Astragalus baerlukensis L. R. Xu, Zhao Y. Chang & Xiao L. Liu, a new species of Leguminosae, is described from northwestern Xinjiang, China. The new species is similar to A. ellipsoideus Ledeb. but differs by its notably long and filiform calyx teeth 6–8(−9) mm, oblong capitate racemes 2.5–3.5 cm long, and linear bracts 8–10 mm long. The latter taxon has shorter, subulate calyx teeth only to 3–4 mm, obovate capitate racemes 3–6 cm, and shorter, subulate-lanceolate bracts 5–6 mm long.