The goblin spider genus Scaphiella Simon is characterized by several unique characters, including peculiarly shaped macrosetae found medially on the chelicerae and basally on the palpal tarsi of both sexes. The genus is restricted to the New World tropics, except for one species collected in far southern Florida; as revised here, the group comprises 61 species, all of which have small distribution ranges and 49 of which are newly described: S. longkey from Florida; S. campeche, S. tuxtla, S. palenque, S. cocona, and S. palmillas from southern Mexico; S. cayo from Belize; S. mico from Guatemala; S. ceiba, S. lancetilla, and S. muralla from Honduras; S. bopal from Nicaragua; S. vito, S. hitoy, S. virgen, and S. osa from Costa Rica; S. antonio, S. altamira, and S. hone from Costa Rica and Panama; S. bocas and S. almirante from Panama; S. bonda, S. meta, and S. vicencio from Colombia; S. pich, S. napo, S. tena, S. incha, and S. chone from Ecuador; S. pago from Peru; S. manaus, S. irmaos, S. capim, S. penna, and S. murici from Brazil; S. kartabo from Guyana; S. miranda, S. guatopo, S. tigre, S. gracia, S. cata, S. valencia, S. icabaru, and S. ayacucho from Venezuela; S. guiria from Venezuela and Trinidad; S. arima from Trinidad; S. etang from Guadeloupe; S. saba from Saba; and S. buck from St. Croix.
INTRODUCTION
The goblin spider genus Scaphiella was established by Simon (1891) for the unusual species Scaphiella cymbalaria Simon, from the island of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles. Simon had both sexes of the type species, which he believed to occur also in his Venezuelan collections. Although the original description was not accompanied by any illustrations, Simon (1893a: figs. 257, 258) soon supplied lateral and dorsal views of the distinctive abdomen of females, making these “taco spiders” instantly recognizable: in females, the ventral scutum extends around the sides of the abdomen, leaving only a small portion of the soft, dorsal surface uncovered (figs. 85, 87). Males have a dorsal scutum not found in females (figs. 1, 30) but have a similar (if less laterally extended) ventral scutum.
Figures 1–10
Scaphiella longkey, new species, male. 1. Habitus, dorsal view. 2. Same, ventral view. 3. Same, lateral view. 4. Same, anterior view. 5. Carapace, dorsal view. 6. Same, lateral view. 7. Left palp, dorsal view. 8. Same, prolateral view. 9. Same, ventral view. 10. Same, retrolateral view.
Over subsequent decades, Simon and later authors added over 20 additional species to the genus, but many of them were transferred to Escaphiella, hypothesized to represent the sister group of Scaphiella, by Platnick and Dupérré (2009b). Members of both genera share the presumably synapomorphic ventral scutal arrangement, as well as a characteristic epigynal configuration (figs. 65–67), but differ in many other characters.
Males of the type species, S. cymbalaria, have unusual, anteriorly directed projections on the anterior surface of the chelicerae (figs. 1053, 1056); smaller projections also occur in males of Scaphiella simla Chickering (figs. 849, 851). Such projections have not been detected in males of any of the other species, suggesting that S. cymbalaria and S. simla are sister taxa. Simon (1893b: 444) presented the locality data for the Venezuelan specimen he had earlier (1891) assigned to S. cymbalaria, but that specimen is a female placed below in Scaphiella valencia, new species. At present, S. cymbalaria is known from several islands in the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Martinique, and Montserrat, as well as St. Vincent), but not from Venezuela (where the clade seems to be represented instead by S. simla, which occurs also on Trinidad).
These relatively small geographic ranges are typical of the many species recognized below; only five of the other known species are known from more than a single country or island, and in each of those cases the total distribution is still small, encompassing, for example, adjacent parts of Costa Rica and Panama (as in the new species S. antonio, S. altamira, and S. hone), of Panama and Colombia (as in S. barroana Gertsch, described from Panama and here newly recorded from Colombia), or of Trinidad and nearby parts of Venezuela (as in S. guiria, new species).
In addition to the small average size of their distributional ranges, Scaphiella species seem to be confined to the New World tropics, from southern Mexico and Cuba (south of the Tropic of Cancer) south to areas of Peru and Brazil that are north of the Tropic of Capricorn (see the Frontispiece). This is in sharp contrast to the much wider distribution of Escaphiella, which extends from central California and Utah as far south as Chile and Argentina. However, there is one exceptional record of true Scaphiella specimens from outside the true tropics; one male and one female were collected on Long Key in the Florida Keys. When we first encountered this pair of specimens, we assumed that they were just introduced from some more tropical locality. However, our intensive efforts to associate these two specimens with any of the tropical species we’ve studied have all been unsuccessful, and we have therefore had to describe these specimens below as S. longkey, new species. The species may eventually be found elsewhere (both Cuba and the Bahama Islands have been insufficiently sampled for oonopids), but there are other oonopid species that seem to be endemic to far southern Florida.
Almost all specimens of Scaphiella can quickly be distinguished from those of Escaphiella by several features that are, so far as we are aware, unique to these animals. In both sexes, the highly elongated chelicerae (figs. 52, 62) bear, along their median surface, peculiarly shaped, black macrosetae (figs. 332, 335). Similarly shaped, black macrosetae occur also near the base of the prolateral surface of the palpal tarsus, again in both sexes (figs. 497, 501, 545, 546). In addition, the palpal tarsus of females is unusually inflated (fig. 547). Here again, however, there is a single specimen that declines to cooperate. This female, from Belize, is placed below as that of S. cayo, new species. In this female, neither the chelicerae (figs. 153–156) nor the palpal tarsus (figs. 157–160) have the characteristic macrosetae, and the palpal tarsus is not nearly as expanded as is typical for the genus. However, the elongated cheliceral shape supports placement of this female in Scaphiella rather than Escaphiella (cf. Platnick and Dupérré, 2009b: figs. 22–24), and we have found no other characters to suggest that this specimen does not match the males of S. cayo, which were taken in the same area of Belize, by the same collectors, on the same expedition.
Males of at least Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch (1941) and S. altamira, new species, have a distinctively enlarged, smooth seta that originates anteriorly of the cheliceral fang base, and extends almost the length of the cheliceral fang (figs. 331, 333, 489, 490). Unfortunately, these peculiar setae do not seem to occur in the females of those species, so their absence in the female of S. cayo is also uninformative. The absence of a groove connecting the posterior spiracles, however, also supports the placement of this female in Scaphiella rather than Escaphiella.
As in Escaphiella, species from nearby geographic localities often differ obviously in somatic characters, particularly the presence/absence or distribution of microsculpture on the carapace and sternum. Similarities in these features often corroborate the matching of males and females that have not yet been collected together, as in almost all cases, the two sexes correspond in these features. The same is true for reductions in eye size, which we have noted in Scaphiella bordoni Dumitrescu and Georgescu (1987) from Venezuela and some new species (S. muralla from Honduras, S. antonio from Costa Rica and Panama, S. incha from Ecuador, S. miranda and S. gracia from Venezuela, and S. arima from Trinidad). One notable exception is Scaphiella weberi Chickering (1968) from Trinidad, where the two female paratypes have eye reductions and substantial microsculpture on the carapace that do not also occur on the male holotype. All three specimens were collected by N. Weber, but have no detailed locality data, so we do not know whether they were actually taken at the same place or time. Chickering (1968: 155) had other Weber-collected specimens from Trinidad, with the same lack of detailed data, that he “tentatively assigned to this species but with considerable uncertainty”; those specimens are here placed instead in S. guiria, new species. In the absence of any isolated males from Trinidad or northern Venezuela that provide a better fit, we have elected to retain Chickering’s hypothesized matching of the sexes in S. weberi, and merely caution readers that it may be erroneous.
We have not detected any instances of the marked asymmetry between the right and left male palps that characterizes some species of Escaphiella (see Platnick and Dupérré, 2009b). Similarly, we have not detected any examples of the fusion or reduction of the posterior median spinnerets (but we have scanned the spinnerets in detail for only three of the species discussed below). Perhaps the most unusual modification we have detected is the presence in males of the new species S. etang, from Guadeloupe, of a series of strong cusps on the dorsal surface of the palpal femur (figs. 1074, 1078–1080).
Like many other hard-bodied oonopids, Scaphiella specimens have a pair of oval, differentially sclerotized patches situated near the pedicel, at the anterior end of the sides of the ventral abdominal scutum. These structures have commonly been called booklung covers, as in other spiders, but that terminology may be incorrect, as these structures are actually situated far anterior of both the anterior spiracles and the booklungs themselves (figs. 22, 23, 375). Of course, the booklungs in oonopids are typically reduced, both in size and in the number of leaves comprising each lung, but in other spiders the posterior edge of the booklung covers marks the position of the anterior spiracles. The position of the structures in oonopids suggests that they might be involved in proprioception of the position of the abdomen relative to the basal segments of the fourth pair of legs.
Our survey of this genus is based on study of over 600 specimens from the collections listed below. Our methods follow those of Platnick and Dupérré (2009a, 2009b); the species are treated geographically, by country, proceeding from North and Central American to western South America, followed by eastern South America and then the West Indies. To aid with identifications, four separate keys are provided to species known from different parts of the total range of the genus. Only differences from the males are mentioned in the descriptions of females. All measurements are in mm. All the new specific names are nouns, used in apposition, taken from some part of the type locality. Full color and high-resolution versions of the images will be available on our Goblin Spider Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) project’s website ( http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae).
Collections Examined
AMNH
American Museum of Natural History, New York
BMNH
Natural History Museum, London, England
CAS
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
CNC
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa
FMNH
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
FSCA
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville
IBSP
Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
INBIO
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, Costa Rica
KBIN
Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels, Belgium
MACN
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
MCZ
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
MHNG
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland
MIUP
Museo de Invertebrados, Universidad de Panamá
MNHN
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MPEG
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
MUSM
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
UAM
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks
USNM
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
ZMUC
Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
ZMUT
Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Finland
SCAPHIELLA SIMON
Scaphiella Simon, 1891: 561 (type species by monotypy Scaphiella cymbalaria Simon).
Diagnosis
Members of this genus closely resemble those of Escaphiella but can be distinguished by the shape of the chelicerae, which are long and narrow rather than short and wide, and by the absence of an embolar base in males (figs. 8–10). Almost all specimens can also quickly be recognized by the presence of black macrosetae on the chelicerae (figs. 332, 335) and near the base of the prolateral side of the palpal tarsus in both sexes (figs. 497, 501, 533, 545, 546), and by the presence of an expanded palpal tarsus in females (figs. 545, 547), but the macrosetae are not present in the female here assigned to Scaphiella cayo, new species, and the palpal tarsus of that female is slightly less expanded than in other species.
Description
Total length of males 0.9–1.8, of females 1.0–2.2; cephalothorax, legs, and abdominal scuta yellow to orange-brown, usually pale orange. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace without any pattern, ovoid in dorsal view, pars cephalica slightly to strongly elevated in lateral view, anteriorly narrowed to between 0.5 and 0.75 times its maximum width, with rounded posterolateral corners; posterolateral edge without pits, posterior margin not bulging below posterior rim, anterolateral corners without extension or projections, posterolateral surface without spikes, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth; thorax without depressions, fovea absent, without radiating rows of pits; lateral margin straight, rebordered, usually with blunt denticles; plumose setae near posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; nonmarginal pars cephalica setae dark, needlelike, scattered; nonmarginal pars thoracica setae usually present, dark, needlelike; marginal setae absent. Clypeus margin unmodified, vertical in lateral view, straight or curved downwards in ventral view, high, ALE separated from edge of carapace by their radius or more, median projection absent, setae dark, needlelike. Chilum absent. Eyes six, usually well developed (exceptions noted in species descriptions), ALE usually largest, circular, PME usually squared, PLE oval; posterior eye row procurved from front, usually procurved from above but sometimes straight; ALE separated by their diameter or less, usually by less than their radius, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME usually touching throughout most of their length (but can be separated by more than their diameter in species with reduced eyes), PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius, sometimes touching. Sternum longer than wide, coloration uniform, fused to carapace, median concavity absent, without hair tufts, with radial furrows between coxae I-II, II-III, III-IV, furrows smooth, radial furrow opposite coxae III absent, sickle-shaped structures absent; anterior margin with narrow transverse groove, often interrupted at middle (figs. 19, 491, 492), posterior margin not extending posteriorly of coxae IV, anterior corners unmodified, lateral margin without deep infracoxal grooves (fig. 19), distance between coxae approximately equal, extensions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral margins unmodified, without posterior hump; setae abundant, dark, needlelike, evenly scattered, originating from surface. Chelicerae straight, anterior face unmodified (exceptions noted in species descriptions; see males of S. cymbalaria and S. simla); without teeth on promargin or retromargin; without toothlike projections, directed medially; shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified; setae dark, needlelike, evenly scattered; paturon inner margin with scattered setae, distal region unmodified, posterior surface unmodified, promargin unmodified; inner margin with pair of large, elaborate, black macrosetae (except in female of S. cayo); laminate groove absent; males of at least S. altamira and S. williamsi with long, flat, unbarbed seta near fang base (figs. 331, 333, 489, 490). Labium triangular, fused to sternum, anterior margin indented at middle, same as sternum in sclerotization, subdistal portion with unmodified setae. Endites distally excavated (fig. 492), sometimes with anterior modifications in males; serrula apparently absent in both sexes, posteromedian part unmodified, same as sternum in sclerotization. Female palp without claw or spines; prolateral surface of femur with stridulatory ridges (fig. 545); patella without prolateral row of ridges, tarsus basally expanded, with patch of elaborate, black macrosetae prolaterally at base (except in S. cayo), with distal patch of setae. ABDOMEN: ovoid to cylindrical, without long posterior extension, rounded posteriorly, interscutal membrane with setae, without rows of small sclerotized platelets; females with dorsum soft portions white, without color pattern. Supposed book lung covers large, round to ovoid, without setae, anterolateral edge unmodified. Posterior spiracles not connected by groove. Pedicel tube short to medium in length, ribbed, scuto-pedicel region unmodified, scutum not extending far dorsal of pedicel, plumose hairs absent, matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen in pedicel area absent, cuticular outgrowths near pedicel absent. Dorsal scutum absent in females, that of males covering at least three quarters (usually all) of abdominal length, more than half (usually all) of abdomen width, usually with no soft tissue visible from above, not fused to epigastric scutum, strongly sclerotized, without color pattern (but dark markings sometimes visible under scuta, as noted in species descriptions), anterior half without projecting denticles. Epigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding pedicel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites absent, without anterolateral joints in females. Postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, long, semicircular, covering at least ¾ of abdomen length, usually covering nearly full length of abdomen, fused to epigastric scutum, anterior margin unmodified, males sometimes with short, posteriorly directed apodemes visible. Spinneret scutum present, incomplete ring, with fringe of needlelike setae; supraanal scutum absent. Dorsum setae dark, needlelike; epigastric area setae uniform, dark, needlelike; postepigastric area setae dark, needlelike; dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent. Interscutal membrane with setae. Colulus represented only by setae. Spinnerets scanned only in male S. altamira, both sexes of S. hone, and female S. williamsi; ALS with three spigots, PMS with single spigot, PLS with two spigots (see figs. 346–349, 379–382, 399–402, 555, 556). LEGS: without color pattern; femur IV not thickened, same size as femora I-III, patella plus tibia I usually shorter than carapace, tibia I unmodified, tibia IV specialized hairs on ventral apex absent, tibia IV ventral scopula absent, metatarsi I, II mesoapical comb absent, metatarsi III, IV weak ventral scopula absent. Leg spines absent. Claws (scanned in detail only in S. williamsi) usually with teeth restricted to median surfaces but those of leg I at least sometimes with teeth on outer surfaces also. Tibiae each with three trichobothria, metatarsi each with one, trichobothrial bases rounded, aperture internal texture not gratelike, hood smooth (figs. 509, 558). Tarsal organ of legs I, II with three sensilla (figs. 510, 511), of legs III, IV, and palp with two sensilla (fig. 512, 513, 560). GENITALIA: Male epigastric region with sperm pore large, circular, situated at level of anterior spiracles, rebordered; furrow without Ω-shaped insertions, without setae. Male palp of normal size, not strongly sclerotized, right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments yellow; embolus dark, prolateral excavation absent; trochanter of normal size, unmodified; femur two or more times as long as trochanter, without posteriorly rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella basally; patella shorter than femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges, setae unmodified; tibia with three dorsal trichobothria; cymbium yellow, ovoid in dorsal view, completely fused with bulb, no seam visible, extending beyond distal tip of bulb, plumose setae absent, without stout setae, with patch of elaborate, black macrosetae prolaterally at base, with distal patch of setae; bulb yellow, with prolateral stridulatory file (fig. 497), 1 to 1.5 times as long as cymbium, stout, tapering apically.
Misplaced Species
As detailed by Platnick and Dupérré (2009b), both Scaphiella ula Suman (1965) from Hawaii and Scaphiella maculata Birabén (1955) from Argentina are misplaced in this genus and belong elsewhere.
Key to Species
United States to Nicaragua
1 Sternum finely reticulate 2
– Sternum smooth or pitted 3
2 Dorsal scutum smooth; lateral sides of postepigastric and epigastric scuta smooth (but anterior margins of epigastric scutum finely reticulate in females); male palp with twisted embolus (fig. 57). S. tuxtla
– Dorsal scutum finely reticulate; lateral sides of postepigastric and epigastric scuta finely reticulate; embolus of male palp not twisted (fig. 103) S. cocona
3 Sides of carapace smooth, without obvious granulations 4
– Sides of carapace with obvious granulations 12
4 Males 5
– Females 8
5 Anteromedian part of male endites with large, thickened tip (figs. 76, 82–84) S. palenque
– Anteromedian part of male endites otherwise 6
6 Anteromedian part of male endites without modifications; male embolus subdistally widened (fig. 38). S. campeche
– Anteromedian part of male endites with small spiniform tip; male embolus not subdistally widened 7
7 Embolus long and thin (fig. 122) S. palmillas
– Embolus short and thick (fig. 142) S. cayo
8 Epigynal atrium with large anterior sclerite (fig. 152). S. cayo
– Epigynal atrium with narrow anterior sclerite (as in fig. 130) 9
9 Epigynal atrium with pair of rounded posterior sclerotizations (fig. 131) S. palmillas
– Epigynal atrium without pair of rounded posterior sclerotizations 10
10 Epigynal atrium without lateral sclerotizations (fig. 216) S. bopal
– Epigynal atrium with lateral sclerotizations (as in fig. 47) 11
11 Epigynal atrium with short, thick lateral sclerotizations (fig. 47) S. campeche
– Epigynal atrium with thin, elongated lateral sclerotizations (fig. 92). S. palenque
12 Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, posteriorly narrowed (figs. 182, 192); male palp with short, untwisted embolus (fig. 190); female epigynal atrium circular, with long, dark anterior sclerite (fig. 198) S. lancetilla
– Abdomen otherwise; genitalia otherwise 13
13 Eyes reduced (fig. 206), males unknown S. muralla
– Eyes normal 14
14 Abdomen patterned; male embolus uniform throughout (fig. 169); females unknown S. mico
– Abdomen without pattern; male embolus twisted (as in fig. 180)
15 Surface of sternum and scutum pitted; male palp with thin embolus (fig. 180); females unknown S. ceiba
– Surface of sternum and scutum smooth; male palp with broad embolus (fig. 9); epigynal atrium oval with horseshoe-shaped anterior sclerite (fig. 18) S. longkey
Scaphiella longkey, new species
Figures 11–21
Scaphiella longkey, new species, female. 11. Habitus, dorsal view. 12. Same, ventral view. 13. Carapace, dorsal view. 14. Same, SEM. 15. Carapace, lateral view. 16. Same, SEM. 17. Abdomen, lateral view. 18. Epigynum, ventral view. 19. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 20. Abdomen, ventral view. 21. Same, anterior view.
Figures 22–29
Scaphiella longkey, new species, female, SEM. 22. Respiratory system and genitalia, digested, dorsal view. 23. Same, enlarged. 24. Base of right posterior trachea, dorsal view. 25. Same, enlarged. 26. Base of left posterior trachea, dorsal view. 27. Epigastric region, ventral view. 28. Epigynum, ventral view. 29. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 30–39
Scaphiella campeche, new species, male. 30. Habitus, dorsal view. 31. Same, ventral view. 32. Same, lateral view. 33. Same, anterior view. 34. Carapace, dorsal view. 35. Same, lateral view. 36. Left palp, dorsal view. 37. Same, prolateral view. 38. Same, ventral view. 39. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken by deep soil washing in a hammock forest on sand in Long Key State Recreation Area, Monroe Co., Florida (Dec. 12, 1986; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29867).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. tuxtla and S. ceiba in having a basally twisted embolus (figs. 8–10), but the portion of the embolus distal to the twist is more convex than in S. tuxtla and neither the palpal femur nor bulb are as expanded as they are in S. ceiba. Females also resemble those of S. tuxtla in the shape of the anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 18), but the sclerite is shorter than in that species.
Male (PBI_OON 29867, figs. 1–10). Total length 1.26. Carapace with granulations reaching halfway up pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus basally twisted.
Female (PBI_OON 29867, figs. 11–29). Total length 1.41. Epigynal atrium broadly oval, anterior sclerite surrounding horseshoe-shaped opening, extending about half of epigynal length; apodemes widest at about half their length.
Distribution
Known only from the Florida Keys (map 1).
Scaphiella campeche, new species
Figures 40–48
Scaphiella campeche, new species, female. 40. Habitus, dorsal view. 41. Same, ventral view. 42. Same, lateral view. 43. Same, anterior view. 44. Carapace, dorsal view. 45. Same, lateral view. 46. Epigastric region, ventral view. 47. Epigynum, ventral view. 48. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 49–58
Scaphiella tuxtla, new species, male. 49. Habitus, dorsal view. 50. Same, ventral view. 51. Same, lateral view. 52. Same, anterior view. 53. Carapace, dorsal view. 54. Same, lateral view. 55. Left palp, dorsal view. 56. Same, prolateral view. 57. Same, ventral view. 58. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype and female allotype from Berlese of evergreen tropical forest fungi and litter at an elevation of 110 m at El Tormento, 6 km W Escárcega, Campeche, Mexico (July 23, 1983; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29853).
Diagnosis
Males have a subdistally widened embolus (fig. 38); females have a distinctively shaped epigynum, with greatly enlarged lateral sclerotizations (fig. 47); in both sexes, the carapace has microsculpture only along the lateral margins of the pars cephalica and on the pars thoracica, and both the sternum and abdominal scuta are smooth.
Male (PBI_OON 29853, figs. 30–39). Total length 1.37. Carapace with granulations present only along margins and on posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen with scattered dark markings visible under scuta, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus relatively short, subdistally widened.
Female (PBI_OON 29852, figs. 40–48). Total length 1.77. Bulk of epigynal atrium sclerotized; apodemes largely fused with lateral epigynal margins.
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Campeche: El Tormento, 6 km W Escárcega, July 23, 1983, Berlese evergreen tropical forest fungi, litter, elev. 110 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29852), 1♀. Chiapas: Ocosingo Valley, Finca El Real, July 1–7, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_OON 29861), 1♂; Villa Corso, Ejido Sierra Moreno, Reserva Biosfera La Sepultura, base of Cerro Bola, 16.13661°N, 93.59858°W, May 14, 2008, dry oak forest litter, elev. 1776 m (LLAMA 2008-006, MCZ 80295, PBI_OON 289), 1♂.
Distribution: Campeche and Chiapas, Mexico (map 2).
Scaphiella tuxtla, new species
Figures 59–70
Scaphiella tuxtla, new species, female. 59. Habitus, dorsal view. 60. Same, ventral view. 61. Same, lateral view. 62. Same, anterior view. 63. Carapace, dorsal view. 64. Same, lateral view. 65. Epigastric region, ventral view. 66. Epigynum, ventral view. 67. Same, dorsal view. 68. Same, ventral view, SEM. 69. Same, dorsal view, SEM. 70. Same, anterior portion, dorsal view, SEM.
Figures 71–80
Scaphiella palenque, new species, male. 71. Habitus, dorsal view. 72. Same, ventral view. 73. Same, lateral view. 74. Same, anterior view. 75. Carapace, dorsal view. 76. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 77. Left palp, dorsal view. 78. Same, prolateral view. 79. Same, ventral view. 80. Same, retrolateral view.
Map 3
Records of S. tuxtla (triangles), S. virgen (circles), S. vicencio (squares), and S. bordoni (star).
Type
Male holotype and female allotype from plateau 6 miles S of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 16°42′N, 93°07′W, Chiapas, Mexico (Aug. 21, 1966; J., W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29860).
Diagnosis
This species resembles S. campeche, but males have a basally twisted embolus (fig. 57), and females have a posteriorly forked anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 65).
Male (PBI_OON 29860, figs. 49–58). Total length 1.65. Carapace with granulations covering most of pars thoracica. Sternum finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus basally twisted, abruptly narrowed distal of twist.
Female (PBI_OON 29860, figs. 59–70). Total length 1.77. Epigastric scutum with transverse ridge above pedicel; anterior margins of epigastric scutum finely reticulate. Anterior epigynal sclerite surrounding long, horseshoe-shaped opening, occupying most of epigynal length; apodemes long, narrow.
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Chiapas: hillside, 5 mi NE Chiapa, 16°45′N, 92°58′W, Aug. 22, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 29857), 5♀; Coapilla, 2.5 km NW junction roads to Tapalapa and Ocotepec, 17.17602°N, 93.13293°W, May 26, 2008, dry oak forest litter, elev. 1960 m (R. Anderson, LLAMA 2008-032, MCZ 80279, PBI_OON 291), 1♀; 5 km NE Coapilla, 17.17565°N, 93.13221°W, May 25, 2008, sifted leaf litter, secondary mesophyll forest (LLAMA Wa-A-04-1-all, MCZ 79784, PBI_OON 290), 1♀; plateau 6 mi S Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 16°42′N, 93°07′W, Chiapas, Mexico, Aug. 21, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 29860), 1♂.
Distribution
Chiapas, Mexico (map 3).
Scaphiella palenque, new species
Figures 81–84
Scaphiella palenque, new species, male. 81. Carapace, lateral view. 82. Left endite, ventral view. 83. Same, dorsal view. 84. Same, tip.
Figures 85–93
Scaphiella palenque, new species, female. 85. Habitus, dorsal view. 86. Same, ventral view. 87. Same, lateral view. 88. Same, anterior view. 89. Carapace, dorsal view. 90. Same, lateral view. 91. Epigastric region, ventral view. 92. Epigynum, ventral view. 93. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 94–104
Scaphiella cocona, new species, male. 94. Habitus, dorsal view. 95. Same, ventral view. 96. Same, lateral view. 97. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 98. Carapace, dorsal view. 99. Same, lateral view. 100. Abdomen, anterior view. 101. Left palp, dorsal view. 102. Same, prolateral view. 103. Same, ventral view. 104. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from Berlese of litter taken along rainforest trail, S Ruinas de Palenque, near Templo de León, Chiapas, Mexico (Jan. 24, 1976, C. Alteri), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29859).
Diagnosis
This species resembles S. campeche in microsculpture, but males can easily be recognized by the distally modified and darkened endites (figs. 76, 82–84), the greatly thickened palpal femur (fig. 78), and the long, basally widened embolus (fig. 79); females have a much more rounded epigynal atrium (figs. 91–93).
Male (PBI_OON 29863, figs. 71–84). Total length 1.42. Carapace with granulations present only along lateral margins and posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong, toothlike anteromedian projection. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus evenly arched, tip directed ventrally.
Female (PBI_OON 29856, figs. 85–93). Total length 1.43. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium with strong posterolateral margins, anterior sclerite narrow, short; apodemes short, directed dorsolaterally.
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque, Mar. 2–24, 1975, Berlese (C. Alteri, AMNH PBI_OON 29856), 1♀; road into Palenque, Jan. 13, 1976, Berlese, dry grass at edge of field, along horse trail (C. Alteri, AMNH PBI_OON 29863), 2♂; ca 5 mi NW Palenque, Jan. 31, 1976, Berlese, rotted log in field (C. Alteri, AMNH PBI_OON 29864), 1♂.
Distribution
Chiapas, Mexico (map 4).
Scaphiella cocona, new species
Figures 105–113
Scaphiella cocona, new species, female. 105. Habitus, dorsal view. 106. Same, ventral view. 107. Same, lateral view. 108. Same, anterior view. 109. Carapace, dorsal view. 110. Same, lateral view. 111. Epigastric region, ventral view. 112. Epigynum, ventral view. 113. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 114–123
Scaphiella palmillas, new species, male. 114. Habitus, ventral view. 115. Abdomen, dorsal view. 116. Same, anterior view. 117. Carapace, dorsal view. 118. Same, anterior view. 119. Same, lateral view. 120. Left palp, dorsal view. 121. Same, prolateral view. 122. Same, ventral view. 123. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken on surface near Grutas de Cocona, Tabasco, Mexico (Aug. 25, 1972; J. Cooke, R. Mitchell, Russell), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29862).
Diagnosis
In this species, the carapace has microsculpture extending about halfway up the sides of the pars cephalica, and the sternum and abdominal scuta are reticulate; males have a short, greatly thickened palpal femur (fig. 104) and a long, basally straight embolus (fig. 103); females resemble those of S. tuxtla but have a posteriorly more strongly sclerotized anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 111).
Male (PBI_OON 29862, figs. 94–104). Total length 1.55. Carapace sides with extensive granulation. Sternum finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface. Endites with small, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, straight ridge just above pedicel, scuta finely reticulate. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus long, basally straight, bulb bulging distally.
Female (PBI_OON 29862, figs. 105–113). Total length 1.70. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium circular, with large, dark anterior sclerite; apodemes short, posteriorly directed; dorsal extension of anterior sclerite short, thick; apodemes short, apically rounded.
Distribution
Tabasco, Mexico (map 5).
Scaphiella palmillas, new species
Figures 124–132
Scaphiella palmillas, new species, female. 124. Habitus, dorsal view. 125. Same, ventral view. 126. Same, lateral view. 127. Same, anterior view. 128. Carapace, dorsal view. 129. Same, lateral view. 130. Epigastric region, ventral view. 131. Epigynum, ventral view. 132. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 133–143
Scaphiella cayo, new species, male. 133. Habitus, dorsal view. 134. Same, ventral view. 135. Same, lateral view. 136. Carapace, lateral view. 137. Same, anterior view. 138. Same, dorsal view. 139. Abdomen, anterior view. 140. Left palp, dorsal view. 141. Same, prolateral view. 142. Same, ventral view. 143. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from the Palmillas Mountains, Tabasco, Mexico (Aug. 18, 1945; F. Bonet), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29866).
Diagnosis
Males have the distal portion of the endites prolonged as a narrow projection, a slightly thickened palpal femur (fig. 123), and a very long, narrow embolus originating from a ventrally expanded bulb (fig. 122). The female from Chiapas here assigned to the species was not collected together with males, but is a close match in somatic structure and adds only a slight expansion to the relatively extensive distribution shown by the few available males; it resembles those of S. campeche but can be distinguished by the much longer anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 130–132).
Male (PBI_OON 29855, figs. 114–123). Total length 1.60. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with small, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus long, narrow; bulb expanded ventrally, bulging distally.
Female (PBI_OON 29858, figs. 124–132). Total length 1.45. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium wide triangular; anterior sclerite narrow, with pair of rounded posterior sclerotizations; apodemes very short, posteriorly directed.
Other Material Examined
MEXICO: Chiapas: Bonampak Road, 100 km SE Palenque, July 8, 1983, elev. 230 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29858), 1♀. Tabasco: Chichicaste, Aug. 16, 1945, dead leaves, cane plantation (F. Bonet, AMNH, PBI_OON 29855), 1♂; Emiliano Zapata, Aug. 15, 1945, pasture, dead leaves, decaying wood (F. Bonet, AMNH PBI_OON 29865), 1♂. Yucatán: 2 km E Chichén Itzá, July 20, 1983, forest litter, elev. 20 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 21099), 1♂.
Distribution
Chiapas, Tabasco, and Yucatán, Mexico (map 6).
Scaphiella cayo, new species
Figures 144–152
Scaphiella cayo, new species, female. 144. Habitus, dorsal view. 145. Same, ventral view. 146. Same, lateral view. 147. Same, anterior view. 148. Carapace, dorsal view. 149. Same, lateral view. 150. Epigynum, ventral view. 151. Same, dorsal view. 152. Epigastric region, ventral view.
Figures 153–160
Scaphiella cayo, new species, female, SEM. 153. Chelicerae, anterior view. 154. Same, posterior view. 155. Fang, anterior view. 156. Same, posterior view. 157. Palp, prolateral view. 158. Same, retrolateral view. 159. Palpal tarsus, dorsal view. 160. Same, prolateral view.
Figures 161–170
Scaphiella mico, new species, male. 161. Habitus, dorsal view. 162. Same, ventral view. 163. Same, lateral view. 164. Same, anterior view. 165. Carapace, dorsal view. 166. Same, lateral view. 167. Left palp, dorsal view. 168. Same, prolateral view. 169. Same, ventral view. 170. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from a Berlese sample of limestone forest litter taken 2.5 mi S of Belmopan, Cayo, Belize (Aug. 4, 1972; S., J. Peck), deposited in FMNH (33510, PBI_OON 10017).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. palenque in having a greatly thickened palpal femur, but have a much shorter embolus (fig. 142) and just a narrow prolongation at the tip of the endites. The female (from a nearby locality) here matched with the males resembles them in size and color, but can easily be distinguished by the chelicerae, which lack macrosetae but are distally elongated and bear greatly elongated fangs (figs. 153–156), and by the palpal femur, which is basally only slightly expanded and lacks prolateral macrosetae (figs. 157–160).
Male (PBI_OON 293, figs. 133–143). Total length 1.24. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with tiny, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus short, wide.
Female (PBI_OON 294, figs. 144–160). Total length 1.25. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium widely oval, with large, rounded anterior sclerite; apodemes short, posterolaterally directed; dorsal extension of anterior sclerite short, thick; apodemes short, triangular.
Other Material Examined
BELIZE: Cayo: 2.5 mi S of Belmopan, Aug. 4, 1972, Berlese, limestone forest litter (S., J. Peck, FMNH 33510, PBI_OON 293), 1♂; Caves Branch, Aug. 4–14, 1972, Berlese, high canopy forest (S., J. Peck, FMNH, PBI_OON 294), 1♀.
Distribution
Cayo, Belize (map 7).
Scaphiella mico, new species
Figures 171–181
Scaphiella ceiba, new species, male. 171. Habitus, dorsal view. 172. Same, ventral view. 173. Same, lateral view. 174. Same, anterior view. 175. Carapace, dorsal view. 176. Same, lateral view. 177. Abdomen, anterior view. 178. Left palp, dorsal view. 179. Same, prolateral view. 180. Same, ventral view. 181. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype taken from deep rainforest litter at the base of a large tree at an elevation of 400 m in the Montañas del Mico, 3 km W of Las Escobas, 11 km SW of Puerto Barrios, Izabal, Guatemala (Nov. 15, 1986; E. Lindquist), deposited in CNC (PBI_OON 295).
Diagnosis
Males can easily be recognized by their patterned and anteriorly narrowed abdomen (figs. 161–164) and their greatly enlarged palpal bulb (figs. 168–170).
Male (PBI_OON 295, figs. 161–170). Total length 1.39. Carapace with sides and posterior portion granulate. Entire surface of sternum covered with small round pits. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen with scattered dark markings visible under scuta; scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus narrow throughout its length; bulb greatly enlarged.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Izabal, Guatemala (map 8).
Scaphiella ceiba, new species
Figures 182–191
Scaphiella lancetilla, new species, male. 182. Habitus, dorsal view. 183. Same, ventral view. 184. Same, lateral view. 185. Same, anterior view. 186. Carapace, dorsal view. 187. Same, lateral view. 188. Left palp, dorsal view. 189. Same, prolateral view. 190. Same, ventral view. 191. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from rotten wood on steep forest slope at an elevation of 130 m 14 km S of La Ceiba, Atlántida, Honduras (Mar. 23, 1979; W. Brown), deposited in MCZ (72949, PBI_OON 29854).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. tuxtla in having well-developed granulation on the sides of the pars cephalica, pitted surfaces on the sternum and abdominal scuta, and a basally twisted embolus (fig. 180), but have a wider dorsal abdominal scutum (fig. 171) and a basally more prolonged palpal bulb (fig. 181).
Male (PBI_OON 29854, figs. 171–181). Total length 1.49. Carapace with granulations covering most of sides and back. Sternum surface covered with small round pits everywhere except middle. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned; scuta punctate, with shallow pits. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus basally twisted, narrow beyond twist.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Atlántida, Honduras (map 9).
Scaphiella lancetilla, new species
Figures 192–200
Scaphiella lancetilla, new species, female. 192. Habitus, dorsal view. 193. Same, ventral view. 194. Same, lateral view. 195. Same, anterior view. 196. Carapace, dorsal view. 197. Same, lateral view. 198. Epigastric region, ventral view. 199. Epigynum, ventral view. 200. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 201–209
Scaphiella muralla, new species, female. 201. Habitus, dorsal view. 202. Same, ventral view. 203. Same, lateral view. 204. Same, anterior view. 205. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 206. Carapace, dorsal view. 207. Epigastric region, ventral view. 208. Epigynum, ventral view. 209. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken by Winkler trap from sifted litter taken at an elevation of 190 m in a secondary lowland rainforest on the trail to Represa Vieja, 15.7262°N, 87.4514°W, Jardín Botanico, Lancetilla, Telá, Atlántida, Honduras (Jan. 10, 2008; C. Víquez, M. Branstetter), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 296).
Diagnosis
Both sexes have distinctively elongated and narrowed abdomens (figs. 182, 192), so much so that in the two known males, the sides of the dorsal scutum overlap the ventral scutum. Males have a greatly expanded palpal bulb and a heavily sclerotized embolus that is sharply narrowed subdistally (figs. 189–191); females have a long anterior epigynal sclerite that extends most of the length of the epigynal atrium (figs. 198–200).
Male (PBI_OON 298, figs. 182–191). Total length 1.54. Carapace with sides of pars thoracica bearing obvious granulations reaching apex. Sternum smooth. Endites with short, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus short, narrow subdistally.
Female (PBI_OON 297, figs. 192–200). Total length 1.55. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium circular, with large, dark anterior sclerite reaching midway, then enlarging; apodemes short, thick.
Other Material Examined
HONDURAS: Atlántida: Lancetilla, 5.3 km SSE Telá, 15°43.6′N, 87°27.1′W, Oct. 1, 2008, sifted leaf litter, secondary lowland rainforest, elev. 190 m (M. Branstetter, LLAMA MGB1113, MCZ 83215, PBI_OON 297), 1♀. Islas de la Bahía: 1.5 km NNW East Harbor, Isla de Utila, 16°06.5′N, 86°54.1′W, Dec. 28, 2007, elev. 15 m (P. Ward, LLAMA PSW15998, MCZ 81402, PBI_OON 298), 1♂.
Distribution
Northern Honduras (map 10).
Scaphiella muralla, new species
Figures 210–218
Scaphiella bopal, new species, female. 210. Habitus, dorsal view. 211. Same, ventral view. 212. Same, lateral view. 213. Same, anterior view. 214. Carapace, dorsal view. 215. Same, lateral view. 216. Epigastric region, ventral view. 217. Epigynum, ventral view. 218. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Female holotype from a Winkler sample of sifted leaf litter taken at an elevation of 1541 m on the El Pizote trail, 15.10095°N, 86.74104°W, Parque Nacional La Muralla, La Unión, Olancho, Honduras (Oct. 4, 2008; C. Víquez, M. Branstetter), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 299).
Diagnosis
This female resembles those of S. lancetilla in abdominal shape, but has a much shorter anterior epigynal sclerite leading to a wide copulatory opening (fig. 207–209). The highly reduced eyes (figs. 204, 206) and smooth sternum make it unlikely that this could be the female of S. ceiba.
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 299, figs. 201–209). Total length 1.72. Carapace with sides of pars thoracica with obvious granulation reaching halfway up sides; eyes reduced (especially those of posterior row). Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium circular, with large rounded anterior sclerite; apodemes long, posterolaterally directed.
Distribution
Olancho, Honduras (map 11).
Scaphiella bopal, new species
Figures 219–228
Scaphiella vito, new species, female. 219. Habitus, dorsal view. 220. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 221. Abdomen, anterior view. 222. Carapace, anterior view. 223. Same, dorsal view. 224. Same, lateral view. 225. Abdomen, lateral view. 226. Epigastric region, ventral view. 227. Epigynum, ventral view. 228. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Female holotype taken at an elevation of 350 m in riparian forest at the approach to the bridge over the Río Bopal, Finca Alvares, Mun. San Dionicio, 12.7425°N, 85.82916°W, Matagalpa, Nicaragua (Dec. 1, 2007; C. Víquez, J. Mata), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 300).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of S. lancetilla and S. muralla in abdominal shape but have a shorter anterior epigynal sclerite and a shorter epigynal atrium (figs. 216–218).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 300, figs. 210–218). Total length 1.48. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium widely oval with short, narrow anterior sclerite; apodemes short, posteriorly directed.
Key to Species
Costa Rica and Panama
1 Sides of carapace smooth, without obvious granulations 2
– Sides of carapace with obvious granulations. 7
2 Pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view (fig. 224); epigynal atrium with W-shaped anterior sclerite (fig. 227); males unknown. S. vito
– Pars cephalica not strongly elevated in lateral view; epigynal atrium otherwise 3
3 Anteromedian part of male endites with long, spiniform tip (figs. 266–268); female epigynal atrium with large, rounded anterior sclerite (figs. 276, 277) S. virgen
– Anteromedian part of male endites without long tip; female epigynal atrium otherwise 4
4 Embolar base slightly enlarged (fig. 456); female anterior epigynal sclerite small, semicircular, restricted to apical half of epigynal atrium (fig. 465) S. barroana
– Embolar base not enlarged; anterior epigynal sclerite otherwise 5
5 Embolus relatively narrow at base (fig. 433); anterior epigynal sclerite greatly widened posteriorly (fig. 441) S. almirante
– Embolus relatively wide at base (figs. 287, 326); anterior epigynal sclerite not greatly widened posteriorly (figs. 295, 357) 6
6 Male embolus bent apically, with pointed tip (fig. 287); female epigynal atrium with small, bipartite anterior sclerite (figs. 295, 296) S. osa
– Male embolus curving smoothly, with rounded tip (fig. 326); female with large, horseshoe-shaped anterior sclerite (figs. 357, 358) S. altamira
7 Eyes reduced (fig. 302); embolus basally twisted (fig. 306); anterior epigynal sclerite bell shaped (fig. 314) S. antonio
– Eyes normal; genitalia otherwise 8
8 Males 9
– Females 12
9 Embolus set basally on palpal bulb (fig. 411) S. bocas
– Embolus originating more distally on palpal bulb 10
10 Palpal bulb with small knob near base of embolus (fig. 498) S. williamsi
– Palpal bulb without knob near base of embolus 11
11 Embolus thick, curving smoothly (fig. 373) S. hone
– Embolus thin, bent basally (fig. 237) S. hitoy
12 Epigynal atrium rounded, with large anterior sclerite extending throughout (fig. 532) S. williamsi
– Epigynal atrium oval, anterior sclerite otherwise 13
13 Epigynal atrium with large horseshoe-shaped anterior sclerite extending beyond midpoint (fig. 245) S. hitoy
– Epigynal atrium otherwise 14
14 Epigynal atrium with small semicircular anterior sclerite extending beyond midpoint (fig. 390) S. hone
– Epigynal atrium with large anterior sclerite situated medially (fig. 420) S. bocas
Scaphiella vito, new species
Figures 229–238
Scaphiella hitoy, new species, male. 229. Habitus, dorsal view. 230. Same, ventral view. 231. Same, lateral view. 232. Same, anterior view. 233. Carapace, dorsal view. 234. Same, lateral view. 235. Left palp, dorsal view. 236. Same, prolateral view. 237. Same, ventral view. 238. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken at an elevation of 4000 ft at Las Cruces, near San Vito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July 31, 1976; C. Goodnight), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29649).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by their distinctive, W-shaped anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 226–228).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 29649, figs. 219–228). Total length 1.33. Carapace with sides smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium oval, with W-shaped anterior sclerite; apodemes long, curved.
Distribution
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (map 1).
Scaphiella hitoy, new species
Figures 239–247
Scaphiella hitoy, new species, female. 239. Habitus, dorsal view. 240. Same, ventral view. 241. Same, lateral view. 242. Same, anterior view. 243. Carapace, dorsal view. 244. Same, lateral view. 245. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 246. Epigastric region, ventral view. 247. Abdomen, anterior view.
Figures 248–253
Scaphiella hitoy, new species, female. 248. Genitalia, digested, SEM, dorsal view. 249. Same, anterior portion, dorsal view. 250. Same, oblique lateral view. 251. Epigynum, ventral view, SEM. 252. Same, ventral view. 253. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 254–264
Scaphiella virgen, new species, male. 254. Habitus, dorsal view. 255. Same, ventral view. 256. Same, lateral view. 257. Carapace, lateral view. 258. Habitus, anterior view. 259. Abdomen, anterior view. 260. Carapace, dorsal view. 261. Left palp, dorsal view. 262. Same, prolateral view. 263. Same, ventral view. 264. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in litter at an elevation of 160 m at the Estación R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Limón, Costa Rica (May 12, 1993; E. Rojas), deposited in INBIO (50908, PBI_OON 26355).
Diagnosis
This species is similar to S. hone in having microsculpture on the sides of the pars thoracica, but both sexes have a flatter carapace with smaller eyes (as in figs. 233, 234). Females have a narrower anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 245); males have the tip of the embolus shorter than in S. hone (fig. 237).
Male (PBI_OON 26355, figs. 229–238). Total length 1.17. Carapace with granulations in triangular patches on sides and back. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus narrowed, angled near base, relatively short, tip relatively short.
Female (PBI_OON 29646, figs. 239–253). Total length 1.35. Anterior epigynal sclerite long, anterior and posterior portions subequal in length, posterior portion widened; apodemes narrow, directed dorsolaterally.
Other Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Heredia: Estación Biólogica La Selva, 10°26′N, 84°01′W, Apr. 2, 1993, secondary forest, elev. 50–150 m (INBIO 227002, PBI_OON 29557), 1♂, (INBIO 245630, PBI_OON 29559), 1♀, Jan. 3, 1994, primary forest, elev. 50–150 m (INBIO 241614, PBI_OON 29560), 1♀. Limón: Estación R. B. Hitoy Cerere, May 12, 1998, litter, elev. 160 m (E. Rojas, AMNH PBI_OON 305), 1♀, Aug. 29–Sept. 30, 2000 (W. Arana, AMNH PBI_OON 26366), 1♀, Feb. 26, 2002, litter, elev. 160 m (W. Arana, AMNH PBI_OON 29646), 1♀. Puntarenas: Cerro Nara, 9°29′03″N, 84°00′12″W, Aug. 2002, under rocks, elev. 900 m (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 26364), 1♂.
Distribution
Heredia, Limón, and Puntarenas, Costa Rica (map 2).
Scaphiella virgen, new species
Figures 265–268
Scaphiella virgen, new species, male. 265. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 266. Endite, ventral view. 267. Same, dorsal view. 268. Same, tip, dorsal view.
Figures 269–278
Scaphiella virgen, new species, female. 269. Habitus, dorsal view. 270. Same, ventral view. 271. Same, lateral view. 272. Carapace, lateral view. 273. Habitus, anterior view. 274. Abdomen, anterior view. 275. Carapace, dorsal view. 276. Epigastric region, ventral view. 277. Epigynum, ventral view. 278. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 279–288
Scaphiella osa, new species, male. 279. Habitus, dorsal view. 280. Same, ventral view. 281. Same, lateral view. 282. Same, anterior view. 283. Carapace, dorsal view. 284. Same, lateral view. 285. Left palp, dorsal view. 286. Same, prolateral view. 287. Same, ventral view. 288. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 1050–1150 m at a site 16 km SSE of La Virgen, 10°16′N, 84°05′W, Heredia, Costa Rica (male, Feb. 20–23, 2001, female Apr. 9, 2001), deposited in INBIO (male, PBI_OON 29428, female PBI_OON 29429).
Diagnosis
Males have a long, ridged anterior spine on the endites (figs. 266–268), deep sternal furrows (fig. 265), a greatly enlarged palpal femur (fig. 264) and a basally wide, distally bent embolus (figs. 262–264); females share the deep sternal furrows and have a large anterior epigynal sclerite that fills most of the epigynal atrium (fig. 276).
Male (PBI_OON 29579, figs. 254–268). Total length 1.44. Carapace sides with scattered granules on margins of posterior declivity. Sternum finely punctuate, covered with small round pits everywhere except middle. Endites with strong, toothlike anteromedian projection. Abdomen with scattered dark markings visible under scuta; scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus long, basally widened; bulb protruding ventrally.
Female (PBI_OON 29574, figs. 269–278). Total length 1.61. Endites unmodified. Anterior epigynal sclerite enlarged, round; apodemes short, narrow.
Other Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Carlos, El Tanque, 10°49.522′N, 84°58.535′W, Berlese, riparian forest (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 29433), 1♂. Cartago: Parque Nacional Barbilla, Apr. 28, 2001, litter (W. Arana, INBIO PBI_OON 26352), 1♀. Heredia: Estación Biólogica La Selva, 10°26′N, 84°01′W, June 1, 1993, elev. 50–150 m (INBIO PBI_OON 29558), 1♀ (without abdomen); 16 km SSE of La Virgen, 10°16′N, 84°05′W, Mar. 22, 2001, elev. 1050–1150 m (INBIO PBI_OON 29430), 1♂, 1♀. Limón: Hone Creek, Finca Alberto Moore, all leaf litter extraction (C. Víquez): Jan. 5–9, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29427, 29580), 2♂, Mar. 12–15, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29565), 1♂, Apr. 5–8, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 26362, 29575), 2♂, May 14–17, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29577, 29590), 2♂, June 4–7, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29564, 29579), 4♂, July 9–11, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29562), 1♀, Aug. 3, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29585), 1♀, Oct. 8–11, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29426), 1♀, Jan. 6–7, 2005 (INBIO PBI_OON 29569), 1♂, 1♀, July 8–11, 2005 (AMNH PBI_OON 29563, 29571, 29584), 2♂, 3♀, Oct. 21–23, 2005 (AMNH PBI_OON 29434, 29574, 29988), 2♂, 1♀. Puntarenas: Cerro Nara, 9°29′03″N, 84°00′12″W, Aug. 2002, under rocks, elev. 900 m (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 29431), 2♂; La Lucha, Cerro Amuo, base camp for INBIO Darwin Project, 9.114388°N, 83.093422°W, Feb. 19–27, 2008, rock outcrop, elev. 1500 m (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 29432), 1♀; Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, June 18, 1976 (C. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_OON 29647), 1♂.
Distribution
Widespread in Costa Rica, where sometimes sympatric with S. hitoy and S. hone (map 3).
Scaphiella osa, new species
Figures 289–297
Scaphiella osa, new species, female. 289. Habitus, dorsal view. 290. Same, ventral view. 291. Same, lateral view. 292. Same, anterior view. 293. Carapace, dorsal view. 294. Same, lateral view. 295. Epigastric region, ventral view. 296. Epigynum, ventral view. 297. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 298–307
Scaphiella antonio, new species, male. 298. Habitus, dorsal view. 299. Same, ventral view. 300. Same, lateral view. 301. Same, anterior view. 302. Carapace, dorsal view. 303. Same, lateral view. 304. Left palp, dorsal view. 305. Same, prolateral view. 306. Same, ventral view. 307. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in litter at Estación Agujas, Península de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 4–14, 2000; A. Azofeifa), deposited in INBIO (PBI_OON 26358).
Diagnosis
Both sexes resemble those of S. virgen in having deep sternal furrows (fig. 280); males also resemble those of S. virgen in having a somewhat enlarged palpal femur but lack the anterior spine on the endites and have the embolus originating more distally on the palpal bulb (fig. 287); females have a much smaller anterior epigynal sclerite, with distinct anterior and posterior portions (figs. 295–297).
Male (PBI_OON 26358, figs. 279–288). Total length 1.17. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus originating at about half of tarsal length.
Female (PBI_OON 26358, figs. 289–297). Total length 1.35. Anterior epigynal sclerite greatly widened posteriorly; apodemes anterolaterally directed.
Other Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Estación La Leonn, Sendero Río Madrigal, Península de Osa, Dec. 12–27, 2001, litter (A. Azofeifa, AMNH PBI_OON 26357), 1♂; Fundacion Neotropica Rincón Osa, Península de Osa, June 2001 (R. Anderson, C. Víquez, INBIO 78664, PBI_OON 26361), 1♂; Rancho Quemado, Península de Osa, Mar. 1972 (F. Avesa, INBIO 45746, PBO_OON 26363), 1♂, Sept. 1992 (F. Quesada, AMNH PBI_OON 26360), 1♀; 5 km W Rincon de Osa, Península de Osa, 8°42′N, 83°31′W, Mar. 24, 1973, high ridge, Berlese of buttress litter, elev. 50 m (J. Wagner, J. Kethley, FMNH 34963, PBI_OON 10634), 1♂, same, log, bark, root mat (FMNH PBI_OON 37501), 1♀, same, leaf mold and chunks of laminate fungus (FMNH PBI_OON 306), 1♂, same, mixed litter at base of tree in primary forest (FMNH PBI_OON 307), 2♀, Mar. 25, 1973, Berlese, leaf litter (J. Wagner, J. Kethley, FMNH PBI_OON 308), 1♂; Sirena, Península de Osa, May 18–30, 2001 (A. Azofeifa, AMNH PBI_OON 26365), 1♂.
Distribution
Known only from the Osa peninsula, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (map 4).
Scaphiella antonio, new species
Figures 308–317
Scaphiella antonio, new species, female. 308. Habitus, dorsal view. 309. Same, ventral view. 310. Same, lateral view. 311. Same, anterior view. 312. Carapace, dorsal view. 313. Same, lateral view. 314. Epigastric region, ventral view. 315. Epigynum, ventral view. 316. Same, dorsal view. 317. Same, ventral view, detail.
Figures 318–327
Scaphiella altamira, new species, male. 318. Habitus, dorsal view. 319. Same, ventral view. 320. Same, lateral view. 321. Same, anterior view. 322. Carapace, dorsal view. 323. Same, lateral view. 324. Left palp, dorsal view. 325. Same, prolateral view. 326. Same, ventral view. 327. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype taken in a Berlese sample in the Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (June 20, 1976; C. Goodnight), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29648).
Diagnosis
Males and females have not been collected together, but are here matched because both have reduced eyes (figs. 302, 312). Males have a basally twisted embolus (fig. 306), and females have a very wide epigynal atrium (figs. 314–317).
Male (PBI_OON 29648, figs. 298–307). Total length 1.32. Carapace sides with obvious granulations; eyes reduced, tiny (PME oval; posterior eye row straight from above; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, PME touching, PLE-PME touching). Sternum surface finely reticulate. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, curved ridge above pedicel, scuta otherwise smooth. Palpal femur slightly enlarged embolus short, basally twisted.
Female (PBI_OON 10161, figs. 308–317). Total length 1.47. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium widely oval with large, rounded anterior sclerite; apodemes long, posteriorly directed.
Other Material Examined
PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Almirante, Mar. 30, 1959, Berlese, concentrated floor litter on hill (H. Dybas, FMNH 33659, PBI_OON 10161), 1♀.
Distribution
Southern Costa Rica (where apparently sympatric with S. virgen) and northern Panama (where apparently sympatric with S. almirante) (map 5).
Scaphiella altamira, new species
Figures 328–335
Scaphiella altamira, new species, male. 328. Carapace, dorsal view. 329. Same, lateral view. 330. Chelicera, anterior view. 331. Same, posterior view. 332. Distal portion of chelicera, anterior view. 333. Same, posterior view. 334. Tip of chelicera, posterior view. 335. Cheliceral macrosetae, anterior view.
Figures 336–341
Scaphiella altamira, new species, male. 336. Projection on posterior surface of chelicera at level where paturon begins to narrow, posterior view. 337. Abdomen, dorsal view. 338. Same, lateral view. 339. Same, ventral view. 340. Epigastric region, ventral view. 341. Sperm pore, ventral view.
Figures 342–349
Scaphiella altamira, new species, male. 342. Left palp, prolateral view. 343. Same, ventral view. 344. Same, retrolateral view. 345. Embolus, dorsal view. 346. Spinnerets, apical view. 347. Anterior lateral spinneret. 348. Posterior median spinneret. 349. Posterior lateral spinneret.
Figures 350–359
Scaphiella altamira, new species, female. 350. Habitus, dorsal view. 351. Same, ventral view. 352. Same, lateral view. 353. Carapace, lateral view. 354. Habitus, anterior view. 355. Carapace, dorsal view. 356. Abdomen, anterior view. 357. Epigastric region, ventral view. 358. Epigynum, ventral view. 359. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 360–363
Scaphiella altamira, new species, female. 360. Carapace, dorsal view. 361. Same, lateral view. 362. Epigynum, ventral view. 363. Same, digested, dorsal view.
Figures 364–374
Scaphiella hone, new species, male. 364. Habitus, dorsal view. 365. Same, ventral view. 366. Same, lateral view. 367. Carapace, lateral view. 368. Habitus, anterior view. 369. Carapace, dorsal view. 370. Abdomen, anterior view. 371. Left palp, dorsal view. 372. Same, prolateral view. 373. Same, ventral view. 374. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in leaf litter around Altamira, Alrededor Station, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 5, 2003; C. Víquez, R. Gutierrez), deposited in INBIO (74344, PBI_OON 26359).
Diagnosis
Both sexes have relatively large and heavily sclerotized booklung covers (figs. 319, 351); males have an enlarged palpal femur and a relatively wide embolus, narrowed at about four-fifths its length and with a rounded apex (figs. 325–327), and females have a relatively wide anterior epigynal sclerite that fills much of the epigynal atrium (figs. 357–359).
Male (PBI_OON 26359, figs. 318–349). Total length 1.53. Carapace sides mostly smooth, granulations restricted to lateral margins. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus distinctly narrowed distal to sperm duct opening.
Female (PBI_OON 26359, figs. 350–363). Total length 1.67. Anterior epigynal sclerite massive, widened throughout its length; apodemes short, curved dorsally.
Other Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Heredia: San Pablo, 9°59′34″N, 84°05′25″W, Apr. 8, 2007, dead leaves in coffee plantation (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 26353), 1♀, Aug. 26, 2007, dead leaves in coffee plantation (C. Víquez, AMNH PBI_OON 26354), 1♂, 1♀. Puntarenas: Altamira, Alrededor Estación, Aug. 5, 2003, leaf litter (C. Víquez, R. Gutierrez, AMNH PBI_OON 26359), 1♀; Estación Biólogica Monteverde, Monteverde, 10°19′40″N, 84°49′08″W, June 15, 2001, montane forest litter, elev. 1540 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 29650), 1♀; Monteverde, Aug. 24, 1983, roadside scrub, elev. 1500 m (J., F. Murphy, AMNH PBI_OON 37762), 1♂, Aug. 26, 1983, scrub near hotel, elev. 1500 m (J., F. Murphy, AMNH PBI_OON 31059), 1♂; OTS Station, Finca Las Cruces, San Vito, 8°46′N, 82°58′W, Mar. 14, 1973, Berlese, concentrated leaf mold from floor of moderately dense forest, elev. 4000 ft (J. Wagner, J. Kethley, FMNH PBI_OON 36949), 2♂, 1♀, same, Mar. 15, 1973, Berlese, leaf mold on W slope of W ravine (FMNH PBI_OON 36948), 1♂, same, Mar. 18, 1973, Berlese, floor litter from virgin forest (FMNH PBI_OON 36947), 1♀, same, Mar. 19, 1973, Berlese, leaf litter in stream bed in virgin forest (FMNH PBI_OON 36950), 1♂; 13 km SSW Puerto Jiménez, 8.40667°N, 83.32833°W, Mar. 10, 2008, elev. 130 m (J. Longino, LLAMA 6209, MCZ 80074, PBI_OON 304), 3♂. PANAMA: Chiriquí: 4.5 km WSW Hato del Volcán, May 22, 1977, Berlese, frass under bark and fungi, elev. 1300 m (S., J. Peck, FMNH 33641, PBI_OON 10143), 2♂, 1♀; 5 mi W Hato del Volcán, Aug. 10, 1983, rainforest edge, elev. 1000 m (J., F. Murphy, AMNH PBI_OON 31062), 1♂; 12 km W Hato del Volcán, June 27, 1976, Berlese, cloud forest litter, elev. 4500 ft (A. Newton, MCZ 72911, PBI_OON 29639), 1♂; 24 km W Hato del Volcán, June 26, 1976, Berlese, cloud forest litter, elev. 3800 ft (A. Newton, MCZ 72905, PBI_OON 29642), 1♂; Las Lagunas, 4.5 km WSW Hato del Volcán, May 22, 1977, Berlese, litter under dead possum, elev. 1360 m (S. Peck, FMNH 33642, PBI_OON 10144), 1♂, same, Berlese, forest litter (FMNH 33643, PBI_OON 10145), 3♂, 1♀; May 27, 1977, Berlese, litter, inga pods, elev. 1360 m (S. Peck, FMNH 33658, PBI_OON 10160), 2♂, 3♀; Las Lagunas, 5 km SW Hato del Volcán, May 22–26, 1977, dung traps (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29645), 6♂; Quebrada de Los Caidos, Jan. 6, 1981, Berlese, litter at tree fern near waterfall, elev. 1200 m (W. Suter, FMNH 33691, PBI_OON 10193), 1♂. Colón: Santa Rita Ridge, 10 mi SE Colón, June 10–12, 1977, dung traps (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29643), 2♂.
Distribution
Costa Rica and Panama (map 6).
Scaphiella hone, new species
Figures 375–382
Scaphiella hone, new species. 375. Male abdomen, digested, dorsal view. 376. Male abdominal apodeme, dorsal view. 377. Male epigastric region, ventral view. 378. Female abdomen, digested, dorsal view. 379. Male spinnerets, apical view. 380. Male anterior lateral spinneret, apical view. 381. Male posterior median spinneret, apical view. 382. Male posterior lateral spinneret, apical view.
Figures 383–392
Scaphiella hone, new species, female. 383. Habitus, dorsal view. 384. Same, ventral view. 385. Same, lateral view. 386. Carapace, lateral view. 387. Habitus, anterior view. 388. Carapace, dorsal view. 389. Abdomen, anterior view. 390. Epigastric region, ventral view. 391. Epigynum, ventral view. 392. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 393–398
Scaphiella hone, new species, female. 393. Carapace, dorsal view. 394. Same, lateral view. 395. Genitalia, digested, dorsal view. 396. Epigynum, digested, dorsal view. 397, 398. Same, ventral views, two different specimens.
Figures 399–402
Scaphiella hone, new species, female. 399. Spinnerets, apical view. 400. Anterior lateral spinneret, apical view. 401. Posterior median spinneret, apical view. 402. Posterior lateral spinneret, apical view.
Figures 403–412
Scaphiella bocas, new species, male. 403. Habitus, dorsal view. 404. Same, ventral view. 405. Same, lateral view. 406. Carapace, lateral view. 407. Habitus, anterior view. 408. Carapace, dorsal view. 409. Left palp, dorsal view. 410. Same, prolateral view. 411. Same, ventral view. 412. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype extracted from leaf litter at Hone Creek, Finca Alberto Moore, Limón, Costa Rica (Mar. 12–15, 2004; C. Víquez), deposited in INBIO (PBI_OON 29568).
Diagnosis
This species resembles S. hitoy but males have a longer embolus tip (fig. 373) and females have a posteriorly narrower anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 390–392).
Male (PBI_OON 26838, figs. 364–377, 379–382). Total length 1.20. Carapace with granulations on sides opposite intercoxal areas and along lateral edges of posterior declivity. Sternum covered with small round pits everywhere except middle. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta punctate. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus relatively short; bulb produced proximally.
Female (PBI_OON 26838, figs. 378, 383–402). Total length 1.43. Anterior epigynal sclerite narrow anteriorly, posterior portion relatively short; apodemes narrow, directed dorsolaterally.
Other Material Examined
COSTA RICA: Limón: Hone Creek, Finca Alberto Moore, Mar. 12–15, 1904, under log (C. Víquez, INBIO PBI_OON 29437), 1♂; the remaining specimens are all from leaf litter extraction (C. Víquez): Jan. 5, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29572), 2♂, Feb. 14–15, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29581, 29587), 2; ♀ Mar. 12–15, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29586), 1♀, Apr. 5–8, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29566), 1♂, June 4–7, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29436, 29567), 1♂, 1♀, Aug. 3, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29588), 2♂, 1♀, Oct. 8–11, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29582, 29583, 29589), 2♂, 1♀, Dec. 10–13, 2004 (AMNH PBI_OON 29570), 1♂, Apr. 2005 (AMNH PBI_OON 29576), 2♂, 2♀, July 8–11, 2005 (AMNH PBI_OON 29435, 29573), 1♂, 1♀, Oct. 21–23, 2005 (AMNH PBI_OON 26838, 29561, INBIO PBI_OON 29578), 5♂, 2♀. PANAMA: Chiriquí: Las Lagunas, 4.5 km WSW Hato del Volcán, May 22, 1977, Berlese, forest litter (FMNH 33643, PBI_OON 309), 3♀; same, Berlese, litter under dead possum, elev. 1360 m (S. Peck, FMNH 33642, PBI_OON 310), 1♀.
Distribution
Costa Rica and Panama (map 7).
Scaphiella bocas, new species
Figures 413–421
Scaphiella bocas, new species, female. 413. Habitus, dorsal view. 414. Same, ventral view. 415. Same, lateral view. 416. Carapace, lateral view. 417. Carapace, dorsal view. 418. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 419. Abdomen, anterior view. 420. Epigastric region, ventral view. 421. Epigynum, digested, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken at an elevation of 500 m in a tropical wet forest at 8°47′N, 82°11′W, Bocas Del Toro, Panama (July 16–18, 1987; D. Olson), deposited in MCZ (72899, PBI_OON 29641).
Diagnosis
Males can be recognized easily by the basally originating embolus (fig. 411), females by the triangular anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 420) and opening (fig. 424).
Male (PBI_OON 29641, figs. 403–412). Total length 1.47. Carapace with granulations on sides opposite intercoxal areas and along lateral margins of posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; embolus extremely long, originating near base of bulb, extending past tip of bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 29879, figs. 413–425). Total length 1.62. Anterior epigynal sclerite triangular, surrounding triangular opening; apodemes very long, directed posteriorly.
Other Material Examined
PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Fortuna-Chiriquí Grande road, 8°47′N, 82°12′W, July 14, 1987, elev. 1050 m (D. Olson, MCZ 72887, PBI_OON 29879), 1♀. Veraguas: Isla de Coiba, Río Amarillo, Aug. 13, 1983, in dead leaves (J. Cuadra, MIUP PBI_OON 311), 1♂.
Distribution
Panama (map 8).
Scaphiella almirante, new species
Figures 435–443
Scaphiella almirante, new species, female. 435. Habitus, dorsal view. 436. Same, ventral view. 437. Same, lateral view. 438. Same, anterior view. 439. Carapace, dorsal view. 440. Same, lateral view. 441. Epigastric region, ventral view. 442. Epigynum, ventral view. 443. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 444–457
Scaphiella barroana Gertsch, male. 444. Habitus, dorsal view. 445. Same, ventral view. 446. Same, lateral view. 447. Carapace, lateral view. 448. Habitus, anterior view. 449. Carapace, dorsal view. 450. Same, anterior view. 451. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 452. Abdomen, anterior view. 453. Same, lateral view. 454. Left palp, dorsal view. 455. Same, prolateral view. 456. Same, ventral view. 457. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in a Berlese sample of floor litter at Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Panama (Mar. 27, 1959; H. Dybas), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 314).
Diagnosis
Males have a narrow, basally pale embolus, bent at about two-thirds its length, with the tip directed almost transversely (fig. 433); females have the posterior portion of the anterior epigynal sclerite forming a broad oval (fig. 441).
Male (PBI_OON 314, figs. 426–434). Total length 1.17. Carapace with sides smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen with scattered dark markings visible under scuta, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus basally pale, narrow.
Female (PBI_OON 314, figs. 435–443). Total length 1.37. Posterior portion of anterior epigynal sclerite broadly oval; apodemes short, narrow.
Other Material Examined
PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Almirante, Mar. 26, 1959, Berlese, decaying palm fruit stalk and sublitter on ground (H. Dybas, FMNH PBI_OON 315), 1♀, Berlese, thatch on ground under ant nest in log (H. Dybas, FMNH 34870, PBI_OON 10587), 1♀.
Distribution
Panama (map 9).
Scaphiella barroana Gertsch
Figures 458–469
Scaphiella barroana Gertsch, female. 458. Habitus, dorsal view. 459. Same, ventral view. 460. Same, lateral view. 461. Carapace, lateral view. 462. Habitus, anterior view. 463. Carapace, dorsal view. 464. Abdomen, anterior view. 465. Epigastric region, ventral view. 466. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 467. Carapace, anterior view. 468. Epigynum, ventral view. 469. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 470–481
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male. 470. Habitus, dorsal view. 471. Same, ventral view. 472. Same, lateral view. 473. Same, anterior view. 474. Carapace, dorsal view. 475. Same, anterior view. 476. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 477. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 478. Left palp, dorsal view. 479. Same, prolateral view. 480. Same, ventral view. 481. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella barroana Gertsch, 1941: 10, figs. 20–22 (male holotype and female allotype from Barro Colorado Island, Panamá, Panama, in AMNH; examined). – Chickering, 1951: 234, figs. 22, 23.
Diagnosis
Males can be recognized by the slight enlargement at the base of embolus (fig. 456), females by the short anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 465).
Male (PBI_OON 29894, figs. 444–457). Total length 1.30. Carapace with granulations restricted to tiny patches near posterior margin. Sternum smooth. Endites without anteromedian modifications. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus very short, bulb slightly enlarged near embolar base.
Female (PBI_OON 29875, figs. 458–469). Total length 1.17. Anterior epigynal sclerite short, anteriorly very narrow; apodemes long, narrow.
Material Examined
PANAMA: Colón: Achiote Road, 9 mi SW Gatún, June 19, 1976, rainforest litter (A. Newton, MCZ 72929, PBI_OON 29640), 1♀; San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9°16.617′N, 79°58.377′W, Oct. 18–23, 2003, flight intercept trap, litter (R. Didham, L. Fagan, ZMUC PBI_OON 29875), 1♂, Oct. 23–29, 2003, same (ZMUC PBI_OON 29874), 1♀, May 25–June 6, 2004, same (ZMUC 12516, PBI_OON 29899), 2♀; San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9°16.774′N, 79°58.495′W, June 4–17, 2004 flight intercept trap, litter (M. Rapp, ZMUC PBI_OON 26367), 1♂; San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9°16.779′N, 79°58.468′W, Sept. 23, 2003, flight intercept trap, litter (R. Didham, L. Fagan, ZMUC 12529, PBI_OON 29898), 1♂, Oct. 18–29, 2003, same (ZMUC PBI_OON 29868, 29894), 1♂, 1♀, June 4–17, 2004, flight intercept trap, litter (M. Rapp, ZMUC PBI_OON 29871), 1♂, July 14–26, 2004, same (ZMUC PBI_OON 29892, 29893), 2♂, Sept. 12–23, 2004, same (ZMUC 12530, PBI_OON 29897), 1♂; San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9°16.793′N, 79°58.499′W, no date, flight intercept trap, litter (M. Rapp, ZMUC PBI_OON 29891), 1♂; San Lorenzo Protected Area, 9°17.133′N, 79°59.106′W, May 15–June 4, 2004, flight intercept trap, litter (R. Didham, ZMUC PBI_OON 29869, 29870, 29876), 6♂. Panamá: Barro Colorado Island, July 12, 1938 (E. Williams, Jr., AMNH PBI_OON 313), 1♂, 1♀ (types), (AMNH PBI_OON 29638), 1♂, 1♀ (paratypes), July 13, 1938 (AMNH PBI_OON 29644), 1♂, Oct.–Dec. 1941 (J. Zetek, MCZ 66850, PBI_OON 29880), 1♂, July 1943–Mar. 1944, Berlese (J. Zetek, MCZ 71949, PBI_OON 29878, 29883), 5♂, 2♀, June–Oct. 1946, Berlese (J. Zetek, MCZ 71951, 71952, 71996, PBI_OON 29877, 29881, 29882), 3♂, 2♀, Nov. 1952–Mar. 1953, Berlese (J. Zetek, AMNH PBI_OON 29637), 1♂, July 21, 1958, forest litter (D. Blest, BMNH PBI_OON 316), 6♂, 1♀, 9°10′N, 79°10′W, July 1, 1961 (AMNH PBI_OON 29631), 1♀, Aug. 24, 1975, Berlese, litter (S. Levings, USNM 2046648, PBI_OON 29625), 1♂, 1♀, Aug. 31, 1975, same (USNM PBI_OON 29622), 1♂, Oct. 12, 1975, same (USNM PBI_OON 29624), 1♀, Dec. 25, 1975, same (USNM PBI_OON 29623), 1♂, Mar. 28, 1976, same (USNM PBI_OON 29629), 1♂, May 16, 1976, same (USNM PBI_OON 29621), 1♂, Feb. 21, 1977, same (USNM PBI_OON 29619), 1♂, June 4, 1977, same (USNM PBI_OON 29628), 2♂, 2♀, July 2, 1977, same (USNM PBI_OON 29626), 4♂, July 9, 1977, same (USNM PBI_OON 29620), 2♂, 1♀, July 18, 1977, same (USNM PBI_OON 29627), 1♂, Feb. 12, 1976, Berlese, wet leaves and flood debris, forest stream (A. Newton, MCZ 72884, PBI_OON 29630), 1♀; Parque Nacional Soberania, Aug. 7, 1983, secondary forest litter (P. Lehtinen, ZMUT PBI_OON 16069), 3♂, 2♀. COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Finca Bella Vista, near Sasaima, May 7, 1965, from leaf litter at night (P., D. Craig, CAS 9026679, PBI_OON 2620), 1♂. Meta: Quebrada Susumuco, 23 km NW Villavicencio, Mar. 2, 1972, Berlese, forest litter, elev. 1000 m (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29615), 1♀.
Distribution
Panama and Colombia (map 10).
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch
Figures 482–490
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male. 482. Habitus, dorsal view. 483. Carapace, dorsal view. 484. Same, lateral view. 485. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 486. Chelicera, anterior view. 487. Same, posterior view. 488. Cheliceral macrosetae, anterior view. 489, 490. Fang, posterior views.
Figures 491–496
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male. 491. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 492. Mouthparts, ventral view. 493. Endite, ventral view. 494. Endite, dorsal view. 495. Tip of endite, posterior view. 496. Endites and labrum, anterior view.
Figures 497–505
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male. 497. Left palp, prolateral view. 498. Same, ventral view. 499. Same, retrolateral view. 500. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 501. Macrosetae on palpal tarsus, dorsal view. 502. Abdomen, dorsal view. 503. Same, lateral view. 504. Same, ventral view. 505. Sperm pore, ventral view.
Figures 506–514
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male. 506. Metatarsus IV, dorsal view. 507. Same, retrolateral view. 508. Tarsus IV, dorsal view. 509. Trichobothrial base, tibia I, dorsal view. 510. Tarsal organ, leg I, dorsal view. 511. Same, leg II. 512. Same, leg III. 513. Same, leg IV. 514. Same, palp.
Figures 515–523
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, male, tarsal claws. 515. Leg I, dorsal view. 516. Same, distal view. 517. Same, ventral view. 518. Leg II, distal view. 519. Same, prolateral view. 520. Leg III, oblique prolateral view. 521. Same, prolateral view. 522. Same, retrolateral view. 523. Leg IV, retrolateral view.
Figures 524–536
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, female. 524. Habitus, dorsal view. 525. Same, ventral view. 526. Same, lateral view. 527. Female genitalia, ventral view. 528. Habitus, anterior view. 529. Carapace, dorsal view. 530. Same, anterior view. 531. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 532. Epigastric region, ventral view. 533. Palp, prolateral view. 534. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 535. Epigynum, ventral view. 536. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 537–545
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, female. 537. Habitus, dorsal view. 538. Same, lateral view. 539. Carapace, dorsal view. 540. Same, lateral view. 541. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 542. Chelicera, anterior view. 543. Same, posterior view. 544. Endites and labrum, anterior view. 545. Palp, prolateral view.
Figures 546–554
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, female. 546. Macrosetae on palpal tarsus, dorsal view. 547. Palp, retrolateral view. 548. Endite, ventral view. 549. Same, dorsal view. 550. Abdomen, dorsal view. 551. Same, ventral view. 552, 553. Same, digested, dorsal view. 554. Epigynum, ventral view.
Figures 555–560
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, female. 555, 556. Spinnerets, apical view. 557. Metatarsus II, dorsal view. 558. Trichobothrial base, metatarsus I, dorsal view. 559. Tarsus II, dorsal view. 560. Tarsal organ, palp, dorsal view.
Figures 561–569
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, female. 561. Tarsal organ, leg I, dorsal view. 562. Same, leg II. 563. Same, leg III. 564. Same, leg IV. 565. Claws, leg I, distal view. 566. Same, leg II. 567. Claws, leg III, prolateral view. 568. Same, dorsal view. 569. Claws, leg IV, prolateral view.
Figures 570–579
Scaphiella bonda, new species, male. 570. Habitus, dorsal view. 571. Same, ventral view. 572. Same, lateral view. 573. Same, anterior view. 574. Carapace, dorsal view. 575. Same, lateral view. 576. Left palp, dorsal view. 577. Same, prolateral view. 578. Same, ventral view. 579. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella williamsi Gertsch, 1941: 11, figs. 18, 19 (male holotype from Barro Colorado Island, Panamá, Panama, in AMNH; examined). – Chickering, 1951: 239, fig. 28; 1968: 155, figs. 53, 54. – Heimer, 1990: 6, fig. 16.
Diagnosis
Males can be distinguished from the frequently sympatric S. barroana by the presence of well-developed microsculpture on the sides of the pars thoracica (figs. 483, 484) and the lack of an enlargement at the base of the embolus (fig. 480), females by the much longer anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 532).
Male (PBI_OON 26804, figs. 470–523). Total length 1.22. Carapace with obvious granulation reaching halfway up sides of pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites anteromedially with small striated plate. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus long, thin; bulb with small knob situated just retrolateral to embolar base.
Female (PBI_OON 26804, figs. 524–569). Total length 1.31. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium circular, with long, wide anterior sclerite surrounding medially situated, horseshoe-shaped opening; apodemes long, narrow.
Material Examined
PANAMA: Coclé: Antón, El Harino–El Nance, Sept. 3–5, 1988 (D. Quintero, MIUP PBI_OON 36749), 1♀. Colón: Gamboa, Jan. 28, 1958 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71948, PBI_OON 29884), 1♂; Gatún, Feb. 15, 1958 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71960, PBI_OON 26873), 1♀, Feb. 27, 1958 (A. Chickering, MCZ 66855, PBI_OON 29886), 1♀. Panamá: Barro Colorado Island, no date (K. Cooper, AMNH PBI_OON 29635), 1♂, July 9, 1935 (E. Williams, Jr., AMNH PBI_OON 317), 1♂ (holotype), June–Oct. 1946, Berlese (J. Zetek, MCZ 71996, PBI_OON 29887), 1♀, Nov. 1952–Mar. 1953 (J. Zetek, AMNH PBI_OON 29636), 1♂, Aug. 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71934, PBI_OON 29844), 1♀, Aug. 21, 1958, banana litter (D. Blest, BMNH PBI_OON 318), 2♀; Jan. 1960, leaf litter from base of large tree (W. Brown, MCZ 71961, PBI_OON 29888), 1♀, 9°10′N, 79°10′W, June 14–July 31, 1961 (AMNH PBI_OON 29633, 29634), 2♀, May 15, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ 71950, PBI_OON 26841), 1♂; W Cañita at river flood plain, Jan. 3, 1981, Berlese, palm buttress with stump (W. Suter, FMNH 33695, PBI_OON 10197), 3♂, 1♀; Summit Gardens, July 24, 1954 (A. Chickering, MCZ 66853, PBI_OON 26874), 1♂, Dec. 20, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 26804), 1♂, 1♀.
Key to Species
South America (except Venezuela)
1 Sides of carapace smooth, without obvious granulations 2
– Sides of carapace with obvious granulations 19
2 Males (those of S. chone unknown). 3
– Females (those of S. murici unknown) 11
3 Anteromedian part of male endites with very long (5× as long as wide) spiniform tip (figs. 779, 780) S. capim
– Anteromedian part of male endites otherwise 4
4 Abdomen elongated, cylindrical (fig. 570) S. bonda
– Abdomen broad, ovoid 5
5 Embolus set basally on palpal bulb 6
– Embolus set medially on palpal bulb 8
6 Palpal femur greatly enlarged, palpal bulb acutely protruding ventrally (fig. 677) S. tena
– Palpal femur smaller; male palpal bulb not acutely protruding 7
7 Palpal bulb with large, acute knob, situated medially (fig. 638) S. pich
– Palpal bulb with small, obtuse knob, situated basally (fig. 806) S. penna
8 Embolar base enlarged 9
– Embolar base not enlarged 10
9 Embolus thick, with rounded tip (fig. 835) S. kartabo
– Embolus thin, with pointed tip (fig. 456) S. barroana
10 Embolus long, with short, bent tip (fig. 825). S. murici
– Embolus short, with long, bent tip (fig. 762) S. irmaos
11 Epigynal atrium with paired posterior sclerotizations (fig. 586) S. bonda
– Epigynal atrium without paired posterior sclerotizations 12
12 Epigynal atrium with thick, lateral sclerotizations (fig. 843) S. kartabo
– Epigynal atrium without lateral sclerotizations 13
13 Epigynal atrium oval, with small, pale anterior sclerite 14
– Epigynal atrium otherwise 15
14 Epigynal atrium widely oval, anterior sclerite oval (fig. 711) S. chone
– Epigynal atrium oval, anterior sclerite semicircular (fig. 465) S. barroana
15 Epigynal atrium with large anterior sclerite 16
– Epigynal atrium with anteriorly narrow anterior sclerite 17
16 Dorsal extension of anterior sclerite long, thin (fig. 648) S. pich
– Dorsal extension of anterior sclerite short, thick (fig. 686) S. tena
17 Epigynal atrium with inverse T-shaped anterior sclerite (fig. 770) S. irmaos
– Epigynal atrium with inverse Y-shaped anterior sclerite 18
18 Dorsal extension of anterior sclerite long, narrow (fig. 793) S. capim
– Dorsal extension of anterior sclerite short, thick (fig. 816) S. penna
19 Eyes reduced (fig. 690) S. incha
– Eyes normal 20
20 Males 21
– Females 25
21 Palpal bulb acutely protruding ventrally (fig. 658) S. napo
– Palpal bulb not acutely protruding ventrally 22
22 Palpal bulb with small prolateral knob near embolar base (fig. 598) S. meta
– Palpal bulb without small prolateral knob near embolar base 23
23 Embolus basally twisted (figs. 617–619) S. vicencio
– Embolus not twisted. 24
24 Embolus set on distal half of palpal bulb, embolar base not enlarged (fig. 742) S. manaus
– Embolus set medially on palpal bulb, embolar base slightly enlarged (fig. 722) S. pago
25 Epigynal atrium without lateral sclerotizations (fig. 665) S. napo
– Epigynal atrium with lateral sclerotizations. 26
26 Epigynal atrium with large, rounded anterior sclerite (fig. 730) S. pago
– Epigynal atrium with small, narrow anterior sclerite 27
27 Epigynal atrium triangular, with large slightly curving lateral apodemes (fig. 606) S. meta
– Epigynal atrium otherwise 28
28 Epigynal atrium with strongly curved lateral apodemes (fig. 753) S. manaus
– Epigynal atrium with straight lateral apodemes (fig. 629) S. vicencio
Scaphiella bonda, new species
Figures 580–588
Scaphiella bonda, new species, female. 580. Habitus, dorsal view. 581. Same, ventral view. 582. Same, lateral view. 583. Same, anterior view. 584. Carapace, dorsal view. 585. Same, lateral view. 586. Epigastric region, ventral view. 587. Epigynum, ventral view. 588. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 589–599
Scaphiella meta, new species, male. 589. Habitus, dorsal view. 590. Same, ventral view. 591. Same, lateral view. 592. Same, anterior view. 593. Carapace, dorsal view. 594. Same, lateral view. 595. Abdomen, anterior view. 596. Left palp, dorsal view. 597. Same, prolateral view. 598. Same, ventral view. 599. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in pitfall trap in dry zone at Villa Culebra, near Bonda, ca. 10 km east of Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Nov.–Dec. 1985; H. Müller), deposited in MHNG (PBI_OON 15480).
Diagnosis
The male palp has a slightly enlarged femur (fig. 579) and a long, narrow embolus that is bent laterally much nearer the base than typical, at about one-fourth its length (fig. 578); the female epigynum has a very short anterior sclerite and a distinctive pair of medially directed extensions on the lateral margins (figs. 586–588).
Male (PBI_OON 15480, figs. 570–579). Total length 1.44. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, smooth. Palpal femur moderately enlarged; embolus long, gradually narrowing apically.
Female (PBI_OON 15480, figs. 580–588). Total length 1.45. Epigynal atrium circular, with small anterior sclerite and paired posterior sclerotizations; apodemes short, posterolaterally directed.
Distribution
Colombia (map 1).
Scaphiella meta, new species
Figures 600–608
Scaphiella meta, new species, female. 600. Habitus, dorsal view. 601. Same, ventral view. 602. Same, lateral view. 603. Same, anterior view. 604. Carapace, dorsal view. 605. Same, lateral view. 606. Epigastric region, ventral view. 607. Epigynum, ventral view. 608. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 609–619
Scaphiella vicencio, new species, male. 609. Habitus, dorsal view. 610. Same, ventral view. 611. Same, lateral view. 612. Carapace, anterior view. 613. Same, dorsal view. 614. Same, lateral view. 615. Abdomen, anterior view. 616. Left palp, dorsal view. 617. Same, prolateral view. 618. Same, ventral view. 619. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 1000 m at Quebrada Susumuco, 23 km NW Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia (Mar. 5, 1972; S., J. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 10111).
Diagnosis
The male palp has a small, prolaterally directed protrusion adjacent to the base of the embolus (figs. 598, 599); the female epigynum has a distinctive pair of lateral sclerotizations (figs. 606–608).
Male (PBI_OON 10111, figs. 589–599). Total length 1.76. Carapace with sides of pars thoracica with obvious granulations reaching apex. Sternum smooth. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, curved transverse ridge just above pedicel. Palpal femur greatly enlarged; embolus long, uniform, bulb with small knob near base of embolus.
Female (PBI_OON 29614, figs. 600–608). Total length 2.13. Endites unmodified. Anterior margin of postepigastric scutum with obvious granulations. Epigynal atrium triangular, with small anterior sclerite and lateral sclerotizations; apodemes short, curved.
Other Material Examined
COLOMBIA: Meta: Quebrada Susumuco, 23 km NW Villavicencio, Mar. 2, 1972, Berlese, forest litter, elev. 1000 m (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29614), 1♀, Mar. 5, 1972, same (FMNH PBI_OON 10111), 1♂.
Distribution
Colombia (map 2).
Scaphiella vicencio, new species
Figures 620–629
Scaphiella vicencio, new species, female. 620. Habitus, dorsal view. 621. Same, ventral view. 622. Same, lateral view. 623. Carapace, anterior view. 624. Same, dorsal view. 625. Same, lateral view. 626. Abdomen, anterior view. 627. Epigastric region, ventral view. 628. Epigynum, ventral view. 629. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 630–639
Scaphiella pich, new species, male. 630. Habitus, dorsal view. 631. Same, ventral view. 632. Same, lateral view. 633. Same, anterior view. 634. Carapace, dorsal view. 635. Same, lateral view. 636. Left palp, dorsal view. 637. Same, prolateral view. 638. Same, ventral view. 639. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 500 m at Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia (Mar. 1–4, 1972; S., J. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 320).
Diagnosis
The male palp has a short, basally twisted embolus that is widest at about half its length (figs. 617–619); the female epigynum has distinctively thickened lateral margins (figs. 627–629).
Male (PBI_OON 320, figs. 609–619). Total length 1.42. Carapace with obvious granulations on sides of pars thoracica, granulations reaching apex. Sternum smooth. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, curved, transverse ridge just above pedicel. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus short, basally twisted.
Female (PBI_OON 320, figs. 620–629). Total length 1.56. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium oval, with heavily sclerotized anterior and lateral margins; anterior sclerite small, heavily sclerotized only anteriorly; apodemes short.
Other Material Examined
COLOMBIA: Amazonas: 7 km N Leticia, Feb. 20–25, 1972, Berlese, forest litter (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29607), 1♂. Quindío: 1 km S Calarcá, Mar. 8, 1974, Berlese, forest litter with fleshy mushrooms, elev. 5000 ft (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 321), 1♂.
Distribution
Colombia (map 3).
Scaphiella pich, new species
Figures 640–648
Scaphiella pich, new species, female. 640. Habitus, dorsal view. 641. Same, ventral view. 642. Same, lateral view. 643. Habitus, anterior view. 644. Carapace, dorsal view. 645. Same, lateral view. 646. Epigastric region, ventral view. 647. Epigynum, ventral view. 648. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 649–658
Scaphiella napo, new species, male. 649. Habitus, dorsal view. 650. Same, ventral view. 651. Same, lateral view. 652. Same, anterior view. 653. Carapace, dorsal view. 654. Same, lateral view. 655. Left palp, dorsal view. 656. Same, prolateral view. 657. Same, ventral view. 658. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 700 ft at Río Palenque Station, 47 km S of Santo Domingo, Pichincha, Ecuador (May 18–30, 1975; S., J. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 322).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. bocas in having a basally originating embolus but differ in having a prominent knob on the palpal bulb at about one-quarter of its length (figs. 638, 639); females have a distinctively widened anterior epigynal sclerite that fills most of the width of the epigynal atrium (figs. 646–648).
Male (PBI_OON 322, figs. 630–639). Total length 1.25. Carapace with granulations restricted to lateral and posterior margins of pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong toothlike projection bearing spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen with dark markings visible under scuta, scuta smooth. Palp femur moderately expanded; bulb with knob at about half its length; embolus long, extending from near base of cymbium to past its tip.
Female (PBI_OON 323, figs. 640–648). Total length 1.40. Endites unmodified. Anterior epigynal sclerite widened, filling much of atrium, with invaginated posterior margin; apodemes directed laterally.
Other Material Examined
ECUADOR: Pichincha: Los Ríos Centro Cientifico, Río Palenque, no date, carrion trap (F. Teresa, KBIN PBI_OON 16249), 1♂, Dec. 21, 1980, pitfall, open cacao (F. Teresa, KBIN 16242), 1♂, Jan. 1, 1981, pitfall, elev. 220 m (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16251), 1♂, Jan. 2, 1981, same (KBIN PBI_OON 16243), 1♀, Jan. 5, 1981, same (KBIN PBI_OON 16252), 1♂, Feb. 28, 1981, same (KBIN PBI_OON 16247, 16248), 1♂, 2♀, Mar. 14, 1981, same (KBIN PBI_OON 16241), 1♀; Río Palenque Station, 47 km S Santo Domingo, May 18–30, 1975, Berlese, forest litter, elev. 700 ft (S., J. Peck, FMNH 333702, PBI_OON 10204), 22♂, 5♀, Feb. 21–24, 1976, Berlese, leaf litter with palm fruits, elev. 260 m (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 323), 2♂, 2♀.
Distribution
Pichincha, Ecuador (map 4).
Scaphiella napo, new species
Figures 659–667
Scaphiella napo, new species, female. 659. Habitus, dorsal view. 660. Same, ventral view. 661. Same, lateral view. 662. Same, anterior view. 663. Carapace, dorsal view. 664. Same, lateral view. 665. Epigastric region, ventral view. 666. Epigynum, ventral view. 667. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 668–677
Scaphiella tena, new species, male. 668. Habitus, dorsal view. 669. Same, ventral view. 670. Same, lateral view. 671. Same, anterior view. 672. Carapace, dorsal view. 673. Same, lateral view. 674. Left palp, dorsal view. 675. Same, prolateral view. 676. Same, ventral view. 677. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 250 m at Limoncocha, Napo, Ecuador (June 25, 1976; S. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 324).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. pich but have a larger, more basally situated protrusion on the palpal bulb (figs. 657, 658); females have a shorter, narrower anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 665–667).
Male (PBI_OON 324, figs. 649–658). Total length 1.47. Carapace with granulation reaching halfway up sides of pars cephalica, reaching apex of pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly enlarged; bulb with large, basal protrusion; embolus long, thin, set on basal half of bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 324, figs. 659–667). Total length 1.68. Endites unmodified. Epigastric scutum with small, oval ridge just above pedicel. Epigynal atrium oval, with dark, large anterior sclerite; apodemes short.
Other Material Examined
ECUADOR: Napo: Limoncocha, June 18, 1976, Berlese, Ficus litter with fruits, elev. 250 m (S. Peck, FMNH 33718, PBI_OON 10220), 1♂.
Distribution
Napo, Ecuador (map 5).
Scaphiella tena, new species
Figures 678–687
Scaphiella tena, new species, female. 678. Habitus, dorsal view. 679. Same, ventral view. 680. Same, lateral view. 681. Same, anterior view. 682. Carapace, dorsal view. 683. Same, lateral view. 684. Epigastric region, ventral view. 685. Epigynum, ventral view. 686. Same, dorsal view. 687. Same, lateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 600 m at a site 20 km S of Tena, Napo, Ecuador (July 11, 1976; S. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 329).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. napo in having a basal protrusion on the palpal bulb but have a more sinuous embolus (fig. 676) and a stronger anterior spine on the endites (fig. 669); females have a posteriorly more angular anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 684–687).
Male (PBI_OON 329, figs. 668–677). Total length 1.35. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with long, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly enlarged; embolus long, sinuous, set basally on bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 329, figs. 678–687). Total length 1.39. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium oval, with short, semicircular anterior sclerite; apodemes short, dorsal extension of anterior sclerite thick, curved.
Distribution
Napo, Ecuador (map 6).
Scaphiella incha, new species
Figures 696–704
Scaphiella incha, new species, female. 696. Habitus, dorsal view. 697. Same, ventral view. 698. Same, lateral view. 699. Same, anterior view. 700. Carapace, dorsal view. 701. Same, lateral view. 702. Epigastric region, ventral view. 703. Epigynum, ventral view. 704. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 705–713
Scaphiella chone, new species, female. 705. Habitus, dorsal view. 706. Same, ventral view. 707. Same, lateral view. 708. Same, anterior view. 709. Carapace, dorsal view. 710. Same, lateral view. 711. Epigastric region, ventral view. 712. Epigynum, ventral view. 713. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype (missing abdomen) taken in a pitfall trap at an elevation of 220 at the Los Ríos Centro Cientifico, Río Palenque, Pichincha, Ecuador (Mar. 7, 1981; S. Sandoval), deposited in KBIN (PBI_OON 16244).
Diagnosis
Males can easily be distinguished from those of the sympatric species S. pich (and those of the other Ecuadorean males) by the reduced eyes (fig. 688), the shorter, more distally originating embolus (fig. 695), and the small protrusion situated medially of the embolus on the palpal bulb (fig. 694); females share the eye reduction and have a narrower anterior epigynal sclerite that occupies more than one-third of the width of the epigynal atrium (figs. 702–704).
Male (PBI_OON 16244, figs. 688–695). Carapace length 0.62 (abdomen missing). Carapace granulations present only around lateral and posterior margins, heaviest on sides of posterior declivity; eyes reduced, ALE separated by less than their diameter, PME separated by less than their radius. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately enlarged; embolus originating at about one-fifth of cymbial length, bulb with knob situated near embolar origin.
Female (PBI_OON 325, figs. 696–704). Total length 1.47. Anterior sclerite relatively narrow, uniform in width, extending most of atrial length; apodemes strong, directed laterally.
Other Material Examined
ECUADOR: Pichincha: Los Ríos Centro Cientifico, Río Palenque, no date, carrion trap, elev. 220 m (F. Teresa, KBIN PBI_OON 325), 1; ♀ Feb. 21, 1983, same (KBIN PBI_OON 16245), 1♀, Feb. 28, 1981, pitfall, elev. 220 m (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16250), 2♀.
Distribution
Pichincha, Ecuador (map 7).
Scaphiella chone, new species
Figures 714–723
Scaphiella pago, new species, male. 714. Habitus, dorsal view. 715. Same, ventral view. 716. Same, lateral view. 717. Same, anterior view. 718. Carapace, dorsal view. 719. Same, lateral view. 720. Left palp, dorsal view. 721. Same, prolateral view. 722. Same, ventral view. 723. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Female holotype from a Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 300 m at a site 73 km NE of Chone and 85 km W of Santo Domingo, Manabí, Ecuador (June 12, 1976; S., J. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 10103).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by the greatly widened epigynal atrium and greatly reduced anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 711–713).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 10103, figs. 705–713). Total length 1.42. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium widely oval, with small anterior sclerite; apodemes short, posteriorly directed.
Distribution
Manabí, Ecuador (map 8).
Scaphiella pago, new species
Figures 724–732
Scaphiella pago, new species, female. 724. Habitus, dorsal view. 725. Same, ventral view. 726. Same, lateral view. 727. Same, anterior view. 728. Carapace, dorsal view. 729. Same, lateral view. 730. Epigastric region, ventral view. 731. Epigynum, ventral view. 732. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 733–743
Scaphiella manaus, new species, male. 733. Habitus, dorsal view. 734. Same, ventral view. 735. Same, lateral view. 736. Same, anterior view. 737. Carapace, dorsal view. 738. Same, lateral view. 739. Abdomen, anterior view. 740. Left palp, dorsal view. 741. Same, prolateral view. 742. Same, ventral view. 743. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken in pitfall traps at an elevation of 465 m at Pagorani, Río Camisea, 11°42′22.5″S, 72°54′10.7″W, Cusco, Peru (May 14–22, 1998; S. Cordova), deposited in MUSM (500075, PBI_OON 29535).
Diagnosis
Males have a short embolus originating from a slightly enlarged base (figs. 721–723); females have distinctively thickened epigynal margins (figs. 730–732).
Male (PBI_OON 29538, figs. 714–723). Total length 1.33. Carapace with granulations on sides, heaviest along lateral margins of posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; bulb produced basally; embolus relatively short, narrow throughout its length, evenly arched.
Female (PBI_OON 29535, figs. 724–732). Total length 1.47. Epigynal atrium wide, anterior sclerite round; apodemes short, directed dorsally.
Other Material Examined
PERU: Cusco: Pagorani, Río Camisea, 11°42′22.5″S, 72°54′10.7″W, May 11, 1998, pitfall trap, elev. 465 m (S. Cordova, MUSM 500077, PBI_OON 29356), 1♀, May 13, 1998, same (MUSM 500080, PBI_OON 29538), 1♂, May 25, 1998, same (MUSM 500076, PBI_OON 29537), 1♂. Loreto: Quebrada Capite, Río Ucayali, Aug. 25, 1988, in palms (V., B. Roth, MUSM 500079, PBI_OON 29539), 1♂. Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Oct. 24, 1982, Berlese, rotten palm flowers (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 326), 1♀.
Distribution
Peru (map 9).
Scaphiella manaus, new species
Figures 744–753
Scaphiella manaus, new species, female. 744. Habitus, dorsal view. 745. Same, ventral view. 746. Same, lateral view. 747. Same, anterior view. 748. Carapace, dorsal view. 749. Same, lateral view. 750. Abdomen, anterior view. 751. Epigastric region, ventral view. 752. Epigynum, ventral view. 753. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 754–763
Scaphiella irmaos, new species, male. 754. Habitus, dorsal view. 755. Same, ventral view. 756. Same, lateral view. 757. Same, anterior view. 758. Carapace, dorsal view. 759. Same, lateral view. 760. Left palp, dorsal view. 761. Same, prolateral view. 762. Same, ventral view. 763. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype, female allotype, and male paratype from Lago Janauari, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (1995–1996, J. Adis), deposited in IBSP (15085, PBI_OON 29532).
Diagnosis
Males have a very short embolus, arising from the distal half of the palpal bulb (fig. 742); females have an extremely narrow, linear anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 751–753).
Male (PBI_OON 29532, figs. 733–743). Total length 1.20. Carapace with obvious granulations on sides of pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, curved ridge just above pedicel. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus short, uniform, set on distal half of palpal bulb, curving gradually.
Female (PBI_OON 29529, figs. 744–753). Total length 1.24. Epigynal atrium squared, with anterior sclerite and lateral sclerotizations long, narrow; apodemes acutely curved.
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Amazonas: Lago Janauari, Manaus, 1995–1996 (J. Adis, IBSP 15059, 15074, 15083, 15090, 15111, 15114, 15122, 15139, PBI_OON 27760, 29527–29531, 29533, 29534), 6♂, 3♀.
Distribution
Amazonas, Brazil (map 10).
Scaphiella irmaos, new species
Figures 764–772
Scaphiella irmaos, new species, female. 764. Habitus, dorsal view. 765. Same, ventral view. 766. Same, lateral view. 767. Same, anterior view. 768. Carapace, dorsal view. 769. Same, lateral view. 770. Epigastric region, ventral view. 771. Epigynum, ventral view. 772. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 773–784
Scaphiella capim, new species, male. 773. Habitus, dorsal view. 774. Same, ventral view. 775. Same, lateral view. 776. Same, anterior view. 777. Carapace, dorsal view. 778. Same, lateral view. 779. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 780. Cephalothoax, lateral view. 781. Left palp, dorsal view. 782. Same, prolateral view. 783. Same, ventral view. 784. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from Sitio Três Irmãos, Juruti, 02°27′51.4″S, 56°00′08.6″W, Pará, Brazil (N. Lo-Man-Hung and J. Barreiros, Feb. 6–13, 2007), deposited in MPEG (10096, PBI_OON 29479).
Diagnosis
This is probably the sister species of S. manaus; males have a longer, more angular embolus that originates more basally on the palpal bulb (fig. 762), and females have a transverse bar at the posterior end of the anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 770–772).
Male (PBI_OON 29477, figs. 754–763). Total length 1.45. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, faint ridge just above pedicel. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus short, set on distal half of palpal bulb, curving abruptly distally.
Female (PBI_OON 29478, figs. 764–772). Total length 1.54. Epigynal atrium triangular, with inverted T-shaped anterior sclerite; apodemes short, posteriorly directed.
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Pará: Sitio Três Irmãos, Juruti, 02°27′51.4″S, 56°00′08.6″W, Aug. 8–15, 2006 (D. Candiani, N. Lo-Man-Hung, MPEG 10791–10796, 10803, PBI_OON 29477, 29480, 29481–29484, 29486), 7♂, Feb. 13, 2007 (N. Lo-Man-Hung, J. Barreiros, MPEG 10066, PBI_OON 29478), 1♀.
Distribution
Pará, Brazil (map 11).
Scaphiella capim, new species
Figures 785–794
Scaphiella capim, new species, female. 785. Habitus, dorsal view. 786. Same, ventral view. 787. Same, lateral view. 788. Same, anterior view. 789. Carapace, dorsal view. 790. Same, lateral view. 791. Epigastric region, ventral view. 792. Epigynum, ventral view. 793. Same, dorsal view. 794. Same, lateral view.
Figures 795–806
Scaphiella penna, new species, male. 795. Habitus, dorsal view. 796. Same, ventral view. 797. Same, lateral view. 798. Same, anterior view. 799. Carapace, dorsal view. 800. Same, lateral view. 801. Sternum and mouthparts, oblique ventral view. 802. Abdomen, anterior view. 803. Left palp, dorsal view. 804. Same, prolateral view. 805. Same, ventral view. 806. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from Fazenda Rio Capim, Goianésia, 03°18′50″S, 48°28′54″W, Pará, Brazil (June 15–29, 2003; IPAN expedition), deposited in MPEG (10768, PBI_OON 29500).
Diagnosis
Males have a much longer embolus than do those of S. manaus or S. irmaos (fig. 783); females have a distinctively expanded posterior bar on the anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 791–794).
Male (PBI_OON 29500, figs. 773–784). Total length 1.27. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with greatly elongated, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palp femur moderately expanded, embolus long, thin, set on basal half of palpal bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 29499, figs. 785–794). Total length 1.06. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium circular, with anterior epigynal sclerite inverted Y-shaped; apodemes short, posteriorly directed; dorsal extension of anterior sclerite long, curved (fig. 794).
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Pará: Fazenda Rio Capim, Goianésia, 03°18′50″S, 48°28′54″W, June 15–29, 2003 (IPAN expedition, MPEG 10769, 10770, PBI_OON 29499, 29501), 1♂, 1♀.
Distribution
Pará, Brazil (map 12).
Scaphiella penna, new species
Figures 807–816
Scaphiella penna, new species, female. 807. Habitus, dorsal view. 808. Same, ventral view. 809. Same, lateral view. 810. Same, anterior view. 811. Carapace, dorsal view. 812. Same, lateral view. 813. Abdomen, anterior view. 814. Epigastric region, ventral view. 815. Epigynum, ventral view. 816. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 817–826
Scaphiella murici, new species, male. 817. Habitus, dorsal view. 818. Same, ventral view. 819. Same, lateral view. 820. Same, anterior view. 821. Carapace, lateral view. 822. Same, dorsal view. 823. Left palp, dorsal view. 824. Same, prolateral view. 825. Same, ventral view. 826. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype from the Estação Cientifica Ferreira Penna, Malgaço, 01°44′15.5″S, 51°26′42.0″W, Pará, Brazil (Oct. 14–Nov. 16, 2003; J. Barreiros), deposited in MPEG (11602, PBI_OON 27777).
Diagnosis
Males can be recognized by the anterior spine on the endites (fig. 801) and the small, prolaterally directed projection situated near the embolar base on a pyramid-shaped palpal bulb (fig. 806); females have an inverted T-shaped anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 814–816).
Male (PBI_OON 29957, figs. 795–806). Total length 0.97. Carapace with granulations restricted to lateral and posterior margins. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus long, originating at about one-fifth of cymbial length, relatively straight except for tip.
Female (PBI_OON 29957, figs. 807–816). Total length 1.14. Endites unmodified. Anterior epigynal sclerite very narrow anteriorly, bell shaped posteriorly; apodemes short, originating from anterior half of atrium.
Other Material Examined
BRAZIL: Pará: Estação Cientifica Ferreira Penna, Melgaço, 01°44′15.5″S, 51°26′42.0″W, all collected by J. Barreiros et al., no date (MPEG 10440, PBI_OON 29504), 1♂, July 6–17, 2002 (MPEG 11681–11685, 11686, 11688, PBI_OON 27788, 27790, 29471–29475), 7♂, 1♀, July 8–16, 2002 (MPEG 11689, PBI_OON 27783), 1♀, Nov. 2, 2002 (MPEG 11687, PBI_OON 27789), 1♂, Mar. 21, 2003 (MPEG 10278, PBI_OON 29476), 1♀, Aug. 20, 2003 (MPEG 10277, 10281, PBI_OON 27784, 27786), 1♂, 1♀, Oct. 14–Nov. 16, 2003 (MPEG 11690, 11691, 11693, 11694–11709, PBI_OON 27763–27776, 27778–27782), 26♂, 2♀, Oct. 22, 2003 (MPEG 10280, PBI_OON 27785), 1♀, Oct. 25, 2003 (MPEG 10279, PBI_OON 27787), 1♂; Estação Cientifica Ferreira Penna, Melgaço, 01°44′18.02″S, 51°27′48.01″W, all collected by J. Barreiros et al., Sept. 25–30, 2005 (MPEG 11761, 11783, PBI_OON 29948, 29978), 1♂, 1♀, Sept. 26–Oct. 1, 2005 (MPEG 11763, 11770, 11776, 11791, 11796, PBI_OON 29940, 29941, 29979–29981), 6♂, Sept. 27–Oct. 2, 2005 (MPEG 11779, 11799, PBI_OON 29946, 29982), 2♂, Sept. 28–Oct. 3, 2005 (MPEG 11782, PBI_OON 29984), 1♂, Sept. 29–Oct. 4, 2005 (MPEG 11778, PBI_OON 29983), 1♂, Oct. 7–12, 2005 (MPEG 11797, PBI_OON 29945), 1♂, Oct. 8–13, 2005 (MPEG 11760, 11794, 11795, 11798, PBI_OON 29937, 29939, 29959, 29960), 3♂, 2♀, Oct. 27–Nov. 2, 2005 (MPEG 11756, PBI_OON 29947), 1♂, Nov. 8–13, 2005 (MPEG 11762, 11764, 11765, 11767, 11768, 11771, 11773, PBI_OON 29935, 29936, 29938, 29957, 29958, 29987), 7♂, Nov. 9–14, 2005 (MPEG 11772, 11759, 11789, 11792, PBI_OON 29950, 29951, 29962, 29963), 5♂, Nov. 10–15, 2005 (MPEG 11749, 11753, 11766, 11775, 11793, PBI_OON 29942–29944, 29961, 29968), 7♂, Nov. 16–21, 2005 (MPEG 11750–11752, 11758, 11774, 11777, 11784, PBI_OON 29923–29926, 29964–29966), 10♂, 1♀, Nov. 17–22, 2005 (MPEG 11748, 11754, 11775, 11781, 11785, 11788, 11790, PBI_OON 29927–29931, 29972, 29973), 7♂, 1♀, Nov 18–21, 2005 (MPEG 11780, 11786, 11787, PBI_OON 29949, 29974, 29975), 3♂, Apr. 13–18, 2006 (MPEG 11802, PBI_OON 29967), 1♂, Apr. 14–19, 2006 (MPEG 11757, 11801, 11803, 11806, 11807, 11810, PBI_OON 29921, 29922, 29932–29934, 29969), 7♂, Apr. 15–20, 2006 (MPEG 11800, 11804, PBI_OON 29970, 29971), 2♂, Apr. 23–28, 2006 (MPEG 11805, 11808, PBI_OON 29976, 29977), 1♂, Apr. 24–29, 2006 (MPEG 11809, PBI_OON 29985), 1♂; Fazenda Arataú, Novo Repartimento, June 25–26, 2003 (MPEG 10771, PBI_OON 29498), 1♀; Fazenda Santa Marta, Tailândia, May 13–14, 2003 (MPEG 10774, PBI_OON 29505), 1♂, Aug. 19–30, 2003 (MPEG 10767, 10773, PBI_OON 29506, 29507), 2♂; Igarapé Caquajó, Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Portel, 01°57′38.9″S, 51°36′45.3″W, May 8–13, 2005 (J. Barreiros et al., MPEG 11811–11816, PBI_OON 335, 29952–29956), 7♂, 2♀; Platô Capiranga, Linha 168E, 02°28′22.1″S, 56°12′29.4″W, Aug. 8–15, 2006 (D. Candiani, N. Lo-Man-Hung, MPEG 10797, PBI_OON 29503), 1♂, Feb. 13, 2007 (N. Lo-Man-Hung, J. Barrieros, MPEG 10072, PBI_OON 29502), 1♂; Sitio Três Irmãos, Juruti, 02°27′51.4″S, 56°00′08.6″W, Feb. 6–13, 2007 (N. Lo-Man-Hung, J. Barrieros, MPEG 10146, PBI_OON 29485), 1♂; Vale do Igarapé Mutum, Platô do Rio Juruti, Juruti, 01°36′44.7″S, 56°11′39.2″W, Aug. 8–15, 2006 (D. Candiani, N. Lo-Man-Hung, MPEG 10800–10802, 10804–10806, PBI_OON 29488, 29493, 29494–29497), 5♂, 1♀, Feb. 6–13, 2007 (N. Lo-Man-Hung, J. Barrieros, MPEG 10059, 10105, 10124, 10125, 10134, PBI_OON 29487, 29489–29492), 5♂.
Distribution
Pará, Brazil (map 13).
Scaphiella murici, new species
Figures 827–836
Scaphiella kartabo, new species, male. 827. Habitus, dorsal view. 828. Same, ventral view. 829. Same, lateral view. 830. Same, anterior view. 831. Carapace, dorsal view. 832. Same, lateral view. 833. Left palp, dorsal view. 834. Same, prolateral view. 835. Same, ventral view. 836. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from Estação Ecológica de Murici, Murici, Alagoas, Brazil (Sept. 13–20, 2003; BIOTA expedition), deposited in IBSP (69287, PBI_OON 29526).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. manaus but have the embolus extending beyond the tip of the palpal cymbium (figs. 823–826).
Male (PBI_OON 29526, figs. 817–826). Total length 1.39. Carapace with few granulations restricted to lateral and posterior margins. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, smooth. Palp femur slightly expanded; embolus originating at about middle of cymbial length, extending far beyond tip of cymbium.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Alagoas, Brazil (map 14).
Scaphiella kartabo, new species
Figures 837–845
Scaphiella kartabo, new species, female. 837. Habitus, dorsal view. 838. Same, ventral view. 839. Same, lateral view. 840. Carapace, anterior view. 841. Same, dorsal view. 842. Same, lateral view. 843. Epigastric region, ventral view. 844. Epigynum, ventral view. 845. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 846–857
Scaphiella simla Chickering, male. 846. Habitus, dorsal view. 847. Same, ventral view. 848. Same, lateral view. 849. Same, anterior view. 850. Carapace, dorsal view. 851. Same, lateral view. 852. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 853. Abdomen, anterior view. 854. Left palp, dorsal view. 855. Same, prolateral view. 856. Same, ventral view. 857. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype taken in a Berlese sample of litter from a rotten tree stump at Kartabo, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Guyana (July 6, 1982; K., R. Schmidt), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29612).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. manaus but lack microsculpture on the carapace and have a slightly expanded embolus base (fig. 835); females have distinctively triangular apodemes extending from the lateral margins of the epigynal atrium (figs. 843–845).
Male (PBI_OON 29613, figs. 827–836). Total length 1.31. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites with small, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus short, set medially on palpal bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 29603, figs. 837–845). Total length 1.37. Endites unmodified. Epigynal atrium with short, narrow anterior sclerite and thick lateral sclerotizations; apodemes short, thick.
Key to Species
Venezuela and West Indies
(except S. bryantae)
1 Males (those of S. scutiventris, gracia, cata, valencia, agocena, arima, saba, and curlena unknown) 2
– Females (those of S. icabaru, ayacucho, etang, and buck unknown) 15
2 Sides of carapace smooth, without obvious granulations 3
– Sides of carapace with obvious granulations 8
3 Embolus basally twisted (fig. 924) S. guatopo
– Embolus not twisted 4
4 Embolus set basally or medially on palpal bulb 5
– Embolus set on apical half of palpal bulb 6
5 Palpal femur greatly enlarged, palpal bulb with prolateral knob near base of embolus (fig. 1031) S. weberi
– Palpal femur not greatly enlarged, palpal bulb without prolateral knob near base of embolus (fig. 1001) S. icabaru
6 Endites with large, triangular anteromedian tip (fig. 1098) S. kalunda
– Endites otherwise 7
7 Embolus very short (fig. 1144) S. buck
– Embolus long (fig. 1125) S. septella
8 Eyes reduced (as in fig. 901) 9
– Eyes normal 10
9 Palpal bulb protruding ventrally, embolus bent basally (figs. 905, 906) S. miranda
– Palpal bulb protruding basally, embolus curving smoothly (figs. 886, 887) S. bordoni
10 Palpal femur with dorsal spikes (fig. 1078) S. etang
– Palpal femur without spikes 11
11 Chelicerae with anterior projections 12
– Chelicerae without anterior projections 13
12 Anterior projections of chelicerae small (figs. 848–851); abdomen lightly patterned S. simla
– Anterior projections of chelicerae large (fig. 1056); abdomen strongly patterned S. cymbalaria
13 Embolus set basally on palpal bulb (fig. 1011) S. ayacucho
– Embolus set medially on palpal bulb 14
14 Embolus short, sinuous (fig. 981) S. guiria
– Embolus longer, smoothly curved (fig. 944) S. tigre
15 Sides of carapace smooth, without obvious granulations 16
– Sides of carapace with obvious granulations 23
16 Epigynal atrium without lateral or paired posterior sclerotizations 17
– Epigynal atrium with lateral or paired posterior sclerotizations 19
17 Epigynal atrium pentagonal, with posteromedian invagination (figs. 961–963) S. cata
– Epigynal atrium oval, without posteromedian invagination 18
18 Anterior sclerite bipartite, anteriorly situated (fig. 1153) S. curlena
– Anterior sclerite undivided, medially situated (fig. 875) S. scutiventris
19 Epigynal atrium with paired posterior sclerotizations 20
– Epigynal atrium with lateral sclerotizations 21
20 Posterior sclerotizations rounded (fig. 1019) S. agocena
– Posterior sclerotizations hook shaped (fig. 1088) S. saba
21 Lateral sclerotizations narrow (fig. 933) S. guatopo
– Lateral sclerotizations wide 22
22 Epigynal atrium with anterior margin thickened (fig. 1134) S. septella
– Epigynal atrium with anterior margin not thickened (fig.1115) S. kalunda
23 Eyes reduced (as in fig. 892) 24
– Eyes normal 28
24 Epigynal atrium without pair of posterior sclerotizations 25
– Epigynal atrium with pair of posterior sclerotizations 26
25 Anterior sclerite greatly enlarged, filling epigynal atrium (fig. 952) S. gracia
– Anterior sclerite small, medially situated (fig. 894) S. bordoni
26 Posterior sclerotizations touching (fig. 914) S. miranda
– Posterior sclerotizations not touching 27
27 Epigynal atrium with lateral sclerotizations (fig. 1038) S. weberi
– Epigynal atrium without lateral sclerotizations (fig. 1047) S. arima
28 Epigynal atrium with posterior, median invagination (fig. 971) S. valencia
– Epigynal atrium without posterior, median invagination 29
29 Abdomen without pattern, postepigastric scutum short (fig. 984) S. guiria
– Abdomen with pattern, postepigastric scutum long 30
30 Abdomen lightly patterned; anterior sclerite small, anteriorly situated (fig. 866) S. simla
– Abdomen strongly patterned; anterior sclerite large, medially situated (fig. 1067) S. cymbalaria
Scaphiella simla Chickering
Figures 858–868
Scaphiella simla Chickering, female. 858. Habitus, dorsal view. 859. Same, ventral view. 860. Same, lateral view. 861. Same, anterior view. 862. Carapace, dorsal view. 863. Same, lateral view. 864. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 865. Abdomen, anterior view. 866. Epigastric region, ventral view. 867. Epigynum, ventral view. 868. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 869–877
Scaphiella scutiventris Simon, female. 869. Habitus, dorsal view. 870. Same, ventral view. 871. Same, lateral view. 872. Same, anterior view. 873. Carapace, dorsal view. 874. Same, lateral view. 875. Epigastric region, ventral view. 876. Epigynum, ventral view. 877. Same, dorsal view.
Scaphiella simla Chickering, 1968: 151, figs. 42–47 (male holotype from Arima Valley, Simla, Trinidad, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. cymbalaria in having conical anterior projections at the base of the chelicerae (figs. 848–851) and a small projection near the base of the embolus (fig. 857), but the cheliceral projections are much smaller in this species than in S. cymbalaria; females have elevated anterior margins, accompanied by microsculpture, on the epigastric scutum (fig. 865) and a relatively small anterior epigynal sclerite (fig. 866).
Male (PBI_OON 29848, figs. 846–857). Total length 1.54. Carapace sides with obvious granulation extending upward in triangular patches from opposite coxae, covering most of posterior declivity; anterior face of chelicerae with swelling. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen lightly patterned; epigastric scutum with tuberculate setal bases present at sides and front. Palpal femur slightly expanded; bulb produced basally, with distinct knob just proximal and retrolateral to embolus origin, embolus projecting far ventral of bulb surface.
Female (PBI_OON 29848, figs. 858–868). Total length 1.76. Chelicerae without anterior swelling. Epigastric scutum with elevated anteromedian edges at sides above pedicel. Anterior epigynal sclerite with anterior protuberance, widened posteriorly; apodemes long, laterally directed.
Material Examined
VENEZUELA: Sucre: Carúpano, July 23, 1987, thorn-scrub litter, elev. 80 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29596), 1♀; 37 km W Carúpano, July 31, 1987, humid ravine litter, thorn-vine forest, elev. 50 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 1231, 29609), 1♂, 2♀; 26 km SE Río Caribe, July 28, 1987, tree base litter, forest over cacao, elev. 50 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29601), 1♀. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: no specific locality, no date (N. Weber, MCZ 66857, PBI_OON 29548), 1♂, 1♀. Arima: Arima Valley, Simla, April 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29848), 3♂, 2♀ (paratypes), Apr. 19, 1964 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29552), 1♂ (holotype), same (A. Chickering, MCZ 66856, PBI_OON 29547), 1♀ (paratype), Feb. 1972, elev. 1000 ft (J. Cooke, AMNH PBI_OON 95), 1♂.
Distribution
Sucre, Venezuela, and Trinidad (map 1).
Scaphiella scutiventris Simon
Figures 878–887
Scaphiella bordoni Dumitrescu and Georgescu, male. 878. Habitus, dorsal view. 879. Same, ventral view. 880. Same, lateral view. 881. Same, anterior view. 882. Carapace, dorsal view. 883. Same, lateral view. 884. Left palp, dorsal view. 885. Same, prolateral view. 886. Same, ventral view. 887. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella scutiventris Simon, 1893b: 443 (female holotype from Caracas, Distrito Federal, Venezuela, in MNHN; examined).
Diagnosis
Females have a relatively long abdomen and a globular, posteriorly invaginated posterior extension on the anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 875–877).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 2621, figs. 869–877). Total length 1.47. Carapace sides smooth, granulations restricted to pair of paramedian small patches along posterior margin. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, smooth. Anterior epigynal sclerite forming elongated triangle, invaginated posteriorly; apodemes short, angular.
Material Examined
VENEZUELA: Aragua: 15 km S Las Tejerías, 12 km N Tiara, Aug. 8, 1987, cloud forest litter, elev. 1300 (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29597), 1♀; Tiara, near Cerro Niguel, Apr. 14, 1995, elev. 1400 m (J. Lattke, CAS 9026678, PBI_OON 2621), 1♀. Distrito Federal: Caracas (E. Simon, MNHN 5688, PBI_OON 28544), 1♀ (holotype).
Distribution
Aragua and Distrito Federal, Venezuela (map 2).
Scaphiella bordoni Dumitrescu and Georgescu
Figures 888–896
Scaphiella bordoni Dumitrescu and Georgescu, female. 888. Habitus, dorsal view. 889. Same, ventral view. 890. Same, lateral view. 891. Same, anterior view. 892. Carapace, dorsal view. 893. Same, lateral view. 894. Epigastric region, ventral view. 895. Epigynum, ventral view. 896. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 897–906
Scaphiella miranda, new species, male. 897. Habitus, dorsal view. 898. Same, ventral view. 899. Same, lateral view. 900. Same, anterior view. 901. Carapace, dorsal view. 902. Same, lateral view. 903. Left palp, dorsal view. 904. Same, prolateral view. 905. Same, ventral view. 906. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella bordoni Dumitrescu and Georgescu, 1987: 102, pl. 7, figs. 1–5 (male holotype from Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, in the Institut de Spéologie “Emile Racovitza,” Bucarest, Romania, not available on loan, not examined).
Diagnosis
Males closely resemble those of S. simla but lack the anterior projections at the base of the chelicerae; females also resemble those of S. simla but lack the elevated anterior margins of the epigastric scutum and the accompanying microsculpture. Both sexes have reduced eyes (figs. 882, 892).
Male (PBI_OON 334, figs. 878–887). Total length 1.50. Carapace sides with extensive granulation in triangular patches opposite coxae and on sides of posterior declivity; eyes reduced, ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; bulb tapering apically, produced ventrally and proximally, with small knob near embolus base; embolus subdistally widened.
Female (PBI_OON 334, figs. 888–896). Total length 1.53. Anterior epigynal sclerite posteriorly widened, invaginated; apodemes wide, directed laterally.
Material Examined
VENEZUELA: Aragua: Parque Nacional Rancho Grande, 1960, epiphytes in cloud forest, elev. 1100 m (J. Ojasti, MCZ PBI_OON 29602), 1♂; Rancho Grande, 15 km N Maracay, Feb. 9–27, 1971, Berlese, forest litter, elev. 1000–1400 m (FMNH PBI_OON 334), 1♂, 3♀, same (AMNH PBI_OON 29611), 3♀.
Distribution
Aragua, Venezuela (map 3).
Scaphiella miranda, new species
Figures 907–915
Scaphiella miranda, new species, female. 907. Habitus, dorsal view. 908. Same, ventral view. 909. Same, lateral view. 910. Same, anterior view. 911. Carapace, dorsal view. 912. Same, lateral view. 913. Epigastric region, ventral view. 914. Epigynum, ventral view. 915. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 916–925
Scaphiella guatopo, new species, male. 916. Habitus, dorsal view. 917. Same, ventral view. 918. Same, lateral view. 919. Same, anterior view. 920. Carapace, dorsal view. 921. Same, lateral view. 922. Left palp, dorsal view. 923. Same, prolateral view. 924. Same, ventral view. 925. Same, retrolateral view.
Types
Male holotype and female allotype taken by forest soil washing at an elevation of 400 m at Agua Blanca, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 35 km N Altagracia, Miranda, Venezuela (June 1, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29592).
Diagnosis
Both sexes have the eyes of the posterior row greatly reduced in size (figs. 901, 911) and have extensive microsculpture on the carapace. Males have a strong pair of apodemes extending posterolaterally from the epigastric furrow (fig. 898) and a palpal bulb that is greatly extended ventrally (fig. 906); females have a pair of large sclerotizations situated posteriorly in the epigynal atrium (figs. 914, 915) and numerous thickened setae anterior of the atrium (fig. 913).
Male (PBI_OON 29610, figs. 897–906). Total length 1.36. Carapace with granulations occupying most of sides, almost reaching apex; eyes reduced, ALE separated by less than their radius. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta punctate. Palpal femur greatly expanded; bulb tapering apically, with small knob situated prolateral of embolus base; embolus bent sharply just beyond base.
Female (PBI_OON 29618, figs. 907–915). Total length 1.61. Endites unmodified. Anterior epigynal sclerite long, narrow, sinuous; apodemes wide, directed posterolaterally.
Other Material Examined
VENEZUELA: Miranda: Agua Blanca, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 35 km N Altagracia, May 31, 1987, Berlese, ravine litter, elev. 400 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29610, 29618), 4♂, 1♀, June 1, 1987, forest soil washing, elev. 400 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29599), 1♂; El Lucero, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 28 km N Altagracia, June 8, 1987, Berlese, rotted log litter, elev. 700 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29606, 29608), 2♂, 3♀.
Distribution
Miranda, Venezuela (map 4).
Scaphiella guatopo, new species
Figures 926–935
Scaphiella guatopo, new species, female. 926. Habitus, dorsal view. 927. Same, ventral view. 928. Same, lateral view. 929. Carapace, anterior view. 930. Same, dorsal view. 931. Same, lateral view. 932. Abdomen, anterior view. 933. Epigastric region, ventral view. 934. Epigynum, ventral view. 935. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 936–945
Scaphiella tigre, new species, male. 936. Habitus, dorsal view. 937. Same, ventral view. 938. Same, lateral view. 939. Same, anterior view. 940. Carapace, dorsal view. 941. Same, lateral view. 942. Left palp, dorsal view. 943. Same, prolateral view. 944. Same, ventral view. 945. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype taken in a flight intercept trap in a ravine at an elevation of 700 m at El Lucerno, 28 km N of Altagracia, Parque Nacional Guatopo, Miranda, Venezuela (June 7–14, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29600).
Diagnosis
Males of this dark orange species can easily be recognized by their relatively long and narrow palpal femur (fig. 923) and the “striped” appearance of the embolus (figs. 923–925), females by the narrow anterior epigynal sclerite and rebordered lateral margins of the epigynal atrium (figs. 933–935).
Male (PBI_OON 29600, figs. 916–925). Total length 1.50. Carapace sides with few granulations, restricted to margins. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded, slightly elongated; embolus short, restricted to distal half of bulb, with twist at about half its length.
Female (PBI_OON 29595, figs. 926–935). Total length 1.52. Anterior epigynal sclerite narrow, arrow shaped; apodemes situated anterolaterally, short, wide.
Other Material Examined
VENEZUELA: Miranda: Agua Blanca, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 35 km N Altagracia, May 31, 1987, Berlese, ravine litter, elev. 400 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29598, 29617), 1♂, 2♀, June 7–14, 1987, flight intercept trap, forest streamside, elev. 400 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29595), 1♀; El Lucero, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 28 km N Altagracia, June 8, 1987, Berlese, rotted log litter, elev. 700 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 29604), 1♂. Sucre: Las Melenis, 9.7 km NW Irapa, 10°41′N, 62°37′W, May 10, 1993, sifting leaf litter, elev. 800 m (J. Lattke, CAS 9026676, PBI_OON 2623), 1♂.
Distribution
Miranda, and Sucre, Venezuela (map 5).
Scaphiella tigre, new species
Figures 946–954
Scaphiella gracia, new species, female. 946. Habitus, dorsal view. 947. Same, ventral view. 948. Same, lateral view. 949. Same, anterior view. 950. Carapace, dorsal view. 951. Same, lateral view. 952. Epigastric region, ventral view. 953. Epigynum, ventral view. 954. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken in primary forest 1.5 km E Caño Tigre, Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela (Nov. 27, 1995; I. Netuzhilin), deposited in MACN (PBI_OON 31060).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. guatopo but have more extensive granulation on the carapace (especially the posterior declivity), and the embolus lacks the distinctive twist found in that species (figs. 943–945).
Male (PBI_OON 31060, figs. 936–945). Total length 1.73. Carapace sides with obvious granulations, strongest on posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; embolus relatively short, narrow.
Female: Unknown.
Type
Female holotype taken in forest leaf litter at an elevation of 300 m near the S border of Parque Nacional Guatopo, 24 km N Altagracia, Miranda, Venezuela (June 10, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29605).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by the greatly enlarged anterior epigynal sclerite, which fills most of the epigynal atrium (figs. 952–954).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 330, figs. 946–954). Total length 1.57. Carapace with extensive granulations, covering most of sides; eyes reduced, posterior row recurved from front, ALE separated by their radius to diameter, PME separated by more than their diameter. Sternum covered with small round pits everywhere except middle. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta pitted. Epigynal atrium triangular, largely occupied by heavily sclerotized posterior portion of anterior sclerite; apodemes situated posterolaterally.
Distribution
Miranda, Venezuela (map 7).
Scaphiella cata, new species
Figures 964–973
Scaphiella valencia, new species, female. 964. Habitus, dorsal view. 965. Same, ventral view. 966. Same, lateral view. 967. Same, anterior view. 968. Carapace, dorsal view. 969. Same, lateral view. 970. Epigastric region, ventral view. 971. Epigynum, ventral view. 972. Same, dorsal view. 973. Same, lateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken by soil washing in coastal thorn scrub at an elevation of 3 m at Cata, Aragua, Venezuela (Aug. 10, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29593).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by the elongated epigynal atrium, with a posterior invagination, and the long, posterolaterally directed apodemes originating at about half the atrial length (figs. 961–963).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 29593, figs. 955–963). Total length 1.50. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, smooth. Epigynal atrium pentagonal, with small anterior sclerite bearing median posterior invagination; apodemes long, posterolaterally directed.
Distribution
Aragua, Venezuela (map 8).
Scaphiella valencia, new species
Figures 974–982
Scaphiella guiria, new species, male. 974. Habitus, dorsal view. 975. Carapace, dorsal view. 976. Same, lateral view. 977. Same, anterior view. 978. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 979. Left palp, dorsal view. 980. Same, prolateral view. 981. Same, ventral view. 982. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella cymbalaria (misidentification): Simon, 1893b: 444.
Type
Female holotype from “La Cumbre de Valencia,” Carabobo, Venezuela (E. Simon), deposited in MNHN (5695, PBI_OON 29542).
Diagnosis
Females resembles those of S. guatopo in having a relatively long epigynal atrium, but differ in having the atrium widened posteriorly (figs. 970–973).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 29542, figs. 964–973). Total length 1.63. Carapace sides with obvious granulations. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, straight ridge just above pedicel. Epigynal atrium trapezoidal, with narrow, elongated anterior sclerite bearing posterior median invagination; apodemes very long, curved.
Distribution
Carabobo, Venezuela (map 9).
Scaphiella guiria, new species
Figures 983–991
Scaphiella guiria, new species, female. 983. Habitus, dorsal view. 984. Same, ventral view. 985. Same, lateral view. 986. Same, anterior view. 987. Carapace, dorsal view. 988. Same, lateral view. 989. Epigastric region, ventral view. 990. Epigynum, ventral view. 991. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 992–1001
Scaphiella icabaru, new species, male. 992. Habitus, dorsal view. 993. Same, ventral view. 994. Same, lateral view. 995. Same, anterior view. 996. Carapace, dorsal view. 997. Same, lateral view. 998. Left palp, dorsal view. 999. Same, prolateral view. 1000. Same, ventral view. 1001. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken by soil washing in coastal thorn scrub at an elevation of 2 m at a site 10 km N of Güiria, Sucre, Venezuela (July 23, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29591).
Diagnosis
Females can easily be recognized by the posteriorly prolonged epigynal atrium with two, widely separated posterior margins (figs. 989–991); males can easily be recognized by the ?-shaped embolus (fig. 981).
Male (PBI_OON 331, figs. 974–982). Carapace 0.58 long (abdomen missing), granulations present on sides, heaviest along lateral and posterior margins plus sides of posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen missing. Palpal femur slightly expanded; embolus distinctive, shaped like question mark.
Female (PBI_OON 29591, figs. 983–991). Total length 1.45. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Anterior epigynal sclerite restricted to anterior one-fifth of atrial length, atrial margins strongly sclerotized; apodemes wide, sinuous.
Other Material Examined
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: no specific locality, no date (N. Weber, MCZ PBI_OON 331), 1♂, 2♀. Saint George: Saint Augustine, Nov. 16, 1943–Feb. 23, 1944 (Strickland, AMNH PBI_OON 29845), 1♀.
Distribution
Sucre, Venezuela, plus Trinidad (map 10).
Scaphiella icabaru, new species
Figures 1002–1012
Scaphiella ayacucho, new species, male. 1002. Habitus, dorsal view. 1003. Same, ventral view. 1004. Same, lateral view. 1005. Same, anterior view. 1006. Carapace, dorsal view. 1007. Same, lateral view. 1008. Endites, ventral view. 1009. Left palp, dorsal view. 1010. Same, prolateral view. 1011. Same, ventral view. 1012. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Male holotype from a Berlese sample of humid forest litter with fungi taken at an elevation of 700 m at a site 10 km E of Icabarú, Bolívar, Venezuela (July 5, 1987; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29594).
Diagnosis
This male from southeastern Venezuela can be distinguished from geographically adjacent males as follows: from S. kartabo by the basally thinner embolus, from S. manaus by the much longer embolus, from S. cymbalaria by the lack of projections at the base of the chelicerae, from S. bordoni and S. miranda by the normal, rather than reduced eyes, from S. guatopo by the thicker palpal femur and longer embolus, and from S. guiria by the longer, straighter embolus (figs. 999–1001). The wide geographic separation makes it unlikely that this could be the male of any of the northern Venezuelan species known only from females (S. scutiventris, S. gracia, S. cata, and S. valencia).
Male (PBI_OON 29594, figs. 992–1001). Total length 1.22. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; bulb expanded ventrally, without knob; embolus originating at about half of bulb length, basally narrow, evenly arched.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Bolívar, Venezuela (map 11).
Scaphiella ayacucho, new species
Figures 1013–1021
Scaphiella agocena, new species, female. 1013. Habitus, dorsal view. 1014. Same, ventral view. 1015. Same, lateral view. 1016. Same, anterior view. 1017. Carapace, dorsal view. 1018. Same, lateral view. 1019. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1020. Epigynum, ventral view. 1021. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken in a primary forest 1.5 km E of Caño Tigre, Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela (Jan. 7, 1996; I. Netuzhilin), deposited in MACN (PBI_OON 31061).
Diagnosis
This male from southwestern Venezuela differs from the other known Venezuelan males, and resembles instead the species from Ecuador, in having an extremely long embolus, originating near the posterior end of the palpal bulb (fig. 1011); it differs from the Ecuadorean species with long emboli (S. pich, S. napo, and S. tena) in lacking a pronounced knob near the base of the embolus. As in S. icabaru, the wide geographic separation makes it unlikely that this could be the male of any of the northern Venezuelan species known only from females (S. scutiventris, S. gracia, S. cata, and S. valencia).
Male (PBI_OON 31061, figs. 1002–1012). Total length 1.29. Carapace with granulations on sides, heaviest at sides of posterior declivity. Sternum smooth. Endites with strong, spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; bulb without knob: embolus long, originating in basal third of cymbial length, extending most of that length.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Known only from Amazonas, Venezuela (map 12).
Scaphiella agocena Chickering
Figures 1022–1031
Scaphiella weberi Chickering, male. 1022. Habitus, dorsal view. 1023. Same, ventral view. 1024. Same, lateral view. 1025. Same, anterior view. 1026. Carapace, dorsal view. 1027. Same, lateral view. 1028. Left palp, dorsal view. 1029. Same, prolateral view. 1030. Same, ventral view. 1031. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella agocena Chickering, 1968: 139, figs. 1, 2 (female holotype from 3 km N of Savonet, Curaçao, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of S. miranda in having a pair of sclerotizations situated posteriorly in the epigynal atrium (figs. 1019–1021), but those sclerotizations are smaller and more rounded, and the eyes are not reduced as in that species.
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 29556, figs. 1013–1021). Total length 1.53. Carapace with few, faint granulations on sides of pars thoracica. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium circular, with long, narrow anterior sclerite and pair of rounded posterior sclerotizations; apodemes short, wide.
Material Examined
CURAÇAO: 3 km N Savonet, Dec. 28, 1962, stones (H., L. Levi, MCZ PBI_OON 29556), 1♀ (holotype).
Distribution
Curaçao (map 13).
Scaphiella weberi Chickering
Figures 1032–1040
Scaphiella weberi Chickering, female. 1032. Habitus, dorsal view. 1033. Same, ventral view. 1034. Same, lateral view. 1035. Same, anterior view. 1036. Carapace, dorsal view. 1037. Same, lateral view. 1038. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1039. Epigynum, ventral view. 1040. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 1041–1049
Scaphiella arima, new species, female. 1041. Habitus, dorsal view. 1042. Same, ventral view. 1043. Same, lateral view. 1044. Same, anterior view. 1045. Carapace, dorsal view. 1046. Same, lateral view. 1047. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1048. Epigynum, ventral view. 1049. Same, dorsal view.
Scaphiella weberi Chickering, 1968: 153, figs. 48–52 (male holotype from Trinidad, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
Males can be recognized by the sharp, ventrally produced projection near the base of the palpal embolus (figs. 1030, 1031), females by the reduced eyes (fig. 1036) and rebordered posterolateral margins of the epigynal atrium (figs. 1038–1040).
Male (PBI_OON 29553, figs. 1022–1031). Total length 1.39. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; bulb with acute knob near base of embolus; embolus long, thin, set medially on bulb.
Female (PBI_OON 29847, figs. 1032–1040). Total length 1.79. Carapace with obvious granulations on side, reaching halfway to apex; eyes reduced. Epigastric scutum with small, straight ridge just above pedicel. Epigynal atrium diamond shaped, with small anterior sclerite and paired posterior sclerotizations; apodemes short, posterolaterally directed.
Material Examined
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: no specific locality, no date (N. Weber, MCZ PBI_OON 29553), 1♂ (holotype), 1♀ (paratype), same (N. Weber, MCZ PBI_OON 29847), 1♀.
Distribution
Trinidad.
Scaphiella arima, new species
Figures 1050–1060
Scaphiella cymbalaria Simon, male. 1050. Habitus, dorsal view. 1051. Same, ventral view. 1052. Same, lateral view. 1053. Same, anterior view. 1054. Carapace, dorsal view. 1055. Same, lateral view. 1056. Same, anterior view. 1057. Left palp, dorsal view. 1058. Same, prolateral view. 1059. Same, ventral view. 1060. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken in leaf litter at Spring Hill, Arima, St. Georges Co., Trinidad (mid–late July, 1979; L. Sorkin), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 29846).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of S. agocena in having a pair of sclerotizations situated posteriorly in the epigynal atrium, but the atrium is shorter and wider than in that species, the sclerotizations are more rounded, and the anterior epigynal sclerite is shorter (figs. 1047–1049).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 29846, figs. 1041–1049). Total length 1.60. Carapace with obvious granulations reaching halfway to apex of sides; eyes reduced, PME separated by less than their radius. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, epigastric scutum with small, curved ridge just above pedicel. Epigynal atrium oval, with small anterior sclerite and pair of rounded posterior sclerotizations; apodemes long, posterolaterally directed.
Distribution
Trinidad (map 15).
Scaphiella cymbalaria Simon
Figures 1061–1069
Scaphiella cymbalaria Simon, female. 1061. Habitus, dorsal view. 1062. Same, ventral view. 1063. Same, lateral view. 1064. Same, anterior view. 1065. Carapace, dorsal view. 1066. Same, lateral view. 1067. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1068. Epigynum, ventral view. 1069. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 1070–1080
Scaphiella etang, new species, male. 1070. Habitus, dorsal view. 1071. Same, ventral view. 1072. Same, lateral view. 1073. Same, anterior view. 1074. Carapace, dorsal view. 1075. Same, lateral view. 1076. Endites, ventral view. 1077. Left palp, dorsal view. 1078. Same, prolateral view. 1079. Same, ventral view. 1080. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella cymballaria Simon, 1891: 561 (male lectotype, here designated, from St. Vincent, in BMNH; examined).
Scaphiella cymbalaria: Simon, 1893a: 300, figs. 257, 258; 1893b: 444. – Chickering, 1968: 143, figs. 5–9.
Note
Simon (1893a, 1893b) apparently regarded the original spelling, which appeared in only one place in Simon (1891), as a printer’s error, and the corrected spelling he supplied has been accepted by all subsequent workers.
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. simla in having conical anterior projections at the base of the chelicerae (figs. 1053–1056) and a small projection near the base of the embolus (fig. 1060), but the cheliceral projections are much larger in this species than in S. simla; females also resemble those of S. simla in having elevated anterior margins, accompanied by microsculpture, on the epigastric scutum but have a smaller anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 1067–1069).
Male (PBI_OON 29851, figs. 1050–1060). Total length 1.60. Carapace with granulations reaching apex of sides; chelicerae with anterior swelling. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen with scattered dark markings visible under scuta, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; bulb produced ventrally, with knob situated retrolaterally from embolus origin; embolus narrow, evenly arched.
Female (PBI_OON 29851, figs. 1061–1069). Total length 1.80. Epigynal atrium oval, with heavily sclerotized lateral margins, anterior sclerite posteriorly widened, invaginated; apodemes long, directed posterolaterally.
Material Examined
LESSER ANTILLES: Dominica: Middleham Falls Trail, Cochrane, W Morne Macaque, 15°20.852′N, 61°20.698′W, Apr. 29, 2006, rainforest leaf litter, elev. 2300 ft (Z. Prusak, FSCA PBI_OON 29851), 1♂, 1♀. Martinique: near Le Diamant, Nov. 29, 1978 (Thibaud, MNHN PBI_OON 29849), 1♀. Montserrat: Cedar Gaut, Aug. 4, 2005, Berlese, leaf litter (I. Foley, AMNH PBI_OON 29651), 1♂. St. Vincent: no specific locality (H. Smith, BMNH 1894-10-17-88-90, PBI_OON 327), 1♂ (lectotype), same (PBI_OON 328), 1♂, 1♀ (paralectotypes), same (MNHN 5686, PBI_OON 29543), 1♂ (paralectotype).
Distribution
Lesser Antilles (Montserrat to St. Vincent, map 13); Simon’s record of this species from Venezuela was based on a misidentified female of S. valencia.
Scaphiella etang, new species
Figures 1081–1090
Scaphiella saba, new species, female. 1081. Habitus, dorsal view. 1082. Same, ventral view. 1083. Same, lateral view. 1084. Carapace, anterior view. 1085. Same, dorsal view. 1086. Same, lateral view. 1087. Abdomen, anterior view. 1088. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1089. Epigynum, ventral view. 1090. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken near Étang As de Pique, Guadeloupe (Jan. 30, 1980; Thibaud), deposited in MNHN (PBI_OON 29850).
Diagnosis
Males are easily recognizable by the incrassate palpal femur, which bears a series of dorsal spikes (figs. 1078–1080).
Male (PBI_OON 29850, figs. 1070–1080). Total length 1.66. Carapace with obvious granulations not reaching apex of sides. Sternum finely reticulate, microsculpture covering entire surface. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta reticulate. Palpal femur greatly expanded, with dorsal cusps; bulb ventrally produced anteriorly, touching embolus through much of its length; embolus relatively short, heavily sclerotized.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Guadeloupe (map 15).
Scaphiella saba, new species
Figures 1091–1105
Scaphiella kalunda Chickering, male. 1091. Habitus, dorsal view. 1092. Same, ventral view. 1093. Same, lateral view. 1094. Same, anterior view. 1095. Carapace, dorsal view. 1096. Same, lateral view. 1097. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 1098. Endites, ventral view. 1099. Abdomen, anterior view. 1100. Same, ventral view. 1101. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1102. Left palp, dorsal view. 1103. Same, prolateral view. 1104. Same, ventral view. 1105. Same, retrolateral view.
Type
Female holotype taken by beating, sweeping, and sifting shrubs at an elevation of 191 m about 2 km along the trail to Spring Bay, 17.633°N, 63.224°W, Saba Island, Lesser Antilles (Mar. 10, 2008; J. Slowik), deposited in UAM (15559, PBI_OON 332).
Diagnosis
Females resemble those of S. agocena but have a more triangular epigynal atrium (figs. 1088–1091).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 332, figs. 1081–1090). Total length 1.34. Carapace smooth. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Epigynal atrium triangular, with narrow anterior sclerite narrow and pair of hook-shaped posterior sclerotizations; apodemes short, posteriorly directed.
Distribution
Saba Island (map 15).
Scaphiella kalunda Chickering
Figures 1106–1116
Scaphiella kalunda Chickering, female. 1106. Habitus, dorsal view. 1107. Same, ventral view. 1108. Same, lateral view. 1109. Same, anterior view. 1110. Carapace, dorsal view. 1111. Same, lateral view. 1112. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 1113. Abdomen, anterior view. 1114. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1115. Epigynum, ventral view. 1116. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 1117–1126
Scaphiella septella Chickering, male. 1117. Habitus, dorsal view. 1118. Same, ventral view. 1119. Same, lateral view. 1120. Same, anterior view. 1121. Carapace, dorsal view. 1122. Same, lateral view. 1123. Left palp, dorsal view. 1124. Same, prolateral view. 1125. Same, ventral view. 1126. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella kalunda Chickering, 1968: 145, figs. 15–21 (male holotype from St. John, Virgin Islands, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
This species is similar to S. septella; males have a shorter embolus, originating higher on the palpal bulb, with a larger and more rounded tip (figs. 1103–1105) and distally widened endites (fig. 1098); females have narrower margins on the epigynal atrium (figs. 1114–1116).
Male (PBI_OON 29839, figs. 1091–1105). Total length 1.20. Carapace with few granules, restricted to margins. Sternum smooth. Endites with spiniform anteromedian tip. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur slightly expanded; bulb projected ventrally at level of embolus origin; embolus originating on distal portion of bulb, tip rounded.
Female (PBI_OON 29840, figs. 1106–1116). Total length 1.12. Endites unmodified. Epigastric scutum with scattered denticles along anterolateral margins. Epigynal atrium wide, short, heavily sclerotized anteriorly, with short anterior sclerite; apodemes short, directed posteromedially.
Material Examined
VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. John: no specific locality, July 23, 1966 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29551), 1♂ (holotype), July 24, 1966 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29839), 1♂, July 25, 1966 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29840), 1♀ (paratype); Base Hill, Oct. 12, 1979, litter (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29657), 1♀; Brown Bay, June 19, 1980, base of tree (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29652), 1♀, base of old stump (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29663), 1♂; hill above Butlers, June 5, 1974, Berlese, moist litter (W. Muchmore, AMNH PBI_OON 29837), 1♂; Calabash Boom, Oct. 13, 1980, leaf litter on hillside (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29665), 1♂, Oct. 16, 1980, under rock (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29661), 1♂; Catherineberg Estate, July 20, 1975, debris along wall of mill (W. Muchmore, AMNH PBI_OON 29838), 1♂; Cinnamon Bay Nature Trail, June 4–6, 1980, litter, base of trees, logs (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29664), 1♀; Drunk Bay, June 18, 1980, June 18, 1980, litter under bushes, cacti (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 28653), 1♀; Great Lameshur Bay, June 5, 1979, litter among rocks, above shore (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29662), 1♀; Lameshur Bay, June 6, 1979, under large tamarind tree (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29658), 2♀; Little Lameshur Bay, June 18, 1980, among rocks near shore (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29656), 1♂; Parforce Estate House, Reef Bay, 1975, litter along wall (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29659), 1♂; Ram Head, June 17, 1980, under low shrubs (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29660), 1♂; Reef Bay Trail, head, July 20, 1975, debris along old wall (W. Muchmore, AMNH PBI_OON 29835), 1♂, petroglyphs, June 14, 1974, Berlese, debris in rock niches (W. Muchmore, AMNH PBI_OON 29666), 1♀; Salt Pond Bay, Oct. 10, 1979, litter (W. Muchmore, FSCA PBI_OON 29654), 1♀; Trunk Bay, June 10, 1974, litter in moist stream bed (W. Muchmore, AMNH PBI_OON 29836), 1♂, 1♀.
Distribution
Virgin Islands (St. John, map 14).
Scaphiella septella Chickering
Figures 1127–1135
Scaphiella septella Chickering, female. 1127. Habitus, dorsal view. 1128. Same, ventral view. 1129. Same, lateral view. 1130. Same, anterior view. 1131. Carapace, dorsal view. 1132. Same, lateral view. 1133. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1134. Epigynum, ventral view. 1135. Same, dorsal view.
Figures 1136–1145
Scaphiella buck, new species, male. 1136. Habitus, dorsal view. 1137. Same, ventral view. 1138. Same, lateral view. 1139. Same, anterior view. 1140. Carapace, dorsal view. 1141. Same, lateral view. 1142. Left palp, dorsal view. 1143. Same, prolateral view. 1144. Same, ventral view. 1145. Same, retrolateral view.
Scaphiella septella Chickering, 1968: 149, figs. 36–41 (male holotype from Virgin Gorda, Virgin Islands, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
This species is similar to S. kalunda; males have a longer embolus, originating more basally on the palpal bulb, with a smaller and sharper tip (figs. 1124–1126) and distally unmodified endites; females have wider margins on the epigynal atrium (figs. 1133–1135).
Male (PBI_OON 29554, figs. 1117–1126). Total length 1.32. Carapace with few granulations restricted to margins. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur greatly expanded; bulb projected ventrally at level of embolar origin; embolus originating distally on bulb, tip pointed.
Female (PBI_OON 29842, figs. 1127–1135). Total length 1.46. Epigynal atrium wide, anterolateral margins very heavily sclerotized, anterior sclerite wider anteriorly and posteriorly than in middle; apodemes short, directed posterolaterally.
Material Examined
VIRGIN ISLANDS: Virgin Gorda: no specific locality, Aug. 1966 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29841, 29842), 2♀ (paratypes), Aug. 17–22, 1966 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29554), 1♂ (holotype).
Distribution
Virgin Islands (Virgin Gorda, map 12).
Scaphiella buck, new species
Figures 1146–1154
Scaphiella curlena Chickering, female. 1146. Habitus, dorsal view. 1147. Same, ventral view. 1148. Same, lateral view. 1149. Same, anterior view. 1150. Carapace, dorsal view. 1151. Same, lateral view. 1152. Epigastric region, ventral view. 1153. Epigynum, ventral view. 1154. Same, dorsal view.
Type
Male holotype taken in a Berlese sample of litter from Buck Island, St. Croix, Virgin Islands (June 12, 1972; W. Muchmore), deposited in FSCA (PBI_OON 26887).
Diagnosis
Males resemble those of S. kalunda but have a shorter, thicker embolus (figs. 1143–1145) and unmodified endites.
Male (PBI_OON 26887, figs. 1136–1145). Total length 1.34. Carapace with few granulations restricted to margins. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Palpal femur moderately expanded; bulb produced ventrally at level of embolar origin; embolus originating distally on bulb, very short.
Female: Unknown.
Distribution
Virgin Islands (St. Croix, map 13).
Scaphiella curlena Chickering
Scaphiella curlena Chickering, 1968: 141, figs. 3, 4 (female holotype from Guanaboa Vale, St. Catherine, Jamaica, in MCZ; examined).
Diagnosis
Females can be recognized by the bipartite, posteriorly expanded anterior epigynal sclerite (figs. 1152–1154).
Male: Unknown.
Female (PBI_OON 333, figs. 1146–1154). Total length 1.44. Carapace with granulations restricted to pair of paramedian triangular patches along posterior margin. Sternum smooth. Endites unmodified. Abdomen unpatterned, scuta smooth. Anterior epigynal sclerite short, bell-shaped; apodemes short, directed dorsolaterally.
Material Examined
JAMAICA: St. Catherine: Guanaboa Vale, Dec. 4, 1957 (A. Chickering, MCZ PBI_OON 29550), 1♀ (holotype); Port Henderson, May 4, 1956 (C. Hoff, MCZ 66852, PBI_OON 29549), 1♀ (paratype); Portland Ridge, Dec. 2, 1949, in trash (MCZ PBI_OON 29843), 2♀ (paratypes). St. Thomas: Morant Point, May 6, 1956, almond and sea-grape litter (C. Hoff, MCZ 66851, PBI_OON 333), 1♀ (paratype).
Distribution
Jamaica (map 14).
Scaphiella bryantae Dumitresco and Georgesco
Scaphiella bryanti Dumitresco and Georgesco, 1983: 108, pl. 23, figs. 1–7 (female holotype from left bank of Río Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba, should be in Institut de Spéologie “Emile Racovitza,” Bucarest, unavailable; specific name is a patronym for Elizabeth Bryant).
Diagnosis
We have seen no specimens of this species, but Dumitresco and Georgesco’s illustration of the female palp and chelicerae leave no doubt that their specimen belongs to the genus. Judging by their epigynal figure, the species is probably closest to S. curlena, as the two share a bipartite anterior epigynal sclerite; the posterior part of the sclerite is apparently much longer in S. bryantae.
Male: Unknown.
Female: Described by Dumitresco and Georgesco (1983).
Acknowledgments
This project is part of the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory of oonopids supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant DEB-0613754), and the assistance of the many participants in that project, in ways too numerous to mention, is immensely appreciated. We especially thank the curators of the collections that have supplied specimens: Léon Baert (KBIN), Janet Beccaloni (BMNH), Alexandre Bonaldo (MPEG), Antonio Brescovit and Cristina Rheims (IBSP), Jonathan Coddington (USNM), Charles Dondale (CNC), G.B. Edwards (FSCA), Gonzalo Giribet and Laura Leibensperger (MCZ), Charles Griswold and Darrell Ubick (CAS), Seppo Koponen (ZMUT), Gerardo Lamas and Diana Silva (MUSM), John Murphy, Diomedes Quintero (MIUP), Martín Ramírez and Cristian Grismado (MACN), Christine Rollard (MNHN), Peter Schwendinger (MHNG, material kindly made available by Christian Kropf and Yvonne Kranz), Nikolaj Scharff (ZMUC, material kindly made available by Rudy Jocqué and Wouter Fannes), Petra Sierwald (FMNH), Jozef Slowik (UAM), and Carlos Víquez (INBIO). We thank Barbara Baehr, Cristina Rheims, and Darrell Ubick for their most helpful, detailed comments on a draft of the manuscript, Steve Thurston for composing the plates, and Xinping Wang for providing the maps.
REFERENCES
Appendices
INDEX OF SPECIFIC NAMES
For valid names, shown in italics, the first listing indicates the initial page of the description, the second listing indicates the initial page of figures, and the third listing indicates the map.
agocena, 131, 139, 112
almirante, 40, 70, 37
altamira, 35, 56, 29
antonio, 35, 54, 26
arima, 137, 143, 117
ayacucho, 131, 138, 44
barroana, 42, 72, 40
bocas, 40, 67, 35
bonda, 61, 85, 13
bopal, 23, 43, 44
bordoni, 117, 122, 19
bryantae, 155, –, 114
buck, 147, 153, 112
campeche, 9, 14, 16
capim, 100, 108, 44
cata, 126, 132, 35
cayo, 19, 30, 33
ceiba, 21, 36, 37
chone, 84, 99, 35
cocona, 16, 24, 26
curlena, 147, 154, 114
cymbalaria, 137, 144, 112
etang, 142, 146, 117
gracia, 126, 130, 33
guatopo, 120, 127, 26
guiria, 126, 134, 40
hitoy, 29, 46, 16
hone, 37, 62, 33
icabaru, 131, 136, 42
incha, 79, 97, 33
irmaos, 100, 105, 42
kalunda, 1442, 149, 114
kartabo, 107, 115, 117
lancetilla, 23, 38, 40
longkey, 9, 10, 13
maculata, 8
manaus, 90, 103, 40
meta, 65, 87, 16
mico, 19, 34, 35
miranda, 120, 124, 23
muralla, 23, 41, 42
murici, 107, 113, 114
napo, 78, 93, 26
osa, 33, 52, 23
pago, 84, 101, 37
palenque, 13, 20, 23
penna, 100, 110, 112
pich, 69, 91, 23
palmillas, 16, 27, 29
saba, 142, 148, 117
scutiventris, 117, 121, 16
septella, 147, 151, 44
simla, 114, 118, 13
tena, 78, 95, 29
tigre, 120, 129, 29
tuxtla, 13, 17, 19
ula, 8
valencia, 126, 133, 37
vicencio, 66, 89, 19
virgen, 29, 49, 19
vito, 29, 45, 13
weberi, 133, 140, –
williamsi, 44, 74, 42
