The present treatment includes the first revision of 31 species of Axonopus P. Beauv. (Poaceae) in Argentina, southern Brazil, Bolivia, continental Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. A key to the species is provided, together with detailed descriptions, illustrations, distribution ranges, and a discussion of the morphological relationships of the species. Axonopus caulescens (Mez) Henrard is first reported for Bolivia, and the names A. eminens (Nees) G. A. Black and A. kleinii L. B. Sm. & Wassh. are synonymized with A. siccus (Nees) Kuhlm. and A. uninodis (Hack.) G. A. Black, respectively. The names Panicum hagenbeckianum Kuntze and Paspalum ulei Hack. are lectotypified.
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