A new species of Sintula (Linyphiidae), redescription of Brigittea innocens (Dictynidae) and eight spider species newly recorded for Turkey (Araneae)

Abstract. A list of spiders is provided (Arachnida: Araneae), collected in April 2019 in the south-west of Turkey (Antalya Province, Kemer doi:10.30963/aramit6204 district). In total 95 species from 28 families have been recorded. Sintula karineae spec. nov. is described based on female specimens. Brigittea innocens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), a relatively unknown and poorly documented species, is redescribed. Besides the newly described member of Sintula, further eight species are new for the fauna of Turkey: Canariphantes nanus (Kulczyński, 1898), Cyclosa algerica Simon, 1885, Hogna effera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), Lepthyphantes magnesiae Brignoli, 1979, Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859, Phrurolithus azarkinae Zamani & Marusik, 2020, Pseudeuophrys rhodiensis Schäfer, 2018 and Theridion helena Wunderlich, 2011. One female of Ozyptila Simon, 1864 (Araneae: Thomisidae) is described and illustrated and possibly represents the unknown female of O. spirembola Wunderlich, 1995, but no accompanying male was collected. Moreover, the findings of several other species already known from Turkey represent important records for the local fauna: Berinda cooki Logunov, 2012, Harpactea sturanyi (Nosek, 1905), Heriaeus setiger (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), Improphantes turok Tanasevitch, 2011, Mermessus denticulatus (Banks, 1898), Nomisia orientalis Dalmas, 1921, Philodromus femurostriatus Muster, 2009, Tegenaria faniapollinis Brignoli, 1978, Tegenaria vankeerorum Bolzern, Burckhardt & Hänggi, 2013 and Zaitunia kunti Zonstein & Marusik, 2016. Photos and drawings of most of these species are provided.

ent, more suitable place outside. Some photographs were also taken through a stereo microscope ocular with a Samsung S6 smartphone.
Somatic measurements were made with a scaled eye piece in the stereo microscope and are expressed in mm. Measurements of the legs are taken from the dorsal side.
Position and elevation of localities were recorded using a smartphone's GPS; geographic coordinates are presented in the WGS 84 system.
Type material has been deposited at the Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt (SMF). Unless otherwise specified, non-type material is conserved in the private collection of the author.
The nomenclature of species and authors follows the WSC (2020). checklist of Danışman et al. (2021) and one species is new to science and described in detail. This confirms the fact that the spider fauna of Turkey is still poorly known. The complete list of species is presented in the annex (Tab. I). I present below one species new to science, several new species for the spider fauna of Turkey as well as a number of other interesting records, e.g. recently described species with a poorly known ecology or distribution, or taxa with only a few citations in the WSC (2020).

Redescription of a poorly known species
The original description of Pickard-Cambridge's female (1872) is insufficient because it is essentially based on the opisthosomal pattern, which is not usable for a reliable identification in Dictynidae. Kulczyński (1911) described Dictyna innocens based on a female from Beirut (Lebanon) and presented a drawing of the epigyne. His assignment was only tentative, as indicated by a "?" after the species name. Strand (1914) described Dictyna aharonii, now a junior synonym of B. innocens, and specified that it is related to D. innocens, but nevertheless explained through a diagnosis how his species differs in minor details from the female tentatively assigned to this name by Kulczyński, in particular by its size and the shape of the genital opening. Bristowe (1935) described Dictyna jacksoni from females from several localities in Greece, but without any further indication about the deposition of the types.
At this time, the only description of the male was the one by Hadjissarantos (1940), whose two drawings (ventral view and tibial apophyses view) show only very a few visible details. Lehtinen (1967), who potentially had access to the Oxford collection (and therefore to the holotype) as stated in the list of museums in his work, synonymized D. aharonii and D. jacksoni with D. innocens. In addition, he synonymised the male by Pickard-Cambridge (1876) with Brigittea vicina (Simon, 1873). Lehtinen also shows a male pedipalp of B. innocens (Lehtinen 1967;fig. 323) and states that the depicted material is a syntype. The latter is not possible, because Pickard-Cambridge (1872, p. 262) explicitly mentions in the first description that he had no male material available ("Examples (all females) were found on low-growing plants on the plains of the Jordan."). However, the drawing in Lehtinen agrees with the pedipalp of the male collected together with the female in Turkey and is considered to indeed represent the male of B. innocens.
Given the uncertainties recalled by IJland et al. (2012) with respect to the descriptions of the species in the past (drawings or descriptions that are not sufficiently precise, misidentifications, female and male descriptions of the same author not conspecific), I present a detailed redescription of the species -including the first illustration of the vulva structures -based on both sexes collected from bushes on the same rocky slope (Fig. 2g). The identification of the pair from Turkey agrees with the description in Pickard-Cambridge (1872: p. 262), Kulczyński (1911: p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 3), Bristowe (1935: p. 778, figs 1-3) and Lehtinen (1967: figs 309, 323), as well as the examined female type material of the junior synonym B. aharonii. Material examined. TURKEY: Antalya (province), Kemer (district), Göynük, 30.56811°E, 36.67889°N, 4 m a.s.l., coastal area, on a rocky slope in thorny dry bushes, 1 ), Females of B. innocens can be mainly distinguished by the position of the genital openings and by the shape of the spermathecae. Description. Male. Measurements (n = 1): total length 2.9, PL 1.34, PW 1.10; sternum 0.73 long, 0.67 wide; chelicerae 0.63 long. Colour: prosoma, chelicerae and sternum dark brown, legs brown, tibiae and Mt distally darkened; opisthosomal pattern consisting of a median dark band which narrows in front, barely widened in the middle, the rear part formed by three blocks of different thickness whose sides converge towards the spinnerets, this dark band bordered on both sides by a whitish band, flanks dark, ventral part formed by a wide brown band reaching the spinnerets and bounded by a lighter area ( Fig. 4a-b). Prosoma. Cephalic part markedly elevated, covered with white flat-lying hairs; chelicerae in frontal view close set ( Fig.  4c), posterior margin with one tiny tooth, the anterior margin with a series of five small teeth and outwards (towards the base of the hook) with four bristles inserted on a small chitinous knob.
Legs: covered with both white and black hairs; without spines; the calamistrum extending almost over the entire length of Mt IV. Opisthosoma. Cribellum divided by thin median line. Pedipalp: bulb almost round (Fig. 4e); conductor twisted, wide at its base, apically, the outer margin with numerous small indentations (arrow, Fig. 4i), retrolaterally, this part appearing thin and almost straight (arrow, Fig. 4h); tibial apophyses (ctenidia) short, aligned at their bases, the first retrolateral one straight and with broad base, the second prolateral one a little longer and slightly tilted forward (Fig. 6a). Female. Measurements (n = 1): total length 2.9, PL 1.30, PW 1.07; sternum 0.75 long, 0.63 wide; chelicerae 0.49 long.
Overall very similar to the the male, unless otherwise specified. Colour: prosoma and sternum dark brown; chelicerae olive brown; legs brown, first half of femorae lighter, tibiae darkened distally, Mt and tarsi yellowish, darkened distally; opisthosomal pattern similar to that of male but the median dark band is visibly widened in the middle on both sides forming 2 lobes ( Fig. 5a-b). Prosoma. cephalic part less visibly elevated than in male. Opisthosoma. division of cribellum hardly visible. Epigyne: consisting of two genital openings rounded posteriorly, widening anteriorly with oblique anterior margin (Figs 5c, 6d) or ovoid (Fig. 5h;Kulczyński 1911: pl. 1, fig. 3). Sper- mathecae partly visible through the genital openings, at their posterior edge (Fig. 6d). Vulva: spermathecae elongated and turning outwards at an angle of 45°. Copulatory ducts consisting of a semi-circular coil, widening towards their openings (Figs 5d-e, 6e). Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean species, known from Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Israel and from Kazakhstan; to be removed from the Italian species list (see above). Comments. Following recent taxonomic changes that have affected several genera of crab spiders including Xysticus, Ozyptila, Bassanioides and Psammitis (Breitling 2019), and pending consistent morphological definition of the genera involved, I have compared the specimen from Turkey to avai lable diagnoses of these and other crab spider genera.

Documentation of an unknown specimen of the genus
The specimen does not have the characteristics of the genus Cozyptila, and lacks in particular a massive outgrowth of the epigynal plate (Marusik et al. 2005), neither it has an unpaired central epigynal cavity like in Psammitis (Lehtinen 2002) and also lacks the characters of the genus Psammitis defined by Pocock (1903), namely the spine armature of the anterior legs and the disposition of the eyes. The specimen also has no posteriorly concave, well sclerotized anterior hood like in Bassanioides (Lehtinen 2002).
I attribute the specimen to the genus Ozyptila based on the description by several authors including Dondale & Redner (1978). I excluded the species of the rauda group, as the specimen does not display the characteristics of this group defined by Hippa & Koponen (1986), especially a "pit-like epigyne" (Fig. 2a-b).
I also excluded most of the species for which only males are known and that do not converge with the female specimen presented herein. The only exception is O. spirembola Wunderlich, 1995, with which it has many similarities (e.g. PL/PW ratio, leg spination, general colouration, nature and distribution of the opisthosomal bristles). Thus, the specimen from Turkey could be the unknown female of O. spirembola or a related species not yet described. This will remain to be confirmed with the collection of both sexes. Diagnosis. The species differs distinctly from other Ozyptila species by the form, simple structure (see description) and the arrangements of the epigynal (no anterior process -scape or hood -neither any groove) and spermathecal structures. Description. Measurements: female (n = 1): total length 4.3; PL 2.10, PW 2.00, ratio PL/PW = 1.05; sternum 1.00 long, 0.87 wide; opisthosoma length 2.93; median ocular quadrangle, slightly longer than wide (0.38 long, 0.33 wide), eye interdistances: AME-AME 0.20, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.29, PME spaced 3 times their diameter. Colour (from specimens in alcohol): prosoma dark brown, the longitudinal median band lighter (yellowish) in its posterior part, marked by a thin brown median line (Fig. 7b); lighter, orange ring around the eyes, AME underlined with a thick brown mark (Fig. 7d); sternum yellowish, provided with a broad V-shaped brown pattern on the rear side; maxillae and labium brown, clearer in the anterior part; chelicerae brown, the basal part with darker patches; opisthosoma dark brown with small lighter spots; legs brown to brown-yellowish, leg I: femora, patella and tibia noticeably darker, leg II: idem but less distinct shade, coxae, trochanters and femorae II-III-IV with dark brown patches ( Fig.  7b), tibia IV basally with a wide dark brown ring. Prosoma. Chelicerae: on the anterior margin, a series of 5 bristles inserted on a small chitinous knob, the size of the bristles increases towards the base of the hook. Legs: robust, with few spines, mainly: tibiae I-II, 2 pairs of ventral spines; Mt I-II, 3 pairs of ventral spines and 1 prolateral, Mt I with 1 additional retrolateral spine. Opisthosoma. Wrinkled dorsum and sides, with a few clavate setae (a few sharp spines at the back) and very sparse, short, plated bristles (Fig. 7e). Epigyne: simple, not very legible, formed by a discrete, sclerotized transverse structure between the 2 small lateral copulatory openings (Fig. 7i). These are only visible in the vulva, on the ventral view. See also diagnosis. Vulva: massive, bean-shaped spermathecae, barely longer than wide (Fig. 7h). )) (raised to maturity), hand collecting, 18. Apr. 2019. Comments. Berinda cooki has only recently been described, from a single male; so far the species is only known from the type locality (near Kalkan, Antalya Province, Turkey). During the time of the survey, the species were collected twice, at two localities, suggesting that it might be locally well distributed.  Comments. The species is known from Central to Eastern Europe and from Israel (WSC 2020). Canariphantes nanus is a species of the epigean fauna that appears to be quite rare throughout its range (Grbić et al. 2021). It colonises grasses and litter in a fairly wide variety of habitats (open to shrubby and forested areas), suggesting that its ecological valence is fairly broad (see also Gnelitsa (2009) andGrbić et al. (2021) for notes on the habitat). Canariphantes nanus is new to Turkey and it is the only species of the genus currently known for the country. Comments. The number of teeth (7) on the posterior margin and the small size (4-4.3 mm) exclude C. pennyi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873. A high number of teeth is typical for a complex of species near C. pelasgicum, but specimens from Turkey are quite unusual (Dolanský pers. comm.), i.e. they have a very wide cymbium spur (without a thin end) and the bifurcation on the tip of the RTA is more significant. According to Dolanský, the description of the characteristic male pattern of C. pelasgicum is that defined by Koch (1839, fig. 436) and seems to correspond to Simon's (1932) description of C. pennatum. Simon's (1932) description of the pattern of C. pelasgicum could correspond to the specimen from Turkey. According to Simon (1932), C. abbreviatum Simon, 1878 would be a local form of C. pelasgicum, but smaller in size. Moreover, the opisthosomal band does not extend beyond the middle, which does not correspond to the pattern of the specimens from Turkey. Thus, it appears that C. pelasgicum and related species merit extensive revision and it is possible that a single polymorphic species or complex of many closely related species are present in the Mediterranean region (Dolanský pers. comm.). In the meantime, I assign the specimens collected in Turkey to the pelasgicum group. Comments. Cyclosa algerica is a Mediterranean species whose records for Europe so far concern only Portugal, Spain, France and Bulgaria (Nentwig et al. 2020). The species is new to Turkey. It seems to be locally well distributed. The new records suggest a preference for open and xerothermophilic habitats.   (Danışman et al. 2021), but has already been mentioned several times for Turkey (Logunov 2015). For differentiation from the closely related species Evarcha patagiata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872), see Logunov (2015). Comments. The distribution of Heriaeus setiger is currently under discussion, e.g. with regard to its presence in Romania and in Ukraine (Nentwig et al. 2020). In addition, Loerbroks (1983) demonstrated that literature records of H. setiger from North Africa belong to Heriaeus numidicus Loerbroks, 1983. According to Levy (1973), H. setiger is quite common in the northern and central parts of Israel. Specimens examined by Loerbroks (1983) are only known from Israel and Lebanon. Very little data are available on its ecology. Only Pickard-Cambridge (1872) provides the following indication of a habitat: "found on the ground in barren places near the sea". The two recent observations from Turkey were made in beachside environments, found on coniferous branches. Comments. The taxonomy of several species of the genus Hogna and in particular H. effera has been clarified recently by Logunov (2020), who also specified that this species is very close to H. ferox. The author's diagnosis of H. effera allows assigning the specimen observed in Antalya to this species. The species seems to be relatively widespread, from the eastern Mediterranean to Western Asia (Iran) and the United Arab Emirates (Zamani et al. 2020). The species is new to Turkey. Errata: a specimen from Crete recorded under Hogna ferox (Lucas, 1838) (Lecigne 2016) should be assigned to H. effera; its citation in the WSC (2020) and in Nentwig et al. (2020) needs to be corrected. Another specimen from Spain was initially recorded as Hogna cf. ferox (Lecigne 2012, figs 3, 10-11; Fig. 41a-b). It appears to be close to Hogna effera; I propose to list this record for the moment as Hogna sp. (close to effera/ ferox) until both sexes can be sampled and the distribution of H. ferox is clarified. Tanasevitch Comments. So far, Improphantes turok is only known from Turkey (one record) and Cyprus from where the female has been described recently (Bosmans et al. 2019). Most of the records (including a new one from Turkey) comes from (pitfall traps, sifting) litter or under stones in pine forest. It was also caught occasionally in the following habitats: peat marsh, former carob plantation, mixed Pinus and Quercus forest, deciduous wood. Found on altitudes up to 1900 m. Brignoli, 1979 (Fig. 16a-d) (Linyphiidae) Identification. Brignoli (1979), Thaler (1986) New record. Tekirova, site of Phaselis, undergrowth of a pine forest, on the ground under a stone ledge in a dark place of There are very few records for this species, which is close to L. notabilis. Brignoli (1979) and Thaler (1986) each reported two observations of L. magnesiae in caves, and the new record for Turkey in an artificial underground environment suggests that the species may be troglophilic. Several other records correspond to dark and/or shaded (micro-)habitats: Thaler (1986)  The new records are the first for the province of Antalya. Mermessus denticulatus is an alien species that continues to expand its range since its introduction to Europe. Comments. Nomisia orientalis is a poorly known species. It is so far only mentioned from Turkey and the only available records (WSC 2020) are those of Dalmas (1921) for which no locality nor habitat is specified, and those of Seyyar et al. (2009). The latter reported the occurrence of N. orientalis in the provinces of Osmaniye, Mersin and Adana. The new record extends the known range of the species towards the south-west of the country. Concerning its ecology, there is very scarce information to assess possible ecological preferences; the species has already been found among litter under oaks, under stones, among litter under pines. Found on altitudes up to 1200 m.

Nomisia orientalis
Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 (Fig. 19) (Oecobiidae) Identification. Roberts (1995) New record: Beldibi, on the perimeter wall of a hotel park (30.56581°E, 36.71052°N, 6 m a.s.l.), 1 (, hand collecting, 14. Apr. 2019. Comments. Oecobius navus is a widely distributed species with a still expanding range. It is already known from several countries close to Turkey (e.g. Greece, Cyprus, Georgia, Azerbaijan) (Nentwig et al. 2020). The species is new to Turkey. It is a cryptic species (Fig. 20a) and possibly rare, but perhaps also undersampled. As with the type material, the specimen found at the Phaselis site was observed on Pinus bark. I noted a difference with the description given by Muster (2009): the specimen found at the Phaselis site shows conspicuous prolateral-ventral parallel black stripes that are not limited to the femora but, although they are less contrasted and less broad, they extend down to the metatarsi.   (Brignoli 1978, Demircan & Topçu 2016. The discovery in the Osogovo Mt. Range is the only record of this species outside caves (one specimen captured in a xerophytic steppe-like vegetation on limestone, by pitfall traps) (Komnenov 2014). Bolzern et al. (2013) did not specify any localities or habitats for their observations from Greece and Turkey. The new record for Turkey confirms the preference of this species to caves and similar habitats. Found on altitudes up to 1000 m. Kıyıkışlacık) The female was recently described by Özkütük et al. (2017). To date, the species is infrequently recorded; the area of its current range is very small, extending at most about 300 km from the Turkish locality of Kıyıkışlacık (district of Marmaris) in the west, the historical site of Phaselis (district of Kemer) in the east and Rhodes in the south.

Tegenaria vankeerorum
Its ecology remains poorly known; the only available description of the habitat is the one provided by Bolzern et al. (2013;"crevices in caves") and that of the new record, which both suggest that the species may prefer dark and shaded environments.

Conclusion
The Turkish fauna currently includes 1129 spider species in 54 families (Danışman et al. 2021). The survey, carried out in April 2019 over a very short period (7 days) and a very reduced area in Kemer district, recorded nearly one hundred species from 28 families. Among them: -two species are new to science: Sintula karineae spec. nov.
described in the present manuscript and Philodromus musteri Lecigne & Oger, 2020 (see Lecigne & Oger 2020). A third species, in the genus Canariphantes, requires verification and comparison with other material and might therefore be the subject of a later paper; -some appear to be very infrequently found or even rare. This is probably the case for Berinda cooki, Improphantes turok or Heriaeus setiger which are possibly well distributed on a local scale, but whose distribution is still unclear. The case of Cyclosa algerica is somewhat different. This species also seems to be locally well distributed, but is already known from several western European countries; the first record for Turkey extends its range considerably eastward. Several other cases concern recently described species such as Pseudeuophrys rhodiensis or Phrurolithus azarkinae, for which the already known range extends from southwestern Turkey to Azerbaijan and Iran. For such species, undersampling, difficult detection due to rather effective camouflage (e.g. Philodromus femurostriatus) or confusion with closely related species may partially explain this apparent rarity.
Other species are probably indeed rare, mainly because of a very narrow ecological valence in relation to a strong habitat specialization. This concerns for example Lepthyphantes magnesiae (whose known range appears to be limited) or Tegenaria faniapollinis, both species which are probably of troglophilic affinity, Tegenaria vankeerorum which could be at least trogloxenic, Nomisia orientalis and Zaitunia kunti, both species of forest environments. These hypotheses might be confirmed when more data can be analysed and in particular when the survey efforts can be considered sufficient.
The new findings give an impression of the still incompletely known richness of the spider fauna of Turkey. New species as well as new species records still remain to be found. The diversity in Turkey is probably very high, at the junction between Europe and Asia. This is caused by several geographical and geological characteristics of the country (e.g. by the diverse relief, sheer size, different altitude levels, and the length of coasts) and the great diversity of biogeographical units. Beldibi, pine forest, in the meadow of a clearing, 1 ), 1 ( (Fig. 46). Tekirova, site of Phaselis, pine forest, on the ground on a grassy slope, 1 ( Habrocestum latifasciatum (Simon, 1868) Tekirova, site of Phaselis, pine forest and reed bed, 3 )), 3 ((, 1 j ( Fig. 34a-d) Heliophanus edentulus Simon, 1871 Tekirova, site of Phaselis, reed bed, 2 ) ( Fig. 36a-c) Heliophanus flavipes (Hahn, 1832) Beldibi, shrub, on the edge of a man-made path on a wasteland, 1 ( Simon, 1868 Antalya, on the car park of a shop, in a small grassy area at the foot of a palm tree and on a stone of a path on the edge of a cliff, 2 )). Beldibi, pine, on the edge of a grove and under a stone at the entrance of a highway underpass lined with pine forests, 1 ), 1 (. Göynük, coastal area, in tall grasses in a pine forest clearing, under a stone and on a rocky slope, under a stone, 4 ((, 1 subad. (, 1 j. Tekirova, site of Phaselis, pine forest, on the ground on a grassy slope, 1 ), 1 ( Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) Antalya, on the parking lot of an urban building, at the foot of a hedge under a stone, 1 (, 1 j. Taşağıl, on the ground of a gravel parking lot, on the side of the road, 1 subad. ) (raised to maturity)

Sicariidae
Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) Beldibi, under a stone, on the edge of a man-made path on a wasteland and in a highway underpass, 1 (, 1 j