Patterns of soil bacterial richness using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and abundance of bacterial groups (phylum or class) were studied in relation to plant richness and soil characteristics in the alpine at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, U.S.A. The study used a landscape gradient and snow fence in addition to plots amended with nitrogen (N). Bacterial richness was not correlated with total soil carbon (C) or total soil N, but showed strong positive correlations with pH and corresponding correlations with metallic cation concentrations. Bacterial richness showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.86) with soil acidity and declined 30% over the pH gradient of 6.0–4.5. Plant richness correlated with acidity (r = -0.70) and declined 50% over this gradient. Bacterial OTU richness was sensitive to acidity but not to N amendments. However, abundance of five bacterial groups responded positively to N, four responded negatively, and three groups exhibited no changes. In plots with additional snow, snow additions reduced OTU richness. However, when snow was included in an ANCOVA model with N and soil acidity, OTUs were not affected, suggesting that snow effects were largely captured by soil acidity changes. Bacterial richness was correlated with forb richness and cover, but causal relationships remain unresolved.