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1 June 2010 Experimental Study of the Effect of Clutch Size on Nest Defense Intensity in Black-Tailed Gulls
Kentaro Kazama, Yasuaki Niizuma, Yutaka Watanuki
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Abstract

Since parent birds are hypothesized to adjust the level of their nest defense against predators so as to enhance the survival of their offspring, parental nest defense is expected to increase in intensity in relation to increasing clutch size. Empirical studies of bird species, in which clutch sizes have been manipulated artificially, however, have produced results contradicting such expectations, partly, it is thought, because of various errors in experimental design, such as a lack of nesting habitat control, or providing too short a time for parents to assess the value of the manipulated clutch, Hence, further evidence needed to be gathered to clarify whether the basic hypothesis is adequately supported. We manipulated the clutch size of Blacktailed Gulls Larus crassirostris and observed the responses of male parents to a crow decoy in controlled nesting habitats. The intensity of defense was not affected by the clutch size. Opportunities for future reproduction, or constant individual levels of aggressiveness of seem to best explain the observed intensity of nest defense in these long-lived Black-tailed Gulls, rather than the value of the current clutch.

© The Ornithological Society of Japan 2010
Kentaro Kazama, Yasuaki Niizuma, and Yutaka Watanuki "Experimental Study of the Effect of Clutch Size on Nest Defense Intensity in Black-Tailed Gulls," Ornithological Science 9(1), 93-100, (1 June 2010). https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.9.93
Received: 2 February 2010; Accepted: 1 April 2010; Published: 1 June 2010
KEYWORDS
Black-tailed Gull
clutch size
individual variation
nest defense
parental investment
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