In this study, the influence of food availability on the gonadal development of the smooth clam Callista chione was analyzed for the first time. Callista chione adults were maintained for 60 days under controlled conditions with two different diet rations: a scarce diet (3% of dry weight of algae by meat dry weight per day) and a high diet (6%). The condition index, gonadal stage, and oocyte size were measured throughout the experiment. Maturation of gonad was achieved in both groups. Nevertheless, the condition index and oocyte diameter were significantly less in the scarce-diet group. These low values seem to be related to a loss in reserve tissue, not to the release of gametes. Thus, in food-limited conditions, the animals use the energy to mature instead of grow. Comparisons with animals from the field were made during all the study periods, and differences were found. In fact, these individuals were primarily in the postspawning stage, and the oocyte size was considerably smaller, coinciding with low chlorophyll a levels.