Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) from intravaginal sponges prolongs the lifespan of large ovarian follicles when administered after prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α)-induced luteolysis early in the luteal phase of ewes. The present study was designed to determine whether a PGF_2α/MAP treatment applied at midcycle would alter the pattern of antral follicle growth and increase ovulation rate in nonprolific ewes. A single injection of PGF_2α (15 mg, i.m.) was given, and an intravaginal MAP (60 mg) sponge was inserted for 6 days, on ∼Day 8 after ovulation, in 7 (experiment 1), 8 (experiment 2) or 11 (experiment 3) ultrasonographically monitored, cycling Western white-faced ewes; seven ewes (experiment 1) served as untreated controls. Blood samples were collected each day and also every 12 min for 6 h, halfway through the period of treatment with MAP (experiment 1), or every 4 h, from 1 day before to 1 day after sponging (experiment 2). Seventeen of 26 treated ewes (experiment 1, n = 6; experiment 2, n = 5; experiment 3, n = 6) ovulated 1 to 6 days after PGF_2α, but this did not affect the emergence of ensuing follicular waves (experiments 1 and 2). These ovulations, confirmed by laparotomy and histological examinations of the ovaries (experiment 3), were not preceded by an increase in LH/FSH secretion and did not result in corpora lutea, as evidenced by transrectal ultrasonography and RIA of serum progesterone (experiments 1 and 2). Following the removal of MAP sponges, the mean ovulation rate was 3.1 ± 0.4 in treated ewes and 2.0 ± 0.3 in control ewes (experiment 1; P < 0.05). In experiments 1 and 2, the ovulation rate after treatment (3.1 ± 0.4 and 2.8 ± 0.4) was also greater than the pretreatment rate (1.9 ± 0.3 and 1.9 ± 0.1, respectively). Ovulations of follicles from two consecutive waves before ovulation were seen in five treated but only in two control ewes (experiment 1), and in seven ewes in experiment 2. There were no significant differences between the MAP-treated and control ewes in mean daily serum concentrations of FSH and estradiol, and no differences in the parameters of LH/FSH secretion, based on frequent blood sampling. Treatment of nonprolific Western white-faced ewes with PGF_2α and MAP at midcycle changed follicular dynamics and increased ovulation rate by approximately 50%. These effects of MAP, in the absence of luteal progesterone, may not be mediated by changes in gonadotropin secretion.