A drought simulation (roof experiment) was conducted in a 60-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand in central Lithuania during 2003–2005. The stand represented a typical for Lithuania Scots pine forest of Pinetum vaccinio-myrtillosum type, growing on Arenosols. During the simulated-drought experiment, the changes in soil (humidity, pH, chemistry), ground vegetation (species abundant and composition) and tree condition (needle age, litterfall, crown defoliation) were recorded. The drought decreased soil humidity (O horizon and mineral soil down to the 100-cm depth) and increased the concentrations of some N compounds (in mineral topsoil). The cover of ground vegetation was significantly reduced, the needle age decreased, and crown defoliation increased as a result of drought.