Since the description of Diplostephium by Kunth in 1820, more than 200 Diplostephium taxa have been described. In the absence of a recent revision of the genus, a nomenclator of Diplostephium is provided based on an extensive review of the taxonomic literature, herbarium material, and databases. Here, 111 species recognized in the literature are listed along with their reference citations, types, synonyms, subspecific divisions, and distributions by country. In addition, a list of doubtful names and Diplostephium names now considered to be associated with other taxa is provided.
Diplostephium is a genus of small trees, shrubs, and sub-shrubs that range from Costa Rica to northern Chile. Carl Sigismund Kunth published the genus in Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (1820) with the description of a single species, Diplostephium lavandulifolium Kunth (now Diplostephium ericoides (Lam.) Cabrera). The generic name came from the Greek diplos, double, and the Greek stefanos, crown, referring to the tworowed pappus present on the achenes. After the original description, the first authors to describe new taxa were Hugh Algernon Weddell, who described 17 new species in Chloris Andina (1857) and Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus, who published 10 species between 1895 and 1905.
In the twentieth century, Sidney Blake published 28 new taxa and two revisions of the genus (1922, 1928). In his first treatment (1922), Blake subdivided the 40 species recognized at that time into five series (Rosmarinifolia, Floribunda, Denticulata, Rupestria, and Lavandulifolia = Diplostephium) based on leaf and sinflorescence variation. In his second revision (1928), Blake recognized 43 species and combined the series Rupestria, Floribunda, and Denticulata under Rupestria (leaving Lavandulifolia, Rosmarinifolia, and Rupestria). Following Blake, the Spanish botanist José Cuatrecasas, who largely explored the Colombian territory, published more than 90 new taxa in the genus along with two revisions (1943, 1969). In his first treatment (1943), Cuatrecasas accounted for 64 species and subdivided the genus in two sections based on the stigma form (sect. Emarginatum and Bifidum) ignoring the subdivision previously proposed by Blake. In his second revision (1969), Cuatrecasas studied the 53 Colombian species recognized at that time and calculated the total number of species to be 90. Additionally, Cuatrecasas adopted Blake's 1922 subdivision of the genus into series, omitting the sections he himself previously described (Cuatrecasas 1943) and proposed seven new additional series (Crassifolia, Coriacea, Huertasina, Schultziana, Phylicoidea, Saxatilia y Anactinota) for a total of twelve. This treatment of the genus was the last effort in publishing a complete study of Diplostephium. Cuatrecasas never explained why he eventually preferred using series rather than sections. Blake, who first described the stigma types in Diplostephium, concluded that dividing the genus using stigma characters (as in Cuatresases' sections) is not compatible with a division of the genus using foliage and inflorescence traits, and that the division by series seemed to be the more natural one. It appears that Cuatrecasas came to the same conclusion before his second revision.
Following the extensive work done by Cuatrecasas, four new Colombian species have been recently published by Santiago Diaz and collaborators (Dıacute;az-Piedrahita and Restrepo 1994, Dıacute;az-Piedrahita and Mendez-Ramirez 1997, Dıacute;az-Piedrahita and Morales 2002). Colombia now has 63 species described (for a key, see Vargas & Madriñán 2006), Perú 39, Ecuador 26, Venezuela 10, Chile 3, Costa Rica 2, and Bolivia 1. Due to the size of the genus, this study is limited to listing the 111 species recognized in the literature without evaluating their taxonomic status. This nomenclator is the result of the intensive review of the published manuscripts, work in herbaria (COL, F, FMB, TEX, US, and USM), and information available in different databases (cf., IPNI and JSTOR Plant Science). All types deposited in the herbaria previously mentioned were seen. The list includes information about the bibliographical reference of the publication of the taxa, types with locations and notes, synonyms, distribution by country, and placement in the subgeneric subdivision according to Cuatrecasas' taxonomic definition of the series (species not previously assigned to any series are assigned here). Preliminary data on the phylogeny of the genus (Vargas & Madriñán, data unpublished) suggest the series are not monophyletic, leading to the interpretation of the series as artificial subdivisions, which nevertherless are helpful for identifying species and morphological groups (see Cuatrecasas 1969, Vargas & Madriñán 2006). Authors, books, and journal abbreviations are listed accorded to IPNI, TL-2 (Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edition), and BPH-2 (Botanico Periodico Huntianum, 2nd edition) respectively. Additionally, a list of doubtful names and Diplostephium names now considered to be associated with other taxa is provided in Appendix 1. Items capitalized and in bold represent accepted names, while those in italics represent a synonyms, a nomina nuda, or a nomina illegitima.
List of Abreviations
* : type or series newly assigned in this study. Note: designations are made to unassigned types or series; these do not represent changes or differences with previos treatments.
A: Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA. B: Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. BC: Institut Bota`nic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. BM: The Natural History Museum, London, England. COL: Herbario Nacional Colombiano, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá , Colombia. F: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA. FI: Museo di Storia Naturale, Firenze, Italy. G: Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Gene`ve, Gene`ve, Switzerland. GH: Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA. GOET: Universita¨t Go¨ttingen, Go¨ttingen, Germany. K: Kew Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. LD: Botanical Museum, Lund, Sweden. LIL: Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. LP: Museo de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. M: Botanische Staatssammlung Mu¨nchen, Mu¨nchen, Germany. MA: Real Jardıacute;n Botánico, Madrid, España. MEDEL: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede de Medellıacute;n, Medellıacute;n, Colombia. MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. NY: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA. P: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. S: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. TEX: The University of Texas Herbarium, Austin, Texas, USA. U: National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Herbarium Utrecht, Leiden, Netherlands. UC: University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. UPTC: Herbario de la Universidad Pedagó gica y Tecnoló gica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia. US: United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. USM: Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. VALLE: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia. VEN: Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr. Tobıacute;as Lasser, Caracas, Venezuela. W: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria.
BOL: Bolivia. COL: Colombia. CHI: Chile. CR: Costa Rica. ECU: Ecuador. PER: Peru. VEN: Venezuela.
DIPLOSTEPHIUM Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 96. 1820. Type: Diplostephium ericoides (Lam.) Cabrera.
Diplostephium sect. Amphistephium dc. Prodr. 5: 273. pro parte 1836.
Simblocline dc. Prodr. 5: 297. 1836.
Linochilus Benth. Pl. Hartw. 197. 1845.
Diplostephium sect. Emarginatum Cuatrec. Caldasia 2: 211. 1943.
Diplostephium sect. Bifidum Cuatrec. Caldasia 2: 211. 1943.
I. Diplostephium ser. Anactinota Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 190. Type: Diplostephium anactinotum Wedd.
II. Diplostephium ser. Coriacea Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 123. 1969. Type: Diplostephium coriaceum Cuatrec.
III. Diplostephium ser. Crassifolia Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 122. 1969. Type: Diplostephium crassifolium Cuatrec.
IV. Diplostephium ser. Denticulata S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 69. 1922. Type: Diplostephium ochraceum (Kunth) Nees.
V. Diplostephium ser. Diplostephium.
Diplostephium ser. Lavandulifolia S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 69. 1922. Type: Diplostephium ericoides (Lam.) Cabrera.
VI. Diplostephium ser. Floribunda S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 69. 1922. Type: Diplostephium floribundum (Benth.) Wedd.
VII. Diplostephium ser. Huertasina Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 126. Type: Diplostephium huertasii Cuatrec.
VIII. Diplostephium ser. Phylicoidea Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 164. Type: Diplostephium phylicoides (Kunth) Wedd.
IX. Diplostephium ser. Rosmarinifolia S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 69. 1922. Type: Diplostephium rosmarinifolium (Benth.) Wedd.
X. Diplostephium ser. Rupestria S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 69. 1922. Type: Diplostephium rupestre (Kunth) Wedd.
XI. Diplostephium ser. Saxatilia Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 173. Type: Diplostephium saxatile Cuatrec.
XII. Diplostephium ser. Schultziana Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 140. Type: Diplostephium schultzii Wedd.
1. Diplostephium abietinum S.F. Blake, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 40: 48. 1950. Type: PERU. Amazonas: Piscohuañuno Pass, near Rioja, Aug 1938, Sandemam 13 (K, type; US, photograph and fragment). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
2. Diplostephium Alveolatum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 224. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá: páramo del Alto del Escobal, entre Soatá y Cocuy, 3800–3900 m, arbolito 2–4 m, Sep 15 1938, Cuatrecasas & Garcıacute;a-Barriga 1758 (COL, holotype; BC, F, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Schultziana.
3. Diplostephium anactinotum Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 201. 1856. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 8000 pds. frútex, flores albi, [without date], Funck 390 (P, lectotype; G, P, isotypes; F, photo). Distribution: COL. Series: Anactinota.
4. Diplostephium antioquense Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 74: 12. 1961. Type: COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Medellín, monte El Boqueró n, Alto de los Baldıacute;os, páramo 3150 m, bosque andino fragmentario marginal, árbol 4–5 m, hoja crasiúscula, verde amarillenta oscura haz, blanquecina envés, inflorescencia blanquecina, borde de las brácteas involucrales algo pardusco, lıacute;gulas blancas, Apr 9 1958, Cuatrecasas, Llano & Gutierrez 24226 (US, holotype; B, F, G, MEDEL, NY, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
5. Diplostephium apiculatum S.F.Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 79. 1936. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: Páramo de Santurbán, entre Tona y Mutiscuá , 3900 m, matita leñosa, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculas verdes, Jan 19 1927, Killip & Smith 19571 (US, holotype; A, COL, GH, NY, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
6. Diplostephium asplundii Cuatrec., Phytologia 23: 352. 1972. Type: ECUADOR. Tungurahua: Cordillera de los Llanganates near Las Torres, 3500 m, rays violet, disc corollas olivaceousyellow, Nov 21 1939, Asplund 9831 (S, holotype). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
7. Diplostephium azureum Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 179. 1956. Type: PERU. Ancash: Bolognesi entre Tallenga y Pachapaque, 3400–3600 m, arbusto 2–3 m alto, flores marginales celestes, del disco amarillas, hábitat monte rıacute;gido pedregoso, May 17 1950, Ferreyra 7505, (USM, holotype; US, isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria*.
8. Diplostephium barclayanum Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 77: 127. 1964. Type: ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza: near Cordillera de los Llanganates, Chihuila Sacha o Ainchilibıacute;, shrub, to 1 m tall, leaves small, to 5 ×2 mm, white wolly stems, invol. bracts long ciliate; ligul. fls. white, disc. fls. yellow. Occasional, lower part west facing, grassy slope, south of high campsite under overhang on Ainchilibıacute;, 3700 m, Aug 25–29 1959, Barclay & Juajibioy 9046 (US, holotype; COL, MO, isotypes). Distribution: ecu. Series: Diplostephium.
9. Diplostephium bicolor S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 85. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Central Cordillera head waters of Rio Palo, Tierra Adentro, 2500–3000 m, small tree 2–4 m, Jan 1906, Pittier 1084 (US, holotype; GH, F, isotypes). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
Diplostephium tabanense Cuatrec. Caldasia 2: 216. 1943. COLOMBIA. Nariño: Páramo del Tábano, alto de la cordillera entre Pasto y El Encano, vert occid., 3200 m, arbolito, Jan 11 1941, Cuatrecasas 11932 (COL, holotype; BC, F, US, isotypes).
10. Diplostephium cajamarquillense Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 180. 1956. Type: PERU. La Libertad: prov. Bolıacute;var: Nevado de Cajamarquilla, arbusto de flores violáceas, Nov 9 1946, Ferreyras 1253 (USM, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
11. Diplostephium callaense Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 77: 130. 1964. Type: PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Chachapoyas: middle eastern Calla-Calla slopes, near km 416–419 of Leimebaba-Balsas road, 2900–3000 m, shrub 0.4–1m, locally frequent, rays whites, disc yellow, Jul 9 1962, Wurdack 1266 (US, holotype; F, P, UC, USM, isotypes). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
12. Diplostephium callilepis S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 51. 1928. Type: PERU. Cuzco: rocky banks on páramo, Paso de Tres Cruces, Cerro de Cusiluyoc, 3800–3900 m, May 3 1925, Pennell 13858 (F, holotype; GH, NY isotypes; US, photograph and fragment). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
13. Diplostephium camargoanum Cuatrec., Phytologia 23: 351. 1972. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá : Arcabuco, alrededores de la población 2739–2850 m, Oct 20 1965, Huertas & Camargo 6309 (US, holotype; COL, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
14. Diplostephium carabayense Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 202. 1856. Type: PERU. Puno: Near San Juan del Oro, Prov. Carabaya, Jun–Jul 1847, Weddell 4648 (P, holotype; US, F, photograph and fragment). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria*.
15. Diplostephium cayambense Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 183. 1956. Type: ECUADOR. Napo-Pastaza: páramo NE Volcán Cayambe, 12,500 ft, woody compositae on moist páramo and ravines leading to alpine lake, Feb 10 1953, Prescott 329 (NY, holotype; F, isotype). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Floribunda.
16. Diplostephium chrysotrichum S.Dıacute;az & B.L.Restrepo, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 19: 243. 1994. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Cajamarca, corregimiento de Anaime, Páramo de los Valles, La Cascada, Hacia Santa Helena, 3710 m, Arbolito 2.5 m alt, 3 cm diam., lıacute;gulas blancas, flores vino tinto, en turbera, hojas con olor a mentol, pegajosas al tacto, Jun 1994, Restrepo 371 (COL, holotype; US, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Rupestria.
17. Diplostephium cinerascens Cuatrec., Caldasia 3: 422. 1945. Type: COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Cordillera Occidental, Los Farallones de Cali, filo de la cordillera, matorrales de páramo en el cerro de La Torre, 4000 m, arbolito, hoja verde claro, mate haz, blanquecina envés, nervio medial verdoso blanquecino, involucro violáceo sucio, lıacute;gulas blancas, corolas centrales blanco verdosas, Oct 10 1944, Cuatrecasas 17851 (VALLE, holotype; COL, F, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Floribunda.
17.1 Diplostephium cinerascens subsp. PURACENSE (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 138. 1969. Distribution: COL.
Diplostephium violaceum var. puracense Cuatrec. Caldasia 3: 424. 1945. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, al sur del Volcán Puracé, filo de la cordillera en San Francisco, 3400–3450 m, arbolito muy ramoso de hoja muy compacta y redondeada, hoja verde vivo en la haz, blanco tomentoso en el envés, involucro verdoso en la base, violáceo en el extremo superior, lıacute;gulas blancas, flosculos blanco-verdosos, anteras violáceas, Aug 23 1943, Cuatrecasas 14602 (VALLE, holotype; F, P, US, isotypes).
Diplostephium cinerascens var. centrale Cuatrec. Caldasia 3: 423. 1945. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, cabeceras del Rıacute;oPalo,quebradadel Rıacute;o Ló pez, Alto del Duende, matorrales y bosquecillo de páramo, 3300–3350 m, arbolito, hoja verde grisácea clara haz, blanquecina envés, brácteas involucrales violáceas, lıacute;gulas blancas, “guasgu ¨ıacute;n”, Dic 1 1944, Cuatrecasas 18796 (US, lectotype*; A, COL, F, isotypes).
18. Diplostephium cinereum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 228. 1943. Type: PERU. Apurimac: entre Coracora y Andahuaylas, en el lago de Tenococha, 3900–4000 m, 1909, Weberbauer 5833 (F, holotype, US, isotype). Distribution: PER, CHI. Series: Diplostephium*.
19. Diplostephium colombianum (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Feddes Repert. Nov. Regni Veg. 55: 153. 1953. Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
Piofontia colombiana Cuatrec. Caldasia 2: 5. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá : Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, alto valle de Las Lagunillas, pendientes rocosas mas abajo de los arenales, 4300–4400 m, frútex achaparrado, lıacute;gulas blancas que al secarse se vuelven rosado-amarillosas, Sep 12 1938, Cuatrecasas & Garcia-Barriga 1492 (COL, holotype; F, US, isotypes).
20. Diplostephium coriaceum Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 123. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, flanco occidental, páramo 3100 m, arbusto 3 m, tomento amarillo-ferrugineo-pálido, lıacute;gulas crema, fló sculos rojizos, Jan 30 1959, Romero-Castañeda 7162 (COL, holotype; US, isotype) Distribution: COL. Series: Coriacea.
21. Diplostephium costaricense S.F. Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 82. 1922. Type: COSTA RICA. San José: Cerro de la Muerte, 3100 m, Jan 1987, Pittier 10459 (US, holotype; G, isotype). Distribution: CR. Series: Schultziana.
22. Diplostephium crassifolium Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 401. 1953. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra del Perijá , 12 km al noreste de Manaure, 48 km al este de Valledupar, 1 km de la frontera con Venezuela, páramo 3000 m, capıacute;tulos blancos, Feb 5 1945, Grant 10865 (US, holotype; NY, VEN, isotypes). Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Crassifolia.
23. Diplostephium crypteriophyllum Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 47. 1954. Type: ECUADOR. Azuay: oriente border, Eastern Cordillera between Oña and rıacute;o Yacuambıacute;, crest, 3050–3400 m, shrubs reaching a maximum of 0.4 m high, leaves dark green, rays fls. white, disk fls. yellow, pappus deep salmon red, Sep 10 1945, Camp & Prieto P-284 (F, holotype; US, isotype). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
24. Diplostephium cyparissias Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 203. 1856. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, vertiente N, flores albi, [without date], Funck 387 (P, holotype; G, US, F, isotypes, fragments). Distribution: COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
25. Diplostephium dentatum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 218. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: hoya del rıacute;o Chıacute;taga en Vega Colombia, bosque andino, 2880 m, árbol, lıacute;gulas blancas, Nov 28 1941, Cuatrecasas 13463 (COL, holotype; BC, COL, F, U, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
26. Diplostephium ellipticum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 212, fig. 1C. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: Páramo de Fontibó n, 2600–2750 m, entre Pamplona y Chitaga, arbolito, Oct 16 1941, Cuatrecasas, Schultes, & Smith 12336 (COL, holotype; F, US, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
27. Diplostephium empetrifolium S.F. Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 73. 1922. Type: ECUADOR. Loja: Páramo de Laraguero, Sep 1864, Jamenson s.n. (US, holotype; NY, US, isotype). Distribution: ECU, PER. Series: Diplostephium.
28. Diplostephium ericoides (Lam.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 7: 239. 1959. Distribution: ECU, PER. Series: Diplostephium.
Conyza ericoides Lam., Encycl. Mety. 2: 92. 1786. Type: PERU. [Without specific locality and date] (P “herb. de Jos. Jussieu,” holotype).
Baccharis ericoides (Lam.) Pers., Syn. PL 2: 425. 1807.
Diplostephium lavandulifolium Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 4: 97 pl 335. 1820. Type: ECUADOR. Near Mulalo, near base of Mt. Illiniza and Cotopaxi, [without date], Bonpland 3064 (P, “Herb. Bolpand,” holotype; P, isotype).
Diplopappus lavandulifolius (Kunth) Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. 25: 96. 1822.
Aster lavandulaceus (Kunth) Willd. Ex DC., as a synonym in Prodr. (DC.) 5: 274 1836. Nom. nud.
Linochilus lavandulifolius (Kunth) Sch.Bip., as a synonym in Wedd. Chl. And. 1: 200. 1857. Nom. nud.
Diplostephium antisanense Hieron. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 338. 1895. Type: Ecuador. near Las Cimarronas in Páramo of cerro Antisana, 4000 m, Oct 1871, Stubel 235a (B, holotype [possibly destroyed]; F, lectotype*, US, photograph and fragment).
Diplostephium pycnophyllum S.F.Blake, Contr. US. Nat. Her. 24: 75. 1922. Type: ECUADOR. Cañar: páramo in the vicinity of Cañar, Sep 16 1918, Rose & Rose 22750 (US, holotype; NY, isotype).
Diplostephium antisanense f. rhodopappus Cuatrec., Anal. Univ. Madrid 4: 216. 1935. Type: ECUADOR. Imbabura: Antisana, I-1865, Isern 52 (MA lectotype*; LP, isotype).
29. Diplostephium eriophorum Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 206. 1856. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Monte Tolima, en el lıacute;mite inferior de la nieve, 1844, Goudot s.n. (P, holotype; FI, G, GH, P, isotypes; F, fragment). Distribution: COL. Series: Rupestria.
30. Diplostephium espinosae Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 402. 1953. Distribution: ECU, PER. Series: Diplostephium.
Diplostephium espinosae Cuatrec. ex Espinosa, Estud. Bot. Sur Ecuador 2: 85. 1949. Type: ECUADOR. Loja: Horta-Naque 3500–3800 m, arbusto erguido denso follaje, hojas 7 ×4 mm, coriáceas lanosas envés, flores color lila claro, Nov 9 1946, Espinosa E-979 (F, holotype). Note: Published without latin diagnosis nom. illeg.
31. Diplostephium farallonense (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 135. 1969. type: COLOMBIA. distribution: COL. Series: Floribunda.
Diplostephium floribundum subsp. farallonense Cuatrec., Caldasia 3: 423. 1945. COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Cordillera Occidental, Los Farallones de Cali, filo de la cordillera, matorrales de páramo en el cerro de La Torre, 4000 m, arbolito, hoja coriácea, rıacute;gida, verde claro haz, blanquecina envés, involucro verdoso-amarillento, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos violáceos, Oct 10 1944, Cuatrecasas 17855 (VALLE, holotype; COL, F, isotype).
32. Diplostephium fernandez-alonsoi S.Dıacute;az, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 21: 405. 1997. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca, Silvia, Guambita, 2800 m, Oct 1948, Agredo 3080 (COL, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
33. Diplostephium floribundum (Benth.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 205. 1856. Distribution: CR, COL, ECU. Series: Floribunda.
Linochilus floribundus Benth., Pl. Hartw. 203. 1945. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Popayán, Páramo de Guanacas, [without date], Hartweg 1126 (NY, holotype*; F, K, LD, isotypes; US, photo).
Linochilus ochraceus Sch.Bip., as a synonym in Weddell Chl. And. 1: 205. 1857. Nom. nud.
Diplostephium ochroleucum Klatt, Engl. Bot Jahrb. 8: 37. 1886. Type: Cauca: [illegible] von Paletará , 3000 m, Feb 5 1884, Lehmann 3579 (K, holotype; US, isotypes).
Aster ochroleucus (Klatt) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 131. 1898.
33.1 Diplostephium floribundum subsp. aequatoriense Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 235. 1943. Type: ECUADOR. Pichincha: Valle Mojanda, [without date], Sodiro 443 (NY, holotype). Distribution: COL, ECU.
33.2 Diplostephium floribundum subsp. llanganatense Cuatrec., in Ciencia, 27: 181. 1972. Type: ECUADOR. Tungurahua: cordillera de los Llanganates near Las Torres, 3500 m, about 1 m high, Nov 21 1939, Asplund 9829 (S, holotype). distribution: ECU.
33.3 Diplostephium floribundum subsp. putumayense Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 234. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Nariño: lado sur de la Laguna de la Cocha, Quebrada de Santa Lucia, bosque 2850 m, arbolito, lıacute;gulas blanco-liláceas, Jan 8 1941, Cuatrecasas 11822 (COL, holotype; BC, F, P, U, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL.
33.4 Diplostephium floribundum subsp. cundinamarcense Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 235. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: páramo entre Zipaquira y Pacho, 3100–3200 m, árbol 7 m, corteza grıacute;s, lıacute;gulas blancas, Jun 16 1940, Cuatecasas 9543 (COL, holotype). Distribution: COL.
34. Diplostephium foliosissimum S.F. Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 80. 1936. Type: PERU. Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, Cordillera west of Huancabamba, 3200–3300 m, Apr 1912, Weberbauer 6044 (GH, holotype; F, US, isotypes). Distribution: ECU, PER. series: Diplostephium.
35. Diplostephium fosbergii Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 403. 1953. Type: COLOMBIA. Meta: Cordillera Oriental, Rıacute;o Arroz arriba de la confluencia con la Quebrada del Pedregal, márgenes con matorrales, 3445 m, arbusto 3 m, capıacute;tulos pardo verdosos, Aug 29 1943, Fosberg 20912 (F, holotype; US, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
36. Diplostephium friedbergii Cuatrec., Ciencia (Mexico) 23: 144. 1964. Type: PERU. Piura: Huancabamba, Talaneo, prés de la Laguna Negra appartenant au groupe de lacs de Las Huarinjas, 3500 m alt., Nov 29 1961, Friedberg 818 (US, holotype; USM isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria.
37. Diplostephium frontinense Cuatrec., Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 18: 123. 1991. Type: COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Mpio Urrao, Páramo de Frontino, Llano Grande and hill to north, small areas of dense mossy forest intermixed with open Espeletia páramo, 3320–3450 m, shrub 1.5 m, rays white disk dull gray, foliage sticky-glandular, Mar 2 1989, McDougal, Roldán, & Betancur 4424 (US, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
38. Diplostephium glandulosum Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 339. 1895. Type: COLOMBIA. Nariño: Volcán Cumbal, páramo de la Boca del Mundo Nuevo, Ene-Feb 1870, Stuebel 445b (US, lectotype, [fragment from the original specimen from B]; NY, isotype). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
Diplostephium spinulosum Hieron. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 8: 22. 1900. non D. spinulosum Wedd. Type: ECUADOR. Crescit in collibus aridis prope Riobamba, mense Septembri florens, Sept 1893, Sodiro 64/ 3 (US, holotype fragment [probably from B]). NOTE: this species was originally redescribed by Hieronymus in an effort to improve the description of D. spinulosom Wedd., but he based the redescription on a specimen that belongs to Diplostephium glandulosum Hieron. for more information see Blake 1928: 50.
Diplostephium cicatricosum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 76. pl. 23. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, Páramo de Buena Vista (“Huila Group”), 3000–3600 m, Jan 1906, Pittier 1128 (US, holotype; F, G, isotypes).
39. Diplostephium glutinosum S.F.Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 78. 1936. Type: COLOMBIA. Santander: Páramo de los Colorados, arriba de La Baja, 3900–4100 m, frutex 30 cm, brácteas con manchas purpúreas, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos con tubo amarillo verdoso y ló bulos rosados, estilos rosados, Jan 27 1927, Killip & Smith 18440 (US, holotype; A, COL, GH, K, NY, isotypes). Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Diplostephium.
39.1 Diplostephium glutinosum subsp. glutinosum f. microphyllum Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 408, 533. 1953. Type: COLOMBIA. Santander: Páramo de Santurbán, cerca de Vetas, 3950–4160 m, frutes bajo, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos rojizos, Jan 17 1927, Killip & Smith 17487 (US, holotype). Distribution: COL.
39.2 Diplostephium glutinosum subsp. glutinosum f. subspathulatum (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 178. 1969. Distribution: COL.
Diplostephium subspathulatum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 226. 1943. Type: VENEZUELA. Táchira: Páramo de Tamá , 4000 m, Aug 1937, Cardona 145 (US, holotype, VEN, isotype).
39.3 Diplostephium glutinosum subsp. cocuyanum Cuatrec., Phytologia 31: 320. 1975. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá : Páramo de Pisba, carretera Socha - La Punta, loma el Bizcocho, 2 km al SO de Laguna Batanera, 3750 m, rocas de arenisca muy expuestas al viento, arbustillo, lıacute;gulas amarillentas, 13 Jul 1972, Cleef 4487 (US, holotype; COL, U, isotypes). Distribution: COL.
40. Diplostephium gnidioides S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 54. 1928. Type: PERU. Huánuco: 9.6 km south of Mito, grassy uplands, 3050 m, Aug 1–5 1922, Macbride & Featherstone 1858 (F, holotype; US, G, isotype). Distribution: PER. series: Diplostephium.
41. Diplostephium goodspeedii Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 404. 1953. Type: Peru. Cuzco: prov. Urabamba: near Wenner Gren ruins; 3400–3600 m, shrub 2 m high, involucre greenish brown, ray flowers light purple, wet sphagnum hillside in open, much fog and rain, Aug 5–6 1942, Meltcalf 30747 (GH, holotype; MO, US, isotype). DISTRIBUTION: PER. SERIES: Rupestria*.
42. Diplostephium grantii Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 403. 1953. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra del Perijá , 10 km, este-noreste de Manaure, 46 km al este de Valledupar, 3 km de la frontera con Venezuela, 2550 m, arbusto 2.6 m, hojas pardo amarillentas envés, lıacute;gulas blancas, Feb 4 1947, Grant 10791 (F, holotype; NY, US, isotype). Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Denticulata.
43. Diplostephium gynoxyoides Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 405. 1953. Type: PERU. Huánuco: Pillao 2700 m, in low shrubbery reaches the altitude of nearly 4000 m, flower blue with dull yellow center. Leaves very dark green, underneath beige, stem beige, Nov 14 1946, Woytkowski 34049 (F, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria*.
44. Diplostephium haenkei (DC.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 203. 1856. Distribution: PER, BOL. Series: Rupestria.
Simblocline haenkei DC., Prod. 5: 297. 1836. Type: PERU. [Without specific locality and date], Haenke s.n. (G, holotype*; M, isotype).
Diplostephium affine Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 203. 1856. Type: PERU. Cordillera of Carabaya, 3000–3200 m, [without date], Weddell 4740 (P, holotype; F, US, photograph and fragment).
Diplostephium mandonii Sch.Bip., Linnaea 34: 534. 1866. Nom. nud.
Aster sejaensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3:131 1898. Type: BOLIVIA. La Paz: Near la ceja between Cochabamba and Santa Rosa, 3000, Apr 1982, Kuntze s.n. (US, holotype*; NY, S, isotype).
Diplostephium atropurpureum Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 384. 1907. Type: BOLIVIA. [Without specific locality and date], Bang 2030 (NY, holotype, isotype).
Diplostephium liabioides Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 384. 1907. Type: BOLIVIA. La Paz: Unduavi, a low shrub with blue flowers, soil mould forest, Sep 1984, Bang 2496 (NY, holotype).
Diplostephium mandonii Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 383. 1907. Type: BOLIVIA. [Without specific locality], Mar 1858, Mandon 215 (F, holotype*; F, GOET, isotypes).
Diplostephium sejaense (Kuntze) S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 80. 1922.
45. Diplostephium hartwegii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 337. 1895. Type: ECUADOR. Loja: Saraguro, [without date], Hartweg 763 (K, lectotype; F, K, P, isotype). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
Diplostephium adenachaenium S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 72. 1922. COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, Tierra Adentro, Páramo de las Moras, entre Mozoco y Pitayó , 3000–3500 m, Feb 1906, Pittier 1408 (US, holotype).
46. Diplostephium heterophyllum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 230. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Macizo de Bogotá, Páramo de Cruz Verde, 3400–3500 m, árbolito achaparrado, 1–1.5 m, lıacute;gulas blancas, Sep 15 1940, Cuatrecasas 10457 (COL, holotype; BC, F, G, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
47. Diplostephium hippophae S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 52. 1928. Type: PERU. Huánuco: Vilcabamba, grassy slope in hacienda on Rıacute;o Chinchao, 1830 m, Jul 17–26 1923, Macbride 5136 (F, holotype; US, photograph and fragment). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
48. Diplostephium huertasii Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 126. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: municipio de Fómeque, páramo de Chingaza, finca la Laja, 3000 m, orillas del camino, arbusto 2 m, hojas verdes opacas haz, estilos de los fló sculos del disco morados, Jan 10-18-20 1965, Huertas & Camargo 5951 (US, holotype; COL, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Huertasina.
49. Diplostephium inesianum Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 192. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, flanco occidental, 3140 m, arbusto 4 m, Jan 29 1959, Romero Castañeda 7121 (COL, holotype; US, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Anactinota.
50. Diplostephium jaramilloi Cuatrec., Phytologia 31: 317. 1975. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá : Cerro Berlıacute;n, between Arcabuco and la Palma (borderline between Boyacá and Santander), in degraded Andean Forest, 2900 m, frutex 1.5–3 m alt, leaves coriaceus, thick, yellowish green dull above, ochraceous below, inflorescences and involucres ochraceous, ligules white, disc corollas brownish, Mar 28 1973, Cuatrecasas, Garcia-Barriga & Jaramillo 28667 (US, holotype; COL isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Huertasina.
51. Diplostephium jelskii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 476. 1905. Type: PERU. Cajamarca: Crescit prope Cutervo, May 1879, Jelski 622 (US, lectotype [B holotype possibly destroyed]; US, isotype, F, photograph). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
52. Diplostephium jenesanum S.Dıacute;az & M.E.Morales, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 26: 7. 2002. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá : municipio de Jenesano, 2500 m, arbusto, hojas verde intenso, flores blancas, [without date], Rojas 14 (UPTC, holotype; COL, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
53. Diplostephium juajibioyi Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 140. 1949. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: entre Chitagá y El Cerrito, Páramo del Almorzadero, un poco abajo (al sur) del punto más álto del páramo, 3900 m, frútex 1 m, hojas verde haz, casi blancas envés, involucro verde velloso, lıacute;gulas blancas, estrechas, vilano violeta-rojizo, flores de disco verdes con ápices purpúreos, Dic 31 1959–Jan 1 1960, Barclay & Juajibioy 10388 (US, holotype; F, MO, U, isotypes). distribution: COL. Series: Schultziana.
53.1 Diplostephium juajibioyi subsp. LEUCOPAPPUM Cuatrec., Phytologia 31: 321. 1975. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Páramo de Sumapaz, hoya de la Quebrada Sitiales, 3530 m, orilla de la quebrada, 500 m al W de la Laguna La Primavera, arbusto 4 m, lıacute;gulas liláceas, disco marró n, Jan 9 1973, Cleef 7584 (US, holotype; COL, U, isotypes). distribution: COL. Note: the original description of this subspecies has an typographical error in the epithet (corrected here according with article 60.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 2006) that was written as Diplostephium juajibioi subsp. leucopappum missing the letter “y” before the final vowel “i”.
54. Diplostephium julianii Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 127. 1969. Type: VENEZUELA. Táchira, debajo del Páramo de Tamá , cerca de la frontera con Colombia, faldas con bosque enano y subpáramo, 2750–2950 m, shrubby vining, leaves coriaceous, dark green above, buff brown below with reticulate nerves, bracts brownish green, Jun 20–23 1967, Steyermark & Dunsterville 98616 (US, holotype; NY, isotype). Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Huertasina.
55. Diplostephium juniperinum Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 47. 1954. Type: ECUADOR. Azuay: oriente border: Eastern cordillera between Oña and rıacute;o Yacuambıacute;, crest, 3050–3400 m, round-topped shrub, 0.8 m, the branches densely compacted, bracts green with reddish purple tinge, ray florets white, tipped with pale lavender below, disk flowers dull yellow, Sept 10 1945, Prieto P-288 (F, holotype; F, MO, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
56. Diplostephium konotrichum Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 77: 131. 1964. Type: PERU. Amazonas: Prov Chachapoyas: moist scrub forest on south side of Molinopampa-Diosan pass, 2700–3100 m, shrub 4 m, rays lilac, disc yellow, Aug 8 1962, Wurdack 1634 (US, holotype; P, USM, TEX, isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Floribunda*.
57. Diplostephium lacunosum Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 406. 1953. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, alto valle de Las Lagunillas, 4000–4300 m, arbusto 2–3 m, Sep 12 1938, Cuatrecasas 1443 (F, holotype; COL, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
58. Diplostephium lanatum Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 180. 1956. Type: PERU. Ancash: prov. Huari: encima de Pontó , 4200–4300 m, [without date], Weberbauer 3323 (USM, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria*.
59. Diplostephium lechleri (Sch.Bip.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 204. 1856. Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria.
Liabum lechleri Sch.Bip., Bonplandia 3: 236. 1855. Type: PERU. Puno: Sachapata, Prov. Carabaya, Aug 1854, Lechler 2517 (NY, holotype*; GOET, isotype; US, F, photograph and fragment).
60. Diplostephium leiocladum S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 62. 1928. Type: COLOMBIA. Caldas: Cordillera Occidental, Cerro Tatamá zona de matorral al borde del páramo, 3300–3500 m, arbusto, lıacute;gulas blancas, Oct 8–10 1922, Pennell 10531 (US, holotype; GH, isotype) Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
61. Diplostephium leucactinum Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 181. 1956. Type: PERU. La Libertad: Bolıacute;var, Sancopampa, Mollepata, Sep 6 1946, Ferreyra 1249 (USM, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
62. Diplostephium macrocephalum S.F. Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 75, pl. 22. 1922. type: ECUADOR. Azuay: vicinity of Nabó n, between Cuenca and Loja, Sep 25 1918, Pachano & Rose 22998 (US, holotype). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
63. Diplostephium meyenii Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 201. 1856. Type: CHILE: Tacna: Cordillera of Tacora, [before Peru], 4000–4500 m, Meyen s.n. (P, holotype). Distribution: PER, CHI. Series: Diplostephium.
Linochilus meyenii Sch.Bip. Chl. And. 1: 201 1856. Nom. nud.
Aster trachyticus Phil. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile Bit. 37. 1891. Type: CHILE: Región de Arica y Parinacota: Valdivia, [without date and collector] (K, holotype).
64. Diplostephium micradenium S.F. Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 49. 1928. Type: COLOMBIA. Caldas: Cordillera Occidental, Cerro Tatamá , 3300–3500 m, matorrales en subpáramo, lıacute;gulas blancas, flores de disco pardo-amarillas, Oct 8 1922, Pennell 10533 (US, holotype; GH, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
65. Diplostephium mutiscuanum Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 117. 1967. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: entre Mutiscua y Pamplona, 3400 m, shrub 10–12 ft, rays white, anthers deep purple, pappus light brown, Feb 23 1927, Killip & Smith 19708 (US, holotype; A, GH, isotypes) Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
66. Diplostephium nevadense Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 182. 1956. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, hasta 15500 pies de altitud (4724 m), entre peñas, hasta el nivel de las nieves perpetuas, flor amarilla, Jan 13 1924, Wollaston 6 (K, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
67. Diplostephium oblanceolatum S.F. Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 76, pl. 24. 1922. Type: ECUADOR. Loja: Chuquiribamba, 3000 m, Nov 1876, André 1 (GH, holotype; US, photograph and fragment). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
68. Diplostephium oblongifolium Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 220. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: cerro al noreste de Pamplona, vertiente oriental, páramo entre matorrales de bosque andino, 2770 m, arbolito, lıacute;gulas blancas, Sep 26 1940, Cuatrecasas & Gracıacute;a-Barriga 10238 (COL, holotype; BC, F, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
69. Diplostephium obtusum S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 84. 1922. Type: VENEZUELA. Trujillo: Páramo del Jabó n, 3000–3200 m, Oct 2 1910, Jahn 24a (US, holotype). Distribution: VEN. Series: Floribunda. Note: IPNI has as a record D. obtusum V.M. Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 305. 1946. IPNI record is erroneous, that publication cited Diplostephium obtusum S.F.Blake and does not describe it as new taxa.
70. Diplostephium ocanense Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 182. 1956. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santader: entre Ocaña y Pamplona, 1878–1879, Kalbreyer 1199 (K, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
71. Diplostephium ochraceum (Kunth) Nees, Gen. et Sp. Aster. 201. Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
Aster ochraceus Kunth Nov., Gen. Sp. Pl. 4: 94. 1820. Type: COLOMBIA. [erroneously cited as Ecuador. Quito: monts de Quito; see note below], [without date], Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (P, holotype; F, isotype). Note: the location of this specimen is doubtful; taking into account the distribution of the species, it is likely that this specimen was collected near Bogotá , Colombia
Tetramolopium ochraceum (Kunth.) DC., Prodr. 5: 262. 1836.
Diplostephium denticulatum S.F.Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 25. 1918. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Macizo de Bogotá : Cerro de Guadalupe, 3000 m, Jul 1911, Apollinaire & Arthur 11 (GH, holotype; US, isotype)
72. Diplostephium oxapampanum Cuatrec., Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 8: 475. 1993. Type: PERU. Pasco: Oxapampa, Cordillera Yanachaga: Cerro Pajonal “Chacos” 12 km SE of Oxapampa. Shrubland on white sandstone, spongy sphagnum humus up to 2 m deep except where burned, 2700–2800 m, shrub 0.5 m, leaves coriaceus, flowers blue purple, Oct 7 1982, Foster 9050 (US, holotype; F, isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Crassifolia.
73. Diplostephium pachyphyllum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 228. 1943. Type: PERU. [Without specific locality], 1909–1914, Weberbauer 6078 (F, holotype). Distribution: ECU, PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
74. Diplostephium parvifolium S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 74. 1922. Distribution: COL. NOTES: this species was re-described by Blake from the one initially described by Weddell; presumably because of the homonymy presented between Diplostephium microphyllum Wedd. (1852) and Diplostephium microphyllum (Vent.) Nees (1832). Country of location of this type is wrong; the Sierra-Nevada of the Santa Marta belongs to Colombia and not to Venezuela. Series: Diplostephium.
Diplostephium microphyllum Wedd., Chl. And. 1: 201. 1857. Type: COLOMBIA [erroneously cited as Venezuela]. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 3000 m, arbustito, flores violáceas, [without date], Funck 388 (P, holotype; GH, F, P, isotypes). Not D. microphyllum (Vent.) Nees. Nom. illeg.
Linochilus microphyllus Sch.Bip., as a synonym in Wedd. Chl. And. 1: 201. 1857. Nom. nud.
75. Diplostephium pearcei Sprague & S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 51. 1928. Type: PERU. Ayacucho: Puitac (near Huanta), 3660–3965 m, Feb 1987, Pearce s.n. (K, lectotype*, BM, isotypes; US photograph and fragment). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
76. Diplostephium perijaense S.Dıacute;az & G.P.Méndez, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 21: 406. 1997. Type: COLOMBIA. Cesar, Manaure, Serranıacute;a del Perijá , camino entre casa de vidrio y Cerro del Avió n, 2900 m, 72°53°W 10°N, arbolito de 5 m, hojas serıacute;ceo-ferrugıacute;neas por el envés, verde nıacute;tido por la haz, brácteas verdes variegadas con morado, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos pajizos, Nov 6 1993, Rangel, Franco, Rudas, Olmos, Pardo y Clavijo 11212 (COL, Holotype). Distribution: COL. series: Floribunda.
77. Diplostephium peruvianum Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 406. 1953. Type: PERU. Huánuco: Sariapampa, 3600 m, open spaces dwarf wood, reaches puna (4000 m), flower purple center brown, leaves gray underneath, stem brown, 5 May 1946, Woytkowski 34285 (F, holotype; UC, isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
78. Diplostephium phylicoides (Kunth) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 205. 1856. Distribution: COL. Series: Phylicoidea.
Aster phylicoides Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 4: 93. 1820. Type: COLOMBIA [erroneously cited as Mexico, see note above], [without date], Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (P “Herb. Bonpland”, holotype; P “Herb. Bonpland”, isotype; F, fragment). The type specimen was suposse to be collected in Mexico, it is known that some of the Humboldt & Bonpland collections were wrongly labeled as collected in Santa Fe, Mexico (now USA), while they where collected close to Bogotá (before Santa Fe de Bogotá ), Colombia.
Tetramolopium phylicoides (Kunth) DC. Prodr. 5: 262. 1836.
Linochilus phylicoides Sch.Bip., as a synonym in Wedd. Chl. And. 1: 205. 1857. Nom. nud.
Aster crassifolius Klatt, Abhandl. Natur. Gesell. Halle 15: 326. 1882. Type: COLOMBIA. [without specific locality and date], Linden 1 (MA, lectotype*; BM, LIL, isotypes F, fragment).
Diplostephium umbelliferum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 80. pl. 26. 1922. Type: colombia. Cundinamarca: Cerro de Guadalupe, 1917, Ariste-Joseph s.n. (US, holotype).
79. Diplostephium pittieri Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 221, fig. 3 I, 6 S. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Cordillera Central en el macizo del Huila, Páramo de Buena Vista, 3000–3600 m, Jan 1906, Pittier 1174 (US, holotype; F, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Floribunda.
80. Diplostephium pulchrum S.F.Blake, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 58. 1928. Type: PERU. Huánuco: Tambo de Vaca, 3965 m, Jun 10–24 1923, Mackbride 4346 (F, holotype; G, US, isotypes). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria.
81. Diplostephium ramiglabrum Cuatrec., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 407. 1953. Type: ECUADOR. Loja: Horta-Naque 3700–3800 m, arbusto duro, hojas brillantes en el haz, lanosas en el envés, bordes revolutos 11 ×5 cm, cabezuelas solitarias al extremo de las ramas, flores inferiores amarillas, Nov 9 1946, Espinosa E-1002 (F, holotype). Distribution: ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
82. Diplostephium rangelii Cuatrec., Phytologia 49: 74. 1981. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, transecto de Buritaca, Filo la Cumbre, 3850 m, arbustillo 1 m, lıacute;gulas blancas con tintes violáceos. Hojas blancas por el envés, Aug 19 1977, Rangel & Cleef 994 (COL, holotype; COL, U, US, isotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Diplostephium.
83. Diplostephium revolutum S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 78. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Bogotá, 1917, Ariste-Joseph A233 (US, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
Diplostephium revolutum var. longifolium Cuatrec., Trab. Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat. Jard. Bot. Madrid 33: 134. 1936. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Vertiente sur del Nevado del Tolima, Las Mesetas, 3800 m, “romero”, Jun 13 1932, Cuatrecasas 2892 (MA, holotype).
Diplostephium revolutum var. rubrum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 236. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Páramo de la Rusia, vertiente SE, Boca de Monte, 3300–3400 m, arbusto, hojas pegajosas, copa densa verde clara, Aug 4 1940, Cuatrecasas 10416 (COL, holotype; BC, F, U, US, types).
Diplostephium revolutum f. macrocephalum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 236. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Santander: Páramo del Almorzadero vertiente norte, 3600–3800 m, arbolito, lıacute;gulas blancas, Nov 28 1941, Cuatrecasas 13513 (COL, holotype*; BC, F, US, isotypes).
84. Diplostephium rhododendroides Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 340. 1895. Type: COLOMBIA. Nariño: Azufral de Túquerres, Laguna Verde, Jan 1840, Stuebel 429 (US, holotype fragments from the original destroyed specimen from B; F, photo). Ibid: Volcán Azufral, 3400–3500 m, escamas rojo carmıacute;n brillante, Feb 10 1972, Mora 1878A (US, topotype, designated by Cuatrecasas in 1969). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Schultziana.
Diplostephium cochense Hieron., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 341. 1985. Type: COLOMBIA. Nariño: llanura del Rıacute;o Cocha con el frailejó n, Aug 1869, Stuebel 353 (US, holotype, fragment from the original specimen from B).
85. Diplostephium rhomboidale Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 151. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, alto valle de Las Lagunillas, 4000–4300 m, arbusto 2–3 m, lıacute;gulas azafrandas, vilanos rojizos, Sep 12 1938, Cuatrecasas & Gracıacute;a-Barriga 1450 (US, holotype; COL, F, P, isotypes). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Schultziana.
85.1 Diplostephium rhomboidale var. pauciflorum Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 152. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Macizo de Bogotá, Páramo de Chıacute;saca, Laguna Negra, 3660–3720 m, hoja coriácea, verde amarillenta brillante haz, blanca envés, brácteas involucrales base verdes claras, arriba blanco-tomentosas, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos con limbo purpúreo, Sep 11 1961, Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25904 (US, holotype; COL, P, isotypes). Distribution: COL, ECU.
86. Diplostephium ritterbushii Cuatrec., Phytologia 23: 350. 1972. Type: COLOMBIA. Huila: west slope below Pico Norte of Nevado del Huila, 4200 m (range is 4150–4250 m), very abundant, Jan 11 1970, Ritterbush s.n. (US, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Rupestria.
87. Diplostephium romeroi Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 173. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, flanco occidental, 3180 m, arbolito 5 m, flores rojas; Jan 29 1959, Romero-Castañeda 7115 (COL, holotype; MO, US, VEN, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Saxatilia.
88. Diplostephium rosmarinifolium (Benth.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 202. 1856. Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
Linochilus rosmarinifolius Benth., Pl. Hartw. 197. 1845. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Bogotá , alrederores, [without date], Hartweg 1092 (K, holotype; F, G, LD, NY, P, US, W, isotypes).
Diplostephium baccharideum Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 77, pl. 25. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Bogotá, Monserrate, 1917, Aristhe-Joseph B34 (US, holotype; K, istype).
Diplostephium rosmarinifolium var. baccharideum (Blake) Cuatrec., Trab. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Jard. Bot. Madrid 33: 135. 1936.
89. Diplostephium rupestre (Kunth) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 206. 1856. Distribution: COL, ECU, PER. Series: Rupestria.
Aster rupestris Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 4: 94. tab. 334. 1820. Type: ECUADOR. Rucu Pichincha, [without date], Humboldt & Bonpland 3047 (P, holotype; P. “Herb. Bonpl.,” isotype; F, photo).
Tetramolopium rupestre (Kunth) Ness, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 203. 1832.
Aster pichinchensis Willd. ex Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 203p. 1832. Nom. nud.
Diplostephium mutisii Cuatrec., Trab. Mus. Nac Cienc. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: páramo del Nevado del Tolima, vert S y SE, 4000–4300 m, Jun 15 1932, Cuatrecasas 2882 (MA, holotype).
90. Diplostephium sagasteguii Cuatrec., Phytologia 23: 353. 1972. Type: PERU. La Libertad: Santiago de Chuco, Laguna La Victoria, camino hacia Consuso, 4000 m, ladera rocosa, arbusto con flores blanco-violáceas, Jul 19 1966, Sagástegui, Aldave, Fernández & Feekushima 6185 (US, holotype; F, K, MO, US, isotypes). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
91. Diplostephium sandiense Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 183. 1956. Type: PERU. Puno: prov. Sandia, cerros encima de Sandia, 3100–3300 m, monte bajo siempre verde compuesto de arbustos, [without date], A. Weberbauer 750 (USM, holotype). Distribution: PER. SERIES: Diplostephium*.
92. Diplostephium santamartae Cuatrec., Phytologia 52: 174. 1982. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, “Transecto del Rio Buriticá”, 3000 m alt, arbolito 3 m, brácteas e involucro de color vino tinto, hojas haz verdosas envés amarillo pálido, Aug 1977, Rangel & Cleef 928 (COL, holotype; COL, US, holotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
93. Diplostephium saxatile Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 74: 14, fig. 2. 1961. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, flanco suroriental, hoya del Rıacute;o Donachıacute; entre la Laguna Esacuriba y unos enormes cantos y peñascos, 7870 m, árbolito 2–6m, hoja blanda haz verde clara, envés ceniciento, involucro violáceo, corolas tubulosas amarillentas, Oct 6 1959, Cuatrecasas & Romero-Castañeda 24620 (US, holotype; COL, F, G, NY, P, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Saxatilia.
94. Diplostephium schultzii Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 204. 1856. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Volcán Tolima, 9200 toeses, 21 fl. Pourpres, Jan 1843, Linden 901 (P, holotype; BM, F, G, K, P, US, W, isotypes). Distribution: VEN, COL, ECU. Series: Schultziana.
Linochilus jodopappus Sch.Bip. ex Wedd. Chl. And. 1: 204. 1857. Nom. nud.
94.1 Diplostephium schultzii var. lehmannianum Hieron., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19: 48 (1894). Distribution: COL.
Diplostephium schultzii var. lehmanniana Hieron. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19: 48. 1894. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: [Central Cordillera] Crescit in regione suprema fruticetorum in Páramo de Guanácas, prov. Popayán, 3000–3500 m, floret mense Jan, [without date], Lehman 4893 (K, lectotype*; US, isotype fragment from the B).
Diplostephium lehmanniano (Hieron.) Hieron., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 340. 1895.
Diplostephium pleistogynum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 82. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, Páramo de Buena Vista (“Huila Group”), 3000–3600 m, Jan 1906, Pittier s.n. (US, holotype; F, fragment).
94. 1.1. Diplostephium schultzii var. lehmanniannum f. Subincisum (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 148. 1969. Distribution: COL.
Diplostephium subincisum Cuatrec., Caldasia 3: 421. 1945. Type: COLOMBIA. Cauca: Cordillera Central, cabeceras del Rıacute;o Páez, páramos alrededor de la Laguna del Páez, 3450 m, Dic 4 1944, Cuatrecasas 19041 (VALLE, holotype; A, COL, F, isotypes).
94.2 Diplostephium schultzii var. orientale (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 148. 1969. Distribution: COL, VEN.
Diplostephium pleistogynum var. orientale Cuatrec., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 80: 408. 1953. Type: VENEZUELA. Táchira: Páramo de Tamá , 3100–3300 m, Jul 31 1939, Cardona 316 (US, holotype; VEN, isotype).
95. Diplostephium Serratifolium Cuatrec., Phytologia 52: 176. 1982. Type: PERU. Cajamarca: Contumazá , circa Contumazá , 2700 m, Jun 1960, Alza s.n. (LP, holotype; USM, isotype; US, fragment and photo). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria.
96. Diplostephium spinulosum Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 200. 1856. Type: ECUADOR. Andes de Quito, 4200 m, 1856, Jamenson 406 (P, holotype; K, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL, ECU. Series: Diplostephium.
97. Diplostephium stuebelii (Hieron.) Cuatrec., Ciencia (Mexico) 23: 144. 1964. Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
Aster stuebelii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21:334 1895. Type: PERU. Amazonas: Crescit prope Fraileyacu inter Pacasmayo et Moyobamba, 3300 m, ubi floret mense Aprili–Junio 1875, (col. peruv. 24a) (Original specimen destroyed in B; F, photo). ibid: Chachapoyas, altos del Cerro Yama-Uma, arriba de Taulia, 12–15 km al SSW de Molinopampa, 3200–3450 m, rare, rays white, disc yellow, Aug 11 1962, Wurdack 1675 (US, neotype; USM isotype, designated by Cuatrecasas, 1964).
98. Diplostephium tachirense V.M.Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 305. 1946. Type: VENEZUELA. Táchira, Páramo de Tamá , Jul 15 1944, Steyermark 57360 (VEN, holotype; F, NY, US, isotypes) Distribution: VEN, COL. Series: Denticulata.
99. Diplostephium tacorense Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 337. 1895. Type: CHILE: Plain near Tacora [before Peru], 4000–5000 m, Apr 1831, Meyen s.n. (K, holotype; US, fragment) Distribution: PER, CHI. Series: Diplostephium.
100. Diplostephium tamanum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 214. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: Páramo de Tamá , alrededores de La Cueva, residuos del bosque andino lıacute;mite, 3000–3200 m, lıacute;gulas blancas, fló sculos verdosos, Oct 28 1941, Cuatrecasas, Shultes, & Smith 12710 (COL, holotype; F, P, S, U, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
101. Diplostephium tenuifolium Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 211, fig. 1A. 1943. Type: COLOMBIA. Boyacá , Valle de la Uvita, El Hatico (entre Soata y Cocuy), bosque andino y matorrales, 3350 m, árbol grande, Sep 15 1938, Cuatrecasas & Gracıacute;a-Barriga 1793 (COL, holotype; F, P, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Denticulata.
102. Diplostephium tergocanum Cuatrec., Webbia 24: 175. 1969. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, en las cabeceras del Rıacute;o Sevilla, entre grandes piedras en la base la subida al segundo pico al este de la cabecera de la hoya; flanco occidental del pico, 3770 m, “station 19”, arbusto de 3 m, olor de Espeletia, tallos inferiores desnudos, hojas verdes haz, blanco lanosas envés, brácteas involucrales purpúreas; vilanos de blanco a rosado; muy resinoso, pegajoso, Jan 28 1959, Barclay & Juajibioy 6762 (US, holotype). Distribution: COL. Series: Saxatilia.
103. Diplostephium tolimense Cuatrec., Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 29: 26, fig. 8. 1935. Type: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Cordillera Central, Nevado del Tolima, 3800–4000 m, páramo, May 15 1932, Cuatrecasas 2884 (MA, holotype; F, photo and fragment). Distribution: COL. Series: Floribunda.
Diplostephium boyacense Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 222. 1943. Type: colombia. Boyaca: Cordillera oriental, Páramo de Guantiva, Alto de Canutos, vertiente sur, árbol 7 m, 3200–3400 m, Aug 3 1940, Cuatrecasas 10356 (COL, holotype; F, P, US, isotypes).
104. Diplostephium vaccinioides S.F. Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 77. 1936. Type: PERU. Junıacute;n: Hacienda Runatullu, 3800 m, 1909–1914, Weberbauer 6633 (GH, type; USM, isotype; US, fragment and photograph). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium.
105. Diplostephium venezuelense Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 233. 1943. Type: VENEZUELA. Mérida, Tabay, 2500–3000 m, arbusto de 2–5 m de altura; hojas aromáticas, cabezuelas amarillo ocre, Nov 18 1930, Gehriger 473 (VEN, holotype; G, MO, NY, F, US, isotypes). Distribution: VEN. Series: Floribunda*.
106. Diplostephium vermiculatum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 229. 1943. Type: PERU. Huánuco, between Huánuco and Pampayaca, 1927, Kanehira s.n. (F, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Rupestria*.
107. Diplostephium violaceum Cuatrec., Caldasia 2: 232. 1943. Type: colombia. Caldas: Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, vert. SW del Nevado del Ruiz, Termales, 3400 m, arbusto de 2 m, o árbol hasta 8 m, flores centrales violáceas, lıacute;gulas blancas, “romerillo”, Jun 4 1940, Cuatrecasas 9229 (COL, holotype; P, F, US, isotypes). Distribution: COL. Series: Rosmarinifolia.
108. Diplostephium weberbaueri Cuatrec., Brittonia 8: 181. 1956. Type: Peru. Junıacute;n: prov. Tarma, cerros al oeste de Huacapistana 3500 m, estepa de gramıacute;neas con arbustos esparcidos, [without date], Weberbauer 2224 (USM, holotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Diplostephium*.
109. Diplostephium weddellii S.F.Blake, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 79. 1922. Type: COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, prov. del Riohacha, 4000–4400 m, arbusto, flores amarillas, Mar 1 1852, Schlim 806 (P, holotype; BM, F, G, K, isotypes; F, photo). Distribution: COL. Note: Blake provided a new epithet for D. sessiliflorum Wedd., since the later is a homonym of D. sessiliflorum Spreng. (which is a synonym of Liabum sessiliflorum Less). Series: Rupestria.
Diplostephium sessiliflorum Wedd., Chl. And. 1: 204. 1857. Nom. illeg. non D. sessiliflorum Spreng. 1826.
110. Diplostephium wurdackii Cuatrec., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 77: 135. 1964. Type: PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Chachapoyas: upper slopes and summit of Cerro Yama-uma above Taulia, 12–15 km SSE (145°) of Molinopampa, 3200–3450 m alt, shrub 1–2.5 m, occasional, rays pale purple, disc yellow, Aug 11 1962, Wurdack 1672 (US, holotype; TEX, isotype). Distribution: PER. Series: Denticulata.
111. Diplostephium yahuarcochense Cuatrec., Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 8: 476. 1993. Type: PERU. Cajamarca: prov. Chota, Laguna Yahuarcocha, arriba de Incahuasi, jalca, 3600 m, Oct 14 1985, Sagastegui, Skellman, Mostacero, and Ramirez 12912 (US, holotype; F isotype). Distribution: ECU, PER. Series: Diplostephium.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Santiago Dıacute;az Piedrahita, Mauricio Diazgranados, Santiago Madriñán, Vicky Funk, Harold Robinson, and Beryl Simpson for their input and help in different stages of this manuscript. Julio Betancur (COL), Hamilton Beltran (USM), Michael Dillon (F), Vicky Funk (US), Carol Kellof (US), Haydee Montoya (USM), Diego Perico (FMB), Adriana Prieto (FMB), and Tom Wendt (TEX) facilitated access to their respective herbarium collections. The Smithsonian Institution Cuatrecasas Award (2006) of the US National Herbarium provided partial support for this study.
Literature Cited
Appendices
Appendix 1.
Diplostephium doubtful names and synonyms now associated with to other genera. GCC: global Compositae checklist ( http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/). IPNI: International Plant Name Index ( http://www.ipni.org/ consulted in 2006).
Continued
