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16 November 2023 Acalypha ostryifolia: a natural refuge for Chloridea virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Southern United States
K. Clint Allen, Blake H. Elkins, Nathan S. Little
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Abstract

The tobacco budworm, Chloridea virescens (F.), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (heliothines), have had a long-intertwined relationship with respect to their importance as pests in agricultural production systems. Previous studies have examined the impacts of early-season wild host plants on local population density and distribution of these 2 insects on cultivated crops such as cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and soybean, Glycine max L. Additional studies have examined the importance of wild host plants, which act as a refuge of nonexposed populations of C. virescens and H. zea to insecticidal toxins from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner. The current study examined hophornbeam copperleaf, Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell, as a host plant for mid-late season populations of C. virescens and H. zea. Patches of A. ostryifolia were sampled along roadsides and the edges of fields from 2014 to 2020 in Mississippi, USA, to examine larval density, species composition, and parasitism of heliothines on this wild host plant. Insects were collected from the end of June through October. The largest densities (based on the number of caterpillars per sweep) of heliothines were over one larva per sweep. Overall, 49.5% of the collected caterpillars were determined to be tobacco budworms, while 50.5% were corn earworms. Parasitism rates ranged from approximately 1–30%, increasing throughout the season. In general, densities of heliothines encountered on A. ostryifolia were greater than densities reported for other wild host plants. Hophornbeam copperleaf is an important natural refuge for both heliothines from Bt toxins and synthetic insecticide applications.

K. Clint Allen, Blake H. Elkins, and Nathan S. Little "Acalypha ostryifolia: a natural refuge for Chloridea virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Southern United States," Annals of the Entomological Society of America 117(1), 44-48, (16 November 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saad034
Received: 30 August 2023; Accepted: 6 November 2023; Published: 16 November 2023
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KEYWORDS
Chloridea virescens
Helicoverpa zea
hophornbeam copperleaf
wild host
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