Advances in online resources and electronic publication provide the sciences with tools to revolutionize education and research (e.g., cataloging, data archiving and access, and identification). Older journals and monographs are being scanned and increasingly posted online quickly by book scanning projects, although even for new issues, there can be a “moving wall” or lag time (e.g., BioOne and JSTOR). Some scientific disciplines are providing the public with pre-print access to articles in digital libraries, while manuscript availability in other disciplines, such as nomenclatural botany, is often delayed until the time of print publication. Within botany, taxonomic treatments should be provided online at all stages of preparation and revision (in certain cases following initial editing). Now, many published floras can be browsed and searched online (e.g., Flora of North America, Jepson Manual, Flora of Australia). The Flora of China Project provides treatments at all stages, online, prior to printing of volumes. Because of this visibility, the Flora of China Web site regularly receives questions from the general public and helpful review comments from botanists worldwide. With pressing issues of cataloging biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable use of resources, botanists are challenged to prepare and revise online treatments, including interactive identification keys and images, for a worldwide audience of students and researchers.

The present paper includes a taxonomic revision of the genus Gymnopogon P. Beauv. (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae), with a total of 14 species treated in this work, including more than 40 synonyms. The genus includes perennial, occasionally annual, species, with erect to decumbent culms, ligules membranous-ciliate, blades conspicuously distichous, inflorescences with spikelets on racemiform branches, spikelets laterally compressed, 1- to 4-flowered, glumes 1-nerved, lemma 3-nerved, awned. Species distributions are mostly American, with one Asian species. A description of morphological characters, key to identify the species, descriptions, synonymy, geographical distribution, and illustrations of characteres of taxonomic value are also included. The name Chloris delicatula C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f. (≡ Gymnopogon delicatulus (C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f.) Bor) is lectotypified.

Fifteen new sections of genus Baccharis L. (Asteraceae, Astereae) from South America are described, four of them belonging to subgenus Baccharis: Baccharis sect. Caespitosae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Frenguellianae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Spicatae Giuliano, and Baccharis sect. Tucumanenses Giuliano; five belonging to subgenus Molina (Pers.) Heering: Baccharis sect. Albidae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Divaricatae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Effusae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Lilloanae Giuliano, and Baccharis sect. Megapotamicae Giuliano; one belonging to subgenus Pteronioides Heering: Baccharis sect. Australes Giuliano; one belonging to subgenus Tarchonanthoides Heering: Baccharis sect. Coridifoliae Giuliano; and four sections not assigned to any subgenus: Baccharis sect. Arenariae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Rodriguezianae Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Tenellae Giuliano, and Baccharis sect. Thymifoliae Giuliano. Three new combinations are proposed: Baccharis sect. Heterothalamus (Less.) Giuliano, Baccharis sect. Icma (Phil.) Giuliano, and Baccharis sect. Palenia (Phil.) Giuliano. A lectotype is designated for B. arenaria Baker.

Cuticular characters are epidermal or stomatal characters and are often used in the taxonomy and classification of fossil or extant Lauraceae. However, there is no consensus on their usefulness, especially as to which characters take priority and at which taxonomic level. This study compared the cuticular characters of species within the Neotropical genera of the Ocotea Aubl. complex to the reported molecular phylogeny. Species of the following genera are included in this study: Aiouea Aubl., Aniba Aubl., Dicypellium Nees & Mart., Endlicheria Nees, Kubitzkia van der Werff, Licaria Aubl., Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb., Ocotea, Paraia Rohwer, H. G. Richt. & van der Werff, Pleurothyrium Nees, Rhodostemonodaphne Rohwer & Kubitzki, Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt., and Urbanodendron Mez. Species groups based on cuticular characters, especially characters of the stomata, agreed well with the various clades in the molecular phylogeny, but did not agree with species grouped according to the traditional generic concepts. Stomata characters showed little or no variation within the clades found in the molecular phylogeny. Because the number of character states is limited, cuticular features by themselves cannot be used to define genera or clades or will not allow the identification of specimens.

Se presenta un estudio taxonómico de las especies del género Glandularia J. F. Gmel. que habitan en Argentina, el área de mayor diversidad del género en Sudamérica. En Argentina el género comprende 33 especies y cuatro variedades, siendo 12 taxones exclusivos de la región en estudio. Estos taxa se encuentran distribuidos desde la provincia de Jujuy al norte hasta la provincia de Santa Cruz en el sur. Se delimitan las especies en estudio y se esclarecen los problemas nomenclaturales y de tipificación. Se neotipifica: Verbena platensis Spreng. Se lectotipifican: V. aristigera S. Moore, V. aurantiaca Speg., V. calliantha Briq., V. chamaedryfolia Juss. f. foliosa Chodat, V. flava Gillies & Hook. ex Hook., V. hassleriana Briq., V. incisa Hook., V. megapotamica Spreng., V. melindres Gillies, V. melindroides Cham., V. mendocina Phil., V. phlogiflora Cham., V. phlogiflora var. mucilenta Schauer, V. sanguinea Larrañaga, V. scordioides Cham., V. selloi Spreng., V. stellarioides Cham., V. stellarioides var. sessilis Cham., V. sulphurea D. Don var. pedunculata Gay, V. tenera Spreng., V. teucrioides Gillies & Hook. ex Hook. y V. tweedieana Niven ex Hook. var. arraniana Niven en Maund & Hensl. ex Maund. Se realiza una nueva combinación a nivel subespecífico: G. aurantiaca (Speg.) Botta var. glabra (Hicken) P. Peralta, y tres a nivel específico: G. andalgalensis (Moldenke) P. Peralta, G. andina (Griseb.) P. Peralta y G. tweedieana (Niven ex Hook.) P. Peralta. Se incluye una clave para identificar las especies y variedades, que aquí se describen e ilustran.

The lack of a taxonomic treatment and keys for the genus Moussonia Regel (Gesneriaceae) has led some species to be confused with each other or to be considered as varieties or synonyms. Additionally, several morphological and anatomical characters have not been evaluated for their usefulness in discriminating Moussonia species. In this work we focus principally on the study of several morphological and general anatomical features of the abaxial surface of the leaf and of the mesophyll as well as the adaxial surface of the corolla tube. We found that these features have taxonomical value to delimit four species included in Moussonia: M. ampla L. E. Skog, M. deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hanst., M. elegans Decne., and the new combination M. jaliscana (S. Watson) D. L. Denham ex Ramírez-Roa, as transferred from Isoloma jaliscanum S. Watson. Anatomical features of the leaf such as stomatal domes generally with one or two stomata on the top, relative stomata size, epidermal cells surrounding trichome bases, trichome types, apparent density of stomata and trichomes on the leaf lower surface, blade mesophyll, and variation of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface of the corolla were observed. We briefly discuss some possible interpretations of this anatomy with respect to the environment. A brief taxonomic treatment of the species considered in this work is included for a better understanding of the underlying problem. Considering these anatomical and morphological features, we propose a new definition of M. elegans, together with the corresponding nomenclatural changes. We propose M. jaliscana as a new combination and include an identification key using anatomical and morphological features.