Fjellbygd eller feriefjell? [Inhabited or Recreational Mountains?]

This book is about the development of ‘‘mountain policy’’ in Norway from the 19th century onwards. Although mountain areas comprise a large part of rural districts in Norway, there is no specific ‘‘mountain policy.’’ Instead, mountain policy has developed through elements in other policy sectors such as rural policy, tourism policy, and nature conservation policy. However, like many other mountain communities worldwide, Norwegian mountain municipalities face great challenges due to population decrease, economic decline, and external demands for nature conservation and recreation. This book provides detailed examples of how these challenges play out in Norway, and offers interesting thoughts on how policy changes could support better ways of dealing with such challenges. The book comprises 9 independent chapters written by different authors, ranging from historical accounts of mountain policy through economic perspectives to national planning policy. The authors have all participated in a specific research project on the challenges of developing a Norwegian mountain policy, and have thus used the same set of case studies. The historical overview in Chapter 2 shows the development of 2 central conflicts in mountain policy, which are well known, at least from a Swedish perspective. Urbanization and industrialization have diminished the importance of production based on natural resource extraction in remote mountain areas, whereas recreation has grown more and more important as the mountains have become a refuge, to nature, from the city. The first conflict is thus about whether the mountains should be used for production or for recreation. Recreation is mainly the focus of ‘‘incomers’’ from the cities, whereas mountain inhabitants need to use the mountain resources for production and economic development. This means that there is a second, strongly related, dimension of conflict regarding the extent to which the mountains should be governed nationally or locally. Since the mid-1900s, the national level has tightened its grip on the mountains; this is most clearly expressed in the establishment of protected areas. Chapter 6 states that a large proportion—70%—of Norway’s protected areas are in the mountains. The reason given is that Norwegian nature conservation has its roots in the so-called Yellowstone model, which emphasizes ‘‘untouched wilderness,’’ and that this type of nature is found in the mountains. In combination with limited political will to allocate resources to the development and management of protected areas, this preservation focus has created distrust between national/regional authorities and local authorities, inhabitants, and users. Chapter 5 shows that, at the rhetorical level, the national authorities have adopted the international win–win discourse, which gives the impression that economic development and nature conservation can be combined. This has led many municipalities to invest large sums of money in tourism development, but the results have not been very encouraging. The benefits of tourism are unevenly distributed, and do not create many jobs—particularly not in ‘‘naturebased tourism,’’ which is usually seen as the approach to combine with national parks and other protected areas. Alongside this rhetorical emphasis on win–win through tourism development, Chapter 8 discusses the ‘‘decentralization reform’’ initiated to smooth over the conflicts. However, the reform does not constitute real decentralization, as accountability is still directed upwards to the Ministry of Climate and Environment. As such, the desired effects have not materialized; instead, actors at the local level still feel that the central level is tightening its grip. Overall, these claims are supported by the research presented in the book. A larger number of protected areas to be governed under a sectoral law, strong and detailed sectoral policies, and the push for tourism development imply that central governance has grown stronger. Tourism development actually reinforces this tendency, as it increases the importance of environmental and land use policies. As shown in Chapter 7, the emphasis on tourism also constitutes increased pressure on the indigenous reindeer husbandry, which is already under great stress. As an example, reindeer husbandry has been allowed in protected areas but is only the third priority behind both conservation and recreation. In practice, there is thus a lot of conservation and no integrated mountain policy to balance this and to counteract the negative population trends in the mountain municipalities. The national policy is dual, taking forward both environmental concerns and regional development without any clear prioritizations. The last chapter concludes that—compared to Sweden, Austria, and Scotland— Norway is by far the least advanced country in terms of an ecosystembased approach. The authors state that Norway could learn from Scotland and Austria when it comes to advancing the degree of integration between policy sectors by giving development and conservation parity. This suggests that the authors have bought the win–win discourse themselves, even though much of the empirical evidence in the book shows Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org MountainMedia

Fjellbygd eller feriefjell? [Inhabited or Recreational Mountains?] Edited by Terje Skjeggedal and Kjell Overvå g. Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget Vigmostad & Bj€ orke AS, 2015. 253 pp. NOK 369.00. ISBN 978-82-450-1905-6. This book is about the development of ''mountain policy'' in Norway from the 19th century onwards. Although mountain areas comprise a large part of rural districts in Norway, there is no specific ''mountain policy.'' Instead, mountain policy has developed through elements in other policy sectors such as rural policy, tourism policy, and nature conservation policy. However, like many other mountain communities worldwide, Norwegian mountain municipalities face great challenges due to population decrease, economic decline, and external demands for nature conservation and recreation. This book provides detailed examples of how these challenges play out in Norway, and offers interesting thoughts on how policy changes could support better ways of dealing with such challenges. The book comprises 9 independent chapters written by different authors, ranging from historical accounts of mountain policy through economic perspectives to national planning policy. The authors have all participated in a specific research project on the challenges of developing a Norwegian mountain policy, and have thus used the same set of case studies.
The historical overview in Chapter 2 shows the development of 2 central conflicts in mountain policy, which are well known, at least from a Swedish perspective. Urbanization and industrialization have diminished the importance of production based on natural resource extraction in remote mountain areas, whereas recreation has grown more and more important as the mountains have become a refuge, to nature, from the city. The first conflict is thus about whether the mountains should be used for production or for recreation. Recreation is mainly the focus of ''incomers'' from the cities, whereas mountain inhabitants need to use the mountain resources for production and economic development. This means that there is a second, strongly related, dimension of conflict regarding the extent to which the mountains should be governed nationally or locally. Since the mid-1900s, the national level has tightened its grip on the mountains; this is most clearly expressed in the establishment of protected areas.
Chapter 6 states that a large proportion-70%-of Norway's protected areas are in the mountains. The reason given is that Norwegian nature conservation has its roots in the so-called Yellowstone model, which emphasizes ''untouched wilderness,'' and that this type of nature is found in the mountains. In combination with limited political will to allocate resources to the development and management of protected areas, this preservation focus has created distrust between national/regional authorities and local authorities, inhabitants, and users. Chapter 5 shows that, at the rhetorical level, the national authorities have adopted the international win-win discourse, which gives the impression that economic development and nature conservation can be combined. This has led many municipalities to invest large sums of money in tourism development, but the results have not been very encouraging. The benefits of tourism are unevenly distributed, and do not create many jobs-particularly not in ''naturebased tourism,'' which is usually seen as the approach to combine with national parks and other protected areas.
Alongside this rhetorical emphasis on win-win through tourism development, Chapter 8 discusses the ''decentralization reform'' initiated to smooth over the conflicts. However, the reform does not constitute real decentralization, as accountability is still directed upwards to the Ministry of Climate and Environment. As such, the desired effects have not materialized; instead, actors at the local level still feel that the central level is tightening its grip. Overall, these claims are supported by the research presented in the book. A larger number of protected areas to be governed under a sectoral law, strong and detailed sectoral policies, and the push for tourism development imply that central governance has grown stronger. Tourism development actually reinforces this tendency, as it increases the importance of environmental and land use policies. As shown in Chapter 7, the emphasis on tourism also constitutes increased pressure on the indigenous reindeer husbandry, which is already under great stress. As an example, reindeer husbandry has been allowed in protected areas but is only the third priority behind both conservation and recreation.
In practice, there is thus a lot of conservation and no integrated mountain policy to balance this and to counteract the negative population trends in the mountain municipalities. The national policy is dual, taking forward both environmental concerns and regional development without any clear prioritizations. The last chapter concludes that-compared to Sweden, Austria, and Scotland-Norway is by far the least advanced country in terms of an ecosystembased approach. The authors state that Norway could learn from Scotland and Austria when it comes to advancing the degree of integration between policy sectors by giving development and conservation parity. This suggests that the authors have bought the win-win discourse themselves, even though much of the empirical evidence in the book shows