Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Ndumo Game Reserve, Maputaland, South Africa

ABSTRACT Salticids from the Ndumo Game Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) are described. In total 72 species of 38 genera were found, of which one genus Aenigma gen. n. and 14 species are described as new: Aenigma incognita sp. n., Bianor eximius sp. n., Evarcha mirabilis sp. n., E. striolata sp. n., Habrocestum africanum sp. n., Icius nigricaudus sp. n., Massagris natalensis sp. n., Phlegra arborea sp. n., Ph. certa sp. n., Pignus pongola sp. n., Pseudicius venustulus sp. n., Rhene pinguis sp. n., Thyenula fidelis sp. n., and Th. magna sp. n. Three specific names are synonymised: Cyrba armata Wesołowska, 2006 with C. lineata Wanless, 1984; Pellenes pulcher Wesołowska, 1999 (junior homonym of P. pulcher Logunov, 1995) with P. tharinae Wesołowska, 2006; and Thyene strandi Caporiacco, 1939 with Th. natalii Peckham & Peckham, 1903. A new combination, Evarcha annae (ex Habrocestum annae Peckham & Peckham, 1903) is proposed. Twenty species are recorded from South Africa for the first time: Asemonea Stella Wanless, 1980; Cyrba boveyi Lessert, 1933; Evarcha elegans Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000; E. ignea Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008; E. prosimilis Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008; Goleba puella (Simon, 1885); Heliophanus fascinatus Wesołowska, 1986; H. pauper Wesołowska, 1986; Hispo georgius (Peckham & Peckham, 1892); Menemerus minshullae Wesołowska, 1999; Modunda staintoni (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872); Myrmarachne lulengana Roewer, 1965; Nigorella plebeja (L. Koch, 1875); Pellenes epularis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872); P. bulawayoensis Wesołowska, 1999; P. tharinae Wesołowska, 2006; Pseudicius alter Wesołowska, 1999; Schenkelia modesta Lessert, 1927; Thyene bucculenta (Gerstaecker, 1873); and Th. semiargentea (Simon, 1884). The rich diversity of Salticidae collected in this study, and the proportion of new species relative to the total jumping spider fauna (19%), highlight the need to maintain conservation efforts within Maputaland protected areas with management plans that also take invertebrate taxa into consideration.


INTRODUCTION
The Ndumo Game Reserve (NGR) is situated in the northern part of the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, and falls within the Maputaland bioregion (Fig. 1). The reserve lies close to the borders of South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique. It is one of South Africa's reserves formally protecting wetland and riparian ecosystems and is recognised as a RAMSAR site (Ramsar 2008). The reserve covers 10,117 ha and is structurally highly diverse, with a range of habitats including floodplain vegetation, subtropical bush, various types of savannah and woodland, and riparian forest with tall trees. The climate is subtropical.
The invertebrates of NGR are poorly known (Haddad 2003), but introductory studies of arachnids showed a very high diversity of spiders (over 430 species), representing the highest known diversity of the group from any reserve in South Africa; salticids were the most diverse family, with 82 species initially recorded . The objective of this paper is to provide a full account of all jumping spiders found in the reserve, to re-evaluate the taxonomy of the Salticidae listed in the initial checklist , and to provide notes on their biology and occurrence in different habitats. Following this more detailed study on the taxonomy of the family, the synonyms proposed here, and the identification of previously unidentified morphospecies listed in the initial checklist, the number of salticid species from the reserve is reduced from 82 to 72. Given the close proximity of NGR to several other reserves in Maputaland where surveys are currently under way, and the high levels of endemism of other taxonomic groups in Maputaland (e.g. plants), this paper will provide valuable baseline data for the identification of Salticidae in this region and elsewhere in South Africa, and for future evaluations of salticid endemism in Maputaland.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field observations were conducted during several trips in the period 2000-2007. Spiders were collected by different methods: using pitfall traps, sifting leaf litter, turning rocks and logs, from tree bark, beating sheets, sweep-nets, by hand, and at light traps. All material of jumping spiders collected in a survey of fever tree bark (Haddad unpubl.) from five sites in the reserve (Banzi, Hotwe, Nyamiti and Shokwe Pans, and the Pongola River floodplain) was also included in this study. Unless otherwise stated, the specimens were all collected by the second author from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa. All material collected in the field was preserved in 70 % ethanol.
Eight broad habitat types can be recognised in NGR, and details of the vegetation are given in De Moor et al. (1977) and : Acacia tortilis (umbrella thorn Acacia) savannah (AS, Fig. 2), Acacia xanthophloea (fever tree) forest (AX, Fig. 3  Individuals were examined in 70 % ethanol in a Petri dish. The genitalia were removed for study, and after examination were placed in microvials and stored with specimens in the same collection vials. The epigynes were macerated in 5 % hot KOH for a few minutes, cleared in clove oil and examined under a compound microscope. In some cases (Myrmarachne spp., Thyene spp.) the epigynes were stained in Chlorazol black E alcohol solution. Drawings were made on a Citoval stereomicroscope with the aid of a reticular eyepiece. Digital photographs of the habitus of specimens were taken using a Nikon Coolpix 4500 attached to a Nikon stereomicroscope. Terminology is standard for spiders, and all measurements are given in millimetres.
The holotypes of the newly described species are deposited in the National Collection of Arachnida, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute Pretoria, South Africa (NCA), and paratypes and other material are deposited in the NCA, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa (NMBA), Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (NMSA), and in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (MRAC). TAXONOMY Genus Aenigma gen. n. Etymology: From Latin aenigma (riddle), referring to the uncertain taxonomic position of the genus. Gender feminine. Type species: Aenigma incognita sp. n. Diagnosis: The habitus is typical for the majority of salticids (Fig. 210), with oval, medium high carapace and ovoid abdomen. Chelicera is long, promargin with two teeth, retromargin with single tooth. Legs medium long, with numerous spines.
Distinguished from other salticid genera by the unique form of the epigyne, by long and thin seminal ducts and, especially, by the shape of the receptacles, which are spherical with very long tail-like terminal parts. Remark: Relationships of this genus will remain unresolved until the male of the type species is discovered. Figs 10,11. Aenigma incognita sp. n., holotype: (10) epigyne; (11) internal structure of epigyne.
General appearance in Fig. 238; medium-sized spider; whole body densely covered with short, bright reddish orange hairs. Carapace slightly elongate, moderately high in cephalic part and sloping gently posteriorly; eye field trapeziform, slightly wider anteriorly; some brown bristles in vicinity of eyes; fovea prominent; clypeus low, clothed in white hairs. Chelicerae light brown, pluridentate, promargin with three, retromargin with four teeth; endites orange with lighter inner margins, labium and sternum yellowish orange. Abdomen elongate, dorsum bright orange with scattered brown bristles, venter yellowish; spinnerets grey. Legs yellowish orange, only first pair with black tibiae and metatarsi; pedipalps with black cymbium. Palpal patella with blunt apophysis ; tibial apophysis with recurved row of long black scales; tegulum rounded, rather flat, with furrow near base of embolus and long process at prolateral edge (Figs 20,21). Habitat and biology: C. boveyi was a common ground-dwelling salticid in BW and was regularly found in silk retreats beneath logs and rocks, particularly in sunny areas. It was frequently found in the vicinity of colonies of large ants (Camponotus and Streblognatha), and dense aggregations of spitting spiders (Scytodes caffra Purcell, 1904) and violin spiders (Loxosceles spinulosa Purcell, 1904). Several immature specimens were collected from A. xanthophloea bark low on the tree trunks.
Medium-sized spider. Carapace longer than wide, moderately high, with gently sloping posterior part; light brown to dark brown at margins; eye field slightly darker than thoracic area, in one specimen two black spots on eye field centre, eyes surrounded by black rings; short brown hairs on carapace, some long bristles near eyes; anterior eyes fringed by white hairs; fovea long, sulciform; clypeus low with short white hairs. Chelicerae brown, promargin with three, retromargin with four teeth; mouthparts brown, sternum light brown. Abdomen ovoid, blackish, with narrow longitudinal white line and light patch on mytiliform field; in other specimens abdomen grey with three lighter chevrons posteriorly; abdomen covered in short dark hairs; venter dark grey with two yellowish lines; spinnerets grey. Legs light brown, femora tinged with black, first pair of legs with darker tibiae and metatarsi; last pair of legs longest; leg hairs and spines brown. Epigyne with acute lobes of caudal ledge and two pockets (Fig. 24); internal structure as in Fig. 25, receptacles spherical with very thick walls.

Figs 29-31
Habrocestum annae: Peckham & Peckham 1903: 238, pl. 27, fig. 4;Prószyński 1987: 39. Redescription: Female. Measurements: Carapace length 3.5, width 2.7, height 1.4. Abdomen length 4.2, width 2.9. Eye field length 1.6, anterior width 2.4, posterior width 2.5. Carapace brownish orange, eye field dark brown, eyes with black rings; anterior part of eye field sparsely covered with white hairs, some surrounding anterior eyes; on thoracic area light hairs longer, but not numerous. Chelicerae unidentate; labium and endites orange, sternum lighter. Abdomen oval, yellowish, with series of chevrons formed by small grey spots (Fig. 29); sides and venter pale; sparse brown bristles on dorsum, longer at anterior edge of abdomen; spinnerets pale. Legs dark yellow, bearing brown hairs and spines. Epigyne small, rounded, with two shallow depressions (Fig. 30); internal structure as in Fig. 31 Habitat and biology: Known only from a single female collected from leaf litter in ST. Remarks: The body proportions and the presence of a wide epigynal pocket suggest that this species should be placed in the genus Evarcha, but establishment of closer relationships with other congeners will be possible only after finding the male of this species.
Carapace orange, ocular area slightly lighter, eyes with black rings; near eyes some light setae. Abdomen grey, posteriorly slightly darker, with yellowish median serrate band; sides whitish yellow, venter light with two lines formed by dark marks; spinnerets pale, their tips darker. Legs yellowish orange, spines light. Epigyne oval, with two broadly spaced openings (Fig. 32); seminal ducts very poorly sclerotised, wide, forming loop (Fig. 33).

Male.
Carapace oval, brown, vicinity of eyes black; sparse white hairs on eye field, forming small patch behind anterior median eyes; longitudinal streak composed of brown hairs on thoracic area; glaring orange scales encircling anterior eyes, except scales surrounding anterior laterals from above, which are white; clypeus high, covered with orange reddish hairs. Mouthparts dark brown, sternum orange-brown. Abdomen light brown with white yellowish pattern; two transverse bands in anterior half, large leaf-shaped patch, and pair of submarginal spots in posterior half. Abdomen covered with brown and whitish hairs; venter yellow, with three longitudinal lines of small dark marks, in second specimen whole venter dark; spinnerets greyish. Legs yellow with brown rings, tarsi light, first and second pairs slightly darker than posterior pairs; leg hairs and spines brown. Pedipalps dark brown, white hairs forming spots on tips of palpal femur and patella dorsally; tibial apophysis with notch (Figs 43, 44), embolus double (Fig. 42).

Female.
Carapace light brown, traces of striae on thoracic part, black rings around eyes; clypeus low, brownish, with thin white line on lower clypeal margin; two parallel white lines on lateral slopes of carapace, below anterior lateral eyes; anterior eyes surrounded by small fawn scales, some long brown bristles on eye field anteriorly. Mouthparts brownish with light tips, sternum yellowish. Abdomen darker than in male, mottled, pattern com-posed of small greyish brown patches on yellowish background, posteriorly a few darker chevrons; brownish and grey hairs cover abdomen; venter light with brownish marks; spinnerets greyish beige. Legs yellow with brownish rings proximally and distally on segments; spines and leg hairs brown. Epigyne as in Fig. 45, receptacles multi-chambered ( Fig. 46), only initial chambers strongly sclerotised. Habitat and biology: The holotype was collected from the base of grasses under a fever tree in AX. Remarks: The species slightly differs from other Evarcha by the body shape. Its taxonomic position is tentative. Only discovery of the female and examination of its genitalia will enable confirmation of this placement.
Genus Festucula Simon, 1901 Festucula lawrencei Lessert, 1933 Figs 50-52  Fig. 50; very long and slender spider. Carapace slightly elongate, not broadening along its whole length, very flattened, eye field short; dorsum of carapace dark brown, with light brown band medially on thoracic part; along sides dark yellow streak, but margins framed by dark line; clypeus very low, clothed in white hairs; delicate, short whitish hairs sparsely cover carapace. Chelicerae, labium and sternum dark brown, maxillae brown with light inner margins. Abdomen very long and thin, striped, with two marginal brownish grey streaks and broad median whitish streak; sides of abdomen whitish, three dark stripes on venter; spinnerets dark. Legs relatively short, the third pair shortest; first legs slightly thicker than others, with slightly swollen tibia, armed with three prolateral ventral spines, and two pairs of spines on metatarsus ventrally; leg I brown, remaining legs whitish yellow. Stridulatory apparatus consists of row of setae located on carapace sides, below lateral eyes, and a few bristles on prolateral surface of femora of first legs. Epigyne with shallow depression, partially plugged with waxy secretion (Fig. 51); internal structure in Fig. 52, receptacles elongate.

Male.
General appearance as in Fig. 62; small spider. Carapace high with very steep posterior slope (Fig. 63); eye field short, distance between anterior lateral eyes slightly larger than between posterior lateral ones; carapace dark brown, vicinity of eyes black; short greyish hairs cover thoracic part, denser on carapace slopes, orange hairs on eye field, numerous brown bristles near eyes; anterior eyes surrounded by short hairs, orange above eyes and whitish below; clypeus light brown. Chelicerae fissidentate; mouthparts brown, sternum dark yellow. Abdomen small, narrower than carapace, dark yellow with brown pattern (Fig. 62 Distribution: Species widespread in the Afrotropical Region. Habitat and biology: This rare species was collected from tall grasses in AS. One male was collected from under tree bark along the Pongola River floodplain.
General appearance in Fig. 68. Carapace dark brown, eye field black with metallic lustre, reticulate-punctured; white hairs form patch between anterior median eyes and two light streaks extending from anterior lateral eyes to thoracic part of carapace ( Fig.  68); endites and labium brown with light tips, chelicerae and sternum dark brown. Abdomen oval, dark brown, with white band along anterior abdominal edge, extending to sides, and two pairs of rounded spots, one of them at midpoint and second at spinnerets (Fig. 68); venter pale yellow; spinnerets dark. Legs yellow with brown rings; pedipalps brown, with white scales on tibia dorsally and on cymbium; tegulum triangular, embolus short (  Heliophanus debilis Simon, 1901 Figs 73-75 Heliophanus debilis : Simon 1901a: 59, fig. 12;Wesolowska 1986: 21, figs 148-162. See Wesolowska (1986) for description of both sexes. Redescription:
Small spider. Carapace medium high, dark brown; eye field punctured reticulate, black with metallic shine, brown bristles near eyes; short white hairs form thin longitudinal line on thoracic part and narrow white stripe at carapace margins. Mouthparts and sternum dark brownish, only inner margins of endites slightly paler. Abdomen brownish black, along its anterior and lateral margins white band composed with light hairs, with leaf-shaped yellowish pattern in posterior half of dorsum; venter whitish; spinnerets dark. Legs whitish yellow, femora I brown; spines brown. Pedipalps brown; palpal patella with very long, stout apophysis, two tibial apophyses ( Distribution: Species widely distributed in central and southern Africa. Habitat and biology: This was the most common Heliophanus species in the reserve and was frequently collected from A. xanthophloea bark along various pans and floodplain habitats, where silk retreats were constructed beneath the bark structure. Adults were occasionally seen foraging on the tree trunks. Specimens were occasionally collected from low-growing herbaceous plants and from rocks and logs on the ground surface. One male specimen was parasitised by an ichneumonid wasp larva, which protruded ventrally from the epigastric fold. Wesolowska, 1986 Figs 76-80 Distribution: Species known from Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, recently reported from Sudan (Logunov 2004). Recorded here for the first time from South Africa.

Heliophanus fascinatus
Habitat and biology: This species was only collected from fever tree bark in AX, and occurred in four of the five sites sampled. It was less common than H. debilis in this habitat. Silk retreats were constructed beneath the bark.

Male.
General appearance as in Fig. 240; large spider, body slender, flattened and hairy. Eye field dark brown with three whitish streaks composed of light hairs; streaks join in posterior part of ocular area to form wide band extending towards posterior edge of carapace; sides of thoracic part dark brown, with white line framing lateral margins of carapace; clypeus brown. Endites with wide pale inner margins; labium and sternum light brown; chelicera large, with seven small teeth on promargin, and nine teeth on retromargin. Abdomen long and narrow, dark brown with median broad white stripe; venter greyish black with two parallel lines created by small light dots, sides yellowish; abdomen clothed in short hairs, with sparse longer bristles among them; spinnerets dark. First pair of legs dark brown, their tibiae long; remaining legs light brown, distal ends of tibiae and patellae darker; leg hairs long and dense, black; spines stout. Pedipalps large, light orange; tibial apophysis short, with large flange (Figs 83,84).

Female.
General appearance in Fig. 241; shape and size similar to male. Carapace oval, broadest in middle of its length, with short eye field and distinct fovea; eyes of second row relatively large; carapace dark brown, margins darker, ocular area black; some white hairs on eye field and on slopes of carapace, hairs forming white line framing margins of carapace; clypeus low, covered with white hairs. Chelicerae with five small teeth on promargin and eight on retromargin; labium brown, sternum yellowish grey, endites with paler tips. Abdomen elongate, flat, dark brown, with broad median dentate yellowish band, clothed in brown and grey hairs, denser and longer at anterior edge; venter yellowish, with four brown longitudinal lines; spinnerets brown. Legs stout, relatively short, brown with darker patches; spines brown; leg hairs long, brown and grey. Epigyne with posterior notch and two horns at epigastric fold (Fig. 85); internal structure strongly sclerotised, receptacles spherical (Fig. 86).  Distribution: Widely distributed in the Afrotropical Region. Habitat and biology: This species was mainly collected from foliage of shrubs and trees in most of the habitats in the reserve. One female was collected from a retreat with an egg sac constructed on the underside of a leaf. Silk was used to fold the leaf, forming a broad tube in which the egg sac was constructed. Simon, 1902 Hyllus brevitarsis : Simon 1902b: 391;Berland & Millot 1941: 337;Clark 1974: 17;Wesolowska & Cumming 2008: 190, figs 71-74;: 323, figs 7-22. Hyllus natali: Peckham & Peckham 1903: 210, pl. 23, fig. 4;Strand 1909: 75;Lessert 1925b: 495, fig. 76;Caporiacco 1940 Distribution: Species widespread in the Afrotropical Region. Habitat and biology: This large salticid was commonly collected from foliage, especially in BW, but also occasionally in FP habitats. On one occasion in April more than 20 individuals were found on a single broadleaved shrub and the outside walls of a house at Crocodile Farm, where males were displaying to females and to one another. Two couples were observed mating. One adult female was observed with an ichneumonid wasp in its chelicerae (Fig. 244). The biology of this species was studied in more detail by Wesolowska & Cumming (2004).

Male.
Small, slender spider; general appearance as in Figs 87, 215. Carapace low, sloping posteriorly, brown with black line along margins; eye field black, reticulate pitted; delicate translucent hairs cover carapace, with some white scales near eyes; white hairs form four small patches located at lateral margins of carapace; clypeus very low. Chelicerae brown, unidentate; labium and endites fawnish brown, sternum light brown. Abdomen elongate, anterior two thirds olive-yellow, posterior part black; white scales form five patches on abdomen, one at anterior margin, first pair at one third abdomen length, and second pair in border of light and black parts (Fig. 87); venter coloured similar to dorsum, light with blackish posterior third (Fig. 216); spinnerets black. First pair of legs slightly larger than others, blackish with lighter metatarsi and tarsi; legs II-IV light brown, darker strips along anterior surface of femur III and both lateral surfaces of femur IV; leg hairs fine, brown. Pedipalps dark, some white hairs along retrolateral edge of cymbium and tibia; tegulum triangular, with long posterior lobe, embolus straight (Fig. 88); tibial apophysis hooked (Figs 88-90).

Female.
General appearance in Fig. 217. Carapace similar to male, but without white patches. Labium brown, endites with pale inner margins, sternum yellow. Abdomen black with narrow longitudinal whitish median line and narrow streak on anterior margin extending to sides; venter blackish with large yellowish area behind epigastric furrow and three small patches near spinnerets. Legs yellow; spination of first leg: femur 1-1-1 dorsally, 0-0-3 prolaterally, tibia 2-2 ventrally, metatarsus 2-2-2 ventrally. Pedipalps yellow. Epigyne weakly sclerotised, slightly depressed anteriorly (Fig. 91); internal structure simple (Fig. 92). Distribution: Species known from South Africa only. Habitat and biology: This large species is a distinctive mimic of Polyrachis gagates ants, which were common and widespread in floodplain and savannah habitats in the reserve. Despite this, K. variabilis was rarely collected. This species generally moved slowly when disturbed, and rarely moved its legs up and down to imitate the antennal movements of ants, behaviour that is usually encountered in other salticid ant mimics (Cushing 1997). Morphological adaptations to resemble P. gagates include the elongate carapace with a median depression, the globose abdomen, long legs, and the iridescent silver-grey setae that cover the entire body. It is not known whether K. variabilis preys on its model or on other ants.
Genus Massagris Simon, 1900 Massagris natalensis sp. n. Figs 93-98, 218 Etymology: The species is named after the KwaZulu-Natal Province. Diagnosis: The male of the species differs from congeners by the absence of a tibial apophysis and by the shape of the embolus, which is longer than in the other species. Female unknown. Description:
General appearance in Figs 93, 218. Carapace rounded, medium high, gently sloping posteriorly; eye field large, occupying half carapace length, eyes set on well developed tubercles; fovea long, sulciform; carapace brown, vicinity of eyes black, with darker lines radiating from fovea; clypeus low, brown. Labium and endites brownish with light tips, sternum light brown; chelicerae pluridentate, both margins with five small teeth (Fig. 94); long, thick bristles form basket-like structure above dorsal surface of chelicerae. Abdomen narrower than carapace, oval, greyish yellow with small brown spots; silver guanine crystals translucent through integument; venter yellow. Legs light brown, first tibia with two pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus with one pair. Pedipalps rather large, brown; palpal organ as in Figs Wesolowska, 1999 Menemerus minshullae : Wesolowska 1999b: 309, figs 192-196;2007: 520, figs 8-12. Menemerus manicus: Wesolowska 1999b See Wesolowska (1999b) for description of both sexes. Distribution: Species known from Malawi and Zimbabwe; recorded for the first time from South Africa. Habitat and biology: This species was collected on several occasions from under A. xanthophloea bark in AX and FP. The flattened body makes it easy for this species to hide beneath loose bark. One specimen was collected by beating dried-out shrubs and Acacia thorn trees in BW. Wesolowska, 1999 Figs 99, 100, 219 General appearance in Fig. 219; flattened, hairy spider. Carapace dark brown with black eye field, clothed densely in light grey hairs, with brown bristles near eyes; light streaks composed of whitish hairs along lateral margins of carapace; clypeus covered with white hairs. Sternum and mouthparts brown, endites with yellow inner margins. Abdomen flat, elongated, brown, covered with greyish hairs, with ill-defined lighter streak medially; sides of abdomen light, venter dark tinged; spinnerets brownish. Legs dark orange, marked with dark brown spots; leg hairs brown and grey. Pedipalps orange. Epigyne oval, slightly elevated medially, with narrow notch in posterior edge and two large depressions partially plugged with waxy secretion; epigynal pockets widely spaced (Fig. 99); copulatory openings hidden in very large and deep, strongly sclerotised cups, seminal ducts short, receptacles spherical (Fig. 100).

Male.
Medium-sized, slender spider with long legs and contrasting colouration. Carapace high with short eye field and gently sloping posterior part; brown bristles near eyes; clypeus low. Chelicerae long, brown, with short sharp spike-like setae on dorsal surfaces; labium, endites and sternum dark brown. Abdomen slightly elongate, in living specimens bright silver-grey with three velvet black transverse bands, second of them forming triangle at about half of abdomen length (Fig. 101); sparse brown bristles cover abdomen; venter dark; spinnerets dark. Legs brown, long and thin, last pair longest. Pedipalp with single narrow apophysis; embolus short, tegulum with triangular posterior lobe (Fig. 102).

Female.
General appearance in Fig. 247; slightly larger than male. Abdominal pattern similar to male but with additional thin transverse white band and two pairs of large yellow patches (Fig. 103); venter with broad median brown stripe. Epigyne with two large rounded shallow depressions (Fig. 104). Distribution: Species known only from South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Habitat and biology: This species was collected from all of the habitats in the reserve, predominantly wandering on the ground, low-growing plants, on bark and on the walls of houses. This species demonstrates polymorphic colouration: early instar immatures have a metallic silver-blue carapace and metallic green or purple abdomen, with a median triangular marking; late instar immatures have a metallic blue carapace and abdomen, with a median triangular marking; adults have a metallic silver-blue carapace and abdomen, with a triangular marking medially on the abdomen, or an abdomen with white or yellow markings (anterior band and two pairs of spots medially and posteriorly). These variations suggest mimicry of two different groups of Hymenoptera, namely ants (Formicidae) and velvet ants (Mutillidae). None of these colour variations point to a specific species of model, and these spiders can rather be regarded as generalised mimics. Their behaviour and movements resemble ant movements, with the forelegs moving up and down to resemble antennal movements, the abdomen moving up and down, and rapid darting runs. M. elegans was observed preying on a wide variety of ant species, and no other prey was observed being captured. Early instar immatures captured Oecophylla and Crematogaster ants, while subadults and adults captured Streblognatha sp., Camponotus spp., Myrmicaria natalensis (Smith, 1858), Anoplolepis custodiens (Smith, 1858), Polyrachis gagates Smith, 1858 and Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius, 1798). The predation behaviour of this species will be dealt with in more detail in a separate paper (Haddad unpubl. thin, orange greyish, with pair of darker spots in midway of posterior dorsal scutum; spinnerets yellow. Legs yellowish, femora slightly darker, tarsus of first pair brownish. One specimen dark, almost black, abdomen shiny; only legs light, yellowish, with dark lines along sides of segments and femora tinged with grey. Pedipalps orange; tibial apophysis distally hooked, with well developed flange, protected by depression in cymbium and tuft of long bristles on proximal edge of cymbium (Figs 107, 108).
General colouration black, body ornate with sparse short, whitish hairs and scales; long white scales on abdomen (Fig. 111); clypeus clothed in white hairs. Chelicerae brown, with two spurs on dorsal surface; one on inner margin at base of fang, and second situated on external edge (Fig. 112). Legs I with long coxae; legs I with whitish yellow coxae, femora brownish, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with dark lines along sides, tarsi pale; legs II as first pair, but coxae dark and metatarsi light; legs III brownish, only metatarsi and tarsi light; legs IV brown, only trochanters whitish and light spot at bases of patellae. Pedipalps with dense, long, lanceolate, dark hairs on prolateral edge of tibia and cymbium; tibia broad ( Fig. 113) Distribution: Known from Mozambique and South Africa. Habitat and biology: This species apparently mimics Camponotus ants and was collected from foliage in BW. One specimen was collected on the wall of a house near foraging Camponotus workers. Mimicry is enforced by the black colouration, and the erect pale spatulate setae on the abdomen. Roewer, 1965 Figs 115-120

Male.
Colouration of body dark, almost black; eye field reticulate punctured, with brown bristles near eyes, scattered short white hairs on thoracic part of carapace; small bump behind ocular region (Fig. 115). Chelicerae long, fang with small protuberance (Fig.  116). Abdomen dark brown, with sparse short white hairs on dorsum; venter dark; spinnerets brown. Legs slender, orange brownish with darker femora and brown lines along lateral sides; tibia of first leg only with single ventral spine. Pedipalps dark; tibial apophysis robust, wide at base, hooked at tip, with well developed flange, protected by depression in cymbium and tuft of long bristles on proximal edge of cymbium (Figs  117, 118).

Female.
Shape of body and colouration similar to male. Epigyne with two widely separated pouches (Fig. 119); internal structure with rather complex receptacles (Fig. 120). Distribution: Species distributed in Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya; recorded for the first time from South Africa. Habitat and biology: Two specimens of this species were collected from foliage on ST, and several from fever tree bark in AX. This species closely resembles M. laurentina in general appearance, and may also be a mimic of Camponotus ants. Peckham & Peckham, 1903 Figs 121-123 Myrmarachne marshalli: Peckham & Peckham 1903: 249, pl. 29, fig. 6;Wanless 1978b: 67, figs 38a-h , 39a-g, 40a-k, pl. 1a-d, 4a, c, e;Wesolowska & Cumming 2008: 199 Cephalic part of carapace slightly higher than thoracic part; carapace black, with white hairs forming thin band in constriction. Chelicerae with seven teeth on promargin and five on retromargin; endites and labium dark brown with slightly lighter tips; sternum black. Abdomen black, with poorly contrasted chevrons composed of greyish hairs (Fig. 121); venter black, with two longitudinal lines formed by white dots; spinnerets yellowish. Leg I whitish, with black stripes along lateral sides of trochanters, femora and patellae, tarsi tinged with grey; legs II whitish, with black lines on sides of femora, patellae and tibiae; legs III as II, but coxae and trochanters black; last pair of legs blackish, only trochanters and tarsi whitish, light patch on base of patella; four pairs of ventral spines on tibia I, two pairs on metatarsus. Pedipalps blackish. Epigyne with large triangular depression and two posteromedian pockets (Fig. 122); internal structure as in Fig. 123 Distribution: Widely distributed in Africa. Habitat and biology: This species was rare and most specimens were collected from A. xanthophloea bark near to foraging Camponotus ants. Wesolowska and Cumming (2008) also suggested Batesian mimicry of Camponotus ants, and reported briefly on the behaviour and diet of this species in Zimbabwe, which consisted mainly of flies and small spiders. Myrmarachne solitaria Peckham & Peckham, 1903 Figs 124-126 Myrmarachne solitaria: Peckham & Peckham 1903: 250, pl. 29, fig. 5;Wanless 1978b: 75, fig. 46a-l. See Wanless (1978b) for description of both sexes. Redescription: Female. Measurements: Carapace length 1.9, width 1.0, height 0.6. Abdomen length 1.9, width 1.0. Eye field length 0.8, anterior width 0.9, posterior width 1.0.

Myrmarachne marshalli
Carapace with thoracic bump (Fig. 124), orange with darker margins of constriction, white hairs in constriction furrow, eyes surrounded by black rings. Mouthparts and sternum orange; chelicerae with six promarginal and five retromarginal teeth. Abdomen ovoid, anteriorly yellowish grey, posterior part dark grey, shining; spinnerets dark. Legs I whitish, with brown lines along lateral sides of femora, patellae and tibiae; metatarsi dark; legs II as first pair, but metatarsi light; legs III with brownish basal segments, tips of tibiae and distal segments light; last pair of legs similar to III, with light rings at middle of patellae and dark lines on sides of metatarsi. Epigyne small, with single pouch (Fig. 125); internal structure relatively simple (Fig. 126). Distribution: Species known only from South Africa. Habitat and biology: This species was the most common Myrmarachne species collected, and was often encountered on A. xanthophloea bark at various sites in the reserve. It was usually found near foraging Crematogaster ants, which it resembles.
Genus Natta Karsch, 1879 Natta horizontalis Karsch, 1879 Natta horizontalis : Karsch 1879: 362;Próchniewicz 1989: 218, figs 33-38;Wesolowska 1993a: 25, figs 17-41;Wesolowska & Cumming 2008: 201, figs 107-109. Cyllobelus rufopictus: Simon 1909Berland & Millot 1941: 320, fig. 22;Lessert 1936: 289, fig. 84 Habitat and biology: This species was observed in leaf litter of most habitats in the reserve, but was only sampled in AS, AX, BW and RF. Specimens were occasionally collected from tree bark or by beating foliage of short plants and trees. The body scales are iridescent and give this species a metallic appearance. N. horizontalis is a generalised ant mimic, moving in short darting runs and moving the forelegs up and down to resemble antennal movements. It was frequently collected near foraging ants, but was never seen preying on them. Individuals were observed to rapidly dart away from foraging ants when confronted, suggesting that this species is not myrmecophagous. However, the laboratory experiments of Jackson and van Olphen (1992) indicated that N. horizontalis (as Cyllobelus rufopictus) prefers feeding on ants rather than flies, while Wesolowska & Cumming (2008) recorded a specimen feeding on an Odontotermes termite. Further studies are thus needed to establish the dietary range of this widespread and common species.

Male.
General appearance in Fig. 220. Medium-sized, dark, hairy spider; carapace oval, medium high, gently sloping posteriorly, dark brown; eye field short, black; fovea visible; dark, short hairs densely cover carapace, with numerous long bristles near eyes; clypeus low, dark, with black hairs. Chelicerae large, black, unidentate; endites and labium dark brown with narrow whitish margins. Abdomen narrower than carapace, dark brown with traces of lighter patches medially; dense long dark hairs on abdomen; venter dark, with four longitudinal lines composed of yellowish dots; spinnerets dark. Legs dark brown; first pair of legs slightly stouter than others, with dark scopulae on tarsi; leg hairs long, dark brown. Pedipalp dark; tibial apophysis straight, tegulum rounded, with small anterior haematodocha (Figs 127, 128); embolus short, enveloped by tegular apophysis (Fig. 129).
Carapace moderately high, dark brown, with black eye field; long brown setae near eyes, short whitish hairs cover slopes of carapace; clypeus clothed in white hairs, extending in narrow line to frame lateral carapace margins. Mouthparts and sternum dark brown. Abdomen black with serrate median white streak, with white band along anterior and lateral margins, extending to submarginal patches (Fig. 132); venter brownish grey; spinnerets dark. Legs light brown, first pair slightly darker, with numerous white scales on legs (especially on femora); leg hairs and spines dark. Epigyne with central pocket (Fig. 133). Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region. In Africa known only from Namibia; recorded for the first time from South Africa. Habitat and biology: Only a single specimen was collected from under rocks in BW. Other specimens were observed foraging in full sun on the ground surface near Odontotermes natalensis termite galleries in AS, but were not collected. Remarks: The diversity and distribution of the genus Pellenes in Africa are very poorly known. It may be that African populations of this species, widely separated from the Palaearctic localities, belong in reality to another species, morphologically very similar to P. epularis.

See Wesolowska (2006b) for description of both sexes.
Remarks: Although the specimen is not mature, the characteristic colouration allows for its determination. Pellenes pulcher was described from Zimbabwe (Wesolowska 1999a) and P. tharinae was described from Namibia (Wesolowska 2006b). During the present study we have discovered that both names apply to the same species, i.e. P. tharinae is a junior subjective synonym of P. pulcher. Since P. pulcher Wesolowska, 1999 is a junior homonym of P. pulcher Logunov, 1995, according to Art. 60 (ICZN 1999 the first available name for this species should be used, i.e. P. tharinae. Distribution: Hitherto known from Zimbabwe and Namibia; recorded for the first time from South Africa. Habitat and biology: Collected from leaf litter in Acacia tortilis grassland savannah. Genus Phintella Strand, 1906 Phintella aequipes (Peckham & Peckham, 1903) Figs 134, 135 Distribution: Widely distributed in southern Africa; reported also from Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.
Habitat and biology: This species was collected from foliage of reeds and short shrubs in RF and ST, respectively.
Remarks: Both specimens are bleached, and the male has a slightly shorter embolus than specimens from Zimbabwe (compare Fig. 134 with fig. 116 in Wesolowska & Cumming 2008).
Genus Phlegra Simon, 1876 Phlegra arborea sp. n. Figs 136-141, 223 Etymology: The specific name refers to the spider's habitat; all of the specimens were collected on bark of A. xanthophloea. Diagnosis: The male resembles Ph. atra  from Ethiopia in shape, body size and the pedipalp structure, but has a narrower tegulum with a longer posterior lobe (compare Fig. 137 herein with fig. 150   Habitat and biology: The specimens were found under A. xanthophloea bark.

Phlegra certa sp. n.
Figs 142-146 Etymology: From Latin certa (certain). Diagnosis: The species is distinguishable by the brilliant reddish hairs on the eye field. The male pedipalp resembles that in Ph. nuda Próchniewicz & Heciak, 1994 but has a wider ventral tibial apophysis (compare Fig. 144 herein with fig. 155 in  and differs in the embolus structure (compare Fig. 146 herein with General appearance in Fig. 142; small and slender, dark spider. Carapace pear-shaped, broadest posteriorly, with short eye field; colouration of carapace orange to blackish, eye field black, covered with reddish orange hairs (eye field appearing to have golden metallic lustre), thoracic part lighter; in lighter coloured specimen traces of two whitish lines, running from anterior lateral eyes to posterior edge of carapace; ocular area with fine long brown bristles, blackish hairs on thoracic part; clypeus low, dark. Mouthparts and sternum dark brown. Abdomen elongate, clothed in thin delicate dark hairs, longer at its anterior edge; delicate, dark brown, shiny scutum covering almost entire dorsum of abdomen (Fig. 142); venter dark; spinnerets blackish. Legs dark brown or black, metatarsi lighter with dark distal ends, tarsi yellowish; leg hairs and spines dark. Pedipalps blackish; some whitish hairs on cymbium, in vicinity of tibial apophysis; palpal organ shown in Fig. 143 Habitat and biology: This small species was rare. The few specimens collected were found in leaf and grass litter in AS and BW. Genus Pignus Wesolowska, 2000 Pignus pongola sp. n. Figs 147-151, 224 Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition, referring to the type locality. Diagnosis: A distinctive species. Male recognised by the unique shape of the chelicerae and the structure of the male pedipalp, with a large lobe of the tegulum at the embolus base. Female unknown. Description: Male. Measurements: Carapace length 3.6, width 3.0, height 1.7. Abdomen length 3.4, width 2.4. Eye field length 1.6, anterior and posterior width 2.5.
General appearance as in Figs 147, 224; medium-sized spider. Carapace oval, dark brown, with broad white streaks composed of light hairs along lateral margins; lighter spot in foveal area; reddish scales cover anterior part of eye field and form small patches in front of posterior lateral eyes; some brown bristles on eye field; clypeus very low, with some white hairs; below anterior lateral eyes, on 'cheeks', two parallel thin lines. Endites and labium brown with yellow tips; sternum orange; chelicerae very large, longer than in congeners, with long fang; promargin with two teeth, retromargin with single large tooth placed close to base of fang (Fig. 148); chelicerae dark brown with metallic lustre. Abdomen oval, brownish grey with irregular lighter band medially; sparse long bristles on abdominal dorsum; venter dark, with four lines composed of light dots; spinnerets light brown. Legs brown, but coxae orange; femora darker than remaining segments; leg hairs dense, dark brown, among them some whitish ones. Pedipalps small, brownish, clothed in long hairs; tibial apophysis narrow and long, tegulum with large semicircular lobe at base of embolus, embolus long (Figs 149-151 Habitat and biology: The specimen was collected from foliage in riverine forest. Remarks: The pedipalp structure of the species shows similarities to that in the genus Philaeus Thorell, 1869, but the shape of the body, colour pattern and especially the form of the chelicerae are typical of the genus Pignus. Genus Distribution: Widely distributed in eastern and southern Africa, and Madagascar. Habitat and biology: The biology of this arachnophagous species has been well studied (e.g. Jackson 1995;Jackson & Hallas 1986, 1990. Specimens were commonly observed in the vicinity of webs of several large orb-weavers in the reserve, particularly Nephilengys cruentata (Fabricius, 1775) and Nephila inaurata (Walckenaer, 1842) (Nephilidae), and Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) (Araneidae), in BW, FF, FP, RF, SF and ST. Several individuals were observed on the outer walls of buildings at Crocodile Farm and Main Camp, or on the bark of trees, moving slowly while searching for webs.

Male.
General appearance as in Fig. 156; body elongate. Carapace very flattened, light or dark brown, eye field black or only eyes with black ring and two rounded blackish patches on centre of eye field; colourless hairs cover carapace, brown bristles in vicinity of eyes, some white scale-like hairs behind first row of eyes. Stridulatory apparatus of the carapace -leg type. Mouthparts and sternum yellow to brown. Abdomen elongate, black, with four pairs of white spots (Fig. 156), abdomen shiny posteriorly; venter yellowish with silver patches of translucent guanine crystals; spinnerets dark. First pair of legs stout, brown, tibia slightly swollen, single short spine on tibia prolaterally, two pairs of spines on metatarsus ventrally; legs II and III yellow, legs IV yellow with brown ring on segments (except metatarsus and tarsus); thin, long, brown hairs on legs. Pedipalps yellow to brown, its structure in Figs 157-160. Female. Similar to male but slightly lighter. Pattern of abdomen composed of four large brown spots on yellowish background (Fig. 161); brown and whitish hairs on abdomen. All legs yellow, first pair not stout. Epigyne oval, with two rounded depressions anteriorly and pair of pouches posteriorly (Fig. 162); internal structure with seminal ducts long and coiled (Figs 163,164 Habitat and biology: This species was one of the most common spiders associated with bark in most habitats, and was the most common salticid associated with A. xanthophloea bark, representing approximately 82 % of the Salticidae collected and 14 % of the total spiders collected (Haddad unpubl.). Activity on the boughs of trees was greatest in early and mid-morning, and mid-afternoon. Males were often collected in silk cocoons with subadult females, suggesting that they mate soon after the female's final moult. Females remained with their egg sacs until the first instars emerged from the eggs. This species was parasitised by several insects. Of the 1309 specimens captured in the A. xanthophloea bark study, 17 were parasitised by ichneumonid wasp larvae on their abdomens (10 females, 3 males, 1 subadult female and 3 subadult males). Twelve of these parasites were positioned anterodorsally, three laterally and medially on the abdomen, and two at the epigastric fold. One adult female was found in a silk cocoon together with an adult mantispid (well-known egg parasites), and one female cephalothorax was found together with an adult acrocerid fly. On several occasions mites were found in abandoned silk retreats, but there was no evidence that the mites preyed on the spiders. Genus Schenkelia Lessert, 1927 Schenkelia modesta Lessert, 1927 Figs 170-175 Schenkelia modesta : Lessert 1927: 466, figs 36, 37;Prószyński 1968: 217

Male.
General appearance shown in Fig. 170. Carapace oval, medium high, dark brown to blackish, eyes with black rings; long brown bristles in vicinity of anterior eyes; white hairs form light median band on thoracic part of carapace and frame lateral carapace margins posteriorly; fovea visible; clypeus brown. Chelicerae fissidentate; labium dark brown, endites brown with pale inner margins; sternum light brown. Abdomen narrower than carapace, oval, dark brown laterally and yellowish medially (Fig. 170), clothed with short brown hairs, long brown bristles scattered among them; venter yellow with wide greyish band occupying medium part; spinnerets pale. Legs yellow, segments darker distally; leg hairs brown, except whitish on femora; spines long. Pedipalps dark yellow, tegulum with posterior lobe, embolus short, tibial apophysis very thin (Figs 171,172); tibia with large process dorsally (Fig. 173).
Distribution: Known only from two sites in Maputaland, South Africa. Habitat and biology: The natural history of this species was studied in detail by , and can be summarised as follows. This species was very common in the immediate vicinity of Odontotermes badius termite mounds and foraging galleries in leaf litter near mounds, although they very rarely entered the chimneys. Individuals were active 1-2 hours after sunrise until an hour before sunset, predominantly in savannah and thicket habitats with sandy soils and receiving direct sunlight for most of the day. Depending on the season, between 19-24 % of the specimens observed had O. badius prey in their chelicerae (Fig. 249). No other prey was taken in the field. Termites were captured while foraging in leaf litter, while repairing their galleries and/ or the mound structure, or where galleries were damaged and termites were exposed to the outside environment. Prey capture involved the observation and identification of prey from as much as 15 cm away, followed by a series of short runs and jumps before prey was attacked. Several bites were inflicted by immatures, who dragged their prey away once paralysed. Adults often only inflicted a single bite and immediately dragged their prey away.
Habitat and biology: The specimens were collected from shrubs in AX and SF. Remarks: The association of the female with the male and their conspecifity is uncertain. The female shown in Fig. 250 was observed in the mating period with a Th. coccineovittata male dancing for her, but that individual was not captured. Another female (Figs 179-181) was collected on a different occasion. It is clearly smaller than the male and its colouration pattern represents that of a strongly bleached, alcohol-preserved specimen.
Thyene inflata (Gerstaecker,  Distribution: A widespread Afrotropical species. Habitat and biology: Specimens were collected from the foliage of shrubs in savannah and riverine habitats. On rare occasions specimens were found in silk retreats constructed in grass inflorescences in BW. Peckham & Peckham, 1903 Figs 230, 231 Distribution: Known from Ethiopia, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Habitat and biology: This species was collected from the foliage of short shrubs and trees in various savannah (BW and ST) and wetland (AX, FF and RF) habitats. Remarks: The female collected in Negele (South Ethiopia) determined as Th. strandi by Caporiacco (probably the type) is kept in the Museum of Zoology at the University of Florence. The specimen was studied by Prószyński (1987). His figures show the characteristic pattern of the abdomen and structure of the epigyne. This species is the only one in the genus that has a short abdomen and abdominal pattern composed of transverse bands. Comparison of Prószyński's figures with those in Wesolowska & Cumming (2008) shows that the name Th. strandi is a junior synonym of Th. natali.

Male.
General appearance in Figs 182, 232. Carapace oval, widest behind midpoint, light brown, darker at margins; eyes surrounded by black rings, some long brown bristles near anterior eyes; white scale-like hairs form transverse band on ocular area, behind anterior eyes and two streaks laterally from eye field; scattered white hairs on middle of thoracic part of carapace. Chelicerae and clypeus dark brown, labium and endites light brown with wide white tips; sternum whitish yellow. Abdomen elongate, narrow, yellowish medially, brownish laterally, with five pairs of black patches, between them small white spots (Fig. 182); brown hairs sparsely cover dorsum of abdomen; venter whitish with silver patches of translucent guanine crystals; spinnerets light. First pair of legs larger than others, tibia with three retrolateral and four prolateral spines ventrally, metatarsus with two pairs of spines ventrally; legs generally light brown; ventral and prolateral surface of first femur decorated with black transverse stripes (Fig. 182); coxae, trochanters and basal part of femora whitish; femora II-IV tinged with grey. Pedipalps dark yellow, white scales on palpal femur; tibia short, its apophysis armed with two very small teeth (Fig. 186); at base of the apophysis few short sharp bristles (Fig. 185); cymbium with row of thick sharp setae on retrolateral edge (Fig. 184); tegulum rounded with small protuberance near base of embolus; embolus long, encircling tegulum three times (Fig. 183).

Female.
General appearance in Figs 233, 251; similar to male but lighter coloured. Abdomen with wide yellow streak medially, with two brown lines lateral of the streak, cut in posterior part by small white patches (Fig. 187); sides orange brownish. Legs yellow, first femur with transverse bands formed by dark spots (Fig. 188). Epigyne typical for Thyene, very weakly sclerotised, rounded with shallow depression (Fig. 189). Seminal ducts form a few loops, receptacles multi-chambered, complex (Figs 190,191 Distribution: Species known only from South Africa.
Habitat and biology: This species was collected from the foliage of shrubs and short trees in full shade of RF and FF along the Pongola River and Shokwe Pan, respectively. A single specimen was collected from fever tree bark.

Redescription:
Female. Measurements: Carapace length 3.2, width 2.8, height 1.2. Abdomen length 3.9, width 2.4. Eye field length 1.4, anterior width 1.8, posterior width 1.9. General appearance in Fig. 234. Carapace rounded, reddish brown, eyes with black rings; anterior eyes encircled by row of white hairs; few white hairs on clypeus, three   whitish transverse stripes separated by reddish ones on 'cheeks', below anterior lateral eyes; long brown bristles form 'horns' near posterior median eyes, short brown hairs densely cover ocular area; on thoracic part reddish and dark brown hairs create bands radiating from fovea to margins. Mouthparts and sternum dark brown. Abdomen brownish with four pairs of dark spots, two last pairs separated by white transverse bars edged with black (Fig. 192); medially along abdomen a longitudinal yellowish streak, its posterior half with golden lustre; sides and venter of abdomen brownish; dorsum of abdomen clothed in brown hairs, on anterior half reddish ones, among them sparse longer bristles; spinnerets greyish. Legs dark yellow, femora I-III with several black transverse streaks on ventro-prolateral surfaces (Fig. 193); tibia of first leg slightly swollen, with three retrolateral and four prolateral spines ventrally, metatarsus with two pairs of ventral spines. Epigyne very weakly sclerotised, with small shallow depression anteriorly (Fig. 194); seminal ducts membranous, their terminal parts poorly visible; accessory glands long, with winding helical structure (Fig. 195).
Male. Unknown. Distribution: Recorded from Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania; recorded for the first time from South Africa. Habitat and biology: This species was collected from grasses in AS, and occasionally from foliage of short shrubs in BW, SF and ST. Remarks: The individuals differ slightly from the type specimens of Th. semiargentea illustrated by Prószyński (1987), and are conspecific with Tanzanian specimens (Wesolowska & Russell-Smith 2000, figs 300-306). They are very similar to the type of Modunda aperta Peckham & Peckham, 1903 (one male and one subadult male syntypes from Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Gazaland, deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts), but the male has a shorter palpal tibial apophysis, differently located tegular process and different shape of tibia of first leg (slightly swollen in M. aperta). Members of Thyene are very difficult to recognize, and the genus needs to be revised.
Genus Thyenula Simon, 1902 Thyenula fidelis sp. n.  Etymology: From Latin fidelis (reliable). Diagnosis: The male of the species is difficult to distinguish from other congeners. The palpal organ resembles that of Thyenula ogdeni (Peckham & Peckham, 1903) in ventral view, but the diameter of the embolic spiral is slightly narrower than the breadth of the cymbium (equal in Th. ogdeni -compare Fig. 196 herein with fig. 4 in Wesolowska 1993b) and the tibial apophysis has a distinctly hooked tip in Th. fidelis not seen in Th. ogdeni. The female may be separated by the shape and course of the seminal ducts, that are initially directed anteriorly and looping in Th. fidelis while directed posteriorly in Th. ogdeni (compare Fig. 199 herein with fig. 10 in Wesolowska 1993b

Male.
Carapace brown, slightly lighter in foveal area, almost black along margins, with whitish line along lateral edges; eye field black, with some brown bristles near eyes. Chelicerae brown; labium and endites brown with whitish tips; sternum brown. Abdomen dark grey laterally (mosaic of small dark patches), with yellow median stripe; brown hairs on abdomen; sides yellowish with dark marks; venter yellowish with some small dark patches; spinnerets yellowish grey. Legs brown, spines and leg hairs brown. Pedipalps light brown, tibial apophysis straight with hooked tip, tegulum with very short posterior lobe, spermophore meandering, embolus coiled on tip of haematodocha (Figs 196,197).

Female.
Eye field brown to black, thoracic part yellow to orange brownish, with two darker striae from fovea; clypeus with white hairs, two parallel bands formed with light hairs on 'cheeks', below anterior lateral eyes. Mouthparts and sternum yellowish orange. Abdomen brownish grey (mosaic of small dark patches) with light longitudinal median stripe (in holotype only traces of the stripe); spinnerets pale. Legs yellow to light brown; spination of leg I: femur 1-1-1 dorsally, 0-0-2 prolaterally; patella 1 prolaterally; tibia 1-1 prolaterally, 2-2-2 ventrally; metatarsus 2-2 ventrally. Short brown hairs cover whole body. Epigyne as in Fig. 198; seminal ducts membranous, weakly sclerotised initially, narrowing distally; receptacles bean-shaped (Fig. 199). . Thyenula fidelis sp. n., paratypes (196)(197)(198)(199) Fig. 237; medium-sized spiders, but clearly larger than other species in the genus. Carapace oval, dark brown, slightly lighter in vicinity of fovea, almost black along lateral margins; eye field black; two narrow parallel light lines below anterior lateral eyes, on 'cheeks'; clypeus low, dark. Chelicera dark brown, large, with bicuspid tooth on promargin and single tooth on retromarginal edge (Fig.  200); some very small protuberances on dorsal surface of chelicerae in vicinity of tooth; labium and endites brown with whitish tips; sternum dark. Abdomen dark, almost black, with broad longitudinal serrate yellowish streak medially; venter dark; short brown hairs scattered on carapace and abdomen; spinnerets yellowish grey. Legs brown, first pair stouter than rest, ventral surface of patella and tibia of first leg with dense long dark hairs and three pairs of stout spines on tibia and two pairs on metatarsus ventrally. Pedipalps relatively small, dark; palpal femur long; cymbium very narrow, tegulum short, without posterior lobe, embolus with rather close basal circle (Figs 201,202 Habitat and biology: This species is known only from the holotype specimen, collected from leaf litter in BW.
Genus Tusitala Peckham & Peckham, 1902 Tusitala barbata Peckham & Peckham, 1902 Figs 203, 204 Tusitala barbata: Peckham & Peckham 1902: 330;1903: 243, pl. 28, fig. 2;Prószyński 1984: 149;Wesolowska & Russell-Smith 2000: 110, figs 307-309;Wesolowska & Cumming 2008: 222, figs 192-195. Tusitala hirsuta: Peckham & Peckham 1902: 330;1903: 244, pl. 28, fig. 3;Próchniewicz 1989  brown, with darker femora, bearing dark hairs and numerous spines; first femur and tibia with very long, dense hairs ventrally. Pedipalp with pronounced tubercle on venter of femur distally and smaller one on patella proximally (Fig. 209); tibial apophyses short, ventral one small, retrolateral one wide and blunt; tegulum ovoid, with small lobe on distal haematodocha, embolus sinuous (Fig. 208). et al. 2006). The relatively large number of newly described species (14 plus an additional one determined only to the generic level) and those newly recorded for South Africa (20 spp.) demonstrate again our incomplete knowledge of the spider fauna of this part of Africa (see also Cumming 2008). Within the context of broader Maputaland ecology, NGR is a unique protected area. Many of the habitats found here, particularly Mahemane thicket and A. tortilis savannah, are more characteristic of inland savannahs. Similarly, the wetland habitats (A. xanthophloea and F. sycomorus forests) are also not as common in other Maputaland reserves (e.g. Phinda Resource Reserve, Mkuzi Game Reserve) or are absent (Seleza Game Reserve, Tembe Elephant Park). In contrast, more typical Maputaland habitats (sand forest and mixed woodland, see Matthews et al. 2001) are very restricted in their extent within NGR. Consequently, these largely unique habitats and their associated vegetation structures are likely to accommodate at least several species uniquely adapted to these environments. As such, preservation of such habitats is important for conservation of the richness of the Maputaland fauna as a whole. The composition of the salticid assemblage is generally similar to that found in other African areas. Four of the more speciose African genera are well represented, including Evarcha (8 spp.), Thyene (7 spp.), Heliophanus (6 spp.) and Myrmarachne (5 spp.). Worthy of note is the presence of five species of the Spartaeinae (genera Cyrba, Portia and Veissella) and three lyssomanine species (genera Asemonea and Goleba). Members of the latter subfamily are rarely recorded, as they are difficult to find (small, greenish, living among leaves). Only three species of the Aelurillinae (two Phlegra spp. and Stenaelurillus) are found in the study area; this is surprising, as the subfamily is usually well represented in other parts of Africa (e.g. Wesolowska & Russell-Smith 2000;.