Nadezhda S. Sulikhan,^1,2 Martin Gilbert,^3,4,2,* Ekaterina Yu. Blidchenko,^5,6 Sergei V. Naidenko,⁷ Galina V. Ivanchuk,⁸ Tatiana Yu. Gorpenchenko,¹ Mikhail V. Alshinetskiy,⁹ Elena I. Shevtsova,⁵ John M. Goodrich,¹⁰ John C. M. Lewis,¹¹ Mikhail S. Goncharuk,¹² Olga V. Uphyrkina,¹ Vyatcheslav V. Rozhnov,⁷ Sergey V. Shedko,¹ Denise McAloose,³ Dale G. Miquelle,^3,13 Tracie A. Seimon<sup>3

1</sup>1Federal Scientific Center of East Asian Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Aca
²13Joint first authors
³2Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
⁴3Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell
⁵4Land of the Leopard National Park, Prospekt 100 letiya Vladivostoka 127, Vladivostok, 690068, Russi
⁶5Primorskii Regional Non-commercial Organization (PRNCO) “The Center for Rehabilitation and Reintrod
⁷6A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij Prospe
⁸7Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Primorskaya State Academy of Agri
⁹8Moscow Zoo, Bol'shaya Gruzinskaya Ulitsa 1, Moscow, 123242, Russia
¹⁰9Panthera, 8 W 40th Street, New York, New York 10018, USA
¹¹10Wildlife Vets International, Keighley Business Centre, South Street, Keighley BD21 1AG, UK
¹²11Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
¹³12Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Ayaks, Russki Island, Vladivostok, 690950,

^*Corresponding author (email: m.gilbert@cornell.edu)