Here we review the taxonomy of the species included in Campylocentrum sect. Laevigatum, which are characterized by smooth roots, conduplicate leaves, and unribbed capsules. Fourteen species are recognized; eleven of them are endemic to Brazil, two occur in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and one (C. jamaicense) is endemic to the Antilles. According to the IUCN criteria, Campylocentrum brevifolium and C. pauloense are classified as Critically Endangered and Vulnerable, respectively. We provide typifications for 10 names, complete synonymies, conservation statuses, descriptions, and an identification key to the species.