The stenotopic littoral species Enoplognatha bryjai is reported for the first time from Bulgaria and the Balkan doi:10.30963/aramit6201 Peninsula. Its natural history at the new locality, a pond in an urban park in the city of Sofia, is briefly discussed and illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided.

A male of Stenochilus (Stenochilidae) is reported from southern Iraq, representing the first record of the family for the Middle East and the westernmost record of the family. The specimen was identified as Stenochilus hobsoni O. , previously known only from India.

The spider taxa included by James Barbut in his work ‘The genera insectorum of Linnæus exemplified in various specimens of English insects drawn from nature’ from 1781 are discussed alongside some other early works of spider literature. Barbut discusses and depicts three previously described species, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757, Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) and Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757). Four taxa are newly described by Barbut () but are unavailable nomina per Article 11.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The taxonomic acts of Bonnet, who failed to notice that Barbut's work was invalid for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, are discussed. Two nomina, Aranea subterranea Barbut in and Aranea hortensis Barbut in – both made available through the translation work by Meyer – are evaluated. Aranea subterranea Barbut in is proposed as a nomen dubium. Aranea hortensis Barbut in is proposed as a junior synonym of Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov. and is thus an objective senior homonym of Araneus hortensis (). The replacement name Araneus blackwalli nom. nov. is proposed for the latter taxon. Additionally, Aranea livido-rufa Panzer, 1804 is removed from synonymy with Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757) and is declared a nomen dubium.

A list of spiders is provided (Arachnida: Araneae), collected in April 2019 in the south-west of Turkey (Antalya Province, Kemer doi:10.30963/aramit6204 district). In total 95 species from 28 families have been recorded. Sintula karineae spec. nov. is described based on female specimens. Brigittea innocens (O. ), a relatively unknown and poorly documented species, is redescribed. Besides the newly described member of Sintula, further eight species are new for the fauna of Turkey: Canariphantes nanus (Kulczyński, 1898), Cyclosa algerica Simon, 1885, Hogna effera (O. ), Lepthyphantes magnesiae Brignoli, 1979, Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859, Phrurolithus azarkinae , Pseudeuophrys rhodiensis and Theridion helena Wunderlich, 2011. One female of Ozyptila Simon, 1864 (Araneae: Thomisidae) is described and illustrated and possibly represents the unknown female of O. spirembola , but no accompanying male was collected. Moreover, the findings of several other species already known from Turkey represent important records for the local fauna: Berinda cooki , Harpactea sturanyi (Nosek, 1905), Heriaeus setiger (O. ), Improphantes turok , Mermessus denticulatus (Banks, 1898), Nomisia orientalis , Philodromus femurostriatus , Tegenaria faniapollinis , Tegenaria vankeerorum Bolzern, Burckhardt & Hänggi, 2013 and Zaitunia kunti . Photos and drawings of most of these species are provided.

A short history of the Opiliones volume in ‘Die Tierwelt Deutschlands’ published by Martens () is presented. The area under consideration comprises Central Europe expanded by large parts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, non-Mediterranean France, Benelux, the complete Alps and in the south-east those parts of Romania and Croatia whose fauna was sufficiently well known. Additions and changes which appeared since 1978 are highlighted: new species discovered in this area, taxonomic changes, important distributional records, as well as changes of faunal composition due to human-mediated influences and climate change are addressed. Perspectives for further research concern faunal inventory especially in the Southern Alps, ecological studies, control of faunal change dynamics and morphological-anatomical investigations. Originally, 113 species were documented for this area and 31 species have been newly discovered since. Of these, 22 species have their type locality in the area under consideration. Eight species had to be excluded from the list due to incorrect identifications, wrongly attributed locality indications and synonymies (Peltonychia postumicola, P. gabria, P. insignis, Ischyropsalis pyrenaea, I. helvetica, Leiobunum tiscae, Nelima nigripalpe, Opilio ravennae). The majority of the new species were discovered in isolated areas of the Southern Alps, largely congruent with Massifs de Refuge, i.e. zones that where ice-free within glacial periods. Paranemastoma silli monticola from Romania is upgraded to species rank, Paranemastoma monticola stat. nov. Recently, molecular genetics (Ischyropsalis, Trogulus, Megabunus) and partly chemical and ecological methods (Megabunus, Nemastoma) helped to understand species delimitations more accurately, resulting in considerably higher number of species in the relevant genera than formerly believed. Due to recent man-made introductions eight species reached our area of investigation after 1978, but considerably more species in partial areas like Great Britain or the Netherlands. Successive range expansions of these species differ considerably from nearly zero to complete coverage of central Europe. Dasylobus graniferus is recorded for the first time in Germany. Following climate warming favourable conditions accelerate northward extension of native species, namely to the British Isles, northern parts of Central Europe and southern Scandinavia. By contrast, rainless dry summer periods influence the Central European opilionid fauna negatively causing regional extinctions.

The diet of the Western Palaearctic species of the closely related crab spider genera Tmarus Simon, 1875 and Monaeses Thorell, 1869 is only little known. A quantitative analysis of images showing spiders with prey, collected from the World Wide Web and the literature, suggests that both genera mainly prey on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), while occasionally capturing other arthropods, such as spiders (Araneae). Most images depict feeding spiders that hold ants anterior-dorsally at the articulation of head and pronotum. Tmarus galapagosensis , from the Galapagos Islands, is known to attack ants by a bite to this region, which, in combination with the photographic evidence, supports the hypothesis that Western Palaearctic representatives of both genera attack ants in a similar way. Three species of Tmarus and two of Monaeses were identified from the images feeding on ants, demonstrating that probably all species of both genera at least include ants in their diet. In conclusion, Western Palaearctic Tmarus and Monaeses are myrmecophagous predators and probably have a narrow trophic niche in nature. Furthermore, both genera represent interesting model organisms for the study of trophic specialisation in widespread taxonomic clades.

Investigations of invertebrates in nine hothouses (tropical gardens) in Switzerland provided some spiders as by-catch. In total, we collected 136 spiders, of which 65 specimens represent 14 species from six families (the rest of the collection consisted of unidentifiable juveniles). Nine species are alien for Europe, one originates from the Mediterranean and four species are native to Central Europe. Four species represent first records for the Swiss fauna: Nesticidae: Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972), Oonopidae: Diblemma donisthorpei O. , Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892) and Prida sechellensis (). These four species are discussed briefly and documented with photos.

We present the first record of Attulus saltator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1868) for Spain. The single male was collected in Blanes, Catalonia. Additionally, we offer nine new records for the Spanish region of Galicia (province of Lugo) and seven for Catalonia (province of Girona), one of which is Cepheia longiseta (Simon, 1881), which represents the first record of the family Synaphridae in the region of Catalonia. Furthermore, a redescription of the male of Amaurobius occidentalis Simon, 1893 is provided.

The Dysderidae fauna of the Maltese Islands is reviewed. Dysdera kollari Doblika, 1853, D. lagrecai and Harpactea sicula are recorded for the first time from the Maltese archipelago, and the latter two species are recorded for the first time outside Italian territories. Harpactea corticalis (Simon, 1882) is removed from the Maltese dysderid fauna list. Distributional notes for all four species present in the Maltese Islands are provided, with the first records of Dysderidae from Comino.

The female of Agraecina agadirensis was discovered during a scientific internship in autumn 2019 in a cave system of the Moroccan High Atlas. Since then, several surveys were needed to find a male of the species, which was finally collected in April 2021. Based on this specimen, a detailed description, an extended taxonomic diagnosis, photos of the habitus, as well as drawings of the male pedipalpus are presented. Furthermore, we draw attention to anthropogenic threats to this endemic troglobionte species and propose the legal protection of the Imi Ougoug cave system.