The mechanisms of cervical ripening and dilation in mammals remain obscure. Information is lacking about the localization of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂)-producing cells and PGE₂ receptors (EP) in intrapartum cervix and whether cervical dilation at parturition is an active process. To reveal these mechanisms, immunolocalization of EP1–EP4 (official gene symbols PTGER1–PTGER4) and PGE₂-producing cells in caprine cervix during nonpregnancy, pregnancy, and parturition was assayed by immunohistochemistry (IHC); the mRNA expression levels of PTGS2, PTGER2 (EP2), and PTGER4 (EP4) were determined using quantitative PCR; and the existence of adipocytes in the cervix at various stages was demonstrated with Oil Red O staining and IHC of perilipin A. The results suggested that in intrapartum caprine cervix staining of the PGE₂ was observed in the overall tissues, for example, blood vessels, canal or glandular epithelia, serosa, circular and longitudinal muscles, and stroma in addition to adipocytes; EP2 was detectable in all the tissues other than glandular epithelia; EP4 was strongly expressed in all the tissues other than serosa; EP1 was detected mainly in arterioles and canal or glandular epithelia; and EP3 was poorly expressed only in stroma, canal epithelia, and circular muscles. Little or no expression of EP2, EP3, and EP4 as well as PGE₂ in all cervical tissues was observed during nonpregnancy and pregnancy except for the strong expression of EP1 in canal or glandular epithelia during pregnancy. The mRNA expression levels of PTGS2, PTGER2, and PTGER4 were significantly higher in intrapartum than nonpregnant and midpregnant cervices (P < 0.01). Adipocytes appear only in the intrapartum cervix. These results support the concept that PGE₂ modulates specific functions in various anatomical structures of the caprine cervix at labor and the appearance of adipocytes at labor is likely related to caprine cervical dilation.