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The Western Indian Ocean genus Wielandia Baill. (Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthoideae, Wielandieae) is revised, recognizing 13 species, including the new species W. unifex Petra Hoffm. & McPherson. As a result of recent molecular phylogenetic work and the discovery of the enigmatic W. unifex, all species of Blotia Leandri and Petalodiscus Baill. are subsumed under Wielandia. The following new combinations result: W. bemarensis (Leandri) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. fadenii (Radcl.-Sm.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. laureola (Baill.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. leandriana (Petra Hoffm. & McPherson) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. mimosoides (Baill.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. oblongifolia (Baill.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. platyrachis (Baill.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, and W. tanalorum (Leandri) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson. In addition, W. bojeriana (Baill.) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, W. danguyana (Leandri) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson, and W. ranavalonae (Leandri) Petra Hoffm. & McPherson are transferred from Savia Willd., a genus now restricted to the Neotropics. Three species, Petalodiscus pulchellus (Baill.) Pax, Savia andringitrana Leandri, and S. revoluta Scott-Elliot, and four varieties, Blotia oblongifolia (Baill.) Leandri var. louvelii Leandri, Savia andringitrana Leandri var. micrantha Leandri, S. bojeriana Baill. var. perrieri Leandri, and S. platyrachis (Baill.) Baill. var. microphylla Leandri, are subsumed under other species. Characters of flower, fruit and seed, leaf venation and anatomy, as well as pollen morphology are discussed and illustrated. A key to the 13 species of Wielandia is presented. Wielandia fadenii, previously known only from Kenya, is for the first time reported from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Seeds of W. danguyana, W. fadenii, and W. ranavalonae are described and illustrated for the first time, showing a wide range of embryo morphology. Distribution maps are provided for the species not previously treated as Blotia or Wielandia s. str., and IUCN Red List categories are suggested for all taxa.
Ourisia Comm. ex Juss. (Plantaginaceae; Scrophulariaceae s.l.) is a genus of herbaceous or suffruticose species that occur largely in high-elevation habitats of Andean South America, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Recent molecular phylogenetic data have clarified evolutionary relationships within Ourisia and provided high support for the recognition of two subgenera based primarily on habit, i.e., Ourisia subg. Ourisia (25 herbaceous species) and Ourisia subg. Suffruticosae Meudt (three suffruticose species). To investigate the utility of morphological data in comparison to molecular data for phylogeny and subgeneric taxonomy, phylogenetic hypotheses were generated using 20 morphological characters for all 33 taxa of Ourisia using Melosperma Benth. as an outgroup. Additional phylogenetic hypotheses were generated by combining the morphological data with molecular data for the 29 species (plus Melosperma) for which the latter were available. With respect to phylogeny, morphological data are congruent with molecular data but generally provide less resolution. Morphological data are informative regarding infrageneric taxonomy and show that at least six morphological characters in addition to habit support the delimitation of the two subgenera. Finally, morphological characters of interest were traced onto the molecular phylogeny. Evolution of these and other characters are discussed in light of the various phylogenetic results.
Verbena L. comprende ca. 45 especies; el género es mayoritariamente americano con unas pocas especies de distribución mundial. Se presenta un tratamiento taxonómico para el género Verbena serie Pachystachyae Schauer; esta serie incluye 18 especies de distribución principalmente sudamericana. En el presente tratamiento se trata bajo la serie Pachystachyae dos subseries: Pachystachyae y la nueva subserie Pseudoracemosae N. O'Leary, estableciendo los caracteres diagnósticos de las mismas. Se proporcionan descripciones detalladas de todos los taxones, claves para identificarlos, ilustraciones, una sinonimia actualizada con 43 nuevos sinónimos, y se discuten las relaciones entre taxones afines. Se introducen dos nuevas combinaciones: Verbena hispida var. obovata (Moldenke) N. O'Leary y V. litoralis var. brevibracteata (Kuntze) N. O'Leary; un nombre nuevo: V. subpetiolata N. O'Leary; se funda la subserie nueva Pseudoracemosae; y se presenta la lectotipificación de V. bonariensis L. f. robustior Chodat, V. buchnera Vell. y V. lobata Vell.
Pithecoctenium Mart. ex Meisn. is a genus of four species in the tribe Bignonieae. All the species are lianas, and can be recognized by their acutely hexangular branchlets, bifoliolate leaves with a trifid or, more frequently, additionally trifurcately-branched terminal tendril, arching corollas that are coriaceous, white, and pubescent, and echinate fruits (except in P. falcatum (Vell.) A. Pool) with seeds surrounded on three sides by a clearly demarked, hyaline-membranous wing. Relationships with similar genera are discussed, and a key to the species of Pithecoctenium, their descriptions, and distribution maps are provided. The relationships of the species are also discussed. Lectotypes are designated for Bignonia squalus Vell., P. echinatum var. tomentosum Hassl., P. vitalba f. glabratum Hassl., and P. vitalba f. intermedium Hassl., a lectotype and epitype are designated for B. falcata Vell., and a new combination, P. falcatum (Vell.) A. Pool, is proposed. The following are presented as new synonyms of P. crucigerum (L.) A. H. Gentry: B. botryoides Cham., B. vitalba Cham., B. vitalba var. extratropica Cham., P. catharinae DC., P. echinatum var. tomentosum Hassl., P. echinatum var. tomentosum f. grandiflorum Hassl., P. hexagonum var. brasilianum DC., P. vitalba f. glabratum Hassl., P. vitalba f. intermedium Hassl., and P. echinatum var. intermedium Hassl. Pithecoctenium cynanchoides DC., Anemopaegma clematideum Griseb., and P. cynanchoides var. pellucidum Hassl. are presented as new synonyms of P. carolinae (Lindl.) G. Nicholson. Pithecoctenium cordifolium DC. (including the nomina nova for P. cordifolium DC.: Neves-armondia cordifolia K. Schum. and P. hatschbachii A. H. Gentry) is presented as a new synonym of P. falcatum (Vell.) A. Pool.
Chromosome numbers were determined from microsporocytes (meiotic counts) and root-tip cells (mitotic counts) in 201 collections of 51 genera and 119 specific and infraspecific taxa belonging to nine tribes of Asteraceae and Acicarpha spathulata R. Br. of Calyceraceae from Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and the United States. These include the first reports and new numbers for the basal members of the Barnadesieae and Mutisieae. First reports are provided for 45 taxa, including five genera, Dasyphyllum HBK (2n = 54), Dithyrostegia A. Gray (2n = 14), Epitriche Turcz. (2n = 10), Revealia R. M. King & H. Rob. (2n = 22), and Stifftia J. C. Mikan (2n = 54). In addition, new chromosome numbers are established at the generic level in the genera Barnadesia Mutis (2n = 54), Eremanthus Less. (2n = 34, 30), Macvaughiella R. M. King & H. Rob. (2n = 24), and Trichocline Cass. (2n = 38), and in 12 additional species. Remaining counts augment and agree with previously reported determinations. The base chromosome numbers of Calyceraceae and Asteraceae are discussed in published records and our original counts.
South American taxa of Mentzelia L. (Loasaceae) are revised and morphologically and ecologically characterized on the basis of extensive field studies, cultivation of several taxa, and a revision of over 1000 herbarium specimens (over 550 collections). On the basis of this study, a total of 14 taxa in eight species and six subspecies are recognized: M. albescens (Gillies ex Arn.) Griseb., M. aspera L., M. bartonioides (C. Presl) Urb. & Gilg, M. heterosepala Weigend & E. Rodr., M. parvifolia Urb. & Gilg ex Kurtz, and M. scabra Kunth, plus the two new species M. sericea Weigend (northern Peru) and M. angurate Weigend (central Peru). The latter are segregated from M. scabra, which is redefined. Mentzelia scabra is subdivided into six subspecies: one represents the autonym (subsp. scabra, Colombia), four are new status and combinations (subsp. cordobensis (Urb. & Gilg ex Kurtz) Weigend [Argentina], subsp. grandiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Weigend [coastal Peru], subsp. atacamensis (Urb. & Gilg) Weigend [northern Chile], subsp. chilensis (Gay) Weigend [Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia]), and one is a new subspecies (subsp. boliviana Weigend [Bolivia]). Lectotypes are designated for M. andina Urb. & Gilg, M. cordifolia Dombey ex Urb. & Gilg, M. fragilis Huber, M. grisebachii Urb. & Gilg, M. parvifolia, M. scabra subsp. atacamensis, M. scabra subsp. chilensis, M. soratensis Urb. & Gilg, and M. scabra subsp. cordobensis. The following taxa are newly synonymized: M. pinnatifida (Phil.) Urb. & Gilg (= M. bartonioides), M. jujuyensis Sleumer and M. parvifolia var. transiens Sleumer (= M. parvifolia), M. cordifolia (= M. scabra subsp. grandiflora), and M. fendleriana Urb. & Gilg, M. ignea (Phil.) Urb. & Gilg, and M. soratensis (= M. scabra subsp. chilensis). Taxon delimitations in M. scabra and its allies have traditionally been based on stamen number, petiole length, petal length, leaf subdivision, seed morphology, and density of trichome cover on stem, all of which are of limited systematic usefulness. Taxa are redefined here primarily on the basis of trichome characters on the ovary, a rather conservative (within and between populations) and readily observed character complex, and additionally on the basis of growth habit, presence or absence of persistent bark, and, at an infraspecific level, fruit shape and petal length.
Classification and biogeography should be informed by reliable phylogenetic reconstruction. This may be recovered from the mainly speculative literature by a nine-step protocol of critical methods, the “operative transform.” Piecemeal total evidence is attained by combining separately published support values for the same branch arrangement with Bayes' Formula. Joint probability correction is advanced for multiple test problems of conclusions of monophyly necessarily regarded as sets. Tables are given for conversion of nonparametric bootstrap values and decay indexes into probabilities, based on four-taxon simulations. Uncontested morphology-based branch arrangements are assigned high priors. Probabilities associated with unaccounted assumptions are addressed by a general correction factor. A probabilistic calculation allows the inference of two or more reliable internodes from a series of less well-supported internodes. A patristic distance of at least two internodes is used to support inference from molecular data alone of an intermediate lineage for recognition of supraspecific segregate taxonomic entities. Recognizing paraphyletic taxa when appropriate preserves attributes of inferred functional evolution providing taxic unity and value. Evolutionary Lazarus taxa contravening Dollo's Rule against re-evolution of complex traits justify interpretations of reticulation. This method of evaluation of the decisiveness of published molecular studies is exemplified with previously published cladograms focused on Malpighiales and the moss family Pottiaceae. Additional consideration of evolutionary process not reflected in phylogenetic analysis leads to reliable hypotheses of evolutionary relationship.
