Many small mammal populations respond quickly to timber harvest aimed at oak (Quercus) regeneration, which alters microhabitat. We used mark-release–recapture data collected 6–8 years postharvest from the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment in southern Indiana, United States, to model density and apparent survival of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) as a function of timber harvest treatments (shelterwood, clearcut, patch cut, and unharvested control). Density, estimated using spatial capture–recapture, increased for chipmunks in all types of harvest openings, but survival was unaffected by harvest. Chipmunk densities in unharvested forest matrix habitat averaged 58% and 71% lower relative to harvest openings and opening edges, respectively. White-footed mouse density was less responsive to timber harvest, but monthly survival rates were reduced by 13% in shelterwoods and 17% in patch cuts relative to control sites. Both rodent species tended to exhibit distance-dependent responses, with higher density of home-range centers near harvest boundaries relative to forest matrix. Structural complexity created at the edges of timber harvest openings can benefit rodents associated with edge habitat 6–8 years after harvest, presumably due to improved foraging efficiency and resource diversity. Cascading effects of rodent demographic responses are likely to affect predation and seed dispersal, which are critical trophic interactions in oak forest ecosystems.