Holotype:

Arts. 73.1 and 73.1.3. A holotype is the single specimen, designated by the original author in the original publication, upon which a new nominal species-group taxon is based.

Paratypes:

Art. 72.4.5. If a holotype is designated, then the other specimens in the type series (Art. 72.4.1) become paratypes.

Syntype(s):

Art. 73.2. If no holotype or lectotype has been fixed, then in taxa described before 2000, all specimens in the type series are syntypes, or certain of the specimens in the type series may have been designated as syntypes. All of these syntypes have equal status in nomenclature.

Art. 72.4.6. “If an author when establishing a nominal species-group taxon nominates either ‘syntypes' (by that term, or by use of one of the terms ‘cotypes' or ‘types' alone), or ‘holotype and paratypes' used together (or by use of the term ‘type’ together with ‘allotype’ or ‘cotypes’), and also lists other specimens, the separate mention of the latter expressly excludes them from the type series.”

I interpret these two Articles to mean that if the data cited for the “type” in the original description apply to several specimens in the original series, then these specimens are eligible as name-bearing types and are by definition the syntypes; they then form the type series and other specimens in the original series are excluded from the type series.

Lectotypes:

The following Articles apply to lectotype designations made before the year 2000: 74.1, 74.1.1, 74.1.2, 74.1.3, 74.2, 74.3, 74.5, 74.6, and 72.4.7. In accordance with these Articles, I have not assumed that, because a specimen has a type label, it is necessarily the holotype, syntype, or lectotype of any taxon. After referring to the original description, I have tried to determine if the description unambiguously designated a holotype or syntypes. For taxa from the Rothschild Collection, I have then referred to Hartert's published type lists. Hartert distinguished between what he called “types” and “co-types”. His “co-types” are equivalent to syntypes and were listed as such when there were other syntypes in other collections. When the “type” was stated to be in the Rothschild Museum or when the entire type series was held there, then Hartert used the term “type” to apply either to the holotype or to the specimen he was designating the “type” (= lectotype). Frequently he added data from the label that made his designation unambiguous.

In a few cases, the data given by Hartert have not applied to only one specimen from the type series, even though only a single specimen bears the Rothschild type label. According to the Code, the presence of a type label is not evidence in and of itself that a particular specimen is a type. However, these specimens bearing Rothschild type labels were considered the types by Rothschild and Hartert and by others working in the Rothschild Collection over the years. The Rothschild Collection was never cataloged until after it came to AMNH, so that the presence of the type label assured that the same specimen was considered the type by all of these workers. When the Rothschild Collection was cataloged at AMNH, the specimens with Rothschild type labels were cataloged as types and segregated with the other types in the AMNH type collection. Since that time they have been accepted as types by various workers who have consulted them at AMNH. Because of the long acceptance of these specimens as types, I have designated the specimen bearing the Rothschild type label the lectotype, citing the AMNH number to remove any ambiguity. This will avoid possible confusion in interpreting the older literature.

In a few cases, Hartert, in his publications on the types in the Rothschild Collection, listed two specimens of an original type series as types. According to the Code, there can be only a single lectotype; therefore this is not an acceptable lectotypification. I have usually listed these specimens, along with any other AMNH specimens from the type series, as syntypes. Hartert was careful to refer to syntypes in the Rothschild Collection as “co-types” when he knew there were other syntypes of a particular taxon in other collections. I have, of course, retained them as syntypes. There are a very few cases where Hartert apparently made an error. I discuss each of these in the text.

The following is a list of the lectotypes that I have designated in this part of the type list: Mirafra africana dohertyi Hartert, Mirafra africana transvaalensis Hartert, Melanocorypha calandra hebraica Meinertzhagen, Galerida cristata festae Hartert, Galerida cristata deltae Hartert, Alauda arvensis hainana Hartert, Alauda arvensis herberti Hartert, Cotile pembertoni Hartert, Petrochelidon nigricans socialis Stresemann, Psalidoprocne nitens centralis Neumann, Anthus spinoletta kleinschmidti Hartert, Paragraucalus lineatus austini Mathews, Coracina robusta victoriae Mathews, Edoliosoma dohertyi Hartert, Pycnonotus prillwitzi Hartert, Eurillas virens holochlorus van Someren, Criniger affinis harterti Stresemann, Nilaus afer hilgerti Neumann, Telophonus senegalus pallidus Neumann, Harpolestes senegalus mozambicus van Someren, Telophonus australis dohertyi Neumann, and Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi Hartert.

Names published by V.G.L. van Someren have presented particularly thorny problems. Because van Someren often had large series of specimens of a given taxon bearing similar data and did not always designate types unambiguously, and because the van Someren Collection has been dispersed among many different museums, it is often difficult to be certain which specimens are types and how many museums now hold syntypes. In doubtful cases, I have listed AMNH specimens as syntypes. In cases where van Someren said that a type was at Tring (= in the Rothschild Collection) and there is a specimen at AMNH that came from the Rothschild Collection and bears the correct data, there are three possibilities: (1) there is only one such specimen and it is the holotype, (2) there is more than one specimen but Hartert unambiguously designated one the lectotype, or (3) there is more than one specimen and Hartert's designation was not unambiguous. In the latter case, I have designated as lectotype the specimen on which Hartert tied the type label. There are also cases where van Someren said that the type was in the Rothschild Collection, but none of the specimens at AMNH from the Rothschild Collection bear exactly correct data. It seems that labels may have been incorrectly attached in these cases, and I discuss them in the text.

A large part of the C.L. Brehm Collection was purchased in 1897 by Rothschild. Hartert (1901a) published an introductory article about the history of the collection and later (Hartert, 1918b) published a list of the types he found in the part purchased by Rothschild. I have used Hartert's careful study as a basis for the Brehm types listed here. After consulting the original descriptions, I have usually accepted as lectotypes the specimens Hartert listed as types unless it was apparent from Brehm's description that he had only one specimen (= the holotype). Any ambiguities are discussed in the text. After the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH, many of the Brehm specimens were exchanged to the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig (ZFMK) in Bonn. Some of these specimens are syntypes or paralectotypes and need to be examined to determine the name written on the label by Brehm. Most of the Brehm types are of names introduced by C.L. Brehm, but a few were introduced by A.E. Brehm, his son. In the latter cases, I have added his initials to the citation.

For comments on AMNH types of taxa described by Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, see LeCroy and Sloss (2000: 3). I have shortened his title to Prince of Wied, as is frequently done. Bibliographic references are also to Wied, although his writings are sometimes listed as Wied-Neuwied. At AMNH, the collection is known as the Maximilian Collection.

In this part of the type list, I have tried when possible to list all of the specimens in the type series that are in AMNH. Sometimes this is not possible, for both Rothschild (whose collection was never cataloged until after it came to AMNH) and Mathews (whose partially cataloged collection was purchased by Rothschild) themselves purchased collections, and there is often no indication as to when a particular collection was acquired. Thus, it is not necessarily safe to assume that a specimen collected early enough was in either of these collections when the name was published. Also, they both exchanged specimens with each other and with other collections before the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH. AMNH has also exchanged some of these specimens with other museums, and this is almost always noted in the AMNH catalog. In the few cases where I was unable to find specimens cataloged in AMNH, it is possible that exchanges or re–identifications have been made without catalog notations.

The following acronyms are used in the text: ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; BMNH, The Natural History Museum, Tring; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; MNSG, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Genoa; RMCA, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren; USBGN, United States Board of Geographic Names, Washington, DC, Dept. of the Interior; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; WAM, Western Australian Museum, Perth; ZFMK, Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig, Bonn; ZMB, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin.

Holotype:

AMNH 307999, adult male, collected at Díli, 08°35′S, 125°35′E (Times Atlas), Timor, Indonesia, on 22 April 1932, by Georg Stein (no. 4118).

Comments:

The AMNH number was cited in the original description. Paratypes are AMNH 345667–345676 and 556257–556260. AMNH 345668, 345670, and 345673 were sent to ZMB on 21 April 1955.

Holotype:

AMNH 556350, female, collected at Tabba Tabba, Western Australia, Australia, on 11 September 1901, by John Thomas Tunney (no. 374). From the Mathews Collection (no. 5191) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews cited his catalog number in the original description. His catalog indicates that he obtained this specimen from WAM; Tunney was employed by WAM as a collector. In 1901, he arrived at Port Hedland on 8 June and on 22 June visited Lewis Island. He then collected for a period on the de Grey and Strelley rivers and sailed for Derby, which he reached on 11 September (Whittell, 1954:724), the same day on which the holotype was collected. Mees (1962: 49) called attention to the problem connected with the type locality, which he considered to be “15 miles south of Strelley and about 30 miles south-east of Port Hedland”. Johnstone and Storr (1998: 420) listed Tabba Tabba Creek at 20°20′S, 118°53′E, near the Strelley and de Grey rivers, and the locality Tabba Tabba is also associated with a homestead, mine, and well in the same area of the Pilbara in central northwest Australia (Australia 1:250,000 map series. Gazetteer, 1975, R. Schodde, personal commun.). Mayr and McEvey (1960: 161) placed Tabba Tabba south of the Fitzroy River, in the Kimberley Division, far to the north, probably based on Whittell's account; but there is no Tabba Tabba south of the Fitzroy River (R. Johnstone, personal commun.).

Given the date of collection of the holotype of subrufescens and Tunney's schedule as reported by Whittell (1938: 324–325, 1954: 724), it is of some interest to compare the holotype with specimens of woodwardi and halli. Such comparison shows the color overall to be intermediate between the two subspecies but closer to the richer rufous coloration of woodwardi, thus agreeing with Mees in his assignment of Tabba Tabba birds to woodwardi with intergradation towards halli. Schodde and Mason (1999: 717) also discussed this area of intergradation.

The collecting date and locality are quite clear on the original label, and Whittell's (1938: 322) information concerning Tunney's itinerary was derived from Tunney's notebooks, loaned him by family members. Thus the discrepancy in dates remains a mystery.

Holotype:

AMNH 556386, adult male, collected on the Forrest River, Western Australia, Australia, on 31 August 1911, by Charles Price Conigrave (no. 85). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The AMNH number was given in the original description. No exact location along the river is recorded on the label, but an account of the trip (Anonymous, 1912: 268) provides further information: “Forrest River was reached about 20 miles from its mouth, where it had been arranged that a supply boat should call about the middle of August. The boat duly put in an appearance, and, re-stocked with provisions, the party set out from the river at the end of August.”

Johnstone (2001: 88) recognized only the subspecies M. j. horsfieldii in Western Australia.

Holotype:

AMNH 556315, male, collected at Eureka, Northern Territory, Australia, on 10 January 1903, by John Thomas Tunney. From the Mathews Collection (no. 5194) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews Collection number is cited in the original description. Mirafra javanica nigrescens is preoccupied by Mirafra nigrescens Reichenow, 1900. Mathews (1921: 137) proposed Mirafra javanica söderbergi as a replacement name. Rudolf Söderberg was a Swedish (not German) ornithologist who collected in Australia in 1910–1913 (Whittell, 1954: 675), and according to the Code (ICZN, 1999, Art. 32.5.2.1), diacritical marks should be deleted from non-German words used as names of taxa.

This collection by Tunney was made jointly for WAM and Lord Rothschild (Hartert, 1905c: 194; Whittell, 1954: 724). Mathews obtained this specimen from WAM, and it later went to Rothschild with his purchase of the Mathews Collection. In addition to the Tunney field label, this specimen has Rothschild and Mathews type labels.

Eureka was placed by Mayr and McEvey at 20–25 miles SW (= SE?) of Darwin. Tunney noted on the label of a Eureka specimen of Neochmia p. phaeton (AMNH 721876) that “this place is four miles west of Mary R., and about 30 from head waters of South Alligator R.” Storr (1977: 108, 112) identified it as a former mine 33 km ENE of Pine Creek at 13°50′S, 131°50′E, which is consistent with Tunney's note.

Holotype:

AMNH 556406, male, collected 10 mi. E. of Gordon Point, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia, on 3 June 1912, by John Porter Rogers (no. 3580). From the Mathews Collection (no. 13605) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews Collection number is cited in the original description. This specimen holds the following four labels: Rogers' field label, Mathews' type label, yellow Mathews label indicating it was illustrated in Mathews (1925–1927, pt. 4, p. 145 and pl. 559), and the Rothschild type label.

Gordon Point is situated on Apsley Strait at ca. 11°30′S, 130°40′E (see map in Campbell, 1834). Mathews (1914: 92) stated that “the only plains on [Melville Island] lie about 10 miles east of Gordon Point”.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556403, female, collected at Alexandria, Northern Territory, Australia in 1905, by William Stalker. From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Ingram (1906: 116) did not give the number or sex of his specimens, but later (Ingram, 1907: 414) listed a male and a female adult, both now at AMNH. The female, which bears the Rothschild type label and was listed as the type by Hartert (1919: 165), thus becomes the lectotype; its label bears only the year 1905. The male paralectotype, AMNH 556309, was collected at Alexandria in April 1905 by Stalker.

It is not clear how these specimens came into Mathews' possession. In his description, Ingram (1906: 115) noted that the specimens he named were collected for his father, Sir William Ingram, by Stalker. However, on 10 July 1909, Mathews exchanged to Rothschild the types of the taxa that were named in Ingram's 1906 paper (Rothschild's manuscript “Exchanges, etc.” in the Dept. of Ornithology Archives), and on the reverse of one of the labels on this lectotype is the note: “Received in exchange from G.M. Mathews.” The paralectotype is also from the Mathews' collection, but was not exchanged at that time and probably came to Rothschild with the purchase of the Mathews' collection.

In addition to the Stalker and type labels, this lectotype also bears a yellow Mathews label indicating it was illustrated in Mathews (1925–1927, pt. 4, p. 146 and pl. 560), and a small label with “Mus. Brit.” and “Seebohm Coll.” marked out, on which is written the sex, iris color, and “type”. The number “826” that appears on the Stalker label is the number of this species in Mathews' (1908) Handlist.

In much of the ornithological literature, this type locality is spelled “Alexandra”, but Ingram's (1907: 388) map and Stalker's spelling make it clear that it is the Alexandria of modern maps, 19°03′S, 136°42′E (Storr, 1977: 105).

Holotype:

AMNH 556264, adult male, collected at Normanton, 17°40′S, 141°05′E (Times Atlas), northern Queensland, Australia, on 30 November 1913, by Robin Kemp (no. 3570). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The AMNH number was given in the original description. Paratypes are AMNH 556263 and 556265–556283, all collected by Robin Kemp at Normanton.

Holotype:

AMNH 556261, unsexed, collected at Inkerman, northern Queensland, Australia, on 9 October 1907 by William Stalker (no. 362). From the Mathews Collection (no. 3447) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews Collection number was given in the original description. The number “823” that appears on the Stalker label refers to the number of this species in Mathews' Handlist (1908). There are also Rothschild and Mathews type labels present.

There are two Inkermans in northern Queensland. Ingram (1908: 460), who wrote on the birds collected by Stalker at Inkerman in 1907, placed Inkerman Station “in lat. 20°S by long. 147°E … some fifty miles to the south-west [= southeast] of Townsville, and is about ten miles from the banks of the Burdekin …”. This would be the Inkerman listed in Storr (1984b: 183) as a settlement on the lower northeast coastal plain, near the mouth of the Burdekin River, at 19°45′S, 147°29′E.

Mayr and McEvey (1960: 174) recognized M. j. queenslandica. Mathews (1930:822) synonymized it with rufescens.

Holotype:

AMNH 556298, adult male, collected at Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia, on 8 April 1899, by Robert Hall. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This apparent lapsus on Hartert's part has been treated as a valid description and placed in the synonymy of M. j. horsfieldii by Mathews (1930: 821), Mayr and McEvey (1960: 177), and Peters (1960a: 7), without comment. The original text reads: “We have also a male from Swan Hill, Victoria, which is paler and greyer than typical horsfieldi, very near to grisescens, but not quite like it.” Hartert (1906b: 755) considered it a slip: “Instead of grisescens I meant to say pallida, as there is no such name as grisescens.”

Holotype:

AMNH 556946, male, collected at Bonta, Awash River, Ethiopia, on 7 (not 2) June 1903, by P.C. Zaphiro (no. 2603). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Zaphiro's number was given in the original description. Paratypes are AMNH 556947–556956.

The holotype was first labeled Bilen, which was marked out and Bouta or Bonta written in, presumably by Zaphiro. The handwriting is difficult to interpret. One of the paratypes was collected at Bilen (= Unda Bilen, 09°28′N, 40°19′E, on the Awash River) on 6 June 1903, and Bonta Mēda is at 09°25′N, 40°15′E (USBGN, Gazetteer of Ethiopia 1982). Thus, it seems that Bonta is the correct interpretation of the collecting locality of this holotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556679, adult male, collected at Bukoba, 01°20′S, 31°49′E (Times Atlas), Lake Victoria, Tanzania, on 6 April 1892, by Dr. F. Stuhlmann. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1900: 45), in describing this taxon, gave the range as above, but did not designate a type or say how many specimens he examined. Hartert (1919: 164) later designated the above specimen the lectotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556741, adult male, collected on 25 January 1899, on Athi Plain, 01°15′S−01°35′S, 36°43′E–37°10′E (Chapin, 1954: 642), Kenya, by Dr. William John Ansorge (no. 20). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

No type was designated in the original description, with Hartert (1919: 164) designating the lectotype later. The original series of specimens from Athi Plain that came to AMNH consisted of one male (the lectotype) and two females (AMNH 556742 and 556743, paralectotypes). Hartert (1900: 46) noted that “A young bird, Nairobe, 31.1.1899, evidently belongs to this same form.” This third paralectotype is AMNH 556744.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556716, adult male, collected in February 1901, at 6500 ft above the Escarpment Station of the Uganda Railroad, Kenya, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert did not designate a type in the original description. Doherty collected 10 specimens of this form, all on the Escarpment at 6500 ft and higher. Hartert (1919: 164) listed as lectotype an adult male specimen collected at 6500 ft in February 1901. There are two specimens fulfilling these criteria; however, because AMNH 556716 is the specimen with the Rothschild type label and evidently the one intended as the lectotype by Hartert, I hereby designate it the lectotype, to eliminate the possibility of misinterpreting the older literature. The paralectotypes are the nine remaining Doherty specimens, AMNH 556717–556725.

Hartert (1902d: 620) described the type locality as about halfway between Nairobi and Naivasha, on the eastern side of the Great Rift Valley and on the southern slopes of the Settima range. In October 1900 it was the terminus of the Uganda Railway. Chapin (1954: 661) gave the coordinates as 01°01′S, 36°36′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 556709, adult male, collected on 25 April 1898, on the Kiboko River, Kenya, by Dr. William John Ansorge (no. 375). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Although both the male and female were described by Neumann and the sex of the type was not given, it was said to have been collected by Ansorge and to be in the Rothschild Collection, and was so reported by Hartert (1919: 164–165). This is the only Ansorge specimen of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Kiboko, a station on the “Uganda Railway and river north of Kibesi, Machakos” (Jackson and Sclater, 1938: xxx), is at 02°12′S, 37°43′E (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 308622, adult male, collected 30 km south of Djambala, 02°32′S, 14°43′E (Times Atlas), Congo (Brazzaville), on 29 September 1942, by Dr. René Malbrant.

Comments:

Chapin cited the AMNH number in the original description and mentioned that he had three specimens of this form, in addition to the holotype. Two were collected by Malbrant: AMNH 308621, with the same data as the holotype, was cataloged (but I did not find it), and AMNH 308623, a male collected at Ossélé on 26 September 1942. Chapin also had on loan a specimen collected by Lynes at Kilembe; this specimen is RMCA no. 28137 (Louette et al., 2002: 27). These three specimens are paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 347437, adult male, collected on the Minyanya plain, 13°09′S, 22°23′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), NW corner of Balovale district, Zambia, a few miles from the Angola border, on 29 June 1943, by K. Muzeya, for Charles M.N. White.

Comments:

Four of the six paratypes are in AMNH: AMNH 347436 and 347438–347440.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556644, adult male, collected at Rustenburg, 25°40′S, 27°15′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), South Africa, in February 1894 by W. Ayres. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In his original description, Hartert did not specify a type other than by the locality, Rustenburg. Two males and a female from Rustenburg came to the AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and would have been syntypes. Hartert (1919: 165) also did not unambiguously designate a lectotype by adding the February collecting date, as both males were collected in February. The type label is attached to AMNH 556644, and the field label is annotated in hand unknown “Type of Mirafra a. transvaal”. Because it was obviously Hartert's intent that this specimen be the type and because it has been so considered since the form was named, I hereby designate AMNH 556644 the lectotype in order to avoid any possible future confusion with regard to the older literature. AMNH 556645, with the same data, and AMNH 556646, female, collected 20 August, 1894, thus become paralectotypes. Other Transvaal specimens in the Rothschild Collection were collected after 1900.

Holotype:

AMNH 269067, adult male, collected at Lange-Tombaro (= Tambaro Mt), 07°12′N, 37°32′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), Ethiopia, on 1 May 1925, by Oscar Neumann. This specimen was among 53 specimens purchased by Dr. Leonard C. Sanford from Neumann and presented to AMNH in December 1929.

Comments:

In addition to the single specimen he collected, Neumann (1928: 787) mentioned a specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected by Kovacz (Kovács) “in der Landschaft Marocco etwa 70–80 km nordnordöstlich meines Fundorts” with a wing of 83 mm. AMNH 556583, adult male, collected at Maraco, southern Ethiopia, on 27 April 1915 by M. Trofimoff (no. 2765) with a wing of 83 mm is undoubtedly the specimen referred to and is the paratype. On the reverse of the Rothschild label is the following unsigned note: “omoensis Neum. but does not agree with descr.” This specimen was cataloged as Mirafra degeni (= M. r. rufocinnamomea) and agrees with that subspecies. Two male specimens collected by Kovács and also identified as Mirafra degeni came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 556584, immature, wing 86, and AMNH 556585, adult, wing 89. In his remarks, Neumann (1928: 787) considered M. degeni “nur das grössere ♂ von Mirafra fischeri rufocinnamomea Salvad., der schoanisch-hararischen Rasse von M. fischeri”, undoubtedly including these two large males in M. degeni, as he had indeed looked at Rothschild specimens as well as those in several other collections.

Holotype:

AMNH 556819, adult male, collected at Kisumu, 00°03′S, 34°47′E (Times Atlas), Kavirondo Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya, on 9 December 1917, by Dr. Victor G.L. van Someren. From the van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type was said to be in the Rothschild Museum and to bear the above data. This was the only specimen of kawirondensis that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 556931, adult male, collected near Eil Huma, 3000 ft, Godi Arori, 09°17′N, 45°25′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), Somalia, on 17 January 1919, by Geoffrey F. Archer (no. 2124). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description.

Comments:

Koelz (1951: 2) apparently planned to deposit the type of this taxon at AMNH. However, this was never done, and the type is now FMNH no. 246494 (David Willard, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 554523, adult male, collected at Bulobulo, 12°05′S, 17°37′E (Crawford-Cabral and Mesquitela, 1989), Bié District, Angola, on 30 September 1904, by Dr. William Ansorge (no. 143). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Ansorge's field number was given for the holotype in the original description. Paratypes are AMNH 554524–554533.

Holotype:

AMNH 554540, sex unrecorded, collected at Okahakana, 18°52′S, 15°34′E (Times Atlas), near the Etosha Pan, Ovamboland, Namibia, on 25 July 1880, by Axel W. Eriksson (no. 2580). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1907b: 82) gave Eriksson's field number for the holotype in the original description.

Holotype:

AMNH 558998, breeding male, collected at Khartoum, 15°33′N, 32°35′E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 25 November 1902, by Arthur L. Butler (no. 77). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Butler's field number was given for the holotype in the original description.

Holotype:

AMNH 558975, adult male, collected 20 mi. W. of Omdurman, Sudan, on 2 January 1903, by Arthur L. Butler (no. 130). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Butler's field number was given for the holotype in the original description. This is the same Arthur L. Butler who had previously been at the State Museum in Kuala Lumpur and who had become Superintendent of the Wild Animals Department, Khartoum, Sudan.

Omdurman is at 15°37′N, 32°29′E (Times Atlas).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457687, collected at Abu Hamed, 19°32′N, 33°20′E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 30 August 1851, by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen was one of five specimens from “Nubien” that had been identified in the AMNH catalog as Ammomanes deserti, each of which I examined. AMNH 457687 had originally been identified by Brehm as Melanocorypha isabellina, with isabellina marked out and replaced by elegans in Brehm's hand. While Brehm (1855: 122) listed the locality only as “Nubien” and did not indicate how many specimens he had, this is the only one bearing the name elegans now in AMNH. Hartert (1918b: 19), in listing this specimen as the type, added the locality “Abu Hamed”, thus designating it the lectotype, should other specimens be discovered. This locality appears on the Brehm label in his hand and is the only specimen so labeled.

The other four specimens labeled “Nubien” are: AMNH 457684, from “Wad el Arab in Nubien”, and AMNH 457685, from “Nubien”, labeled Eremita isabellina macrorhynchos; and AMNH 457686, from “Nubien”, and AMNH 457688, from “Vanrasko[?], Nubien”, labeled Eremita isabellina minor. These have since been identified as Ammomanes deserti deserti.

Hartert (1918b: 19) commented: “This specimen being rather small, I have no doubt whatever that it is a female, and it was thus originally marked by A. E. Brehm, but for some reason, thinking he knew better, his father altered the sex-mark into ‘male’.” The darker ink of the overmark indicates that this is indeed the case. The original sexing was female adult.

Holotype:

AMNH 558473, adult female, collected at Mudjnabad, southern Khurasan, Iran, on 8 November 1900, by N. Zarudny. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1919: 166) noted that the date given above is based on the Russian calendar. This is the only specimen in AMNH from Mudjnabad (Mudjun-Abad) collected by Zarudny. I was unable to trace this locality.

In the original description, Hartert (1902e: 43) stated that there were five specimens of this taxon in the Rothschild Collection. Fifteen specimens, not including the holotype, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, all collected in eastern Iran before 1902. Which of these were in the Rothschild Collection by 1902 is not known.

Comments:

Koelz (1951: 3) apparently planned to deposit the type of this taxon at AMNH. However, this was never done, and the type is now FMNH no. 246492 (David Williard, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 558640, adult male, collected at Figuig, 32°10′N, 01°15′W (Times Atlas), Morocco, on 19 March 1924, by Lt. Col. W.A. Payn. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Five specimens of A. d. payni are mentioned in the original description, three of them collected in March near Figuig and presumably by Payn. In the original description, Hartert (1924c: 36) said that the type was in the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 558640 is the only specimen of this taxon collected by Lt. Col. Payn that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and the data match those listed by Hartert for the type. The whereabouts of the other two Figuig specimens is not known. AMNH 558643 and 558644, collected at Ain Sefra, Algeria, on 7 May 1913 by Rothschild, Hartert and Hilgert, are paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 558764, adult male, collected at Koshby, on 16 June 190l, by W. Dodson (no. 189). From the Joseph I.S. Whitaker Collection, Palermo (Hartert, 1919: 167), via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description placed Koshby at “Djebel Soda, Tripoli” (Tripoli = Tarabulus, Libya); the original J.I.S. Whitaker Museum label only has “Koshby”, the date, sex, and no. 189 (cited by Hartert). In his list of types, Hartert (1919: 167) listed Djebel Soda in Tripolitania, and there he adds that Dodson was the collector. I did not find “Koshby”, but “Djebel Soda” is apparently what is known today as Gebel es-Soda, along the Tripolitania–Fezzan border (Seltzer, 1962: 1789) (= Jabal as-Sawda, southwest of Sawknah, 29°04′N, 15°47′E [Times Atlas], Sabhah), Libya.

Holotype:

AMNH 558617, adult male, collected at Wadi Mya, Algeria, on 7 April 1912, by Ernst Hartert and C. Hilgert (no. 200). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert and Hilgert's field number was cited for the holotype in the original description. Although Hartert (1912b: 230) did not say how many specimens he had, AMNH 558618–558639 are part of the original series collected by Hartert and Hilgert in the Wadi Mya area in April and May 1912 and are paratypes.

Hartert (1913: 1, 13, 43; 1919: 167) gave further information on this collecting locality, noting that “Oued” (= Wadi) is the Arab word for “river, or in the Sahara more generally river-bed, as rivers there very seldom have water”, and that Wadi Mya lies between the deserted Fort Miribel, 29°25′N, 03°00′E (Times Atlas), and Ain-Salah, 27°12′N, 02°29′E (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 558649, adult male, collected at Farak, 15°18′N, 08°55′E (Giraudoux et al., 1988: 137), Damergu, Niger, on 29 June 1922, by Captain Angus Buchanan (no. 148). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert (1924a: 41) gave Buchanan's field number for the holotype and listed a male, a female, and a female? from Farak. Only two of these specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: the holotype and AMNH 558650, female?, 29 June 1922, Buchanan no. 150, a paratype. The latter specimen has a note on Buchanan's label that the colors of the soft parts are the “same as no. 149”. The whereabouts of that specimen is not known.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457683, adult male “aestate” (= summer), collected in northeast Africa. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen, labeled “galeritaria” in Brehm's hand and with the locality on the original label as “Nordostafrika”, is the only such specimen in AMNH from the Brehm Collection. As there is no indication of how many specimens Brehm had when he named this taxon, Hartert's (1918b: 18) listing it as the type serves as lectotype designation, should other specimens appear.

Also on the Brehm label is the following, which may be a locality: “in Ira [or Ina] Mirufua.”

Lectotype:

AMNH 457689, adult male[?], collected in Arabia Petraea, in October 1851, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

On A.E. Brehm's label, it appears that C.L. Brehm changed the sex determination to male from female, as originally marked.

In the original description Brehm did not indicate sex or date and indirectly indicated that the bird came from Arabia. Hartert (1918b: 19) found only two specimens, a male and a female, both of which are now in AMNH. He designated the male listed above as the lectotype; the female, AMNH 457690, is a paralectotype. Hartert (1918b: 19) noted that Brehm probably had never seen a European specimen but had included birds in his book that he thought might occur in Europe, so that bird-catchers might be able to identify them.

Arabia Petraea (meaning “rocky Arabia”) is defined as the extreme NW section of the Arabian Peninsula, including the Sinai Peninsula (Seltzer, 1962: 86).

Holotype:

AMNH 558766, collected 30 mi. E of Azraq, 31°50′N, 36°47′E (Times Atlas), Jordan, on 27 October 1922, by Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type was listed as a female with the above data. On the Meinertzhagen label, the sex of the holotype was marked ♂, changed to ♀, then rewritten as ♀, apparently in Meinertzhagen's hand. Hartert (1928: 201) gave the sex as male, without comment.

Meinertzhagen had six males and four females of this taxon, but he stated that the type was in the Tring Museum; the above specimen is the only one of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It bears the Rothschild type label, and “Ammomanes deserti annae, TYPE” is written on the reverse of Meinertzhagen's label in a hand unknown.

Comments:

Koelz (1951: 2) apparently planned to deposit the type of this taxon at AMNH. However, this was never done, and the type is now FMNH no. 246491 (David Willard, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 558455, adult male, collected at Takukut (Takoukout), 1550 ft, 15°07′N, 08°30′E (Giraudoux et al., 1988: 138), Damergu, Niger, on 21 March 1920, by Capt. Angus Buchanan (no. 459). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When Hartert (1921a: 130) described this form, he listed three specimens in the type series, a male, a female, and an unsexed specimen, all from Takukut, designating as the type the male collected on 21 March and bearing Buchanan's no. 459. Apparently, the type label was at that time tied on the wrong specimen, for when Hartert (1928: 200) listed the type of this taxon, he listed it as a ♀? with Buchanan's no. 430. This error has now been corrected, and AMNH 558455 put in the type collection.

The two paratypes also came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 558454, the specimen on which the type label had been tied and which had “type” written on the back of the field label, is Buchanan's no. 430, a female?, collected at Takukut on 8 March 1920. This is apparently the specimen published by Hartert as an unsexed specimen but with measurements given as male?. It has been returned to the general collection and labeled a paratype. The second paratype was cataloged as AMNH 558456, female, collected on 21 March 1920, at Takukut, Buchanan's no. 458. I was unable to find that specimen in the collection. These are the only Buchanan specimens of E. dunni collected before 1921 that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Hartert (1924a: 42) himself synonymized pallidior with nominate dunni, the paler color of pallidior being due to plumage wear.

Holotype:

AMNH 554649, adult male, collected at Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, on 29 October 1897, by Boyd Alexander. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert (1917c: 56) said that the type was a male adult from Boavista, collected by Boyd Alexander. He did not allude to any other specimen. However, AMNH 554650, the only other Boyd Alexander specimen of this taxon that came with the Rothschild Collection, is a female collected on 30 October 1897 and is a paratype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457706, adult male, collected in [Old] Dongola, 18°15′N, 30°45′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), Sudan, on 12 September 1851, by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Only locality data were given in the original description. Two Brehm specimens of this taxon from [Old] Dongola came to AMNH. The male specimen was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 22). AMNH 457707, an adult female from [Old] Dongola, collected on 15 September 1851, is a paralectotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457662, adult male, collected in Algeria, in spring (“vere”). From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 17) designated this specimen the lectotype. A second specimen, AMNH 457660, juvenile female, collected on Sardinia in July 1826, is a paralectotype. On the original labels, both of these specimens were identified by Brehm as Alauda calandra megarhynchos, but the megarhynchos was marked out and longirostris added in Brehm's hand. I have no evidence that this latter name was ever used.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457658, adult male, collected at Krasnoarmeysk (= Sarepta), 48°31′N, 44°34′E (Times Atlas), in May 1853. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This is the only specimen from “Sarepta” labeled semitorquata that was received at AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918: 17). Two other specimens, AMNH 457659 with no date, from Galatia, and AMNH 457661, 31 May 1857 (collected after the description), from Cartagena, Spain, have no standing as types.

Krasnoarmeysk was called Sarepta before 1920; it was founded as a German colony in ca.1770 (Seltzer, 1962: 980).

Lectotype:

AMNH 555141, adult male, collected at Jenin, 32°28′N, 35°18′E (Times Atlas), Jordan, on 1 May 1920, by Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Meinertzhagen (1920: 21) noted that the type was a male collected at Jenin, north Palestine, on 1 May 1920 and was in the Rothschild Museum. There are two specimens with these data now in AMNH. Because the specimen listed above bears the Rothschild type label, it seems certain that Hartert (1928: 200) intended it to be the lectotype, but because of the ambiguity, I hereby designate AMNH 555141 the lectotype. AMNH 555142, the other male, is the paralectotype.

Vaurie (1959: 34) synonymized hebraica with nominate calandra.

Holotype:

AMNH 555130, adult male, collected at Dor Bādām (= Dur Badom), 37°30′N, 58°25′E (Times Atlas), eastern Iran, on 14 November (Russian calendar) 1898, by N. Zarudny (no. 4420). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The number 14 appears in red on the original label, and it was this number that was cited by Hartert in the original description. It is the number of this specimen within the Zarudny series, and each specimen has a unique number. The number 4420 is written in the same ink as the rest of Zarudny's label and this appears to be the original field number. The remainder of the Zarudny series of this taxon are paratypes: AMNH 555131–555140; judging by the localities given in the description, there are others.

This description appears in volume 1 of Hartert's “Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna”, the publication date of which (on the title page) is 1910. However, various parts of the first volume have different publication dates, as listed by Hartert on p. xiii. Part 2, pages 113–240, including the description of this taxon, was published in June 1904.

Holotype:

AMNH 555144, adult male, collected at Shellal, near Beersheba, 31°15′N, 34°47′E (Times Atlas), on the Wadi Gaza, Israel, on 10 September 1917, by Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (no. 250). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The type series consisted of five specimens, all collected at the same place on the same date (Meinertzhagen, 1919: 84). Vaurie (1959: 35) referred to the five “paratypes”, but this is incorrect. Meinertzhagen (1919: 84), in the original description, said that the type was a male in the Rothschild Collection. Only two of the original type series came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The male specimen cited above is the holotype and bears the Rothschild type label; AMNH 555145, a female, is a paratype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457663, female, collected on “blauer fluss” (= Blue Nile), Sudan, in December 1850, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen has rufescens written on the original label in Brehm's hand. It seems to be the only specimen of this form that came to AMNH, and Hartert (1918b: 17) designated it the lectotype. A second specimen, AMNH 457664, identified in the catalog as M. bimaculata rufescens, is Melanocorypha yeltoniensis from “Deserta tatarica”.

Wolters (1952: 281) proposed Melanocorypha bimaculata meinertzhageni as a new name for Melanocorypha rufescens Brehm, which became preoccupied by Alauda (= Calandrella) rufescens Vieillot, 1820, when Wolters merged Calandrella with Melanocorypha. Most subsequent authors have not accepted this merger (see, for example, Keith et al., 1992: 70), so rufescens is retained under the provisions of the Code (ICZN, 1999, Art. 59.3).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457667, unsexed, collected at Murcia, 37°59′N, 01°08′W (Times Atlas), Spain, on 24 August 1856, by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

A second Brehm specimen, AMNH 457680, was collected at Madrid by A.E. Brehm. Both it and the lectotype were originally labeled immaculata by C.L. Brehm and subsequently altered by him to albicollis. Hartert (1904a: 215) considered M. b. albicollis a nomen nudum and gave a reference to it in a list published by A.E. Brehm in 1866. However, the name change to albicollis on the specimens is in C.L. Brehm's hand. If the name was ever introduced, it would have had to be prior to C.L. Brehm's death in 1864. I did not find a reference to albicollis earlier than 1866.

In the original description cited above, both Murcia and Madrid were given as localities and Hartert wrote on the Rothschild label of AMNH 457680: “Cotype [= syntype] of Melanocorypha brachydactyla immaculata!”. I think that this is correct, but because Hartert (1918b: 18) designated AMNH 457667 the lectotype, AMNH 457680 becomes a paralectotype. Hartert (1918b: 18) also corrected his incorrect citation of the original description of this taxon in Hartert (1904a: 215), where he had listed it as named by Homeyer in 1873 from a Brehm manuscript.

For a review of taxonomic treatments of this species, see Dickinson and Dekker (2001a: 66–69).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457668, male, collected at Montpellier, 43°36′N, 03°53′E (Times Atlas), France, in April 1829. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 18). A second specimen, AMNH 457669, female, collected 20 June 1833 in “Südfrankreich”, is a paralectotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457677, male, collected in Attica (east central Greece), in April 1845. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Two specimens marked graeca from “Attica” came to the AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, the above male collected in April 1845, and a female, AMNH 457678, collected in May of the same year. There are none that are marked Sennaar (Sudan). Of the two specimens from Greece, Hartert (1918b: 18) designated the male the lectotype. The other specimen, AMNH 457678, becomes a paralectotype.

Another specimen, AMNH 457676, was cataloged in error as graeca. The locality is given as “Buchara” in C.L. Brehm's hand, and nowhere does the name graeca appear.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457666, adult male, collected in Sardinia, Italy, at the end of July, 182?. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Two Brehm specimens labeled itala from Sardinia came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1918b: 18) designated the above specimen the lectotype. The second specimen, AMNH 457665, an immature male from Sardinia, is a paralectotype.

The description of itala is sometimes cited as Brehm (1831), but Hartert (1918b: 18) pointed out that the first appearance of the name is in the reference cited above. “Evidently a cage-bird received from Graf Gourcy-Droitaumont, who had got it from Sardinia” (Hartert, 1918b: 18).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457671, adult male, collected in Attica, Greece, in April 1845. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 18) designated the above specimen the lectotype. A second specimen labeled tenuirostris by Brehm and collected in Attica in May 1845 is now AMNH 457672; this specimen is a paralectotype. A third specimen, AMNH 457670, was collected by A.E. Brehm in Madrid in 1857, too late to have been a part of the original series.

No locality was given in the original description, but Brehm (1855: 121) gave the locality as “In Griechenland und bei Triest”.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457674, adult female, collected at Idfu, 24°58′N, 32°50′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, on 19 March 1850, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 18) designated this specimen the lectotype. AMNH 457675, an adult female, collected at Khartoum, Sudan, on 8 March 1851, is a paralectotype. AMNH 457673, labeled macroptera by C.L. Brehm, a male, collected in early May 1845 in “Attica”, is not a paralectotype, as A.E. Brehm's original description was based on specimens he collected in 1850–1852 in Africa.

Holotype:

AMNH 555740, adult male, collected at Sheikh Mohammed, 07°20′N, 40°30′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), Ethiopia, on 13 November 1894, by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith (no. 408). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann (1906: 239) had eight specimens in his type series. In the Rothschild Collection were the holotype, collected on 13 November 1894, and a second specimen collected by Smith at Sheikh Mohammed, AMNH 555741, male, 11 November 1894, a paratype. The other six paratypes are in BMNH.

Donaldson Smith (1896: 128) described the area as follows: “… we started west [from Ginir], and reached on November 10 a great grassy plain nearly 8000 feet above the sea, called the Budda. This plain extends west some 50 miles according to native report, and is then broken by the valley of the Shebeli river or Wabi, as it is called by the Gallas.”

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 653) considered erlangeri a species in the Calandrella cinerea superspecies. For a summary of treatments of this species, see Dickinson and Dekker (2001a: 66–69).

Holotype:

AMNH 388389, adult female, collected at Bhaunagar (= Bhavnagar), 21°46′N, 72°14′E (Times Atlas), Kathiawar Peninsula, Gujarat, India, on 24 November 1953, by K.S. Dharmakumarsinhji.

Comments:

Vaurie and Dharmakurmarsinhji (1954: 8) had 11 specimens of their new taxon, all from Bhaunagar. The type, bearing the above data, was stated to be in AMNH. Three of the paratypes were also deposited there: AMNH 388390, male, collected 24 November 1953; AMNH 388391, unsexed, collected 17 June 1953; and AMNH 388392, female, collected 26 April 1953.

Lectotype:

AMNH 556152, adult male, collected at San Cristobal de la Laguna, 28°29′N, 16°19′W (Times Atlas), Tenerife Island, Canary Islands, on 7 March 1901, by Dr. Curt Floericke (no. 1260). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type was listed as a male collected on 7 March 1901. Two males were collected on that date, and Hartert (1919: 163), by giving the collector's number, designated the above specimen the lectotype. There are four paralectotypes, all collected by Floericke at Laguna in 1901: males, AMNH 556153, 7 March, AMNH 556157, 19 January; females, AMNH 556158 and 556159, both 7 March.

For comments regarding status of pispoletta, see Sibley and Monroe (1990: 654) and Dickinson and Dekker (2001a: 69–70).

Holotype:

AMNH 556175, adult male, collected on Lanzarote Island, 29°00′N, 13°38′W (Times Atlas), Canary Islands, on 3 March 1902, by Polatzek (no. 1178). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Polatzek's no. 1178 in his original description. In describing this taxon, Hartert (1904a: 217) said that he had 32 specimens, all of which came to AMNH. The 31 paratypes, all collected by Polatzek in 1902 and 1903 on Lanzarote and Fuertaventura islands, are AMNH 556173, 556174, and 556176–556204. Specimens collected in 1904 were apparently received by Hartert too late to be included; p. 217 was in the section of vol. 1 of “Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna” published in June 1904.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457681, adult female, collected at Murcia, 37°59′N, 01°08′W (Times Atlas), Spain, on 23 August 1856, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, A.E. Brehm (1857b: 455–456) noted that there was only one Murcia specimen in his father's collection and a second specimen from Syria. The above specimen from Murcia was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 18). The paralectotype from Syria is AMNH 457682, an adult male, vere (spring), collected in Syria, but the locality is questioned by Hartert on the label.

Hartert (1910a: XXV, note 2) pointed out that this name is older than Calandrella baetica Dresser, 1873, and must be used.

Holotype:

AMNH 556131, adult male, collected at Dumyât (= Damietta), 31°26′N, 31°48′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, on 5 January 1908, by M.J. Nicoll (no. 268). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Nicoll's unique field number for the type, thus designating a holotype. He gave measurements for three males and gave the range of the subspecies as the Nile Delta. AMNH 556132, male, collected at Damietta, on 5 January 1908, by Nicoll, no. 267, is a paratype. AMNH 556133, male, collected 12 March, year unknown, by Schrader, may be the other paratype, but its provenance and date are in question. The original label on the Schrader specimen is printed on one side with “Ornithologische Sammlung R. Tancré. Anclam. Pommern”. Hartert has added: “G. Schrader coll.!” On the reverse appears, in a hand unknown: “Alaud. Reboudia Loche. ♂, 12 March, Chercah[?], Algier.” Hartert noted the following on the Rothschild label: “Tancré used to mix up specimens from Algeria and Lower Egypt, both collected by Schrader. This might therefore be from Egypt as well?? E.H.”, and on the reverse: “Must be Calandrella minor nicolli [this is double underlined] Hart. and collected by Schrader near Damietta!” An additional three males and a female of C. r. nicolli,collected by Loat in 1903–1904 at Lake Menzaleh, Egypt, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. They were apparently not a part of the type series and may have been acquired later.

Holotype:

AMNH 556138, adult male, collected at El Qaryatein (= Karyatein, Vaurie, 1959: 32), 34°13′N, 37°13′E (Times Atlas), Syria, on 25 March 1910, by J. Aharoni. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Although Hartert (1910e: 13) mentioned that Aharoni collected large numbers of this form at El Qaryatein, he (1919: 164) said: “So far all I have seen of this interesting Lark are six specimens collected in March and February at Karyatein.” Only three paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 556139–556141. The holotype is the only specimen in AMNH collected by Aharoni on 25 March 1910, the date given in the original description.

Comments:

AMNH 555777, adult male, collected at Sasa Baneh, 07°52′N, 43°39′E (Times Atlas), Ethiopia, on 3 (= 2) August 1894, by the A. Donaldson Smith Expedition (no. 125), which came to AMNH from the Rothschild Collection, had been labeled as the type of the above taxon. However, Sharpe (in Donaldson Smith, 1896: 236) noted that Donaldson Smith had presented his types to the British Museum. In the original description, Sharpe (1895: 471) listed only one specimen; Sclater (1930: 335) said the taxon was known only from the type in the British Museum; and Hartert (1919, 1928) did not list it. Warren and Harrison (1971: 430) listed BMNH Reg. no. 1895.7.7.18 as the holotype.

The AMNH specimen bears three labels. The original Donaldson Smith label is dated 2 August 1894, but the 2 has been carefully overwritten with a 3! The Rothschild label has the date 2.viii.1894 in ink and is unchanged. The Rothschild type label, written by a hand unknown, has “Aethocorys personata (Sharpe)” and “Aug. 3^rd 1894”. There are three problems with this type label: (1) Sharpe's name is in parentheses; (2) the genus is given as Aethocorys, whereas Sharpe described personata in Spizocorys; and (3) the date is written the American way, unlike the dates put on by Rothschild or Hartert. These inconsistencies lead me to conclude that this specimen was noticed when Rothschild named Aethocorys personata intensa (see below) in 1931 (about the time the collection was coming to AMNH), that it was thought to be the only specimen (as listed by Sharpe and later by Sclater), and that the date was then changed to conform to the description and was perhaps only labeled as a type (using an extra Rothschild Collection type label) after arrival of the collection at AMNH. This would also explain why Hartert did not include it in any of his lists.

The existence of a second specimen is an enigma. Obviously, the AMNH specimen has no standing as the type. In confirming the presence of the holotype in BMNH, Michael Walters (in litt.) discovered that it is also dated 2 August 1894. I can only surmise that the published date of 3 August is a misprint.

Holotype:

AMNH 557778, adult male, collected at Chanler's Falls, 00°48′N, 38°03′E (Times Atlas, spelled “Chandler's Falls”), Nyiro River, Kenya, on 14 December 1920, by Noel van Someren. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The paratype mentioned by Rothschild (1931a: 100) is BMNH 1939.12.9.283 (Michael Walters, in litt.).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457753, adult male, collected at Masneu, 41°29′N, 02°19′E (Times Atlas), Spain, on 12 May 1856, by Dr. A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 20) noted that Brehm's angustistriata was a mixture of narrow-striped individuals of different subspecies, and designated this specimen, collected on 12 May 1856, the lectotype, thereby restricting the type locality. There are three additional Spanish specimens. AMNH 457752, with the original ♀ overwritten by ♂ and collected at Zativa, on 12 July 1856, was originally identified as angustistriata by Brehm and is a paralectotype. AMNH 457756, collected at Murcia on 26 September 1856 by A.E. Brehm, and AMNH 457757, collected at Murcia on 7 July 1858 by A.E. Brehm, are possible paralectotypes of this or the next taxon.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457754, adult male, collected at Masneu, 41°29′N, 02°19′E (Times Atlas), Spain, on 8 May 1856, by Dr. A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 20) designated the above specimen the lectotype of this taxon. See previous taxon for possible paralectotypes.

Syntypes:

AMNH 457741, adult male, and AMNH 457742, female, collected at Oranienburg, 52°46′N, 13°15′E (Times Atlas), near Berlin, Germany, on 21 March 1833, by Fehrmann. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

There are only two specimens mentioned in the original description, where they are listed as males. The above male and female are the only two Brehm specimens from this locality that came to the AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The discrepancy in sexing is probably the result of Brehm's misreading of his own labels, where a male symbol occurs in the upper left corner of each label, even though it is joined with a female symbol on the label of the female. Hartert (1918b: 20) listed both specimens as “type”.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457758, adult female, collected in the vicinity of Lyon, 45°46′N, 04°50′E (Times Atlas), France, in spring, by Léon Olphe Galliard. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Although Brehm (1858: 208) had more than one specimen, this is the only specimen of this taxon from this locality that came to AMNH. Hartert (1918b: 20) designated it the lectotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457730, adult male, collected at Witten, 51°27′N, 07°19′E (Times Atlas), Germany, by F.W.J. Bädecker. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 19) discussed this specimen and concluded that it should be the type of both Brehm's Galerida viarum, as described in 1831, and his G. pagorum, as described in 1841, and that his pagorum of 1858 (p. 107) is not the same as his pagorum of 1841.

Brehm (1841: col. 128) mentioned that he had six specimens from Witten sent him by Bädeker; five Witten specimens collected before 1831 came to AMNH with the Brehm Collection. In addition to the above lectotype, AMNH 457731–457734 are paralectotypes and were exchanged with ZFMK.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457721, adult male, collected at Spröda near Delitzsch, 51°32′N, 12°20′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 1 May 1834, by C.L. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 19) explained that Brehm's G. viarum of 1841 “inhabit[ed] the roads between Delitzsch and Leipzig”. AMNH received four specimens from that area. The above lectotype, designated by Hartert (1918b: 20), is one of a pair tied together. The female, AMNH 457722 with the same data, is a paralectotype, as are AMNH 457723 and AMNH 457724, a male and female tied together, from “Brinnis bei Leipzig”.

Syntypes:

AMNH 457735, adult male and AMNH 457736, adult female (tied together), collected at Klagenfurt, 46°38′N, 14°20′E (Times Atlas), Austria, on 8 November 1836, by von Hueber. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 20) listed both of these specimens as “type”; they are the only two specimens in the collection from Klagenfurt.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457751, adult female, collected at Krasnoarmeysk (= Sarepta, Seltzer, 1962: 980), 48°31′N, 44°34′E (Times Atlas), Russia, in March.

Comments:

Brehm (1858: 208) did not say how many specimens he had of this taxon; this is the only one from Sarepta in AMNH. It was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 20).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457759, adult male, collected in Dalmatia, Croatia. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 20) considered this specimen the type of both names, and Brehm did not state in either of the descriptions cited above how many specimens he had. It is the only Dalmatian specimen that came to the Rothschild Collection with the Brehm Collection (Hartert, 1918b: 20).

Holotype:

AMNH 557224, adult male (= female), collected at Mazagan, 33°16′N, 08°30′W (Seltzer, 1962: 1172), Morocco, on 10 November 1900, by F.W. Riggenbach (no. 48). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Riggenbach's number “48” was given for the type in the original description. The sex symbol on the field label of the holotype is an upside-down female symbol. Hartert originally interpreted this as “male” and published it as such. Later, he changed the sex to “female” and initialed the change. This was undoubtedly based on measurements. Wings of males measure 107–113 mm, females 98–102 mm (Hartert 1904a: 231); the type measures 102 mm. Later, Hartert (1919: 165) listed this type as a female, without comment.

Hartert did not say how many specimens he had. There are seven paratypes, AMNH 557239, 557240, 557259, 557260, 557265, 557266, and 557273, all Riggenbach specimens collected near Mazagan before July 1902, the date of publication of the name.

Lectotype:

AMNH 557678, adult male, collected at Benghazi, 32°07′N, 20°05′E (Times Atlas), Lybia, on 27 March 1922, by Ernst Hartert and Carl Hilgert. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen bears the Rothschild type label in Hartert's hand and was undoubtedly the specimen he intended as the holotype. However, there are two specimens with the same data and neither the original description nor Hartert (1928: 202) discriminated between them. I hereby designate AMNH 557678 the lectotype, recognizing that this was Hartert's intent and that it has been considered the “type” since the description was published. The paralectotype is AMNH 557679.

Holotype:

AMNH 557362, adult male, collected at Bauchi, 10°16′N, 09°50′E (Times Atlas), Nigeria, on 11 September 1904, by Boyd Alexander (no. 368). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann (1908d: 45) did not give Alexander's number but said that the type was a male in the Rothschild Collection. Only two specimens collected by Alexander at Bauchi are now in AMNH, and the above specimen is the only male. Neumann did not indicate how many specimens he had, although he gave measurements for one male and more than one female. AMNH 557363, adult female, collected at Bauchi, on 14 September 1906, by Boyd Adexander, is a paratype. There are no other specimens of this taxon now in AMNH collected before Neumann's 1908 description.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457760, adult female, collected in “Abyssinien” (= Ethiopia), by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

No locality was given in the original description, contra Hartert (1918b: 21). Brehm (1855: 124) did not indicate how many specimens he had, but this specimen is labeled Galerita lutea in Brehm's hand and the locality noted as “Abyssinien”. It is much worn and faded, having been mounted, but can be matched by specimens of G. c. isabellina. It is the only specimen I found labeled lutea by Brehm and was designated as such on the Rothschild type label. It was incorrectly cataloged in AMNH as the type of G. flava crassirostris.

The type status of this specimen was questioned by Hartert (1918b: 21) because he thought Brehm had given “Nordostafrika” as the type locality, when in fact this locality refers to the previously mentioned taxon, G. flava (J. Haffer, personal commun.).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457762, adult male, collected at Khartoum, 15°33′N, 32°35′E (Times Atlas), Sudan, in July 1850, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 21) designated this specimen the lectotype of both names. There are two other specimens in AMNH that are identified in Brehm's hand as tenuirostris: AMNH 457765, female juvenile, collected at Khartoum, in April 1857, by A.E. Brehm; and AMNH 457769, female, collected in Berber, in October 1848, and bearing a Baron J.W. von Mueller label. Both may be considered paralectotypes of tenuirostris.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457761, adult male, collected at [Old] Sennar, 13°40′N, 33°33′E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 10 November 1850, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 21) designated this specimen the lectotype. There are five additional specimens at AMNH that are identified as crassirostris in Brehm's hand and collected by A.E. Brehm: AMNH 457763, female juv., May 1851; AMNH 457764, female juv., March 1851; AMNH 457766, female juv., April 1851; AMNH 457767, female, 10 June 1850 (all labeled “Chartum”); and AMNH 457768, from which the Brehm label has been lost but Hartert's label also says Khartoum. These are all paralectotypes.

Hartert failed to notice that this original label of the lectotype had the locality “Sennaar” written on it. This would presumably fall into the category of “der Gegend Chartum” listed by Brehm in the original description. Old Sennar is about as far south and east of Khartoum as Berber is north and east. The Sennar that appears on present-day maps was known as Makwar until the 1930s. Old Sennar, destroyed in 1885, lies a few miles to the north-northwest (Seltzer, 1962: 1733).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457770, adult male, collected in “Nubien”, on 21 September 1851, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In reference to the above specimen, Hartert (1917a: 440) concluded that “the type of the name altirostris must be regarded as an adult male shot by A.E. Brehm in ‘Nubia,’ 21.ix.1851. The label only says ‘Nubien,’ but the bird had been shot near Akascheh and not very far from Ambukol, according to A.E. Brehm's Reiseskizzen.”

A second specimen, AMNH 457771, is a paralectotype with the same data as the above specimen except that Brehm had altered the original designation of “male” to “female”. Hartert noted on the Rothschild label that it is an adult male.

Holotype:

AMNH 557626, adult male, collected at Zaghig, Wâdi-el-Natrûn, Egypt, on 26 February 1903, by N.C. Rothschild and F.R. Henley (no. 176). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the field number of the above specimen and stated that he had examined 4 specimens, including the type. The three paratypes are AMNH 557627 and 557632 from the same locality, and AMNH 557633 from Bir Victoria. Three specimens collected by W.L.S. Loat at Wâdi-el-Natrûn in the same year were not included and may have been acquired by Rothschild at a later date.

Hartert (1928: 202) himself synonymized G. cristata caroli with G. c. brachyura Tristram. This was later synonymized with G. c. altirostris (Peters, 1960a: 59).

I was unable to find the exact location of Zaghig; however, Wâdi-el-Natrûn is ca. 60 mi SSE of Alexandria and 65 mi WNW of Cairo (Seltzer, 1962: 1289).

Holotype:

AMNH 557705, adult female, collected at Dthùbiya, South Yemen, on 21 August 1903, by G. Wyman Bury (no. 239). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert cited Bury's number 239 in his original description and noted that he had studied the holotype and 26 additional specimens. Twenty-two of the paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 557706–557714 collected by Bury, and AMNH 557715–557726 and AMNH 577734 collected by W. Dodson.

In Bury's book, written under his Arab name of Abdullah Mansûr (1911), Dthùbiya (spelled variously as Dthùbiyat, Dthùbiah, and Dthùbiyah) is shown on his map a short distance south and east of Awàbil, 13°50′N, 44°52′E (Seltzer, 1962: 129), Shaibi sheikdom, South Yemen. Mansûr (1911: 36–37) noted that they went to Awàbil to get guides and that Dthùbiya “lay among a sea of small kopjes, accessible only by a narrow mountain path…”.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457774, adult male, collected at Aswan, 24°05′N, 32°56′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, on 24 March 1850, by Oscar Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 21) designated this male the lectotype, thereby restricting the type locality to Aswan. A paralectotype is AMNH 457775, a female tied together with the lectotype, the pair having been shot by Oscar Brehm with one shot (Brehm, 1858: 208).

Hartert (1917a: 439) pointed out that the Masneu specimen mentioned in the description, now AMNH 457755, was collected by A.E. Brehm on 1 May 1856, not 1 June 1850 as reported by Brehm (1858: 208), and that A.E. Brehm was not in Spain on the earlier date. He also mentioned that Brehm had crossed out maculata on the label and written in striata, which Hartert considered a nomen nudum. It is a specimen of Galerida cristata pallida.

Holotype:

AMNH 557735, adult female, collected at Sôk al Khamîs, 8000 ft (= Al Khamîs, 15°07′N, 43°55′E, R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.), Yemen, on 11 August 1913, by G. Wyman Bury (no. 684). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

A map in Sclater (1917: opp. p. 131) shows Bury's route from Hodeida (= Al Hudayah) on the coast to San'ā'. Sôk al Khamîs is about three-fourths of the way along this road.

In the original description, Meinertzhagen said that he had 12 specimens from “Sok-el-Khamis”, “Menakha”, “Sanaa”, “El Kuba”, and “Gerba”. Actually, 12 specimens from the first three localities came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The latter two localities were within the range of G. c. tardinata, of which Meinertzhagen examined 40 specimens. The holotype, said to be in the Rothschild Collection, is the only specimen from Sôk al Khamîs. Paratypes are AMNH 557736–557743 from Manākhah, and AMNH 557744–557746 from San'ā'.

Holotype:

AMNH 557624, adult male, collected at Wadi Halfa, 21°55′N, 31°20′E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 2 February 1921, by Major Stanley Smyth Flower (no. 21/135). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Nicoll (1922: 688) stated that “The type of this form and one other example are now in the Tring Museum, the remainder of the collection is in the Giza Zoological Museum.” AMNH 557625, an adult female with the same data, is a paratype. The “remainder of the collection” consisted of two additional males and three additional females, also paratypes.

Vaurie (1959: 48) synonymized halfae with Galerida cristata maculata.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457777, adult male, collected in Egypt. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm described the Egyptian subspecies but included Thüringian specimens, which are quite different. Hartert (1918b: 19) designated the Egyptian specimen the lectotype, thereby restricting the type locality. Five German specimens identified as nigricans by Brehm (Hartert, 1918b: 19) came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Of these paralectotypes, four were later exchanged with ZFMK; only AMNH 457779, adult male, collected at Gotha, 20 October 1808 (= Galerida cristata cristata) remains.

Lectotype:

AMNH 557143, adult male, collected at Dumyât (= Damietta), 31°26′N, 31°48′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, on 22 November 1881, by Gustav Schrader. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

No type was designated in the original description, but Hartert (1919:165) listed the type as a specimen bearing the above data. There are, however, two males with the same data. The above specimen bears the Rothschild type label. Recognizing that it was Hartert's intent to consider this specimen the type and that it has been so considered, both in the Rothschild Collection and in AMNH, I hereby designate AMNH 557143 the lectotype in order to avoid the possiblity of confusion in interpreting the older literature. AMNH 557129–557131, collected at Cairo by Bartlett, and AMNH 557134–557142, collected at Damietta by Schrader, are paralectotypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 557592, adult male, collected on Mt. Carmel, 32°45′N, 35°02′E (Times Atlas), Israel, on 29 (not 28) August 1897, by Bacher (no. 151a). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1904a: 235) noted that he had two specimens of the new taxon. A second adult male was collected by Bacher on Mt. Carmel, on 28 August 1897, the date cited in the original description. Both of the specimens were originally numbered 151. However, it is the above specimen to which Hartert added the “a”—no. 151a being the number cited in the original description—and to which he tied the type label. Later, Hartert (1919: 166) called attention to this error in date citation in the original description. The second specimen, AMNH 557593, is a paratype.

Holotype:

AMNH 557644, adult female, collected at Jerusalem, 31°49′N, 35°13′E (Times Atlas), Israel, on 20 November 1919, by Richard Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Meinertzhagen (1920: 21) said that the type was in the Rothschild Museum; the above specimen is the only one bearing the correct data. Of the 44 specimens of this taxon that Meinertzhagen examined, 34, including the holotype, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes are AMNH 557645–557677.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457784, adult male, collected at Jativa, 39°00′N, 00°32′W (Times Atlas), near Valencia, Spain, on 19 June 1856, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 21) designated this specimen the lectotype and noted that it would be the type of both of the above taxa. Two paralectotypes also collected at Jativa are AMNH 457785, juv. male, 26 June 1856, and AMNH 457786, juv. female, 22 June 1856.

There is considerable literature concerning when and by whom Galerita theklae was described. Jürgen Haffer (personal commun.) has provided me with the following details, which would seem to settle the problem. Prior to 1910, C.L. Brehm (1858: 210) was usually credited with the first description of Galerita Theklae. Then, Hartert (1910b: 67) called attention to A.E. Brehm's (1857b: 456) earlier description in the second part of his article on his Spanish collections.

A question then arose as to the actual publication date of the second part of this article because A.E. Brehm noted that a full description and picture would follow, but in a footnote said that the bird was named in memory of his sister. C.L. Brehm (1858: 210) then described Galerita Theklae and on a subsequent page (C.L. Brehm, 1858: 213) named the subspecies G. T. major and G. T. minor. In a footnote on p. 210, he noted that G. Theklae was named after his daughter, who had died on 6 July 1858. It then seemed certain that A.E. Brehm's description had been published subsequent to this date. It is, however, an historical fact that Thekla Brehm died on 6 July 1857, the date given by C.L. Brehm being a misprint or a slip of the pen. The foreword to Allgemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung, N.F. 3, in which A.E. Brehm's description appeared, is dated January 1858, so it seems certain that A.E. Brehm's paper was correctly dated 1857 and antedates that of his father.

Abs (1963: 22–23) called attention to Hartert's (1910b, not 1907) article on A.E. Brehm's Spanish collection and noted that Hartert had apparently forgotten his own article when he wrote about the species in Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna, which Abs dated as 1910. However, Hartert's account of Galerida theklae is on page 237, which was published in 1904, before Hartert had discovered A.E. Brehm's paper. By 1918, when Hartert was treating the Brehm types in the Rothschild Collection, he had again reverted to C.L. Brehm as the author of G. theklae, without comment but perhaps because of the question surrounding the date of A.E. Brehm's paper.

Keith et al. (1992: 103) treat G. theklae and G. malabarica (Scopoli, 1786) as conspecific.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457783, adult female, collected in the Sierra Nevada, Spain, on 16 November 1856, by A.E. Brehm (no. 178). From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

On the original label, O. K[leinschmidt] stated: “Abgebildet nach Brehms Tagebuch i[m] N[euen] Naumann.” In the “Neuen Naumann” (see Hennicke, 1900: 40), Ernst Hartert, in his additions to the original text, noted that the Galerida theklae pictured on the opposite page was “das Weibchen (Nr. 178) eines gepaarten, von Dr. ALFRED BREHM in der Sierra Nevada in Südspanien am 16. November 1856 erlegten Paares, der Typus von Galerida Theklae major, aus der BREHMschen, jetzt in Tring befindlichen Sammlung”. By this statement he designated it the lectotype and restricted the type locality to the Sierra Nevada.

A.E. Brehm sexed this individual as a female and stated on the label that it was the female of a male–female pair. Hartert (1918b: 21) erroneously published it as a male. This lectotype is the only Sierra Nevada specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, but the implication from the label is that there were at least two.

Holotype:

AMNH 557860, adult male, collected on Ibiza Island, western Balearic Islands, Spain, on 29 March 1910, by Hauptmann Johann Polatzek (no. 17). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1912a: 29–30) cited Polatzek's number in the original description and mentioned that he had eight specimens (including the type) from Ibiza and Formentera islands in the Balearic Islands. The seven paratypes are AMNH 557861–557867, all collected by Polatzek in March–May 1910.

Holotype:

AMNH 557869, adult female, collected at Tanger, 35°48′N, 05°45′W (Times Atlas), Morocco, on 16 March 1897, by Ólcese (no. 1177). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert cited Ólcese's number 1177 in the original description. A second Ólcese specimen, AMNH 557870, is a paratype. Vaurie (1959: 50) and Cramp (1988: 163) treated G. malabarica as a species separate from G. theklae, and erlangeri as a subspecies of G. theklae.

Syntype:

AMNH 558074, adult male, collected at Kerrata, Algeria, on 4 May 1904, by Ernst Flückiger (no. 295). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Kleinschmidt (1904: 196) said that he had “eine Reihe von Brutvögeln aus Kerrata”, but did not designate a type or give any further information regarding the series. This syntype is marked “cotypus” in what Hartert (1919: 166) said was Kleinschmidt's hand, and in listing it, Hartert gave the information cited above but did not mention other “cotypes”. In addition to the syntype, nine specimens from Kerrata collected by Flückiger, AMNH 558075–558083, came to AMNH with the Rothschild collection, none of which is marked “cotypus”.

According to Seltzer (1962: 932) Kerrata is a village in the Babor Range (36°49′N, 05°24′E, Times Atlas) of Little Kabylia, 22 miles southeast of Bougie (= Bejaia, 36°49′N, 05°03′E, Times Atlas).

Peters (1960a: 62) and Cramp (1988: 163) treated ruficolor as a subspecies of Galerida theklae. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 655) and Keith et al. (1992: 103) treated malabarica and theklae as species.

Holotype:

AMNH 558127, adult male, collected at El Kantara, 35°13′N, 05°40′E (Times Atlas), Algeria, on 2 March 1909, by Walter Rothschild, Ernst Hartert, and Carl Hilgert (no. 42). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The field no. 42 was cited in the original description. Rothschild and Hartert (1912a: 492, 494) stated that they had at least 50 specimens collected at various localities by their expedition or by Flückiger. Thirty-eight of these specimens, excluding the type, collected before 1912, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. These paratypes are AMNH 558112, 558113, 558122, 558125, 558126, 558128–558137, 558139–558154, and 558158–558164.

Peters (1960a: 62) and Cramp (1988: 163) treated superflua as a subspecies of Galerida theklae. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 655) treated malabarica and theklae as species in the superspecies malabarica.

This description is in volume 18, no. 3 of Novitates Zoologicae, published on 31 January 1912.

Lectotype:

AMNH 557010, adult male, collected at Gambaga, 10°31′N, 00°22′W (Times Atlas), Ghana, on 18 July 1898, by Capt. Giffard. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert (1899: 5) did not say how many specimens he had, only mentioning that the type was from near Gambaga. Hartert (1919: 165) designated the male as the lectotype and mentioned that Capt. Giffard had collected two specimens. AMNH 557011, a female collected 20 December 1898 at the same locality, is the paralectotype.

Syntypes:

AMNH 557007, adult male, collected at Fadjuli, Uganda, in March 1882, by Emin Pasha (no. 6); and AMNH 557008, adult female, collected at Kabajendi, Sudan, on 1 November 1882, by Emin Pasha (no. 209). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1919: 165) listed these two specimens as “Cotypes”. In the original description, Hartlaub (1887: 327) mentioned that he had six specimens: a male and female from Fadjuli, a male and female from Tamaja, a female from Kabajendi, and a male from Kudurma (from the Shelley Collection). In addition to the above syntypes, there is a third specimen, now AMNH 557009. The original label has been lost, but Emin Pasha is said to be the collector on the Rothschild label, which also gives the locality as “?Kuderma”. A second label has the locality almost completely obliterated, but one can tell that it is not “Kuderma”. This specimen is unsexed and was not included in the six specimens listed by Hartlaub, all of which were sexed.

The Kudurma specimen, listed by Hartlaub as from the Shelley Collection, is now in BMNH (Sharpe, 1890: 624). It was listed by Sharpe (1890: 624) as Hartlaub's specimen no. 6 from the Shelley Collection but was not listed as a syntype by either Sharpe or Warren and Harrison (1971). Other specimens are not in Bremen (P.R. Becker, personal commun.) or Vienna (H. Schifter, personal commun.).

Sclater (1930: 326) restricted the type locality to Tamaja.

Map 2 in Stuhlmann (1916) showed the area in which Emin Pasha collected in 1882. Chapin (1954) gave the coordinates of Kabajendi (Kabayendi) as 04°32′N, 30°05′E and of Fadjuli (Pajule) as 02°58′N, 32°55′E.

Syntype:

AMNH 457915, adult male, collected in Carinthia, Austria, on 16 March 1836. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This taxon was not listed by Hartert in his various lists of types in the Rothschild Collection; therefore, the above specimen was not designated a lectotype. It does, however, bear a Rothschild type label and has been included in the AMNH type collection. Brehm (1841, col. 153) stated that he had a pair of specimens from Carinthia. The other syntype, AMNH 457916, was exchanged with ZFMK.

“Gerlach in Kaernthen” appears on Brehm's label, but I did not find this locality.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457971, adult male, collected at Brinnis, near Leipzig, 51°20′N, 12°20′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 23 May 1835, by C.L. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 22) designated the above male the lectotype. Brehm (1841:141) stated that he had three pairs of A. pratorum in his collection. Five of those specimens, including the lectotype, came to AMNH. AMNH 457972, an adult female, tied together with the lectotype and bearing the same data, is a paralectotype. The other three paralectotypes, AMNH 457973–457975, were exchanged with ZFMK.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457955, adult female, collected at Nerdin near Anklam, 53°52′N, 13°42′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 23 March 1833, by Eugen F. von Homeyer. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm (1841:151) listed 12 specimens. Six specimens, collected before 1841 and entered in the AMNH catalog as galeridaria, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1918b: 22) designated the above specimen the lectotype. It is the first specimen mentioned by Brehm and all of the data on the specimen match those reported by Brehm. The other five specimens, AMNH 457948, 457949, and 457952–457954, were exchanged with ZFMK. As cataloged in AMNH, the dates do not match those given by Brehm and they may not be paralectotypes.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457917, adult female, collected at Brinnis near Leipzig, 51°20′N, 12°20′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 24 May 1835, by C.L. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 22), when designating the above specimen the lectotype, noted that it is especially mentioned by Brehm. AMNH 457918–457920 and AMNH 457922–457924 may be paralectotypes; they were all exchanged to ZFMK.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457899, adult female, collected in the Thuringian Forest near Zella-Mehlis, 50°40′N, 10°41′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 23 June 1827. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm (1831: 319) did not say how many specimens he had, but implied that he had several. Hartert (1918b: 21) designated this specimen the lectotype. This is the only Thuringian Forest specimen of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457855, unsexed, collected on 6 May 1835, at Bug, 54°37′N, 13°14′E (Times Atlas), Rügen Island, Germany, by Baron Eugen von Homeyer and Löwenstein.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 22) designated the above specimen the lectotype. Of the Brehm specimens cataloged as A. bugiensis, only one has a date early enough to qualify as a paralectotype: AMNH 457860, collected at Renthendorf on 11 January 1841, was exchanged to ZFMK.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457931, adult female, collected at Dubrovnik (= Ragusa), 42°40′N, 18°07′E (Times Atlas), Croatia, on 4 May 1839, by Michahelles. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm stated that he had only two specimens of his A. albigularis. The above specimen was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 22). The second specimen, AMNH 457930, adult male, collected at Klagenfurt, 46°38′N, 14°20′E (Times Atlas), Austria, on 5 March 1826, was said by Hartert (1918b: 22) to be a specimen of A. a. arvensis, in contrast to the lectotype, which he thought agreed with A. a. cantarella Bonaparte, 1850. However, modern interpretations (Vaurie, 1959: 54; Cramp, 1988: 188) place specimens from Germany and Austria in the nominotypical subspecies A. a. arvensis. AMNH 457930 was exchanged to ZFMK.

Comments:

The convoluted history of the name Alauda dulcivox has recently been reviewed by Dickinson et al. (2001a: 102) and the reader is referred to that thorough study for information on names based on Hodgson specimens. Both Hume (1872) and Brooks (1873) credited Hodgson with the description of Alauda dulcivox; however, the name appeared in Hodgson's (1844) catalog without description. In his 1951 paper, Vaurie (1951c: 511) attributed the first description accompanying the name to Brooks (1873: 484) and, though noting that Brooks “did not select a type”, agreed with “Ticehurst (1922: 149) that Brooks gave an adequate description of the winter visitors that occur in the plains of northern India”, birds that Vaurie considered “identical with specimens in comparative plumage from Russian Turkestan”. Because Brooks did not name a type or fix a type locality, Vaurie proposed the above specimen as a neotype.

Later, Vaurie (1959: 55, footnote) discovered that Hume (1872: 39) had described Alauda dulcivox earlier, but did not think that Hume had specified a type either. Here he inexplicably refers to the above specimen as a “lectotype”. However, Dickinson et al. (2001a: 102) have shown that Hume did designate a type, with a type locality. This specimen, not listed by Warren and Harrison (1971), has now been found by Michael Walters in the BMNH collection (BMNH Reg. no. 1887.78.1.3736). As the above neotype was intended to apply to Brooks' description, not an original description, the neotype has no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, Art. 75.8).

Djarkent since 1942 has been called Panfilov (Seltzer, 1962: 872, 1423) in what is now Kazakhstan, near the border with China. The coordinates of Panfilov are 44°10′N, 80°01′E (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 77175, adult male, collected at Gizhiga, 62°00′N, 160°34′E (Times Atlas), Magadan Oblast, Russian Federation, on 3 May 1901, by N.G. Buxton (no. 586), on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.

Comments:

The AMNH number was cited in the original description. There are four paratypes, all from Gizhiga: AMNH 77173, 77174, 77176, and 77177.

Allen (1905: 219) quoted Buxton: “All of the birds in the collection labeled ‘Gichiga’ were collected within a radius of 35 miles from my station at Kooshka, which is situated on the left bank of the Gichiga River in latitude 62°42′E. The greater part of them were collected within a radius of 10 miles.” The coordinates of Kushka are given as 61°58′N, 160°19′E (Times Atlas), located near the mouth of the Gizhiga River. A full itinerary was given by Buxton in Allen's (1903: 101–119) report on the mammals collected.

Lectotype:

AMNH 555556, adult male, collected at Ch'iung-chou, 19°56′N, 110°30′E (Times Atlas), Hainan Island, China, on 24 February 1902, by Zensaku Katsumata. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1922a: 21) noted that he had 12 specimens of this form and that the type was a male collected at Kiung-Chau, Hainan, on 24 XI [sic] 1902 by Katsumata. There are 12 specimens collected by Katsumata on Hainan in February and March 1902 now in AMNH, although three of them are from Haihow, not Ch'iung-Chau. Hartert (1928: 201) designated as lectotype a male from “Kiangchau” collected on 24 February 1902, correctly citing the collecting date. There are three males collected on this date, but AMNH 555556 is the specimen bearing the Rothschild type label. The Rothschild Collection label is also marked “type hainana” in Hartert's hand. As this specimen is undoubtedly the one intended by Hartert as the type and has always been so considered, I hereby designate this specimen the lectotype in order to eliminate the ambiguity. Given that the month of collection was a misprint in the original description, the three specimens collected on 24 February 1902 would have to be considered syntypes. After lectotypification, the two remaining syntypes become paralectotypes: AMNH 555557–555558.

Lectotype:

AMNH 555589, adult male, collected in Bangkok, 13°44′N, 100°30′E (Times Atlas), Thailand, on 31 March 1915, by W.J.F. Williamson. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert (1923d: 149) said that the type, an adult male collected by Williamson on 31 March 1915, was in the Rothschild Museum; in his list of Rothschild types, he (Hartert, 1928: 210) did not add any further information. There are two adult males collected on 31 March 1915, which would therefore have to be considered syntypes. The above specimen, AMNH 555589, bears the Rothschild type label and the Rothschild Collection label marked “Type of Alauda arvensis herberti Hartert” in Hartert's hand. It is undoubtedly the specimen intended as the type and I hereby designate it the lectotype to remove the ambiguity. The paralectotype is AMNH 555591.

Hartert (1923d: 149) gave measurements of four males (88–91 mm) and one female (85.5 mm), all from Bangkok. In fact, five males and one female in the type series came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Four of the males and the female were collected by Williamson in February–June 1915 (AMNH 555589–555593), and a juv. male, AMNH 555588, was collected on 6 July 1919 by E.G. Herbert, for whom the taxon was named. Herbert noted that he collected this specimen and saw several other juveniles that had “nearly finished moulting from the white-tipped feathers, and have no tail feathers …”. This specimen is indeed without tail feathers, and the third primary from the outside is growing. Hartert would not have included its measurements, and its wing measures only 80.0 mm. Hartert (1923d: 149) indicated that he included wing measurements of the four males collected by Williamson; however, AMNH 555592 has the outer primaries worn and badly broken. While this could have occurred subsequent to his taking measurements, my measurements of the wings of the three other males, 87–91 mm, almost exactly correspond to Hartert's published measurements. The wing of the above lectotype measures 88 mm. The female wing measures 85.0 mm.

Holotype:

AMNH 305901, adult male, collected at Changyinhku, 7000 ft, Myanmar–Yunnan border, on 9 March 1939, by the Vernay–Cutting Burma Expedition (no. 1106).

Comments:

Mayr (in Stanford and Mayr, 1941: 375) gave the AMNH number of the holotype and stated that he had nine additional adult birds collected in March by the Vernay–Cutting Expedition and a March and a December specimen collected at Tengyueh (by George Forrest). The 11 paratypes are AMNH 307626–307634, 555570, and 555571.

Stanford (in Stanford and Mayr, 1940: 683) noted that Changyinhku was at the headwaters of the Chipwi stream, the mouth of which is at 25°54′N, 98°08′E (USBGN). It is shown on the map and described by Anthony (1941: 41, 44).

Holotype:

AMNH 555616, adult male, collected at Han-k'ou, 30°35′N, 114°19′E (Times Atlas), Hubei, China, on 18 March 1912, by Admiral Hubert Lynes (no. 1854). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This holotype is the only specimen collected by Admiral Lynes at Han-k'ou on this date (cited in the original description). His other specimens from Han-k'ou, collected in March, April, and May 1912, are paratypes: AMNH 555617–555624.

Syntype:

AMNH 555633, adult female, collected on Xiamen (= Amoy) Island, China, on 14 November 1857, by Robert Swinhoe. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Swinhoe described male, female, and nestling but did not give the number of specimens or dates of collection. The above specimen is the only Swinhoe specimen of this taxon in AMNH collected before 1859; it had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection. There are several other syntypes in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 123).

Holotype:

AMNH 554869, adult male, collected on the Plains of Deosai, 13,200 ft, Kashmir, on 24 August 1925, by R. Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type, with the above data, was said to be in the Rothschild Collection. This is the only specimen of deosai received by AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Lectotype:

AMNH 457703, “adult male” (re-sexed as female by Vaurie, 1951c: 489–490), collected in Lebanon, in spring, by Dr. Wilhelm Hemprich and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This is the only Brehm specimen of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, and it was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918b: 23). However, Hemprich and Ehrenberg collected other specimens, nos. 245–273 in Hemprich's unpublished list, where they are listed as “Accentor? bicornis H.” (Stresemann, 1954b: 175, 1962: 386). While Brehm almost certainly purchased this specimen from Lichtenstein in Berlin, it is probably now impossible to know whether he had others of these specimens in hand when he named this form, based on the Hemprich manuscript name (Brehm, 1855: 122).

There is no original Hemprich and Ehrenberg label on this specimen. Brehm's label mentions that the specimen was collected in “vere”. Vaurie (1959: 42) gave the date as “end of June 1824”, but I was unable to trace the source of this more exact date. The correspondence of Hemprich and Ehrenberg indicates that they were in Lebanon between May and August 1824 (Stresemann, 1954b: 122, 1962).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457691, adult male, collected in North America, in winter. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918b: 22–23) designated the above specimen the lectotype of Phileremos rufescens and suspected “that Phileremos glacialis … was described from the same specimen, but the diagnosis [of rufescens]—perhaps by a slip or a misprint—says the opposite!” The name Phileremos rufescens appears on the label of the specimen in Brehm's hand and glacialis does not appear there. A paralectotype (AMNH 457692), female from North America, labeled Phileremos rufescens by Brehm, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Syntypes:

AMNH 40225, adult male, and AMNH 40226, adult female, collected on the line of the old Panama railroad, Atlantic slope, Panama, by James McLeannan and John R. Galbraith, in winter of 1860 (Lawrence, 1861b: 315). From the Lawrence Collection.

Comments:

Lawrence (1861b: 317) had previously identified these specimens as Petrochelidon leucoptera (Gmelin), his species no. 156. Lawrence (1861b: 317, 1863b: 2) did not indicate how many specimens he had. These are the only two specimens of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 40227, unsexed, collected in Quito (= Rio Napo, Hellmayr, 1935: 71), Ecuador. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments:

As accepted by Hellmayr (1935: 71, footnote) and Brooke (1974: 129), aequatorialis is the correct spelling of Lawrence's name. The original spelling, aequitorialis, was a misspelling and was corrected on an errata sheet bound into volume 8 of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York (in which volume this name was first introduced) with the following statement: “p. 400, 6th line from the bottom, for aequitorialis read aequatorialis.” This fulfills the requirements of the Code (ICZN, 1999, Arts. 33.2 and 33.2.1, and earlier Codes) for an acceptable emendation, contra Parkes (1993: 119–120). See Petrochelidon rufocollaris aequatorialis for further discussion.

Lawrence (1866: 400) did not say how many specimens of this taxon he had but gave the locality as Quito, Ecuador. Four specimens came to AMNH with the Lawrence Collection; this is the only one from Ecuador, and it bears a Lawrence type label.

Holotype:

AMNH 112459, adult male, collected at Chicoral, 1800 ft, 04°13′N, 74°59′W (Paynter, 1997: 83), Coello River, Tolima, Colombia, on 6 October 1911, by Arthur. A. Allen and Leo E. Miller (no. 729).

Comments:

In the original description, Chapman (1912: 156) gave the AMNH number of the holotype and said that he had 13 specimens, including the type. The 12 paratypes are the following: AMNH 112460, 112461, Chicoral; AMNH 40211, Bogota, from the Lawrence Collection; AMNH 73620, 73622, 73623, Suapure, Venezuela; and AMNH 75692–75697, Maripo, Venezuela. AMNH 73621 was not part of the type series as it was exchanged to the Brooklyn Museum on 3 August 1908. Later on this specimen was returned when the Brooklyn Museum gave its bird collection to AMNH in November 1935, and was then inadvertently recataloged as AMNH 438883. It is still present in the collection.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 573) retained the genus Phaeoprogne.

Holotype:

AMNH 186307, adult female, collected on the cliffs south of Talara, 04°34′S, 81°17′W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983: 211), Piura, Peru, on 23 January 1925, by Robert Cushman Murphy (no. 4021) and Van Campen Heilner.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Paratypes are AMNH 152257, juv. male from Huaral, and AMNH 186305 and 186306, both males from Talara.

This is still considered a monotypic species by some authors (American Ornithologists' Union, 1998: 456).

Syntypes:

AMNH 6759, adult male, and AMNH 6760, adult female, collected at Rio de Janeiro, 22°54′S, 43°14′W (Paynter and Traylor, 1991: 520), Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments:

This description appeared in volume 2 of Wied's “Reise” in the “Berichtigungen und Zusätze” for volume 1. According to Wied (1830: 371), these specimens were the basis of Temminck's (1823, in Temminck and Laugier, 1820–1839) plate 209, figure 1. Temminck, however, depicted only one individual and listed several collections that had specimens, including Wied's.

These are the only two specimens of this taxon that came to AMNH with the Maximilian Collection. For a recent reveiw of information relating to the publication of Temminck and Laugier, see Dickinson (2001).

Holotype:

AMNH 152289, adult female, collected in Huaral, 11°30′S, 77°12′W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983: 91), Lima, Peru, on 26 December 1918, by Harry Watkins.

Comments:

In the original description, Chapman (1922: 7) gave the AMNH number of the holotype and said that there were 44 specimens of the taxon in AMNH as well as additional specimens in BMNH. When he listed the specimens examined, Chapman (1922: 11) indicated 45, though there were actually 46 specimens from the localities listed cataloged in AMNH. The 45 paratypes are AMNH 152275–152288 and 152290–152312, all collected by Harry Watkins at Vitarte, Huacho, Bequeta, Huaral and Trujillo, Peru, in 1918 and 1919; AMNH 170563–170566, collected by Harry Watkins at Moquega, Cocachacra, Vitor, and Pisco, Peru, in 1920; and AMNH 166024–166027, collected by Rollo H. Beck, at Lima and Chorillos, Peru, on the Brewster–Sanford Expedition in 1913. I did not find AMNH 152305 in the collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 169932, adult female, collected at Maraynioc, 11°22′S, 75°24′W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983: 128), 10,850 ft, Junín, Peru, on 7 April 1921, by Harry Watkins.

Comments:

The description was based on a single specimen.

Holotype:

AMNH 6758, adult [male], collected on the “Rio Grande de Belmonte”, Bahia, Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments:

Allen (1889b: 216) called attention to the fact that this species was “described from a single male bird, which is the basis of Temminck's Pl. 209, Fig. 2, as stated by both Temminck and Wied” (1830: 371). The original label no longer shows the sex of the bird, and it has been (incorrectly) designated a female on the AMNH label. It is the only specimen of the taxon that AMNH received with the Maximilian Collection. Temminck's plate 209 appeared in the 35th Livraison, which according to Dickinson (2001: 46) was published in 1823.

The original Wied label has the locality as “Rio Grande de Belmonte”. Bokermann (1957: 228) and Paynter and Traylor (1991: 328) equated the “Rio Grande de Belmonte” with the Rio Jequitinhonha, which flows into the Atlantic at Belmonte, 15°51′S, 38°54′W.

Holotype:

AMNH 112468, adult male, collected at Juntas de Tamaná, 04°59′N, 76°24′W, 800 ft, Río Tamaná, Chocó (Paynter, 1997: 207), Colombia, on 19 December 1911, by Arthur A. Allen and Leo E. Miller (no. 1688).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Of the 21 specimens of minimus listed by Chapman (1924a: 9), the holotype and the following paratypes are in AMNH: AMNH 107531–107533 from San José, Cauca, Colombia, and AMNH 43581 and 43582, from Panama, G.N. Lawrence Collection.

Neochelidon is feminine and requires a feminine ending for minima (David and Gosselin, 2002: 19).

Holotype:

AMNH 146322, adult male, collected at Candamo, 13°31′S, 69°41′W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983: 31), Puno, Peru, on 10 December 1916, by Harry Watkins (no. 423).

Comments:

The AMNH number was cited in the original description. There are two paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 169933 from Tulumayo, Peru, and AMNH 130062 from Zamora, Ecuador.

Syntypes:

AMNH 40252, adult female, and AMNH 40253, adult male, collected on the Atlantic slope, along the route of the old Panama railroad, Panama, by James McLeannan and John R. Galbraith. From the Lawrence Collection.

Comments:

These specimens were listed as species no. 157, Cotyle flavigastra (Vieill.), in Lawrence (1861b: 317), where the collecting locality is given and a male and a female are noted as collected.

Lectotypes:

AMNH 6761, adult male, collected at Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande de Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied. From the Maximilian Collection.

Comments:

This is the only specimen of this taxon received with the Maximilian Collection. Allen (1889b: 217), by listing it as the type, effectively designated it the lectotype, should other specimens be found.

The original label has the locality as “Rio Grande de Belmonte”. Bokermann (1957: 228) and Paynter and Traylor (1991: 328) equated the “Rio Grande de Belmonte” with the Rio Jequitinhonha, which flows into the Atlantic at Belmonte, 15°51′S, 38°54′W.

Holotype:

AMNH 560714, adult female, collected on Marngle Creek (= Manguel Creek, R. Johnstone, pers.onal commun.), 17°49′S, 123°39′E (Johnstone and Storr, 1998: 417), near mouth of Fitzroy River, Western Australia, on 29 May 1911, by J.P. Rogers (no. 1686). From the Mathews Collection (no. 9144) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews catalog number was given in the original description, which was published in January 1912. This specimen has the following Mathews' labels attached: a green “type” label; a yellow label indicating that it was figured in Mathews (1919–1920, pt. 1, p. 44 and pl. 374); and a pink collection label, bearing the number 430, indicating the species number in Mathews'(1908) “Handlist”. Mathews did not indicate how many specimens he had.

The spelling “leucosternus”, a noun in apposition, should be used (Brooke, 1974: 128).

Holotype:

AMNH 560700, adult female, collected at Warialda, 29°33′S, 150°36′E, New South Wales, Australia, in May 1908, by Schrader (according to the Rothschild label; no. 821 stamped on the field label may be Schrader's number). From the Mathews Collection (no. 1549) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews catalog number was given in the original description. Mathews did not state how many specimens he had.

Holotype:

AMNH 559362, adult male, collected above “Escarpment”, 8000 ft, Kikuyu Mts., Kenya, in September 1900, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Three specimens were collected by Doherty in this locality; the holotype is the only one collected in September 1900. The two paratypes are AMNH 559363, sex unknown, and AMNH 559364, female, both collected in December 1900.

Hartert (1922b: 377) noted that his use of “Mau Escarpment” in the original description was incorrect. Hartert (1902d: 620) described this locality as “in the Kikuyu Mountains above the ‘Escarpment’ station of the Uganda railway. ‘Escarpment,’ about halfway between Ft. Smith (Nairobi) and Naivasha station, was in October 1900 the terminus of the railway.” He further noted that Doherty's collections were “from the eastern side of the Great Rift Valley”. The Escarpment Station is at 01°01′S, 36°37′E (R.J. Dowsett, personal commun.).