrey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted on upper and gold dusted on lower half, slightly wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel infuscated with ferruginous margins, postpedicel and arista entirely infuscated. Palpus entirely infuscated; apex truncated and dilated, with hyaline hairs and yellow vertex. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 10 setulae. Pleura silver-grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous, gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and 8 discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae, being 0.75× the one pair of apical setae. Legs: All legs yellow except for foreleg with apical half of tibia and entire basitarsus infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi with apical three segments having erect setulae on dorsal surface. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Halteres white. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 with dark wide marking taking up most of dorsal surface; tergite 3 with two medium sized dark-brown marks taking up just over two thirds of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike. Trifoliate process stem 2.8× the length of the apical process; entire trifoliate process infuscated; median piece linear in posterior view, very broad in profile, almost shaped like an axehead, much wider than lateral plates; lateral plates without inner lobe, narrow in both posterior view and profile. Surstylus with dark markings at base dorsally. Female. Unknown. Paratypes: 13♂ same data as holotype (NMSA; Type no. 2503).
Atherigona chrysohypene sp. n. Diagnosis: This species has golden yellow vibrissae, similar to that of A. angulata (Fig. 5) and A. pulla (Wiedemann, 1830) (Fig. 6) and keys to A. marginifolia van Emden, 1940 (Fig. 19) in Deeming (1971) as well as Dike (1989a), but differs greatly in the overall structure and colouring of the trifoliate process and shape of the hypopygial prominence (Fig. 4). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.162 mm; wing: 2.8 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.403. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated except for vibrissae which are all golden yellow. Occiput grey dusted with narrow median part glossy, laterally golden dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated in basal and yellow in apical half. Frontal plate entirely grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden dusted, wider at narrowest than aristal base. Scape, pedicel and postpedicel ferruginous (some paratypes with dorsal margins of postpedicel infuscate). Arista brown. Palpus yellow; apex truncated and dilated, with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with three setae and 11 setulae. Pleura golden dusted except for meron which is grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three very faint, barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (subbasal 0.7× apical). Legs: All legs yellow except for fore tibia and tarsi which are entirely infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: All fore tarsi except for basitarsus with long dorsal setulae. Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at areas surrounding Sc R 1 and the humeral crossvein. Veins dark-brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergites 3 and 4 with a pair of small dark spots, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bilobate. Trifoliate process stem 2.5× the length of the apical process; stem and hood lighter than rest of process which is infuscated, lateral plates and median piece infuscated; median piece apically dilated, cordiform, wider than lateral plates in posterior view; lateral plates without inner lobes. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa.
Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/African-Invertebrates on 11 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Atherigona cinarina Séguy, 1938 Fig. 36 Atherigona cinarina Séguy, 1938: 371;van Emden 1956: 520, figs 5, 6. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by the combination of its frontal vitta being infuscated on the basal half and yellow on apical half, postpedical yellow with infuscated dorsal and apical margins and yellow palpi. The trifoliate process has its median piece wider at its base than at apex when viewed in profile, and the process has a pair of long setulae apically. The median piece and lateral plates also have distinctive fine setulae on their surfaces.  Malloch, 1925, with A. oryzae keying to A. convexa in this manuscript key. However, A. convexa differs from A. oryzae in the following aspects: fore femur immaculate vs. having a dark marking apically; median piece of the trifoliate not membraneous as in oryzae; the stem of the trifoliate process linear compared to being swollen in A. oryzae; A. convexa with wing without a dark marking in area surrounding ScR 1 . Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.08 mm; wing: 2.64 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.426. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, also laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated with dull reddish suffusion. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted throughout with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden-silver dusted, at narrowest only slightly wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel infuscated with ferruginous margins, postpedicel infuscated except for very narrow basal area. Arista brown. Palpus yellow on apical half, infuscated on basal half, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted anteriorly and silvergrey posteriorly, with three setae and 10 setulae. Pleura entirely silver-grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three faint 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal and apical setae equal). Legs: All legs yellow except for apical third of fore tibia and fore basitarsus together with following tarsal segment, which are infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy.
Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair of large oblong marks, taking up two thirds of dorsal surface, with the rest being grey dusted; tergite 4 with small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bifurcated. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process; lateral plates infuscated, all other parts brown; median piece strongly dilated at apex in profile and in posterior view; lateral plates appearing just as wide as median piece dilation in profile, with small inner lobes in some specimens, in some others difficult to perceive. Surstylus not infuscated. Female. Unknown.  Deeming, 1981in Dike (1989a. A. danielssoni differs, however, it in having the hypopygial prominence weakly bifurcated and projecting compared to truncated and emarginated in A. ochripes. The trifoliate process of the new species also differs in coloration as well as structure, most notably in having inner lobes on its lateral plates compared to that of A. ochripes that do not. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.379 mm; wing: 2.52 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.411. Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated, slightly ferruginous apically. Frontal plate grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, as wide as aristal base at narrowest. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for extreme basal area. Arista brown. Palpus yellow, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe grey dusted, with three setae and 13 setulae. Pleura entirely grey dusted, Proepisternum inconspicuous and grey dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three very faint and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and eight discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (cannot compare subbasal and apical due to damage to the latter). Legs: All legs yellow except for fore basitarsus and extreme apex of fore tibia which appears darker than the rest of legs. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore femur with one submedial posteroventral seta; dorsal surface of fore tarsi, except for basitarsus with long setulae (at least as long as width of segments). Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair oblong dark markings taking up two thirds of dorsal surface; tergites 4 with a pair of small brown spots taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bifurcated. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process; entirely infuscated except for apical third of stem which is hyaline, and the hood and centres of the lateral plates which are much lighter than the rest; median piece gradually dilated towards apex, appearing somewhat club-like in posterior view, linear in profile with an overall curved appearance; lateral plates with inner lobes, appearing wider than median piece in profile and posterior view. Surstylus slightly infuscated at base and entire apex. Female. Unknown. Atherigona decempilosa Dike, 1989 Fig. 25 Atherigona decempilosa Dike, 1989b: 76, figs 8-10. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others by its infuscated frontal vitta, antennae and palpi in combination with its legs having some degree of infuscation on all segments. The trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence appearing as in the redescription below and Fig. 25. Redescription: Upon inspection of the Holotype, I found that the figures for the hypopygial prominence used in Dike (1989aDike ( , 1989b were incorrect and illustrated an entirely different shape, differing from the holotype material in that the hypopygial prominence was figured as plain knoblike, where in reality it is knoblike with a pair of lateral anteriorly projecting processes. The hood of the trifoliate process was also illustrated as simplified and not figured as well-developed and without an emargination at its posteroventral edge. Diagnosis: This species is easily distinguishable from others by its projecting and knob-shaped proepisternum with 4 equally developed and strong setae, and its very complex and uniquely shaped quinquefoliate "trifoliate process" (Fig. 1).  ) 19729, 19592, 19742, 19797 Deeming (1971) and Dike (1989a), but the shape and appearance of its trifoliate process as well as hypopygial prominence differs from that of A. pharalis, as it has four erect setae at the apex of a club-shaped median piece of the trifoliate process compared to a Y-shaped median piece. The trifoliate process also has no visible tomentum compared to that of A. pharalis which is tomentose. A. erectisetula differs from A. hyalinipennis in having its postpedicel infuscated as opposed to being only infuscated along the dorsal margins. A. erectisetula furthermore has its median piece of the trifoliate process much narrower in posterior view, with the entire process much more infuscated compared to that of A. hyalinipennis which has the basal third of the lateral plates hyaline (Fig. 20 vs. Fig. 49). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.193 mm; wing: 2.741 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.442. Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted posteriorly and laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle silvergrey dusted. Frontal vitta yellow. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, at narrowest wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel darkly ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated, ferruginous basally. Arista brown. Palpus entirely yellow; apex truncated and dilated, with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and nine setulae. Pleura silver-grey. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three very faint, barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and four discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (almost equal in length). Legs: All legs yellow except for forelegs with apical third of femur with dark mark, apical half to third of tibia and tarsi infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with small darkbrown marks taking up less than a third of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike, apically appearing bilobate in anterior view, appearing almost tridentate in apical view. Trifoliate process stem 2.5× the length of the apical process; stem and hood hyaline, lateral plates and median piece infuscated; median piece with gradual dilation towards apex in both profile and posterior view (club-shaped), narrower than lateral plates, with four conspicuous setulae at apex; lateral plates with inner lobes. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis (Based on Pont 1986): This species can be distinguished from others with yellow frontal vitta and palpi by the entirely yellow fore femur and specialised chaetotaxy (short erect anterodorsal hairs on tarsomeres 2 or 3-5 of the fore leg). The species further has a very distinct trifoliate process (Fig. 23a). Distribution: Namibia, South Africa.
Atherigona falkei Deeming, 1981 Fig. 59 Atherigona falkei Deeming, 1981: 106, figs 21-23. Diagnosis (based on original description): Similar to A. nigeriensis Deeming, 1971 in having the frontal vitta entirely infuscated, but differs in having the palpi wholly yellow. Median piece of trifoliate process is also narrow throughout its length in profile and the lateral plates have a toothlike inner lobe. Distribution: South Africa, Uganda.
Atherigona flavifinis sp. n. Fig. 16 Etymology: From the Latin flavus (yellow) and finis (boundary), for the scutellum being yellow on its apical edge. Diagnosis: This species is very similar to A. binubila and A. albicornis sp. n. in general appearance, having similar smoky patches on wings (also tergite 1+2 appearing very similar in A. albicornis sp. n.). It differs from them, however, in the shape of the trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence (Fig. 16 vs. Figs 26 and 31). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 4.028 mm; wing: 3.16 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.369. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silvergrey dusted posteriorly and laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, narrower than aristal base. Scape and pedicel darkly ferruginous, postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus entirely infuscated; apex truncated and dilated, palpus appearing almost straplike.
Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 10 setulae. Pleura golden dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and 8 discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae, being 0.8× the one pair of apical setae. Legs: All legs yellow except for forelegs with femur having dark apical marks laterally, tibia with apical third infuscated as well as tarsi. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline, except for prominent dark-brown smoky suffusion in area surrounding ScR 1 and around humeral crossvein Veins dark-brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow, with tergite 3 and 4 grey dusted. Tergite 1+2 with dark wide marking taking up most of dorsal surface; tergite 3 with two medium sized darkbrown marks taking up just over two thirds of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike, widening apically. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process; entire process infuscated, the stem and the area surrounding hood somewhat slightly lighter; median piece linear in posterior view except for some apical dilation, linear in profile; much narrower than lateral plates; lateral plates without inner lobe; hood somewhat expanded, forming platform structure. Surstylus with dark markings dorsally. Female. Unknown. The trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of each species is also markedly different from one another (Fig. 17 vs. Fig. 39). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.596 mm; wing: 3.152 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.398. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta yellow. Frontal plate entirely silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, wider at narrowest than aristal base. Scape, pedicel and arista ferruginous,postpedicel infuscated except for narrow basal area. Palpus yellow; straplike (not truncated and dilated as in most species), with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with three setae and 12 setulae. Pleura grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three very faint, barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (subbasal 0.75× apical). Legs: All legs yellow except for apical halves of fore femur and tibia appearing slightly infuscated Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 with brown marking; tergites 3 and 4 with dorsal surfaces entirely covered by dark markings; tergite 5 with two small spots. Hypopygial prominence weakly bilobate. Trifoliate process stem 1.5× the length of the apical process; stem and hood lighter than rest of process (with the exception of the apical third of stem) which is infuscated, lateral plates and median piece infuscated; median piece apically very strongly dilated, bifurcate, appearing curved in profile; lateral plates with apparent double inner lobes; base of process wider than median piece in profile. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Atherigona gilvifolia van Emden, 1940 Fig. 65 Atherigona gilvifolia van Emden, 1940: 125, figs 28, 52;Deeming 1971: 168, figs 96-100;Deeming 1979: 44;Deeming 1987: 19. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with yellow palpi and infuscated frontal vitta by its very striking trifoliate process which is hyaline except for the extreme apex of the median piece. Atherigona griseiventris van Emden, 1940 Fig. 13 Atherigona griseiventris van Emden, 1940: 140, figs 12, 38;Deeming 1979: 48. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with similar infuscated palpi and frontal vitta by the shape of the median piece of the trifoliate process which is greatly dilated in profile up to just before the apex, and thin and linear in posterior view except for the apex, which appears almost round. Atherigona heteropalpata sp. n. Fig. 17 Etymology: From the Latin heteros (different) and palpus (feeler), pertaining to the unique shape of the palpus, which is different from all other known species in the subgenus, except for A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n. with similar but yellow palpi. Diagnosis: This species and A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n. are very similar to each other due to the unique and diagnostic palpal shape (straplike compared to the usual dilated and truncated appearance of the subgenus' palpi). A. heteropalpata, however, differs from A. flaviheteropalpata in having infuscated palpi compared to the other's yellow palpi. The trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of each species are also markedly different from one another (Fig. 39 vs. Fig. 17). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 4.526 mm; wing: 3.92 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.400. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silvergrey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted throughout with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, at narrowest just as wide as aristal base. Scape and pedicel infuscated with ferruginous margins, postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus brown, straplike in appearance, with hyaline setulae at apex.
Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 11 setulae. Pleura entirely grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three faint, barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and 7 discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal pair equal to apical pair). Legs: All legs yellow, except for the apical halves of fore femur and fore tibia, and the entire fore tarsi which are infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 two small round markings taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface. tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike, with a pair of anteriorly projecting tubercles, and anteriorly with two slight lobelike dilations. Trifoliate process stem 1.6× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process entirely hyaline, except for the lateral margins of the lateral plates which are infuscated; median piece filiform except for apical dilation, with four setulae, the two centre setulae projecting and the two outer setulae strongly curved and at least 2× as long as dilation is high, median piece appearing filiform in profile; lateral plates appearing almost angular in posterior view, rounded in profile, not smooth but with a rough textured surface, also wider than median piece in profile, without inner lobes. Surstylus without infuscation. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa. Remarks: The males of this species and A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n. are currently not matching the diagnosis of the subgenus Atherigona s. str. due to the straplike, thin appearance of their palpi. They do, however, both have a trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence. This would mean that the diagnosis of the subgenus would need to be updated, as the thin appearance of the palpi is not diagnostic for just the males of Acritochaeta.
Atherigona humeralis (Wiedemann, 1830) Fig. 21 Coenosia humeralis Wiedemann, 1830: 441.  van Emden, 1940: 116, fig. 14;Deeming 1971: 153, fig. 33;Deeming 1979: 36;Deeming 1987: 18. Diagnosis: This species is very similar to A. bedfordi but differs from it in having an infuscated postpedicel and having the fore legs infuscated to some degree. The trifoliate process has the median piece club-shaped apically, but not greatly expanded laterally. The hypopygial prominence is truncated with anteriorly projecting tubercles. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with a yellow frontal vitta by its fore legs having a slight infuscation on the femur, and the tibia being infuscated on its apical half. It is very similar to A. bedfordi and A. humeralis, but differs in the structure of the trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence (Fig. 48 Deeming, 1971when Deeming (1970 and Dike (1989a) are used, but differs from it in having the hypopygial prominence tridentate and not bifurcate. Also, the mid and hind leg tarsi are infuscated compared to that of A. lineata torrida which appears brown. A. kirkspriggsi also has a submedial posteroventral seta on the front femur. A. kirkspriggsi is also similar to A. occidentalis Deeming, 1971 but differs from it significantly with regards to the overall structure of the trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence (Fig. 33 vs. Fig. 32). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 4.06 mm; wing: 3.255 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.380. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly and laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle grey dusted, sub-shining. Frontal vitta wholly infuscated, appearing velvety. Frontal plate silvergrey dusted, sub-shining around bases of the posterior pair of proclinate frontal and two pairs of orbital setae; three pairs of frontal setae and two weak pairs of frontal setulae half the length of setae; Parafacial silver-grey dusted, slightly wider than aristal base; jowls appearing gold dusted. Scape, pedicel and postpedicel infuscated. Arista dark-brown. Palpus infuscated; slight apical dilation with very subtle truncation, with hyaline setulae. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 12 setulae. Pleura golden-grey dusted. Proepisternum somewhat protruding compared to other species. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and eight discal setulae; one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae, equal in length. Legs: Forelegs infuscated except for basal half and extreme apex of femur and base of tibia which are yellow. Mid and hind legs yellow except for infuscated tarsi. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore femur with one submedial posteroventral seta; fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins dark-brown. Halteres wholly yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow, grey dusted on dorsolateral surface of tergite 3; tergite 1+2 with two large dark-brown trapezoidal markings with a median longitudinal vitta running between them down to tergite 4 (large markings absent in some specimens), only interrupted at the start of each new tergite; tergite 3 with two large dark-brown almost teardrop shaped marks taking up entire length of dorsum; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence tridentate, with each lobe equal in size, anteriorly with faint setulae. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process, entire process including stem infuscated with the exception of a hyaline area which consist of the hood and its surroundings; median piece apically dilated in posterior view (wider than lateral plates) as well as in profile, although more gradual and less pronounced; lateral plates only somewhat wider in profile than median piece, posteriorly in the shape of a boomerang, inner lobes absent; hood reduced in size. Surstylus not infuscated. Female. Unknown.  Atherigona latibasilaris sp. n.

Fig. 40
Etymology: From the Latin latus (broad or wide) and basilaris (at the base), describing the basal area of the median piece where it meets the hood.
Diagnosis: This species is most similar to A. londti sp. n. in terms of coloration, but differs greatly from it and others species due to the very distinct shape of the trifoliate process that has the basal area where the median piece and hood meet very wide when viewed in profile.
Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted with narrow median part glossy, laterally grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta yellow, darker at base and area surrounding ocellar triangle. Frontal plate grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, narrower than aristal base at narrowest. Scape pedicel and arista ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for ferruginous basal area. Palpus yellow; truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs.
Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with two setae and ten setulae. Pleura grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted except for yellow apex; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (equal in length).
Legs: All legs yellow except for dark marking on apex of fore femur, with apical half of fore tibia and fore tarsi infuscated.
Atherigona libertensis sp. n. Fig. 29 Etymology: From the Latin libertes (freedom), named for the province in which the type locality is situated, i.e. the Free State. Diagnosis: This species is similar to A. angustiloba in terms of general appearance and shape of the hypopygial prominence. A. libertensis differs, however, with regards to the shape and colour of the trifoliate process, which is entirely hyaline compared to the entirely infuscated process of A. angustiloba (Fig. 29 vs. Fig. 30). The trifoliate process is visually similar to those of A. naqvii Steyskal, 1966 and A. cinarina due to the coloration and the presence of a pair of long hyaline setulae at the apex of the median piece, but differs overall structurally, not having any emargination at the apex as with the other two species (Fig. 29 vs. Figs 36 & 37). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.84 mm; wing: 3.12 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.405. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly with narrow median part glossy, laterally also dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted, sub-shining. Frontal vitta infuscated, apical ⅓ appearing ferruginous. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted on apical two thirds, basally grey dusted, with three pairs of proclinate frontal and two pairs of orbital setae, bases of setae appearing slightly glossy. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, only somewhat wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel infuscated with ferruginous apex. Postpedicel infuscated. Arista infuscated. Palpus yellow except for infuscated basal third; apically dilated and truncated, with hyaline setulae. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe grey dusted except for ventrolateral margins which are golden dusted, lobe with three setae and eight setulae. Pleura grey dusted, except for area where katepisternum, anepisternum and anepimeron converge. Proepisternum not conspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three faint and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, not extending to the scutellum; Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae, comparison between subbasal and apical pair not possible due to damage. Legs: All legs yellow with the exception of the fore femur having a dark mark on apical posterior surface, and apical third of fore tibia and entire fore tarsi which is infuscate. Leg chaetotaxy: apical three fore tarsal segments with long dorsal setulae, at least as long as segments are wide. Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at apex of ScR 1 . Veins brown. Halteres with white knob and yellow stalk. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 with faint median vitta, not reaching the apical margins; tergite 3 with two large dark-brown oblong marks taking up just over two thirds of surface, vitta present and same length as large marks; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface, with dark vitta that spans the entire length of segment; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knob-shaped with two anteriorly projecting tubercles. Trifoliate process stem 2.9× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process and all setulae hyaline except for the edges of lateral plates and lateral edges of hood which are infuscated; median piece with slight club-like appearance, same shape in profile, apically with two long hyaline setulae (approximately the same length as entire median piece) and two smaller setulae at centre; lateral plates obavate in profile, no inner lobes present. Surstylus not infuscated. Female. Unknown. Atherigona lineata ssp. lineata (Adams, 1905) Fig. 51 Coenosia lineata Adams, 1905: 208. Atherigona lineata: van Emden 1940Deeming 1971: 178, figs 139-148. Atherigona nigripalpis Stein, 1913: 539. Diagnosis: A. lineata and its subspecies can be distinguished from other species with infuscated frontal vitta by the combination of infuscated palpi and a bifurcated hypopygial prominence. A. lineata lineata, A. lineata torrida Deeming, 1971 andA. lineata ugandae van Emden, 1940 can be distinguished from one another on the following grounds: A. lineata lineata and A. lineata torrida have the fore femur infuscated on at least the apical third (compared to L. lineata ugandae that has it entirely yellow) and the two former species differ from one another in terms of the shape of their trifoliate processes' lateral lobes (Fig. 51a vs. Fig. 52a) and the depth of the hypopygial prominence bifurcation. A. lineata lineata and A. lineata torrida again differ from A. lineata ugandae in that ugandae has the hood area of the trifoliate process infuscate compared to hyaline for the other two subspecies, and also ugandae has a much deeper, wider and pronounced bifurcation. Atherigona lineata (Adams) ssp. torrida Deeming, 1971 Fig. 52 Coenosia lineata Adams, 1905: 208. Atherigona torrida Deeming, 1971Deeming 1979: 47. Diagnosis: See diagnosis for Atherigona lineata lineata.  (D) 19751, 19559, 19720, 19681, 19649, 19774, 19777, 19660, 19680, 19699, 19830, 19763, 19599, 19692, 19651, 19679, 19727, 19771, 19792, 19664, 19683, 19750, 19744, 19748, 19794, 19588, 19781, 19581, 19698) Atherigona londti sp. n. Fig. 48 Etymology: Named after the collector of the holotype and some paratype material, Dr Jason Londt. Diagnosis: This species is very similar to A. flavifinis and A. latibasilaris in having the apex of the scutellum yellow, but differs greatly in terms of the shape of the trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence. It keys close to A. hyalinipennis and A. secrecauda Séguy, 1938in both Deeming (1971 and Dike (1989a) but the trifoliate process of A. londti lacks the wing-like projections of the hood in A. secrecauda and cordiform median piece of A. hyalinipennis. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.317 mm; wing: 2.944 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.429. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta yellow. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, narrower than aristal base at narrowest. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for ferruginous basal area. Arista brown. Palpus yellow; truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with three setae and eight setulae. Pleura grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak, barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted except for yellow apex; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and three discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal 0.8× apical). Legs: All legs yellow except for dark marking on apex of fore femur, with fore tibia and fore tarsi infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair of small dark markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface (absent in some paratypes); tergite 4 with two small dark spots, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence slightly bifurcate. Trifoliate process stem 1.6× the length of the apical process; stem brown except for apical third which is hyaline, hood also hyaline, rest of process infuscated; median piece club-shaped with gradual apical dilation, curved in profile, but linear, with two pairs of forward projecting setulae; lateral plates with inner lobes. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown.
Atherigona naqvii Steyskal, 1966 Fig. 37 Atherigona naqvii Steyskal, 1966: 53;Deeming 1971: 160, figs 61-66. Diagnosis: This species has a similarly coloured trifoliate process to that of A. libertensis and A. cinarina, and also a pair of hyaline apical setulae on the median piece. A. naqvii differs, however, from the aforementioned species by the combination of a yellow frontal vitta and the hypopygial prominence appearing tridentate (Fig.  37c). The trifoliate process is also without fine surface setulae as in A. cinarina.
Type material examined: None. Type material housed in National Museum of Natural History -Smithsonian Institution (NMNH), but not seen.  Atherigona ndumoensis sp. n.

Fig. 24
Etymology: Named for the type locality Ndumo Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Diagnosis: This species is most similar to A. falcata, but differs from it in having the truncated apical area of the palpus much smaller than half the length of the entire palpus (as is the case in A. falcata). A. ndumoensis further has its parafacial area grey dusted compared to A. falcata that has it golden dusted. The trifoliate process also differs in shape (Fig. 24a vs. Fig 23a). Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.286 mm; wing: 2.88 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.477. Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta yellow, somewhat darker around ocellar triangle. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted throughout with four pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, at narrowest just as wide as aristal base. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for base which is ferruginous. Arista brown. Palpus yellow, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour brown. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae (one appearing as setulae) and six setulae. Pleura entirely silver-grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three faint 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and eight discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal pair equal to apical pair). Legs: All legs yellow. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white.
Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with two small round markings (quite faint compared to most other species) taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike, apically dilated with a pair of anteriorly projecting tubercles. Trifoliate process stem 1.8× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process infuscated except for hood and majority of stem which are light brown (stem apically hyaline); median piece dilated towards apex (appearing clublike), same general shape in lateral view, having four strong projecting setulae at apex; lateral plates 3× as wide as median piece in profile, with inner lobes. Surstylus without infuscation. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis: This species is similar to A. dentifolia Dike, 1989, but differs from it by having a bifurcate hypopygial prominence compared to that of A. dentifolia which is bilobate. The trifoliate process has its median piece strongly dilated on apical half in posteriorview and somewhat dilated throughout its length in profile, compared to A. dentifolia which has its median piece filiform throughout. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.596 mm; wing: 2.816 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.338. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, also laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted throughout with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial silver-grey dusted, at narrowest wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus yellow, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 10 setulae. Pleura entirely grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and four discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal pair 0.75× apical pair). Legs: All legs yellow except for fore femur with dorsal dark marking near apex, fore tibia entirely infuscated except for extreme base and fore basitarsus together with following tarsal segment, which are also infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 with two large dark markings and a very much expanded median vitta that touches the inside edges of both, giving it an almost triangular appearance; tergite 3 two large dark oblong markings taking up over two thirds of dorsal surface, also with expanded median vitta that is almost touching the inside edges of other markings; tergite 4 with small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface, basal edge of tergite having a wide dark marking across most of surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bifurcated. Trifoliate process stem 2× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process infuscated except for hood and stem which are light brown; median piece strongly dilated at apex posterior view, linear in lateral view; lateral plates 2× as wide as median piece in profile, with inner lobes. Surstylus with slight infuscation at base, and as strongly infuscated at apex as trifoliate process. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa.
Atherigona oblonga sp. n. Fig. 28 Etymology: From the Latin oblongus (longer than broad), referring to the shape of the median piece of the trifoliate process. Diagnosis: This species is very similar to A. fililoba Deeming, 1979, A. piscatoris sp. n. andA. zariaensis Deeming, 1979, with regards to the shape of its hypopygial prominence as well as general coloration. It differs, however, from the first two species by having the median piece of the trifoliate process markedly oblong and dilated in apical half in posterior view, compared to that of A. fililoba and A. piscatoris that is filiform for most of its length. Whilst A. zariaensis also has a dilated median piece, it is not oblong, and the lateral lobes are also not constricted medially. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 4.433 mm; wing: 3.038 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.333. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly and laterally (with the exception of bottom of occiput which is gold dusted) with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated with slight reddish suffusion at apex. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted except for area surrounding the apical pair of the three pairs of frontal setae which is gold dusted, also with two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden-yellow dusted, as wide as aristal base. Scape, pedicel and arista darkly ferruginous, postpedicel wholly infuscated. Palpus infuscated except for ventral part of apex which is yellow; apex strongly dilated and truncated with hyaline setulae. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 13 setulae. Pleura golden dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae; one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae, equal in length. Legs: All legs yellow except for forelegs with apical two thirds of tibia and all tarsi infuscated.
Leg chaetotaxy: Fore femur with one submedial posteroventral seta; apical three fore tarsal segments with long dorsal setulae, at least as long as segments are wide.
Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at apex of ScR 1 and around humeral crossvein. Veins dark-brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white.
Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with two medium sized dark-brown almost teardrop shaped marks taking up two thirds of dorsum length; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up two thirds of segment length; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike, with two anteriorly projecting tubercles at apex. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process, entire process including stem infuscated with the exception of the basal third of stem which is hyaline; median piece bifurcated and dilated on apical quarter in posterior view, and boomerang shaped in profile, almost angular; lateral plates narrow in posterior view, medially constricted in profile; inner lobes absent; hood not very pronounced.
Type material examined: Holotype ♂: 'NORTHERN NIGERIA [NIGERIA]: Zaria, Samaru, 26.ix.1968, J.C. Deeming, m.v. [Mercury vapour] trap, det Deeming 1969. Atherigona ochracea Deeming, 1981 Fig. 43 Atherigona ochracea Deeming, 1981: 106, figs 19, 20. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with a yellow frontal vitta and mostly yellow antennae by its bifurcated hypopygial prominence and trifoliate process with apical half of lateral lobes and entire median piece infuscated.   (Dike 1989a), but differs from it due to having a very distinctly reduced hypopygial prominence, compared to a truncated and emarginated one. A. parviclivis also has its trifoliate process with a much expanded median piece, appearing almost semi-circular (Fig. 3b) in profile, entirely filiform in posterior view and the entire process infuscated except for the base, compared to A. ochripes which has it slightly dilated in posterior view, not semi-circular in profile and having the process hyaline for the most part. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.689 mm; wing: 3.072 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.365. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly and laterally (with the exception of bottom of occiput which is gold dusted) with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted except for area surrounding the apical two pairs of the three pairs of proclinate frontal setae which is gold dusted, also with two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden dusted, wider than aristal base. Scape and pedicel darkly ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for narrow basal inner area. Arista infuscated. Palpus entirely yellow; apex weakly truncated with minimal dilation, palpus appearing almost straplike. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 12 setulae. Pleura golden dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and an unknown number of discal setulae (due to specimen damage); one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (comparison not possible due to damage). Legs: All legs yellow except for forelegs with apical half of tibia and all tarsi infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with two medium sized dark-brown marks taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence simple, appearing as a conical protrudence. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process, entire process infuscated except for hyaline stem and hood; median piece linear and without dilation in posterior view, greatly dilated in profile, just as wide as lateral plates, almost semi-circular in appearance, without inner lobes; lateral plates in the shape of an upside-down teardrop when viewed in profile. Surstylus not infuscated. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa.
Atherigona parvihumilata sp. n. Fig. 4 Etymology: From the Latin parvus (small) and humilis (humble), referring to the size and shape of the hypopygial prominence. Diagnosis: This species is similar to other species that have the frontal plate and occiput glossy in combination with an infuscated frontal vitta, but differs from them in having the entire dorsal surface of the abdomen uniformly infuscate. A. stuckenbergi sp. n. has a similar abdominal coloration, but has its hypopygial prominence bilobate instead of weakly developed and somewhat bifurcated as in A. parvihumilata. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 2.697 mm; wing: 2.48 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.365. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput infuscated with dark brown-grey pruinosity with rest of occiput glossy. Ocellar triangle infuscated with dark brown-grey pruinosity. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate entirely glossy with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial dark brown-grey dusted, narrower at bottom than aristal base. Scape, pedicel postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus infuscated; apex truncated and dilated, with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe infuscated, with three setae and six setulae (four of which are very strongly developed almost appearing to be setae). Pleura grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum infuscated, with three strong 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum infuscated; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (equal in length). Legs: Forelegs and as well as mid and hind leg tarsi entirely infuscated, mid and hind legs otherwise yellow. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at areas surrounding Sc R 1 and the humeral crossvein. Veins dark-brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites infuscated; tergites 1+2, 3, 4 and 5 entirely covered by a seemingly singular dark mark, but is broken between tergite 4 and 5. Hypopygial prominence reduced, with a slight emargination at apex, almost appearing bifurcate. Trifoliate process stem 2.8× the length of the apical process; stem and hood lighter than rest of process which is infuscated, lateral plates and median piece infuscated; median piece linear, narrower than lateral plates; lateral plates without inner lobes. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa.

Description:
Male. Measurements: Body length: 4.309 mm; wing: 3.12 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.412. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted posteriorly with narrow median part glossy, laterally also grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate grey dusted, with three pairs of proclinate frontal and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden-grey dusted, at narrowest as wide as aristal base. Scape and pedicel infuscated with ferruginous apex. Postpedicel infuscated. Arista infuscated. Palpus infuscated; apically dilated and truncated, with hyaline setulae. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe grey dusted, lobe with three setae and 12 setulae. Pleura golden-grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three faint and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, not extending to the scutellum; Scutellum grey dusted, apical edge yellow; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae, subbasal and apical pair equal. Legs: All legs yellow except for apical half of fore tibia and first three tarsal segments of fore tarsi which are infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy. Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at apex of ScR 1 and humeral crossvein. Veins brown. Halteres with white knob and yellow stalk. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 with a brown marking; tergite 3 with two large dark-brown oblong marks taking up approximately two thirds of surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of segment; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knob-shaped with two anteriorly projecting tubercles. Trifoliate process stem 2× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process infuscated except for brown stem; median piece with filiform in posterior view except for apex which is abruptly dilated, with hyaline setulae: one pair small and undifferentiated and the other pair long and hair-like (at least half the length of median piece); median piece almost angular in profile, with gradual dilation towards apex starting from middle of piece in profile, appearing to be shaped like a fishhook; lateral plates barely wider than median piece in profile, no inner lobes present. Surstylus not infuscated. Female. Unknown. 19632, 19598, 19766, 19590);1♂ Royal Natal National Park, Tiger Falls area, 28°41.341'S 28°56.047'E, Protea caffra woodland, 17-18.ii.2010, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs, Malaise trap (BMSA(D) 19808).
Distribution: South Africa.
Atherigona pulla (Wiedemann, 1830) Fig. 6 Coenosia pulla Wiedemann, 1830: 441. Orthostylum rufipes Macquart, 1851a: 245 (1851b. Atherigona destructor Malloch, 1923: 185. Atherigona pulla: Pont 1972Deeming 1979: 39. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from most other species in having yellow vibrissae, compared to the more common infusted state in others. It can be distinguished from A. angulata due to the shape of the trifoliate process. It can further be distinguished from A. chrysohypene by the shape of the hypopygial prominence which is knoblike and emarginate compared to the latter's being bilobate.  Deeming, 1971in Dike (1989a but differs from it in that it does not have a strongly bifurcated hypopygial prominence (Fig. 58c). It has the median piece of the trifoliate process almost bent angular and apically dilated in profile, compared to A. facilis which has the median piece linear in profile.

Description:
Male. Measurements: Body length: 3.937 mm; wing: 3.168 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.377. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate golden dusted around three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and grey dusted around two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial golden dusted, wider at narrowest than aristal base. Scape, pedicel and postpedicel infuscated except for and apical edge of pedicel and basal area of postpedicel. Arista infuscated. Palpus yellow; truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with three setae and 11 setulae. Pleura grey dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted, with three 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (subbasal 0.88× apical). Legs: All legs yellow. Leg chaetotaxy: Apical three segments of fore tarsi with dorsal setulae that are at least as long as segments are wide. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair of small teardrop shaped dark markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small dark spots, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence with strong bifurcation, lobes appearing as two fused triangles in apical view. Trifoliate process stem 2.3× the length of the apical process; entire process brown throughout except for hyaline base of stem; median piece very strongly apically dilated, almost circular, with deep cleft at apex and appearing somewhat angular in profile (Holotype specimen is damaged with median piece separated from rest of process); lateral plates without inner lobes. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Distribution: South Africa. Stein, 1913 Fig. 45 Atherigona rubricornis Stein, 1913: 531;van Emden 1940: 101, figs. 15, 51;Deeming 1971: 157 Atherigona ruficornis Stein, 1913 Fig. 38 Atherigona ruficornis Stein, 1913: 532;van Emden 1940: 121, figs 20, 50. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from similar species such as A. rubricornis by its entirely yellow fore femur. The hypopygial prominence, whilst bifurcated and quite similar to that of A. rubricornis is more apically pointed. The trifoliate process is filiform in posterior view, and apically curved and dilated. Diagnosis: This species is distinguishable by the combination of its entirely yellow legs and palpi, a subcordiform hypopygial prominence and the trifoliate process with the median piece apically dilated and the apex slightly emarginate. Atherigona stuckenbergi sp. n.

Fig. 62
Etymology: Named for the collector of the type series, Dr Brian Stuckenberg.
Diagnosis: This species has the median piece of the trifoliate process very similar to A. occidentalis due to the Y-shaped apex, but it differs from the latter and is also very similar to A. parvihumilata in having its abdominal tergites entirely infuscate and not covered with paired markings as is custom for most species of the genus. It further differs from A. parvihumilata by the shape of the hypopygial prominence that is a well developed bilobate structure compared to that of A. parvihumilata which is reduced and weakly bifurcated.
Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Upper occiput brown, glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle infuscated, with slight pruinosity. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate appearing glossy with slight pruinosity throughout, with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial gold dusted, as wide as aristal base at narrowest. Scape, pedicel, postpedicel and arista infuscated. Palpus yellow, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs.
Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 10 setulae. Pleura entirely gold dusted, except for bottoms of katepisternum and meron which are silver-grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum brown, glossy with slight pruinosity throughout three dark-brown 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, having a slight dusted appearance between each vitta, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum with the same appearance as the scutum; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and eight discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal pair 0.75× apical pair).
Legs: All legs yellow except for entire fore tibia and all leg basitarsi as well as second tarsal segment.
Leg chaetotaxy: Dorsal surfaces of fore tarsi, except for basitarsus with long setulae (at least as long as width of segments).
Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergites 1+2, 3 and 4 with dorsal surfaces entirely infuscated; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bilobed. Trifoliate process stem 3× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process entirely infuscated except for basal third of stem which is hyaline and median piece and hood which are brown; median piece with wide apical dilation and bifurcation in posterior view, appearing almost Y-shaped; median piece basally dilated in profile, gradually constricting towards apex; lateral plates with inner lobes, appearing wider than median piece in profile and in posterior view. Surstylus without any infuscation.
Diagnosis: This species is easily distinguished from other species due to the combination of an absent hypopygial prominence and the proepisternum not being knoblike (unlike A. divergens which has it knoblike). Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with the occiput and frontal plate glossy by its frontal vitta being yellow on more than its anterior half, Tergite 3 immaculate and the trifoliate process entirely infuscate on a short stem and the hypopygial prominence bifurcate.

Fig. 61
Etymology: From the Latin tigris (tiger), after Tiger Falls, Royal Natal National Park, South Africa.
Diagnosis: This species is similar to A. secrecauda but differs from it in having the hypopygial prominence weakly bifurcate and not bilobate in the shape of two fused triangles. Whilst A. tigris has the trifoliate process with a similar coloration, it differs structurally by not having a winglike hood and having the median piece without any emargination and with only a slight apical dilation.
Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silvergrey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate apically gold dusted around three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and basally silver-grey dusted around two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial gold dusted, slightly wider than aristal base at narrowest. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for basal margins which are ferruginous. Arista infuscated. Palpus yellow; truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs.
Legs: All legs yellow except for apical third of fore tibia and entire fore basitarsus which is slightly infuscated.
Wings: Hyaline except for slight brown smoky suffusion at apex of ScR 1 . Veins brown. Knob of halteres white, with stalk yellow. Calypters white.
Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 and 4 each with a pair of small round spots, equal in size, taking up less than a third of dorsal surfaces; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence weakly bifurcate. Trifoliate process stem ca. 3× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process infuscated except for bases of median piece and lateral plates, as well as hood and apical third of stem, which are hyaline; median piece linear with slight abrupt apical dilation in posterior view, strongly dilated in profile; lateral plates with inner lobes, appearing wider than median piece in profile; Epandrium with dark markings and surstylus entirely infuscated (paratypes without infuscation).
Atherigona umbonata sp. n. Fig. 15 Etymology: From the Latin umbo (knuckle, knob), referring to the shape of the hypopygial prominence. Diagnosis: This species is most similar to A. aurifacies but differs from it in having its hypopygial prominence quite different compared to that of A. aurifacies (Fig. 15c, d vs. Fig. 12c, d). The trifoliate process has the lateral lobes appearing tapered in posterior view, compared to those of A. aurifacies that are more rounded. The lateral lobes are also hyaline on their basal half compared to A. aurifacies that has them entirely infuscated (Fig. 12a vs. Fig. 15a). Description:

Male.
Measurements: Body length: 4.278 mm; wing: 3.600 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.418. Head: Ground colour dark. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput silver-grey dusted posteriorly and gold dusted laterally with narrow median part glossy. Ocellar triangle silver-grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate silver-grey dusted with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae; glossy around bases of setae. Parafacial gold dusted, at narrowest equal in width to aristal base. Scape infuscated, pedicel darkly ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated with slight ferruginous basal edge. Arista infuscated. Palpus entirely infuscated; apex truncated and dilated, with hyaline hairs and yellow vertex. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 13 setulae. Pleura gold dusted. Proepisternum inconspicuous. Scutum grey dusted, with three 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and nine discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one stronger pair of apical setae (cannot compare length due to damage to apical pair). Legs: All legs yellow except for forelegs with apical half of femur with slight mark, apical half of tibia and first two basal tarsi infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore femur with one submedial posteroventral seta; fore tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy Wings: Hyaline, except for slight brown smoky suffusion at areas around ScR 1 and the humeral cross-vein. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with two medium sized dark-brown marks taking up just over two thirds of dorsal surface; tergite 4 with two small round markings, taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence knoblike (Fig 15c, d ). Trifoliate process stem 2.2× the length of the apical process; basal quarter of median piece, basal half of lateral plates, hood and apical third of stem hyaline, the rest of process infuscated; median piece apically dilated, gradually dilating in profile, narrower than lateral plates; lateral plates without inner lobe, appearing tapered in posterior view. Surstylus without dark markings. Female. Unknown. Atherigona univittata Deeming & Overman, 1987 Fig. 9 Atherigona univitatta Deeming & Overman, 1987: 118, figs 1-3. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from most other species with an infuscated frontal vitta by its unusual infuscated ground coloured postpronotal lobe (as noted by Deeming & Overman 1987) in combination with an apically rounded median piece and the lateral lobes appearing almost the same size as the median piece. Distribution: Kenya, South Africa.
Atherigona valida (Adams, 1905) Fig. 67 Coenosia valida Adams, 1905: 207. Atherigona valida: Deeming 1971Deeming 1979: 44. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from others with an infuscated frontal vitta and yellow palpi by the truncated hypopygial prominence dorsally appearing in the shape of two fused, pointed triangles, slightly projecting. The trifoliate process in entirely infuscated with the median piece apically dilated, without any emarginations.  Deeming in Deeming (1971) and Dike (1989a), but differs from it in having a roundly bifurcated hypopygial prominence compared to a knoblike structure. A. vernoni also has its median piece of the trifoliate process apically dilated, whereas A. robertsi has it filiform in posterior view. Description: Male. Measurements: Body length: 2.821 mm; wing: 2.32 mm; rm crossvein ratio: 0.407. Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput glossy on upper half, weakly dark grey dusted laterally. Ocellar triangle weakly dark grey dusted, subshinging. Frontal vitta infuscated with slight ferruginous suffusion. Frontal plate for the most part dark grey, very weakly dusted, appearing glossy, with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae (apical pair's area surrounded by gold dusted surface) and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial gold dusted, narrower than aristal base at narrowest. Scape, pedicel and postpedicel infuscated. Arista brown. Palpus yellow, appearing almost straplike. Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe golden dusted, with three setae and 8 setulae. Pleura gold dusted, Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum appearing brown with slight grey pruinosity, with three dark-brown 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum with same coloration as scutum, apically edge yellow; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and six discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (equal in length). Legs: All legs yellow except for fore basitarsus which appears darker than the rest of tarsi.
Leg chaetotaxy: Fore tarsi with 3rd and 4th segments from base each with long setulae dorsally, each being longer than the three apical tarsal segments combined. Wings: Hyaline. Veins brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair oblong dark markings taking up two thirds of dorsal surface; tergites 4 and 5 each with a pair of small brown spots taking up a third of dorsal surfaces. Hypopygial prominence roundly bifurcated. Trifoliate process stem 1.7× the length of the apical process; trifoliate light brown to hyaline with the exception of the basal half of stem, extreme apex of median piece, and posterior and lateral edges of lateral plates; median piece apically dilated in posterior view appearing almost triangular, linear in profile with apex curved; lateral plates without inner lobes, appearing wider than median piece in profile. Surstylus lightly infuscated at base and apex. Female. Unknown.  Etymology: Named for the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Diagnosis: This species keys to A. secrecauda in Deeming (1971) and Dike (1989a), but differs from it by having the hypopygial prominence weakly bifurcate as opposed to being bilobate and appearing as two fused triangles in dorsal view. The trifoliate process of A. zulu is also missing the winglike hood of A. secrecauda, as well as being more less abruptly dilated apically compared so A. secrecauda (Fig. 68b vs. Fig. 50b).
Head: Ground colour brown. All head setae and setulae infuscated. Occiput grey dusted throughout with narrow median part glossy, laterally silver-grey dusted. Ocellar triangle grey dusted. Frontal vitta infuscated. Frontal plate grey dusted on basal third, gold dusted on apical two thirds with three pairs of proclinate frontal setae and two pairs of orbital setae. Parafacial gold dusted, as wide as aristal base at narrowest. Scape and pedicel ferruginous, postpedicel infuscated except for basal area. Arista infuscated. Palpus yellow, apex truncated and dilated with hyaline hairs.
Thorax: Ground colour dark. Postpronotal lobe gold dusted, with three setae and 13 setulae. Pleura entirely silver-grey dusted, except for bottom of katepisternum which is grey dusted; Proepisternum inconspicuous and gold dusted. Scutum grey dusted throughout, with three faint 2-4 dorsocentral vittae, stopping before scutellum. Scutellum grey dusted; one pair of basal setae, one pair of discal setae and ten discal setulae, one pair of subbasal setae and one pair of apical setae (subbasal and apical setae equal).
Legs: All legs yellow except for apical quarter of fore tibia and fore tarsi which are infuscated. Leg chaetotaxy: Fore femur with one submedial posteroventral seta; dorsal surfaces of fore tarsi, except for basitarsus, with long setulae (at least as long as width of segments). Wings: Hyaline. Veins light brown. Knob of halteres white with stalk yellow. Calypters white. Abdomen: All tergites yellow; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 3 with a pair oblong dark markings taking up two thirds of dorsal surface; tergites 4 with a pair of small brown oblong markings taking up a third of dorsal surface; tergite 5 immaculate. Hypopygial prominence bilobed. Trifoliate process stem 2× the length of the apical process; trifoliate process entirely infuscated except for stem and hood which are brown; median piece with strong apical dilation and bifurcated in posterior view, with slight apical dilation in profile with an overall slightly curved appearance; lateral plates with inner lobes, appearing wider than median piece in profile, but not in posterior view. Surstylus with slight infuscation at base and apex. Female. Unknown.