9. REFERENCES
J. J. Beukema
1968. Predation by the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), the influence of hunger and experience., Behaviour 31: 1–126. Google Scholar
H. Biebach
1979. Energetik des Brütens beim Star (Sturnus vulgaris). J. Orn. 120: 121–138. Google Scholar
E. L. Charnov
1973. Optimal foraging: some theoretical explorations. Ph. D. thesis, University of Washington. Google Scholar
E. L. Charnov
&
G. H Orians
.
1973. Optimal foraging: some theoretical explorations. Publ. of Biol. Dept. University of Utah, S.L.C. Google Scholar
R. J. Cowie
1977. Optimal foraging in Great Tits (Parus major). Nature 268: 137–139. Google Scholar
H. J. Croze
1970. Searching image in carrion crows. Z. Tier psychol. Beiheft 5: 1–85. Google Scholar
N. B. Davies
1977. Prey selection and social behaviour in wagtails (Aves: Motacillidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 46: 37–57. Google Scholar
R. Dawkins
1976. Hierarchical organisation: a candidate principle for ethology. In:
P. P. G. Bateson
&
R. A. Hinde
(eds.).
Growing points in ethology. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
M. Dawkins
1971. Perceptual changes in chicks, another look at the “search image” concept. Anim. Behav. 19: 566–574. Google Scholar
R. H. Drent
1978. Investeren in nakomelingschap (Investment in offspring). Inaugural lecture, Groningen: 1–36 Google Scholar
R. H. Drent
&
S. Daan
.
The prudent parent: Energetic adjustments in avian breeding. Ardea (in press). Google Scholar
G. M. Dunnet
1955. The breeding of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to its food supply. Ibis 97: 619–622. Google Scholar
R. East
&
R. P. Pottinger
.
1975. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) predation on grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White), Melolonthinae) populations in Canterbury. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 18: 417–452. Google Scholar
J. D. Goss-Custard
1977. Predator response and prey mortality in the redshank (Tringa tetanus L.) and a preferred prey (Corophium volutator Pallas). J. Anim. Ecol. 46: 21–36. Google Scholar
N. J. Hairston
,
R. W. Hill
&
U. Ritte
.
1971. The interpretation of aggregation patterns. In:
G. P. Patil
,
E. C. Pielou
&
W. E. Waters
(eds.).
Statistical Ecology 1: Spatial Patterns and Statistical Distributions. Penn. State University Press, Philadelphia. Google Scholar
R. J. Herrnstein
&
D. H. Loveland
.
1975. Maximising and matching on concurrent ratio schedules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 24: 107–116. Google Scholar
S. F. Hubbard
&
R. M. Cook
.
1978. Optimal foraging by parasitoid wasps. J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 593–604. Google Scholar
A. Kacelnik
1979. Studies on foraging behaviour and time budgeting in Great Tits (Parus major). Ph. D. thesis, University of Oxford. Google Scholar
A. C. Kamil
1978. Systematic foraging by a nectar-feeding bird, the Amakihi (Loxops virens). J. Comp. Phys. Psych. 92: 388–396. Google Scholar
S. C. Kendeigh
,
V. R. Dolnik
&
V. M. Gavrilov
.
1977. Avian Energetics. In:
J. Pinowski
&
S. C. Kendeigh
(eds.).
Granivorous birds in ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press: 127–204. Google Scholar
J. R. King
1974. Seasonal allocation of time and energy resources in birds. In:
R. A. Paynter
(ed.).
Avian Energetics, Publ. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 15: 4–85. Google Scholar
H. N. Kluyver
1933. Bijdrage tot de biologie en de ecologie van de Spreeuw (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.) gedurende zijn voortplantingstijd. Pub. Plantenziektenk. Dienst Wageningen. Google Scholar
J. R. Krebs
1978. Optimal foraging: decision rules for predators. In:
J. R. Krebs
&
N. B. Davies
(eds.).
Behavioural ecology, an evolutionary approach, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne. Google Scholar
J. R. Krebs
,
J. C. Ryan
&
E. L. Charnov
.
1974. Hunting by expectation or optimal foraging? A study of patch use by chickadees. Anim. Behav. 22: 953–964. Google Scholar
J. R. Krebs
,
J. T. Erichsen
,
M. I. Webber
&
E. L. Charnov
.
1977. Optimal prey selection in the Great Tit (Parus major). Anim: Behav. 25: 30–38. Google Scholar
J. R. Krebs
,
A. Kacelnik
&
P. J. Taylor
.
1978. Optimal sampling by foraging birds: an experiment with Great Tits (Parus major). Nature 275: 27–31. Google Scholar
D. Lack
1948. Natural selection and family size in the Starling. Evolution 2: 95–110. Google Scholar
H. Lind
1965. Parental feeding in the Oystercatcher (Haematopus o. ostralegus (L.)) Dansk. orn. Foren. Tidsskr. 59:1–31. Google Scholar
K. Z. Lorenz
1949. Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Kopfform und Zirkelbewegung bei Sturniden und Ikteriden. In:
E. Mayr
&
E. Schütz
(eds.).
Ornitologie als biologische Wissenschaft. Google Scholar
R. H. MacArthur
&
E. R. Pianka
.
1966. The optimal use of a patchy environment. Amer. Natur. 100: 603–609. Google Scholar
D. J. McFarland
1978. The assessment of priorities by animals. In:
M. Dempster
&
D. J. McFarland
(eds.).
Animal Economics. London, Academic Press. Google Scholar
R. Moss
,
G. R. Miller
&
S. E. Allen
.
1972. Selection of heather by captive red grouse in relation to age of the plant. J. Appl. Ecol. 9: 771–781. Google Scholar
G. H. Orians
&
H. S. Horn
.
1969. Overlap in foods and foraging of four species of blackbirds in the Potholes of central Washington. Ecology 50: 930–938. Google Scholar
G. H. Orians
&
N. E. Pearson
.
1979. On the theory of central place foraging. In:
D. F. Horn
(ed.).
Analysis of Ecological Systems. Ohio State University Press: 155–177. Google Scholar
C. M. Perrins
1965. Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the Great Tit (Parus major L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 34: 601–647. Google Scholar
S. Pfeifer
&
W. Keil
.
1958. Versuche zur Steigerung der Siedlungsdichte höhlen- und freibrütender Vogelarten und ernährungsbiologische Untersuchungen Nestlingen einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schadgebiet des Eichenwicklers (Tortrix viridana L.) im Osten von Frankfurt am Main. Biol. Abh. 15/16: 1–52. Google Scholar
H. R. Pulliam
1975. Diet optimisation with nutrient constraints. Amer. Nat. 109: 765–768. Google Scholar
G. H. Pyke
,
H. R. Pulliam
&
E. L. Charnov
.
1977. Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Q. Rev. Biol. 52: 137–154. Google Scholar
T. Royama
1966. Factors governing feeding rate, food requirement and brood size of nestling Great Tits (Parus major L.). Ibis 108: 313–347. Google Scholar
T. Royama
1970. Factors governing the hunting behaviour and the selection of food by the Great Tit (Parus major L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 30: 619–668. Google Scholar
T. Royama
1971. Evolutionary significance of predators response to local differences in prey density: a theoretical study. In:
P. J. den Boer
&
G. R. Gradwell
(eds.).
Dynamics of populations, Proc. Adv. Study Inst. Oosterbeek 1970, Pudoc, Wageningen. Google Scholar
W. Schneider
1972. Der Star (Sturnus vulgaris). Die Neue Brehm. Bücherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt. Google Scholar
T. W. Schoener
1971. Theory of feeding strategies, A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2: 359–404. Google Scholar
J. N. M. Smith
1974a. The food searching behaviour of two European thrushes. I. Description and analysis of search paths. Behaviour 48: 276–302. Google Scholar
J. N. M. Smith
1974b. The food searching behaviour of two European thrushes. II. The adaptiveness of the search patterns. Behaviour 49: 1–61. Google Scholar
J. N. M. Smith
&
R. Dawkins
.
1971 The hunting behaviour of individual Great Tits in relation to spatial variations in their food density. Anim. Behav. 19: 695–706. Google Scholar
J. N. M. Smith
&
H. P. A. Sweatman
.
1974. Food searching behaviour of titmice in patchy environments. Ecology 55: 1216–1232. Google Scholar
G. Thomas
1974. The influences of encountering a food object on subsequent searching behaviour in Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Anim. Behav. 22: 941–952. Google Scholar
G. Thomas
1976. Gust and Disgust or the causes of Alliesthesia: Motivational changes upon exposure to food stimuli in Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.). Ph. D. thesis, University of Groningen. Google Scholar
J. M. Tinbergen
1976. How Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) apportion their foraging time in a virtual single prey situation on a meadow. Ardea 64: 155–170. Google Scholar
J. M. Tinbergen
&
R. H. Drent
.
1980. The Starling as a successful forager. In:
C. J. Feare
&
E. N. Wright
(eds.).
Understanding Agricultural bird problems (in press). Google Scholar
L. Tinbergen
1960. The natural control of insects in pine woods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation in song birds. Arch. Néerl. Zool. 13: 265–343. Google Scholar
N. Tinbergen
,
M. Impekoven
&
D. Franck
.
1967. An experiment on spacing out as defence against predators. Behaviour 28: 307–321. Google Scholar
J. R. Torre-Bueno
&
J. Larochelle
.
1978. The metabolic cost of flight in unrestrained birds. J. Exp. Biol. 75: 223–229. Google Scholar
K. R. Westerterp
Nestling energy balance in relation to brood size in the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Ardea (in press). Google Scholar
R. Zach
&
J. B. Falls
.
1978. Prey selection by captive ovenbirds (Aves: Aprulidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 929–943. Google Scholar
R. Zach
&
J. B. Falls
.
1979. Foraging and territoriality of male ovenbirds (Aves: Parulidae) in a heterogeneous habitat. J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 33–52. Google Scholar