Holotype:

AMNH 722393, adult male, collected at Wawayella, Benguela, Angola, on 12 July 1904, by W.J. Ansorge (no. 292). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Ansorge's unique field number of the holotype in the original description, listing 11 specimens in his type series. The following are paratypes: Wawayella, AMNH 722394–722396 (Ansorge nos. 291, 293, 294), two adult and one juvenile female, 12 July 1904; Sandpits, AMNH 722397 (277), juvenile male, 10 July 1904; Katenge, AMNH 722398 (65), adult male, 18 June 1904; Kimahole River, AMNH 722399 (332), adult male, 29 January 1905; Kipachango, AMNH 722400 (304), adult male, AMNH 722401 (305), adult female, 26 January 1905; Kasimo River, AMNH 722402 (3322), adult male, 3 February 1905; Kitoko River, AMNH 722403 (3333), adult female, 4 February 1905.

I was unable to find coordinates for Wawayella; however, Ansorge was at Sandpits on 10 July 1904, two days before the collection of the holotype. This locality is equated with Uche, 12.43S, 13.20E, by Dean (2000: 386).

Lectotype:

AMNH 456389, male, Dalmatia, Croatia, spring ( =  vere, as on label), not dated. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm did not designate a type but noted in the original description that he had three specimens: two from Dalmatia, one in breeding and one in winter plumage, and a third from Carinthia ( =  Kärnthen). Only two among those cataloged at AMNH as brachyrhynchos were collected in the given localities. Hartert (1918a: 14), by listing as type the male specimen marked “vere” (vererben?) by Brehm, designated it the lectotype of brachyrhynchos. Hartert on the Rothschild label noted: “Probably from Feldegg.”

The second male from Dalmatia, AMNH 456390, marked “auct.” (auctumno) by Brehm is a paralectotype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456427, adult male, Dalmatia, Croatia, on 24 March 1830. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm designated no type but said that valida lived in Dalmatia. By listing the above Dalmatian specimen as the type, Hartert (1918a: 14) designated it the lectotype; he noted on the Rothschild label that Brehm had probably received it from Feldegg. It bears a Rothschild type label and is the only Dalmatian specimen collected before the description and marked valida by Brehm that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 456415 is the only other specimen cataloged as valida that remains in AMNH, but it was not collected until 1846, after the name was introduced. Specimens cataloged as valida and bearing numbers AMNH 456414, 456416–456426, and 456428 were exchanged to ZFMK. Some of them may be paralectotypes if they were collected prior to 1842 and are marked valida by Brehm.

Lectotype:

AMNH 718377, male, collected at Sueme, Palestine, on 2 April 1897, by Bacher and purchased from W. Schlüter (no. 143). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert cited Schlüter's number and date of collection of the type in the original description, but this does not distinguish it from the only other Schlüter specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, as both specimens were collected on the same date and are numbered “143.” AMNH 718377 bears the Rothschild type label, filled in by Hartert with reference to the original description, and the original label bearing Schlüter's no. 143 is marked “Type.” It is without question Hartert's intended type and was so cataloged at AMNH. I hereby designate AMNH 718377 the lectotype of P.d. biblicus in order to remove the ambiguity and confirm Hartert's original intent. The second specimen is the paralectotype: AMNH 718378 (Schlüter no. 143), male, collected at Sueme, Palestine, on 2 April 1897 by Bacher. No other specimens of this form in the Rothschild Collection were collected before the publication of biblicus.

Lectotype:

AMNH 718632, adult male, collected on Wadi Halfa, 21.55N, 31.20E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 21 February 1904, from the N.C. Rothschild, Henley, and Wollaston Collection. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When Meinertzhagen named this form, he noted that the type was a male in the Rothschild Collection from Wadi Halfa and that he measured five males. Six males, all with the same data, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; none of the original labels is marked “type” by Meinertzhagen. AMNH 718632 bears the Rothschild type label, indicating that it was the intended type, and it was so cataloged at AMNH. Therefore, in order to remove the ambiguity associated with all specimens bearing the same data, I hereby designate AMNH 718632 the lectotype of Passer domesticus halfae. The five paralectotypes are: AMNH 718633–718637, all males, Wadi Halfa, 21 February 1904, from the N.C. Rothschild, Henley, and Wollaston Collection.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456520, adult male, collected on the Blue Nile (Blauer Nil, as on label), Sudan, on 25 October 1850, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description of rufidorsalis, Brehm did not say how many specimens he had or identify a specimen that could be considered a type; however, the only locality mentioned was “N.-O-Afrika.” Hartert (1918a: 15) discussed the species and considered the above specimen the type of P. rufidorsalis, thereby designating it the lectotype. Although the specimen is marked “Passer rufidorsalis medius” by Brehm, Hartert was unable to confirm that the name “medius” had ever been published. Later, Vaurie (1959: 570) restricted the type locality of P. rufidorsalis to Kartoum, Sudan. This restriction is not valid according to the Code (ICZN, 1999: 87, Art. 76.2), as the Blue Nile is the collecting locality of the lectotype, according to the label information.

Hartert (1918a: 15) also thought that the same specimen fit Brehm's (1856: 376–377) description of Passer rufidorsalis megarhynchos and was the type of both names. In his description of megarhynchos, Brehm divided his P. rufidorsalis into two subspecies, megarhynchos and microrhynchos, noting that he had specimens of both in both sexes. There are only two Brehm specimens labeled “medius” by him, the other being a female specimen also said to have come from the Blue Nile and collected on the same date. If AMNH 456520 is accepted as the lectotype of megarhynchos, then AMNH 456522, female, collected on the Blue Nile, on 25 October 1850, by A.E. Brehm should be considered a paralectotype of megarhynchos.

Both megarhynchos and microrhynchos were said to live “in Ostsudahn und sind bei Chartum nicht eben selten,” but in the description of P. rufidorsalis, the only locality mentioned was northeast Africa. AMNH 456523, female, was collected at Khartoum on 30 September 1850, but it is labeled “minor” by Brehm and was not discussed by Hartert.

Comments:

In the original description, Jardine and Selby noted that they had received a pair of these sparrows from a correspondent who had sent a large assortment of other skins from continental India. They described the male and female as P. indicus without designating a type. Kinnear (1925: 751–753) reported that the two specimens had been collected by Lieut. J. Atherton, a nephew of Mrs. Selby's, and that it appeared from correspondence with Selby that he was collecting for him near Bangalore.

Many of the Jardine and Selby types are in UMZC and were deposited there by the trustees of Selby's estate in 1869 (Benson, 1999: 11). In his list of Cambridge types, Benson (1999: 178–179) listed two syntypes for Passer indicus, saying that only no. 11, the female, has the label printed “Deposited by the Trustees of P.J. Selby,” but that no. 8, the male, must have a similar origin. Both are labeled in Selby's hand and both bear the number 42, which corresponds to Atherton's list no. 3 for this sparrow.

Of AMNH 718675, male, from the Rothschild Collection, collected in India, undated, from the Jardine Collection via the Bartlett Collection, Hartert (1919: 159) said the following: “The label is marked in Jardine's handwriting: ‘Type of plate Orn. Illust.’ The authors had only one pair; the female, however, is not in our collection. The late Edward Bartlett bought quite a number of birds from the Jardine Collection, and with the Bartlett Collection of Weaver-birds, Finches and Larks they passed into the Tring [ =  Rothschild] Museum.”

AMNH 718675 bears a typical Jardine label (see illus. 5 in Benson, 1999: 9). On the front in Jardine's hand is: “Passer domesticus var. indicus. ♂, Hab. India.” The date is not filled in, but a large “C” is there in ink, with “Auth. P.J. Selby Orn. Illust..” On the reverse: “No. 5. {illegible} Type of plate Orn. Illust. Jardine Coll.” and “N.” The number 6295 appears in red, a reference to its listing in the Jardine sale catalog. “No. 5,” and “N” on the Jardine label are of unknown significance. Bartlett (1888: p. 8 of his text for Passer indicus) said: “The type of Sir W. Jardines P. indicus in my collection is a young male, just assuming the breeding plumage of early spring.” And this was, indeed, the plumage described in the original description by Jardine and Selby, where they said that the feathers of the gorget were “margined with yellowish-white.” The claim that this specimen is the male syntype apparently is based on Jardine's statement on the label. While such a statement is not in and of itself proof that the specimen is a type, the fact that Jardine was a codescriber and that he obtained the specimen from Selby seems to lend weight to the claim. However, the fact that both of the Cambridge specimens bear the number “42” of Atherton's list seems to me to show that they are indeed the syntypes. I much appreciate the photographs of the labels on these birds sent me by M. Brooke, UMZC.

Benson (1999: 179) thought that the specimen claimed by Hartert to be the type of indicus should bear the Jardine red sale catalog number “6300c.” As noted above, the number is “6295”; AMNH 718682 bears the Jardine sale number “6300o” (not “6300c”), but this specimen from the Bartlett Collection was procured by E. Blyth in India in 1850, long after the description of indicus. Two other Jardine/Bartlett specimens of this species are in the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 718676, red no. “6293g” and AMNH 718677 without a sale number. Neither specimen carries any reference relevant to type status.

The type locality was restricted to Bangalore by Kinnear (1925: 751), who doubted that the specimen in the Rothschild Collection was the type. He said that the specimen did not match the illustration, without giving details of why the two did not agree. The AMNH specimen is in poor condition and quite soiled, and most of the differences can be explained by the condition of the specimen and by the vagaries of hand coloring. The colored plate, however, does not show the whitish tips on the black feathers of the gorget even though these are mentioned in the verbal description. But both the AMNH specimen and the UMZC male show these white tips. The AMNH copy of Jardine and Selby bears both colored and uncolored states of plate 118. The white tips only show on the uncolored one, suggesting that vagaries in hand coloring can explain Kinnear's statement.

Because AMNH 718675 bears a Rothschild type label, it is retained in the type collection with a label explaining that it apparently is not a type. See Zimmer (1926: 323) for the date of publication of volume 3, part 8 of Illustrations of Ornithology, containing plate 118.

Lectotype:

AMNH 719010, adult male, collected on Malta Island, in May 1861, by Charles Wright (No. 4). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert did not designate a holotype in the original description; by listing Wright's specimen No. 4 as the type, Hartert (1919: 159) later designated it the lectotype of Passer hispaniolensis maltae. Hartert (1902a: 332) based his description on 34 adult males, 32 of which came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The 31 paralectotypes in AMNH are: AMNH 718979–718982, 718985–718993, 718996–719009, and 719011–719014. Six of these bear Jardine labels and five of them have Jardine sale numbers in red on the reverse of the label; these probably came to Rothschild from Edward Bartlett (see Hartert, 1919: 159). The remainder came directly to Rothschild from the collectors Wright and Adams, who were collecting on Malta in 1860–1861.

The relationship of the Malta specimens to P. domesticus, P. italiae, and P. hispaniolensis, and of these species to each other, has been much discussed in the literature. The most recent treatment (Summers-Smith, 2009: 794–795) considered the three to be separate species and maltae a hybrid population between P. italiae and P. h. hispaniolensis.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456506, male winter (“hieme,” as on label), Egypt ( =  “Aegypto,” as on label), collected by Eduard Rüppell. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm said that he had specimens from Egypt and Buchara and described male and female. By listing the male that is now AMNH 456506 as the type, Hartert (1918a: 15) designated it the lectotype. Only one additional specimen collected before 1842 was cataloged as minor at AMNH, paralectotype AMNH 456507, an undated female, winter (“hieme,” as on label), sent from Egypt by W.F. Hemprich ( =  ex Aegypto missus ab Hemprich,” as on label).

Holotype:

AMNH 719338, male, collected in the Sind Valley ( =  Sind-Tal), Kashmir, India, on 19 July 1873, by Colonel Biddulph (no. 7265.g). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Biddulph's number of the holotype with unique added letter and measurements for more than one male; the female was not described. There are five male Biddulph skins in AMNH in addition to the holotype, all of which bear the number 7265 with an added letter, different for each. I assume this to be a lot number assigned for a sale. I have considered these five specimens paratypes: Kashmir, AMNH 719349 (7265.a), no date; “Souamaz,” AMNH 719352 (7265.h), 15 July, no year; Murree, AMNH 719353 (7265.k), AMNH 719354 (7265.j), no date; Simla, AMNH 719357 (7265.i), July [18]75. Other specimens with the number 7265 came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, but they were either collected by others or were females.

John Biddulph was in the British Colonial Service and resided in Gilgit, Kashmir, at least twice (Biddulph, 1881, 1882). In both of his articles, he described the country around Gilgit in which birds were collected. Strangely, he did not list Passer rutilans or P. cinnamomeus in either paper, although the specimens are identified as P. cinnamomeus on his labels.

Lozupone et al. (2004) noted that the Sind Valley extends from Srinagar, 34.08N, 74.50E, to Zoji La Pass, 34.18N, 75.31E.

Holotype:

AMNH 719362, adult male, collected in the Mekong Valley, 7000–9000 ft, China, 6 July 1921, by George Forrest (no. 605). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Rothschild designated as the type of intensior a male collected by Forrest in the Mekong Valley, 7000–9000 feet in elevation, on 6 July 1921. Both male and female were included in the description and measurements were given for more than one male, implying that all were from the Mekong Valley, which was given as the habitat. However, Rothschild had a single Forrest specimen, a male, from the Mekong Valley itself when he described intensior, as is shown in his (Rothschild, 1926: 328) summary of all of his Yunnan material. Hartert (1928: 198) also listed this Mekong Valley specimen as the type, and there is no question as to its holotype status (LeCroy and Dickinson, 2001: 192).

However, in the original description (see above), Rothschild listed both male and female, giving measurements for more than one male. When Rothschild (1923: 54) later reported on Forrest's 1921 collection, he listed two specimens of intensior, the holotype of intensior from the Mekong Valley and a female from the Mekong-Salwin divide. It is not clear from the description of intensior whether he intended to include the female from the Mekong-Salwin divide or even specimens collected earlier in the Mekong Valley that were part of the BMNH share of Forrest's collections.

Fig. 1.

Holotype of Corvus corax canariensis Hartert and Kleinschmidt, 1901, showing extensive damage to plumage due to chemical or insect damage.

Syntype:

AMNH 719511, male, collected on Abd al-Kuri ( =  Abd-el-Kuri) Island (between Somalia and Socotra), on 22 February 1899, by W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (no. 480). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes did not designate a type or enumerate their specimens in the original description. Later, Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes (1903: 58–59) noted that they had collected three males and one female on Abd al Kuri. They had visited the island twice, 3–5 December 1898 and 22–23 February 1899 (Forbes, 1903: xxiv–xxxi). The AMNH specimen had not been recognized as a syntype previously. A male and a female syntype are in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 234) and a male syntype is in LIVCM (no. 31.12.1900.163, collected 5 December 1898, T. Parker, personal commun.).

Species limits within the Passer motitensis complex have been variously treated (see Kirwan, 2008, for a summary). Summers-Smith (2009: 709) considered P. insularis to form a superspecies with P. iagoensis, P. cordofanicus, P. shelleyi, P. rufocinctus, and P. motitensis, with hemileucus a subspecies of P. insularis. However, Kirwan (2008), as a result of his extensive morphological study of specimens of Passer insularis and Passer hemileucus, pointed out that differences between these two forms are greater than had been previously appreciated and that they should be considered species.

Dickinson et al. (2011: 190) drew attention to the incorrect dating of this name by Moreau and Greenway (1962: 15), who have been followed by most subsequent authors.

Holotype:

AMNH 719865, adult male, collected at Ghadi-Saati, 4675 ft, Mareb River, 15.10N, 38.50E (Ash and Atkins, 2009), Eritrea, on 10 February 1903, by G. Schrader. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as type the only specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected by Schrader on 10 February 1903. He gave the range as “Abyssinia and the Galla country southwards to Lake Rudolf,” but it is unclear which specimens he included in abyssinicus as he did not mark specimens with that name. I have considered paratypes of abyssinicus to be only the specimens additional to the holotype collected by Schrader at Ghadi-Saati in 1903. Paratypes: AMNH 719866, male, 4 February; AMNH 719867, female, 1 February; AMNH 719868, male, 8 February.

While Neumann in his original description had labeled abyssinicus a nomen novum, he did not consider it a replacement name. Having compared his specimens with specimens of Rüppell's Passer swainsonii, he considered his gray-throated bird from the Abyssinian highlands different and in need of a name. Moreau and Greenway (1962: 17) considered abyssinicus a synonym of swainsonii.

Among recent authors Dickinson (2003: 717) and Ash and Atkins (2009: 332) have retained swainsonii as a subspecies of Passer griseus, and Fry and Keith (2004: 4–5) and Summers-Smith (2009: 803) have considered it a full species.

Holotype:

AMNH 719795, adult female, collected at Lumbo, 15.00S, 40.40E (Times Atlas), Mozambique ( =  Portuguese East Africa), on 13 July 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Van Someren designated the holotype in the original description and said that he had six specimens from northern Mozambique and eastern Nyasaland. The type is the only van Someren specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456550, adult male, collected at Kiel, 54.20N, 10.08E (Times Atlas), Germany, in May, 1825. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm did not list a type or mention how many specimens he examined. Hartert (1918a: 15) by listing the above specimen as the type of septentrionalis, designated it the lectotype. Other specimens cataloged in AMNH as septentrionalis were collected after the publication of the name.

Syntypes:

AMNH 717951, male, collected at Qūchān ( =  Kutschan), 37.04N, 58.29E (Times Atlas), eastern Iran ( =  Persia) on 13 November 1898, by Nicolai Zarudny (no. 4260); AMNH 717952, male, AMNH 717953, female, Kāfar Qal'eh ( =  Keafar Kala), 35.53N, 59.21E (Times Atlas), eastern Iran, on 4 April 1896, by Nicoli Zarudny (nos. 1225 and 1211, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

No type was designated in the original description, but Zarudny's description included not only the specimens collected on his 1898 expedition but also specimens he collected on his 1896 expedition (Zarudny, 1904: 262, fn. 2). In an earlier paper, he (Zarudny, 1900: 176–177) had listed a male and two females collected on 4 April 1896 and a female collected on 25 June 1896, which he had indicated were lighter in color but had not named. In 1898, he (Zarudny, 1904: 262) collected a male on 2 April, a male on 12 April, a male on 24 October, and two males on 13 November. Three of the specimens included in these two papers are in AMNH, two of which had been recognized as syntypes previously (Vaurie, 1959: 577). The one that had not been recognized previously is AMNH 717951, one of two collected on 13 November 1898. It also bears the number “23” in red ink, of unknown significance. An AMNH type label has been added.

The two Zarudny syntypes that had previously been accepted as syntypes of pallidus by Vaurie (1959: 577) were apparently included by 541Vaurie (1949: 23–24) in his analysis of dilutus. These bear red nos. 13 and 14 of unknown significance and have field nos. 4041 and 4042 which were crossed out and the numbers listed above substituted. The Rothschild labels on both of these specimens have been marked “Cotypus v. P. mont. pallid. Zarudny.” Hartert did not mention a type of pallidus in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection, and the above specimens bear AMNH type labels in a hand that is not Vaurie's and that I do not recognize.

169Hartert (1904: 161) synonymized pallidus with dilutus and noted that Zarudny's paper dated 1903 was not actually published until 1904. I much appreciate Boris Zakharov's translation of Zarundy's articles, without which I could not have correctly understood the position of the AMNH specimens.

Syntype:

AMNH 718215, adult female, collected at Hsien-lung-tan, Yangtse rapids ( =  Schnelle, as on label), Sichuan, China, on 27 February 1919, by Hugo Weigold on the Walter Stötznerschen Expeditionen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Jacobi did not designate a type in the original description, but said that he had six males, four females, and four juveniles; he gave the range as “Mittelchina, Prov. Hupeh und Szetschwan.” Of these, the above specimen came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The original label was marked “Cotypus.” Hartert did not list this syntype in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. Vaurie (1959: 378) first recognized it as a syntype, and it was probably he who had the AMNH type label added. In addition, there were five syntypes in SNSD, of which three were lost in WWII, and one in BMNH (Eck and Quaisser, 2004: 307).

Vaurie (1959: 578–579) synonymized obscuratus with iubilaeus, and Dickinson (2003: 717) considered iubilaeus a synonym of saturatus, citing Cheng (1987: 938). There seems to be an error in Summers-Smith (2009: 804) as he recognized obscuratus but gave the range as “Nepal E to NE India,” which does not include the type localities of obscuratus.

Wiegold (1922: VI) noted that Hsien-lung-tan was on the Yangtse below Wan-hsien, 30.54N, 100.14E (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 717913, unsexed, collected at Daihoku, Taiwan ( =  Formosa), on 9 October (year not given), by Japanese collectors for F.W. Jonas (no. 448). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave the number “448” of the holotype in the original description; this is the only Jonas specimen bearing a number. It also bears a Rothschild type label filled in by Hartert, who mistakenly entered the name as taivanus. The spelling in the original description is taivanensis. The description was based on 28 specimens from Daihoku, only 16 of which came to AMNH. The 15 paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 717914–717928, all collected at Daihoku and from the Jonas Collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 719989, adult male, collected at Archer's Post, 00.39N, 37.41E (Polhill, 1988), N. Uaso ( =  Guasso) Nyiro, northeastern Kenya, in April 1919. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Van Someren noted in the original description that the type of guasso was in the Rothschild Collection and bore the above data; he had eight specimens. The holotype is the only specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. There are two paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 75). Earlier, van Someren (1922a: 166) had called attention to differences in his specimens of eminibey from northwest Kenya, but did not introduce a name at that time.

Holotype:

AMNH 717616, adult male, collected at Shendi ( =  Shendy), 16.41N, 33.22E (Times Atlas), Nile River (not White Nile), Sudan, on 28 February (not 26 January) 1901, by N.C. Rothschild and A.F.R. Wollaston (no. 170). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Only two specimens of pallida collected before the publication of the name came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, even though measurements of one male and more than one female were given in the original description. The single male was designated the holotype in the original description. The paratype in AMNH is: AMNH 717617, unsexed, Shendi, Sudan, 28 February 1901, by Rothschild and Wollaston (no. 171). While this specimen was not sexed in the field, the Rothschild label, written by Hartert, is marked “♀!”

The subspecies pallida is frequently included in the species xanthocollis, and both it and pyrgita may be included in the genus Petronia.

Holotype:

AMNH 617628, adult male, collected at the Escarpment Station, 6500 ft, Kikuyu Mountains, Kenya, in January 1900, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as the type of massaica a male collected at Escarpment Station by Doherty in January 1900 and gave the range of the form as “British and German East Africa,” including measurements of males and females. Doherty's 11 specimens from the Escarpment Station were the only specimens collected prior to the publication of massaica that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. AMNH 617628 was the only male collected in January 1900 and is therefore the holotype. The 10 paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 717627, 717629–717637, five males, five females, collected between November 1900 and March 190l.

For a moving obituary about Doherty and an account of this expedition to the Kikuyu Mountains, see Hartert (1901b: 494–506). Hartert (1902c: 620) reported that in 1900 the Escarpment Station, about halfway between Nairobi and Naivasha, was the terminus of the Uganda railway. Chapin (1954a: 661) gave the coordinates as 01.01S, 36.36E.

Holotype:

AMNH 717692, adult male, collected at Bāhū Kālāt ( =  Bagu-Kelat), 25.42N, 61.28E (Times Atlas), Baluchistan, Iran, on 2 March 1901, by Nicolai Zarudny (no. 3901). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Zarudny's number of the holotype and the range as “Sindh, Baluchistan, südliches Afghanistan, und Persien.” The following paratypes, all collected by Zarudny in Iran, are in AMNH: Bampur, AMNH 717690, 717691, male, female, June and July 1898; Bāhū Kālāt, AMNH 717693–717698, five males, one female; Rambil, AMNH 717699, 717700, males; Bulyu, AMNH 717701; Bag, AMNH 717702; Baliu, AMNH 717703, male; Nukendfaga, AMNH 717704, female; Parag, AMNH 717705, female; Gunitch, AMNH 717706, male; Goarpocht, AMNH 717707, female; Raz, AMNH 717708, female. All were collected in March and April 1901. Also from Seistan, AMNH 717709–717713, four males, one female, all collected in June 1901.

This form has been included in the genus Petronia by some authors.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456572, adult male, collected in Greece ( =  Greichenland), in spring ( =  vere, as on label), 1847. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm, in his original description, did not list a type or indicate how many specimens he had. Hartert, by listing the above specimen as the type, designated it the lectotype. It is labeled macrorhynchos in Brehm's hand and bears a Rothschild type label. It is the only Brehm specimen of this species from Greece in AMNH.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456560, adult male, collected at Lobeda ( =  Lobedaburg, as on label), 50.53N, 11.36E (Times Atlas), near Jena, Germany, on 15 June 1816. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This specimen is one of four Brehm specimens labeled rupestris communis that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It was listed as the type by Hartert (1918a: 14), who thereby designated it the lectotype. As he noted, Brehm had written on his label that the specimen was “taken from nest on the Lobedaburg near Jena, 15.vi.1816, died in cage, 10.x.1816.” Tied to the lectotype is AMNH 456561, female juvenile, taken with the male on 15 June 1816, but apparently not kept in captivity. It is a paralectotype of rupestris. Because it is tied to the adult male, it is kept in the type collection with it. The other two specimens labeled rupestris communis were collected prior to the 1831 publication of rupestris but are not specifically mentioned in the description: AMNH 456562, male juvenile, and AMNH 456563, female juvenile, collected at Lobeda near Jena on 20 June 1828. They are also tied together.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456565, adult male, collected at Lobeda, 50.53N, 11.36E (Times Atlas), near Jena, Germany, on 10 December 1826. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918a: 14), by listing the male collected on 10 December 1826 as the type, designated it the lectotype of saxorum. It is tied together with a female, AMNH 456564, collected on 10 December 1826, a paralectotype, also labeled saxorum by Brehm. There are two additional paralectotypes in AMNH labeled saxorum by Brehm: AMNH 456566, female juvenile, and AMNH 456567, male juvenile, both collected at Lobeda near Jena, on 10 August 1826.

Four additional Brehm specimens cataloged as Petronia petronia petronia and from Lobeda were exchanged with ZFMK. They may be paralectotypes of macrorhynchos, rupestris, or saxorum, depending on how Brehm had labeled them.

Lectotype:

AMNH 717373, male adult, collected at Gilgit, 35.55N, 74.18E (BirdLife International, 2001: 2643), Kashmir, on 9 January 1880, by J. Scully. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the following range: “Kaschmir (Typus Gilgit!) u. Kandahar,” but no details were given for the type from Gilgit. Hartert (1919: 158), by listing the single male collected at Gilgit by Scully on 9 January 1880, designated it the lectotype of intermedia. Three additional specimens collected at Gilgit are paralectotypes: AMNH 717372, male, 28 January 1881, by J. Biddulph; AMNH 717374, male, 11 January 1879, AMNH 717375, unsexed, 13 January 1880, both by Scully. No specimens from Kandahar came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Vaurie (1956: 22) was incorrect in referring to paratypes from Turkestan as only Kashmir and Kandahar were mentioned in the original description.

Syntype:

AMNH 717370, female, collected at Kansego ( =  Ganse, as on label), Sichuan, China, on 12 August 1915, by H. Weigold on the Stoetzner'sche Szetschwan-Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Jacobi did not designate a type but listed a male from Tschuwo, collected on 3 November, and two males, two females, and one female [juv.?] from Kansego in August. According to Eck and Quaisser (2004: 308) there are three male syntypes in SNSD, one from Tschuwo and two from Kansego. The above specimen is labeled “Petronia petronia tibetana Jac.” and marked “Cotypus,” with the wing measurement given as 93 [mm.]. This measurement falls within the 91–94 [mm.] given by Jacobi (1923: 31) for August specimens. The specimen had not formerly been recognized as a syntype.

As noted by Vaurie (1972: 137), Weigold's “Tibetan” specimens were not always from within the boundaries of what was later considered to be Tibet. This specimen came from Kansego in Sichuan. Israel (1919: pls. 7 and 10), who gave the itinerary of the expedition, showed Kansego on his maps and noted on page 95 that on 11 August it was nearing Kansego.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456579, adult male, collected at Sennar ( =  Sennaar), 13.31N, 33.38E (Times Atlas), on the Blue Nile, Sudan, on 22 September 1850, by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm did not enumerate his specimens of this form in the original description. Two specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. A male and a female specimen of albigularis were collected on the same day at Sennar. Hartert (1918a: 14), by listing the male as the type, designated it the lectotype. The female, AMNH 456580, is a paralectotype.

This species is often included in the genus Petronia. Most recent authors consider the species dentata monotypic, but Summers-Smith (2009: 810) recognized two subspecies.

Holotype:

AMNH 717565, adult male, collected at Zinder, 1500 ft, 13.46N, 08.58E (Times Atlas), southern Niger ( =  French West Africa, as on label), on 19 February 1920, by Angus Buchanan. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as the type of buchanani the specimen bearing Buchanan's field number 414. The Rothschild Collection held a single specimen when Hartert named buchanani, but he noted: “There are in the British Museum two females collected at Yo and Kuka, near Lake Chad, which must belong to this new subspecies.”

Most recent authors consider dentata monotypic, but Summers-Smith (2009: 810) recognized buchanani.

Lectotype:

AMNH 456589, adult male, collected in the Tyrol, on 12 January 1828. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm did not list a type or indicate how many specimens he examined. Hartert (1918a: 14), by listing the specimen collected on 12 January 1828 as the type, designated it the lectotype. There are two additional Brehm specimens in AMNH labeled glacialis by Brehm and collected before the 1831 description. I consider them paralectotypes: AMNH 456587, juvenile female, AMNH 456588, adult female, collected at Heiligen Blut, Tirol, on 4 July 1826.

?Syntype:

AMNH 717336, unsexed (marked adult male on the Rothschild type label), collected at Kongra Lama Pass, 15,500 ft, Sikkim, on 5 October 1870, by H.J. Elwes. From the Elwes Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description of Montifringilla ruficollis (Blanford, 1871b: 227, not 277 as given by Moreau and Greenway, 1962: 29) was in an abstract of the annotated list of Blanford's Sikkim collection that was to appear the following year (Blanford, 1872) but subsequent to publication of the first part of his report summarizing the trip (Blanford, 1871a). In this description, both male (based on male-specific characters given) and female were described and a single set of measurements supplied. The type locality was the Láchen Valley near the Tibetan frontier, but no type was designated and the specimens were not enumerated.

In the full report, Blanford (1872: 66–68) described both male and female, repeating the measurements given in the original description, said here to be of a male measured before skinning. Measurements were added of an additional male and a female, noting on page 67 that a single female was obtained. No type specimen was mentioned, but a type series of two males and a female was here enumerated.

Hartert (1919: 157) insisted that an Elwes specimen held in the Rothschild Collection, now in AMNH, was the type of Montifringilla ruficollis: “There can be no doubt that this specimen is the actual type, and not the one in the British specimen [sic], which Sharpe [1888c: 264] registered as the type. The latter is no doubt a paratype, but on the original label is no remark to the fact; the word “type” has only been written on the British Museum's label, apparently by Sharpe, while our specimen bears the remark ‘Montifringilla sp. nov. type of ruficollis,’ evidently in the author's handwriting.” This is, in fact, what is written on the Elwes label in what appears to be Elwes' hand, with the former identification, Emberiza, crossed out. However, the original description had been published by Blanford, not Elwes. I have found no indication that Elwes ever published on his specimens from this expedition to Sikkim. Noting that Warren and Harrison (1971: 478) listed two syntypes in BMNH, I sought additional information.

R. Prŷs-Jones sent information on the three BMNH specimens associated with Blanford and Elwes and suggested consulting the first paper by Blanford (1871a), from which I assembled the following information.

Blanford and Elwes were not acquainted before they met by chance in India. At that time, Blanford had decided to use his three months' leave to pursue studies of birds in the interior of Sikkim, and Elwes had traveled from England and had virtually completed his plans to travel to Sikkim to study Indian birds when he met Blanford. When they discovered that their aims were similar, they agreed to travel together (Blanford, 1871a: 368–369) from August to September, 1870. They reached their highest altitudes in Sikkim on 5–7 October at Kangra Lama Pass in the Láchen Valley at the Tibetan frontier.

Blanford (1871a: 415–419) detailed the activities of Elwes and himself on the three days they were near Kangra Pass, the only locality at which they entered the Láchen Valley (Blanford, 1872: 31). Kangra Lama or Kongra Lama, as spelled by Elwes, are alternative spellings of a pass between Sikkim and Tibet at 28.06N, 88.45E (Lozupone et al., 2004). On 5 October, they were together near the pass. Blanford mentioned that he had shot two specimens of the “new Montifringilla” on that day, but did not mention Elwes as having collected any. After their brief visit, Blanford returned directly to their base camp at Tangú while Elwes returned to Tangú via Phálúng. On 6 October, both remained at Tangú. On 7 October, Elwes left Tangú for Tállam Samdong, their next camp, while Blanford went to Phálúng before following Elwes. In Phálúng, he reported seeing another flock of the Montifringilla but did not mention collecting a specimen.

Throughout his annotated report on the specimens collected, Blanford (1872) spoke in the first person singular concerning his own specimens and observations although he occasionally mentioned that he had seen an Elwes specimen or knew that he had collected one. In a few cases he mentioned that Elwes had sent him a specimen for comparison, usually when he had seen a species but had not collected it. In the case of Otocoris Elwesi, the other new species described by Blanford (1871b: 227), he (Blanford, 1872: 63) noted that he had not collected it himself, that Elwes had collected three, but the only one he possessed was one given him by Elwes. Blanford did not indicate that Elwes had collected Montifringilla ruficollis, but there are two male specimens collected by him on 5 October, one in AMNH and one in BMNH.

R. Prŷs-Jones has kindly sent me information on the following specimens in BMNH. Two of them were received directly from Blanford and are two of the three specimens he said he collected.

BMNH 1880.8.12.2, male, Kangra Lama Pass, Sikkim, 5 October 1870. Emberiza is written on the reverse of the Blanford label but has been crossed out and Montifringilla ruficollis inserted. On the BMNH label (only) “TYPE” is written, subsequently crossed out and “paratype” substituted. This is the specimen that was considered the type by Sharpe (1888c: 264), and was so recorded in the BMNH register. It was also one of the two syntypes listed by Warren and Harrison (1971: 478). It is a definite syntype.

BMNH 1880.8.12.3, female, Phálúng, Sikkim, 7 October 1870. This specimen has a Blanford label and is the only female collected (Blanford, 1972: 67). It was not listed as a syntype by Warren and Harrison (1971: 478), but because Blanford's single female specimen was collected at Phálúng on 7 October, when Blanford was alone at that locality, it is without doubt also a syntype of M. ruficollis.

BMNH 1887.6.1.374, unsexed, Kongra Lama, Sikkim, 15,500 ft., 5 October 1870. Emberiza is written on the reverse of Elwes' original label and is crossed out and replaced by Montifringilla ruficollis; someone, whose initials neither Prŷs-Jones nor I can decipher, has written: “This is one of the types originally collected.” The specimen was received by BMNH with the Hume Collection. It was listed as a syntype by Warren and Harrison (1971: 478) but was not listed as a type in the BMNH register or in 469470Sharpe (1888: 264). Its status as a type is questionable.

It is possible that AMNH 717336 was sent to Blanford for his description and then returned to Elwes and annotated by him, but because there is no information concerning how the specimen came to be in the Rothschild Collection or whether there were reasons other than the annotation by Elwes on his label to explain why Hartert was so insistent that it was a type, it cannot be definitely tied to the description for the following reasons. It is shown above that Blanford had based his description on two males and one female and that no type was designated. Blanford (1871a: 415) specifically mentioned that he had shot two males on 5 October at Kangra Lama Pass, and the whereabouts of only one of those is known. Blanford did not mention Elwes as having collected a specimen of M. ruficollis at Kangra Lama Pass, although Elwes seemingly did collect at least two specimens; nor did Blanford mention that he had consulted an Elwes specimen. The fact that Elwes marked his label “Type” is not in and of itself evidence that the specimen has type status (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.7).

Holotype:

AMNH 722589, adult male, collected at Zinder, 13.46N, 08.58E (Times Atlas), southern Niger ( =  French West Africa, as on label), on 9 February 1920, by Angus Buchanan (no. 345). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Buchanan's field number of the holotype and noted that he had eight specimens. The seven paratypes, all collected by Buchanan in 1920, are: Zinder, AMNH 722590, immature male, 10 February; AMNH 722591, immature female, AMNH 722592, adult female, 28 January. Takoukout, Damergou, AMNH 722597, 722598, males, 13 March; AMNH 722599, 722600, females, 22 March.

The subspecies pallidior is usually synonymized with nominate frontalis, but it was recognized by Dickinson (2003: 719). It was not listed by Hartert in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 722610, adult female (not male, as in original description), collected at Loita, ca. 01.40S, 35.40E (Polhill, 1988), Kenya, on 8 July 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren said that the type, with the above data, was in the Rothschild Collection and that 18 specimens were collected. Four additional specimens from the V.G.L. van Someren Collection, collected before the publication of loitanus, came to AMNH. I consider them paratypes: Loita, AMNH 722609, male, 10 July 1918, collected by A. Blayney Percival; Kacheliba, AMNH 722617, male, AMNH 722618, female, 11 June 1917; Maktau, AMNH 722619, male, 23 June 1918. Hartert did not list this holotype in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection.

Lectotype:

AMNH 725370, adult male, collected at Uaja, Malo Region, Ethiopia, on 13 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 795). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann listed his two specimens but did not designate a type. Later, Neumann (1905: 342) listed the male bearing his number 795 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype of aethiopica. The paratype is AMNH 725371, female (not male, as in Neumann, 1905: 342), Anderatscha, Kaffa, Ethiopia, 17 March 1901, O. Neumann (no. 1019).

I did not find the locality “Uaja”; however, in his itinerary, Neumann (1904c: 323), noted that he was at Banka, 06.33N, 36.38E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 403), on 14 February 1901. Neumann (1902b) wrote an account of his travels, with a map showing his itinerary, but it did not include all of his localities.

Holotype:

AMNH 725323, adult male, collected at Saba Saba, 00.47S, 36.55E–00.49S, 37.18E (Polhill, 1988), near Fort Hall, Kikuyu Mountains, Kenya, on 25 April 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated a specimen in the Rothschild Collection bearing the above data as the holotype of montana. He gave the range as Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kisumu, etc., but did not enumerate his paratypes. I have considered as paratypes only the two additional specimens of montana in AMNH that had been part of the V.G.L. van Someren Collection: AMNH 725335, female, Nairobi, 13 December 1917; AMNH 725345, unsexed [♂], Kisumu, 9 July 1912. There are two paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 75).

Lectotype:

AMNH 723048, adult male, collected at Agoro ( =  Agaru, as on label), 03.47N, 33.02E (Chapin, 1954a), Uganda, on 30 April 1881, by Emin Bey (no. 101). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, a male and a female were described, but no type was designated. Hartlaub (1882c: 322), under Hyphantornis, described a male, said that he had a second male, and described females, but again did not indicate a type, saying only that he had five specimens from Agaru and thereby restricting the type locality. Hartert (1919: 138), by listing the specimen bearing Emin's no. 101 as the type, designated it the lectotype. AMNH 723049, female, Agaru, 1 May 1881 is the only other Rothschild specimen; it is a paralectotype of S. emini. The name is not listed by Sánchez-Osés (2010).

Hartlaub (1882c: pl. 1, fig. 1) illustrated both male and female, captioned “Sycobrotus Emini.”

Holotype:

AMNH 723062, male, collected at Busindi, near Budongo, 01.39N, 31.35E (Polhill, 1988), Uganda, on 7 June 1919. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type the single specimen with the above data in the Rothschild Collection. He did not enumerate his specimens but gave the range as Budongo, Masindi, and Bugoma. The following specimens from the van Someren Collection are paratypes: Busindi, AMNH 723063, female, 7 June 1919; Masindi, AMNH 723064, female, AMNH 723065, female?, 17 December, 1918; Bugoma, AMNH 723066, male, 27 June 1919. There are two paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 77).

Holotype:

AMNH 295349, unsexed, Dschang ( =  Djang) district, 4500 ft, 05.28N, 10.03E (Chapin, 1954a), Cameroon, on 7 May 1930, by R.H. Drinkwater (no. 359).

Comments:

Chapin cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description, and noted that there were three specimens known. The one paratype in AMNH is AMNH 415812, female, collected in the Nkongsamba district, Cameroon, on 3 May 1930, by Drinkwater (no. 313). The second paratype was collected by Boyd Alexander at Ninong, Manenguba Mountains, Cameroon, on 12 June 1909 and is probably in BMNH.

Holotype:

AMNH 723343, adult male, collected on the Soronko River, 01.10N, 34.28E to 01.38N, 34.04E (Chapin, 1954a), Uganda, on 28 April 1916. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type of kavirondensis a male in the Rothschild Collection collected on the Soronko River, on 28 April 1916. The above specimen is the only one with those data and it bears a Rothschild type label. Van Someren had eight male and four female specimens from the Soronko River, S. Kerio, Kacheliba, Kisumu, Kibigori, and Entebbe. The following paratypes, all from the van Someren Collection, are in AMNH: Kerio, AMNH 723341, male, 2 June 1917; Soronko River, AMNH 723344, female, 28 April 1916; Kibigori, AMNH 723345, male, 24 August 1918. AMNH 723342 collected at Bukedi, Elgon Plains, a locality not included in the range given by van Someren, and AMNH 723340, collected at Entebbe on an unknown date by Grauer, are not considered paratypes.

Fry and Keith (2004: 111) and Craig (2010: 170) synonymized kavirondensis with P. luteolus which they considered monotypic.

Holotype:

AMNH 724466, female (missexed as male on label), Magungo, 02.15N, 31.30E (Chapin, 1954a), Lake Mobutu Sese Seko ( =  Albert Njansa), Uganda, collected by Emin Bey. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartlaub described the male and said that he had the single specimen from Magungo. Hartlaub (1887: 341) later referred to his earlier description of crocata, gave the date of collection as 25 November, and noted that the original description had referred to the Magungo bird as a male, but that it had been missexed. This holotype no longer has an original Emin label, and the sex was probably miscopied as Emin was known for his careful sexing of specimens. The label now on the specimen also does not have Emin's number, no. 152, or the date of collection, 25 November 1879, as cited by Hartert (1907a: 497). Hartlaub (1881: pl. 5) provided a map showing Emin's collecting localities, and (Hartlaub, 1887: pl. 14, fig. 11) illustrated this form as Symplectes crocatus.

Sánchez-Osés 2010: 67 noted that this holotype is missing from UMB.

Holotype:

AMNH 724516, female, collected at Gigiro in Gudji, east of Lake Abaya, 06.01N, 37.41E–06.36N, 38.07E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 399), Ethiopia, 25 December 1900, by Oscar Neumann (no. 487). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann cited his field number of the holotype in the original description but did not enumerate his type series. The holotype is the only Neumann specimen of this form that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 724416, adult male, collected at Basupú ( =  Fishtown), Bioko ( =  Fernando Po) Island, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, on 2 January 1904, by E. Seimund (no. 3119). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the number of the holotype as 3119, with the above data. In addition, he had an adult female collected by Seimund, an adult male and a young bird collected by Fraser, and a half dozen skins in BMNH that he had examined. Paratypes in AMNH are: Fishtown, AMNH 724417, female, 3 January 1904, collected by Seimund; “Fernando Po,” AMNH 724418, male, undated, collected by Fraser, Ex. Mus. T.C.E. no. 2092, AMNH 724419, juvenile, undated, collected by Fraser (no. 1151), Ex. Mus. T.C.E. no. 2971.

Basupú is just east of Malabo ( =  Santa Isabel), 03.45N, 08.48E (Times Atlas).

Most authors consider po a synonym of P. nigricollis brachypterus, but it is recognized by Dickinson (2003: 720) and considered “possibly worthy of recognition” by Craig (2010: 182).

Holotype:

AMNH 724577, adult male, collected in the Budongo forest (as on label), ca. 01.47N, 31.35E (Polhill, 1988), Uganda, on 17 December 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type the single male specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected at Budongo on 17 December 1918 and noted that he had specimens from the following localities: S. Ankole, Bugoma, Budongo, Mubendi, Mabira, Elgon, Entebbe, N. Kavirondo, Taveta, and Bukoma. The following 19 paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: Budongo forest, AMNH 724576, 724578–724586, five males, four females, one unsexed, collected in October and December 1918 and June 1919; Bugoma, AMNH 724599–724604, four males, two females, collected in October 1913, December 1918, and June and July 1919; Mabira Forest, AMNH 724607, one unsexed, June 1914; Entebbe, AMNH 724614, male, February 1919, AMNH 724619, female, October 1919. There are two paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 76).

Holotype:

AMNH 724625, adult male, collected on the Barssa ( =  Schambala) River, Maleland, southern Ethiopia, on 19 January 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 626). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann said that he collected a male and a female on the Barssa River, noting that the female did not differ from the female of nominate melanoxanthus and that the male was the type of malensis; the above specimen is so marked by Neumann. He also said that the specimens collected by Donaldson Smith on the Omo River probably also agreed with his new form.

Later, when Neumann (1904c: 338) treated his entire collection, he noted that the two specimens in his type series were from the Schambala-Fluss. The locality on his original label is unclear and has been changed; it apparently was marked “Antote Fl.” originally and was changed to “Schambala” by Neumann. The locality given in his itinerary (Neumann, 1904c: 323) for 19 January 1901 is Adoshebaï Tal, and on 20–23 January he was in “Male Land (Burssa und Schambala Fluss).” All of these localities are discussed by Neumann (1902b: 385–386, map) and are shown on the map at about 05.30N, 37.00E.

The single paratype in AMNH is AMNH 724626, female, Barssa ( =  Schambala) River, Maleland, southern Ethiopia, 19 January 1901, collected by O. Neumann (no. 627).

Holotype:

AMNH 724738, unsexed [adult male], collected at Mtoni, 06.52S, 39.16E, lower reaches of the Ruvu River ( =  Kingani River) (Polhill, 1988), Tanzania, in January (year not recorded), by F. Bohndorff. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartlaub described a single male from Mtoni. Hartert (1907a: 500) listed a male and a female from Mtoni, which are now in AMNH, but the female was not mentioned in the original description.

Most type specimens of names introduced by Hartlaub are in UMB; Sánchez-Osés (2010: 67) noted that the type of P. holoxanthus was not found there but he thought that it might be in ZMB; Rothschild obtained specimens from many collections, but there is no indication that this one came from ZMB; he probably received it directly from Hartlaub.

Holotype:

AMNH 724948, adult male, collected at Entebbe, 00.05N, 32.29E (Times Atlas), Uganda, undated, by Rudolf Grauer. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, only the male was described, and the individual collected by Grauer at Entebbe was designated the type. Neumann said that seven of the eight (male) specimens that he examined had the lores black and that other specimens from Entebbe were in F.J. Jackson's collection. Only one additional male specimen from Entebbe came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It is a paratype: AMNH 724949, adult male, collected at Entebbe, Uganda, on 12 March 1904, from the F.J. Jackson Collection. It has the lores black. Two specimens from the F.J. Jackson Collection were purchased from the dealer W.F.H. Rosenberg by Leonard C. Sanford and presented to AMNH. Only one of these was a male and it was collected at Entebbe on 7 July 1911, after the publication of rex.

Holotype:

AMNH 723598, adult male, collected at Gassan ( =  Gassam), 14.54N, 15.16W (Times Atlas), Senegal, on 29 August 1907, by F.W. Riggenbach. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann described only the male, gave data for the type in the Rothschild Museum, and gave the range of the form as “Upper Guinea, from Senegal to the Niger”; he did not say how many specimens he examined. The holotype has lost its original label, but the data have been written on the Rothschild type label. When Hartert (1919: 139) listed this type, he also included Riggenbach's no. 1254, which does not now otherwise appear on the specimen. Only one additional male specimen collected by Riggenbach or from the cited range came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: paratype AMNH 723598, collected at the type locality on 30 August 1907.

Holotype:

AMNH 725031, male, collected at Soullouké, Ethopia, on 22 August 1904, on the Baron Maurice de Rothschild expedition (no. 460). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann had a single specimen when he named this form. It is an abberant individual (Hartert, 1919: 145), mostly yellow with white shafts to primaries and rectrices. The collecting locality is shown on the map in M. de Rothschild (1922: 1017), but the longitudes given on that map are not correct.

Holotype:

AMNH 723691, adult male, collected at Kisumu, 00.06S, 34.45E (Polhill, 1988), Kenya, on 10 May 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren noted that his type with the above data was in the Rothschild Collection and, without enumerating his specimens, recorded that the form occurred in Kisumu, Kano district, Kendu Bay, Simba, and Kitui. The following paratypes came to AMNH from the Rothschild Collection: Kenya, Simba, AMNH 723685–723690, two males, four females, 23–28 January 1919, 11 October 1917; Kisumu, AMNH 723692, immature male, 6 July 1912, AMNH 723693, immature male, 11 December 1917, AMNH 723694, female, 6 May 1917, AMNH 723695, female, 26 August 1916; Uganda, Kano, AMNH 723697, male, 19 June 1912. There are three paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 76).

Holotype:

AMNH 723680, adult male, collected at Changamwe, 04.01S, 39.38E (Polhill, 1988), Kenya, on 14 April 1919. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren noted that the type from Changamwe, collected on 14 April 1919, was in the Rothschild Collection. The range was given as “coast-belt and Taru district, Changamwe and Malindi.” One paratype came to AMNH: Changamwe, AMNH 723681, adult male, 15 April 1919.

Syntype (perhaps holotype)

AMNH 724091, unsexed [adult male], collected at Stanley Falls, 00.18N, 25.30E (Times Atlas), Congo (Kinshasa), in March, by F. Bohndorff. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Reichenow did not give the sex of the bird he described or say how many specimens he examined, but he gave only one set of measurements and perhaps had only a single specimen. Hartert (1919: 139) also did not know how many specimens were involved in the original description as he referred to the above specimen as “Type (or cotype)”; the only locality referred to was Stanley Falls. A second specimen collected by Bohndorff at Kasango in June is not considered part of the type series.

Most authors recognize the subspecies bohndorffi; however, Craig (2010: 165) synonymized it with nominate cucullatus.

Holotype:

AMNH 723898, adult male, collected at Usumbura, 03.23S, 29.21E (Chapin, 1954a), Burundi, on 31 March 1902, by Rudolf Grauer (no. 2239). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Grauer's field number of the holotype in the original description and said that he had collected a series at Usumbura, one on the northwest shore of Lake Tanganyika and one at Mtagata in Karagwe. Paratypes in AMNH with Grauer field numbers in parentheses are: Usumbura, AMNH 723899 (2238), male, 31 March; AMNH 723900 (2310), male, 9 April; AMNH 723901 (2246), male, 1 April; AMNH 723902 (2289), female, 7 April; AMNH 723903 (2253), female, 2 April; AMNH 723904 (2378), female, 16 April; AMNH 723905 (2188), female [male plumage], 21 March; AMNH 723906 (2240), female, 31 March; AMNH 723907 (2234) female, 30 March; AMNH 723908 (2203), female, 24 March, all collected in 1908. Mtagata, AMNH 723919 (289), female [male plumage] 30 May 1907. Northwest coast of Tanganyika (Nordwest ufer des Tanganyika), AMNH 723891 (2612), male, 8 May 1908; this last specimen is the only one from that locality collected in May 1908, the others having been collected later.

Most recent authors have recognized graueri as a subspecies of P. cucullatus, but Craig (2010: 165) synonymized it with nominate cucullatus.

Holotype:

AMNH 723422, female [male plumage], collected at Usumbura, 03.23S, 29.21E (Chapin, 1954a), Burundi, on 17 April 1908, by Rudolf Grauer (no. 2394). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann described only the male, gave only one measurement, and said that the type, with the above data, was in the Rothschild Collection. The Rothschild label is marked “Ploceus melanocephalus usumburae Neum. Type,” in Neumann's hand. It also bears a Rothschild type label. Two additional specimens of P. melanocephalus from Usumbura, also sexed as females but in male plumage, were considered to be specimens of duboisi by Neumann, who said that they occurred at Usumbura with his specimen of usumburae but lacked its trace of brown on the chest.

Holotype:

AMNH 724289, adult male, collected at Kimakua ( =  Kimukua), Huíla, southern Angola, on 14 March 1906, by W.J. Ansorge (no. 1436). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert cited Ansorge's unique number of the holotype in the original description and referred to both males and females. He gave the range as “Mossamedes and Benguella, apparently also Damaraland” (citing literature) in southern Angola. The following specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and are paratypes: Benguela, Kalahanga, AMNH 724287 (Ansorge no. 413), female, AMNH 724288 (412) male, 7 February 1905; Huíla, Kimakua, AMNH 727290–727295 (426, 427, 428, remainder without numbers), males, 14 March 1906; Malambelo, AMNH 727296 (610), male [immature], 29 April 1906; Chahivi, AMNH 727297 (–), male [immature], AMNH 727298 (615), AMNH 727299 (–), females, all 30 April 1906.

Dean (2000: 378) noted that Kimakua was between Cahama, 16.17S, 14.18E, and Humbe, 16.40S, 14.55E, now in Huíla Province. The date of publication of cinnamominus was mistakenly given as 1908 by Moreau and Greenway (1962: 50).

Holotype:

AMNH 724347, female, collected on the Omo River between Malo and Koscha, southern Ethiopia, on 18 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 851). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann's description was based on the single female specimen collected between Malo, 06.33N, 36.37E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 416) and Koscha, 06.45N, 36.35E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 415). The area is shown on the map in Neumann (1902b); Koscha is there spelled Kucha.

The generic affiliations of superciliosus are not settled. Moreau and Greenway (1962: 52), Dickinson (2003: 722), and Ash and Atkins (2009: 341) place it in Ploceus; Fry and Keith (2004: 196) and Craig (2010: 158) retain it in Pachyphantes, the last commenting that recent DNA studies indicate that it may be closest to the genus Amblyospiza.

Holotype:

AMNH 722675, adult male, collected on the Sungai Lebir ( =  Sungei Lebeh), 04.56N, 102.29E (BirdLife International, 2001: 2635), Malaysia, on 19 May 1901, by collectors for John Waterstradt. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as type of infortunatus the single specimen collected by Waterstradt on the Sungai Lebir and gave the range of the form as “Malay Peninsula…to Tenasserim and Burma, Sumatra”; but he doubted the collecting locality of Sumatran specimens in the BMNH. The following paratypes are in AMNH: Myanmar ( =  Burma), Tenassarim, Mergui, AMNH 722684, female, 22 June 1875, Davison (no. 694, sales lot no. 6616e); Tavoy, AMNH 722685, male, 2 May 1874, Davison (694, 6616g); AMNH 722686, male, 26 April, 1874, Davison (694, 6616f); AMNH 722687, female, 11 August 1891, Bingham; Bilin Valley, AMNH 722688, male, 7 August 1892, Bingham. British Burmah, AMNH 722693, unsexed, no date, Davison (694, 6616c). The following two specimens I have also considered paratypes for, although not dated, they bear the same sales lot number and were undoubtedly acquired by Rothschild at the same time as the others: [Malacca skin], AMNH 722681, 722682, juvenile males, Bartlett Coll. (6616b, 6616a).

Holotype:

AMNH 722773, adult male, collected at Bogoro ( =  Buguéra), 01.24N, 30.15E (Chapin, 1954a), eastern Ituri district, Congo (Kinshasa), on 23 March 1889, by Emin Pasha (no. 1). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartlaub apparently had a single specimen; the measurements he published are those written by Emin on his field label.

Holotype:

AMNH 162602, adult female, collected at Avakubi, 01.24N, 27.40E (Chapin, 1954a), Ituri district, Congo (Kinshasa), on 20 September 1913, by James P. Chapin (no. 5067). Collected on the Lang-Chapin Expedition.

Comments:

Chapin collected a single specimen of this rare species and gave his field number for it in the original description.

Holotype:

AMNH 722812, adult female, collected in primary forest 90 km west of Lake Edward ( =  Albert Edward), 00.05N to 00.41S, 29.18E to 29.53E (Chapin, 1954a), Congo (Kinshasa), on 16 February 1908, by Rudolf Grauer (2055). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as the type a specimen in the Rothschild Collection with the above data, and gave the range as the country west of Lake Albert Edward. There are two additional specimens in AMNH collected by Grauer in the same locality, and they are considered paratypes: AMNH 722813 (Grauer no. 2064), female, 17 February 1908; AMNH 722814 (2038), male [immature], 14 February 1908. I did not find AMNH 722813 in the collection.

Holotype:

AMNH 725054, unsexed [male adult], collected in Ghana ( =  Gold Coast), Fanti preparation. From the Rothschild Collection (no. 719).

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the number “719” for the type; the Rothschild Collection was never cataloged, but this number has been added to the Rothschild type label. There is no other label. Hartert gave the range of melanobrephos as “Upper Guinea from Liberia to the Gold Coast and Togo.” None of the other specimens from these localities that came to AMNH are dated and it is not possible to know whether Hartert had them in hand when he named melanobrephos; they appear for the most part to be specimens that were purchased from a dealer and have minimum data.

Holotype:

AMNH 725064, adult male, collected in the Budongo Forest, c. 01.47N, 31.35E (Polhill, 1988) Bunyoro ( =  Unyoro), Uganda, on 17 February 1907, by L.M. Seth-Smith. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert designated his only adult male as the type in the original description and noted that he had in addition an apparently adult female and a young bird, all from Budongo Forest. The two paratypes are: AMNH 725065, immature male, 7 March 1907; AMNH 725068, female, 25 February 1907, both collected by Seth-Smith.

Moreau and Greenway (1962: 60) and Dickinson (2003: 724) considered crassirostris to be a synonym of nominate malimbicus. Other authors have recognized it.

Holotype:

AMNH 725468, adult male, collected southwest of the Juba River, East Africa, in December 1912, by A. Blayley Percival (no. 1145). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren gave Percival's number of the holotype, noted that the range was southwest of the Juba River, and said that he knew of five adult males from the same locality. Percival was a game warden in Kenya and the collecting locality of the holotype was probably in the Kenyan portion of the area called “Jubaland” by Chapin (1954a), 00.20S to 03.00N, 40.10E to 43.00E. The holotype was the only specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Dickinson (2003: 724) listed jubaensis as a subspecies of A. melanotis, but in a later corrigendum noted that melanotis Lafresnaye was a primary homonym (in Ploceus) and is thus permanently unavailable (ICZN, 1999: 59, Art 57.2). For a discussion of the nomenclature of this species, see Oschadleus (2009).

Syntype:

AMNH 725957, adult male, collected at Lado, 05.10N, 31.32E (Times Atlas), Sudan, on 7 August 1879, by Emin Pasha (no. 412). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen is the only Lado specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; it had not previously been recognized as a type. Hartlaub did not designate a type in the original description, saying only that Emin had collected numerous specimens of both sexes at Lado. The type series of Hyphantica cardinalis would include those Emin specimens collected at Lado in 1879. His specimens were widely dispersed and now are found in many collections. Schubotz (1921: 164–165) provided information from Emin's “Daybook” on this species and listed there eight specimens of cardinalis collected at Lado in 1879. A male specimen collected on 7 August 1879 with a wing measurement of 61 mm is listed by Schubotz (1921: 165). I measure the wing of AMNH 725957 as 60.5 mm and consider it a syntype of cardinalis. It retains its original Emin label.

Sánchez-Osés (2010: 66) noted that there had been nine specimens at UMB, with only three there now, the other six having been destroyed by insects. Only two of these syntypes are dated 1879, with no information as to date of collection included for the destroyed specimens. He now thinks that all specimens collected by Emin in July and August 1879 should be considered syntypes, and to his knowledge no lectotype has been designated (Sánchez-Osés, in litt., 11 May 1013). I am very grateful to him for his help in unraveling some of the problems associated with this name.

For BMNH, Sharpe (1890: 257) listed one specimen collected at Lado on 17 July 1879 and five others from Lado without date. The 17 July 1879 specimen is listed by Schubotz (1921: 165) and should be considered a syntype, although it is not so listed by Warren and Harrison (1971). Pelzeln (1881: 141, 156) mentioned Hartlaub's description, but apparently did not receive additional specimens in Vienna.

This new species was illustrated in Journal für Ornithologie (1881: 29, pl. 1), without further comment.

Holotype:

AMNH 725660, adult female, collected on Izanga (Izanja, as on label) Island, Lake Idi Amin Dada ( =  Lake Edward  =  Lake Albert Edward), ca. 0025S, 29.30E (Polhill, 1988), Uganda/Congo (Kinshasa) border, on 28 November 1910. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type of centralis a specimen with the above data in the Rothschild Collection. It is the only such specimen that came to AMNH. Van Someren (1922a: 3) gave the range of centralis as “Lake districts of Central Africa, Uganda, Kivu, N. Tanganyika, Toro, Lake Albert Edward, Bukoba” without enumerating his specimens, but while he was writing this paper on East African birds, he had access to the Rothschild Collection. The following paratypes from that collection came to AMNH: Congo (Kinshasa), W of Lake Edward, AMNH 725661, male, AMNH 725662, female, 1 February 1908, R. Grauer; Rutschuru Plain, AMNH 725663–725669, six males, one female, 6 January–22 February 1908, R. Grauer. Uganda, Toro, Mponga forest, AMNH 725670, female, undated, R. Grauer; Toro, AMNH 725671, male, AMNH 725672, female, 7 June 1909, V.G.L. van Someren Collection. Tanzania, Urigi Lake, AMNH 725673–725681, four males, five females, 3–15 June 1907, R. Grauer; Kissenji, Lake Kivu, AMNH 725682–725689, three males, five females, 17 September–19 October 1907, R. Grauer; Usumbura, Lake Tanganyika, AMNH 725690, sex?, 26 April 1908, R. Grauer; northwest of Lake Tanganyika, AMNH 725691–725693, one male, two females, 10–24 August 1908, R. Grauer. Ruzizi ( =  Russissi) River, border between Ruanda/Burundi and Congo (Kinshasa), AMNH 725694, male, AMNH 725695, female, 9, 17 May 1908, R. Grauer. There are three paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 78).

Holotype:

AMNH 725619, adult male, collected at Tamatave, 18.10S, 49.23E (Times Atlas), Madagascar, on 21 August 1891. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Rothschild designated as type the specimen collected at Tamatave on 21 August 1891 and noted that he had three specimens. The two paratypes are: Tamatave, AMNH 725620, adult male, collected on 17 July 1891; Ankoraka, AMNH 725621, adult male, collected on 7 March 1891. All three of these specimens were bought from A. Boucard.

Holotype:

AMNH 726397, adult male, collected at Masindi, 01.41N, 31.43E (Polhill, 1988), Bunyoro ( =  Unyoro), Uganda, on 17 June 1897, by W.J. Ansorge (no. 147). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Ansorge's number of the holotype and apparently had a single specimen. It is figured in plate 2, figure 2.

Holotype:

AMNH 726626, male in nonbreeding plumage, Wakkala, 04.42N, 32.28E (Chapin, 1954a), east-southeast of Lado, Sudan, on 7 April 1881, by Emin Pasha (no. 24). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Cabanis based his description on the single Emin specimen identified by Hartlaub (1882a: 202) as Penthetria concolor. However, Cabanis' name is a junior primary homonym of Penthetria hartlaubi Barboza du Bocage, 1878, and thus permanently invalid (ICZN, 1999: 59, Art. 57.2).

Holotype:

AMNH 726608, male in nonbreeding plumage, collected on either the Gelo River or the Akobo River, 07.44N, 33.30E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 400), Ethiopia, in April or May 1901, by O. Neumann. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann had the single specimen.

Holotype:

AMNH 726070, adult male, collected on the N'ziu (not N'zin) River, Kitui, Kenya, on 14 December 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren noted that the type with the above data was in the Rothschild Collection and that he examined 10 males and three females from “Bura, Teita, Voi, and Kitui in Ukamba.” Paratypes in AMNH are: Voi, AMNH 726071–726073, one male, two females, 28 February 1919; Bura, AMNH 726074, female, 20 March 1919. AMNH 726083, male, from Voi and collected on 28 February 1919 is probably also a paratype, but I did not find it in the collection.

Polhill (1988) gave coordinates for Enziu ( =  Nziu) as 00.51S, 38.15E.

Holotype:

AMNH 726245, adult male, collected on Lake Abaya ( =  Abaya See, or Lac Marguerite, as on label), 06.01N, 37.41E–06.36N, 38.07E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 399), Ethiopia, on 5 June 1905, on the Baron Maurice de Rothschild Expedition to Ethopia. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated the type as a male from Lake Abaya and stated that he had five males in breeding plumage. He gave the range as from Lake Abaya to Borana, Ethiopia. The four paratypes are: AMNH 726241, male plumage (sexed as female on label), Wolamo ( =  Walamo, as on label) Region, 25 June, 1905; AMNH 726242–726244, males, Gatou, Borana, 29 May 1905. These specimens were formerly mounted. According to Maurice de Rothschild (1922: xvii) the expedition was in Central Ethopia in May and June 1905. Hartert did not list this holotype in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection, and it had not previously been included with the AMNH type specimens.

Craig (1993a: 89) considered rothschildi to be a synonym of E. hordeaceus craspedopterus, which many authors recognize; Fry and Keith (2004: 224–226) and Craig (2010: 146–147) considered E. hordeaceus monotypic.

Holotype:

AMNH 726383, adult male, collected on 7 June 1895, at Chew Bahir swamp ( =  Lake Stephanie), 04.40N, 36.55E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 406), Ethiopia, by A. Donaldson Smith (no. 655). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The male specimen from Chew Bahir swamp was designated the type by Hartert in the original description. In addition, he included a female with eggs paired with the above male and a male from Barri, Ethiopia ( =  Central Somaliland) both collected by Donaldson Smith. Paratypes are, with Donaldson Smith's field numbers in parentheses: Chew Bahir swamp, AMNH 726384 (654), female, 7 June 1895; Barri, AMNH 726384 (485), adult male, 11 January 1895.

Hartert's pusillus is often recognized as a subspecies of Euplectes orix, but as long ago as Zedlitz (1916: 27) the variation was believed to be individual, and recent molecular data have not supported treatment of franciscanus as a subspecies of E. orix (Craig, 2010: 143).

Holotype:

AMNH 726822, adult male, collected at Barraca, 09.11S, 13.58E (Dean, 2000: 370), Cuanza ( =  Quanza) River, Angola, on 28 May 1901, by C. Hubert Pemberton (no. 561). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert had the single specimen when he described quanzae.

Moreau and Greenway (1962: 70), Dean (2000: 318–319) and Dickinson (2003: 725) recognized quanzae as a subspecies of Euplectes axillaris, but Traylor (1962: 125) called attention to the larger size of specimens from the Cuanza River and raised the possibility that quanzae should perhaps be considered a full species. Craig (1993b: 144), Fry and Keith (2004: 243) and Craig (2010: 150) synonymized it with E. axillaris bocagei (Sharpe, 1871).

Holotype:

AMNH 727204, adult male, collected on the Nairobi River, Kenya, on 4 April 1917. From the V.G.L van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type of suahelicus a specimen in the Rothschild Collection bearing the above data. Only one specimen collected on that date came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, and it bears a Rothschild type label. In the description, van Someren gave the range as East Africa, and later (van Someren, 1922a: 151) included the following localities in suahelicus: Kerio, Kirimiri, Elgon, Kisumu, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Kikuyu, Narobi, and Ukamba. The following specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and are considered paratypes of suahelicus. Burnt Forest, AMNH 727199–727201, two males, one female, 15–22 September 1918; Nairobi Plains, AMNH 727202, 727203, males, 2 June 1918; Nairobi or Nairobi River, AMNH 727205–727208, three males, one female, January–September 1917; Kirimiri, AMNH 727214, male, 17 April 1917, all from the van Someren Collection. Also Kikuyu, AMNH 727217, male, February 1919, collected by H.J. Allen Turner; and AMNH 727218, male, 3 December 1894, collected by O. Neumann. Because van Someren worked in the Rothschild Collection, these last two specimens would have been available to him and so are treated as paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 727143, adult male, collected in the Bura Hills, 03.19S, 38.20E (Polhill, 1988), Tieta, Kenya, on 21 March 1919. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type of teitensis a specimen in the Rothschild Collection with the above data, and only one such specimen came to AMNH. He gave the range as “East of Kilimanjaro and Teita, Bura Hills,” but did not elaborate further on this except to say that specimens in the Rothschild Collection supported his character of narrower tail feathers (van Someren, 1922a: 151). I am unable to decide whether any paratypes are now in AMNH; perhaps AMNH 727144 and AMNH 727145, collected in March 1896, from Morogoro ( =  Mrogoro), 06.49S, 37.40E (Polhill, 1988), Tanzania, are specimens that he had in mind. There are two paratypes in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 77).

Holotype:

AMNH 727464, adult male, collected at Bulo-Bulo ( =  Bulu-Bulu), 12.05S, 17.37E (Dean, 2000: 370), Bié ( =  Bihé), Angola, on 3 October 1904, by W.J. Ansorge (no. x169). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description Neumann listed the type of ansorgei as a Rothschild specimen, male, collected by Ansorge at Bulu-Bulu on 3 October 1904; four such specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, but Neumann had himself marked Ansorge's specimen no. x169 as “Typus.” Hartert (1919: 146) confirmed this specimen as the type of ansorgei. Neumann gave the range as Angola and Benguela. Paratypes are: Bulo-Bulo, Bié, AMNH 727465–727467, males, 3 October 1904, collected by Ansorge (nos. x168, x165, x167, respectively); Canduc, Benguela, AMNH 727468, 727469, males, 5 January 1906, collected by Ansorge (nos. 20, 19, respectively).

When this form is included in Euplectes, the name ansorgei is preoccupied by Euplectes ( =  Pyromelana) ansorgei 154Hartert, 1899. Wolters (1953: 32) provided Euplectes progne delacouri as a replacement name. The two names share the same type.

Holotype:

AMNH 704632, adult male, collected at Balovale, 13.30S, 23.06E (Times Atlas), Zambia ( =  Northern Rhodesia), on 10 January 1944, by C.M.N. White.

Comments:

In the original description, White designated as type of mukandakundae an adult male in his collection taken on 10 January 1944 and noted that he examined two males and one female. The above specimen was presented to AMNH by White (cataloged in 1953) and bears his type label in addition to that of AMNH. His two paratypes did not come to AMNH.

Anomalospiza imberbis was considered monotypic by Moreau and Greenway (1962: 75) and included at the end of the Ploceidae, where the name was misspelled “makandakunae.” Now placed in the Viduidae following mitochondrial DNA studies by Sorensen and Payne (2001), it is considered monotypic by Dickinson (2003: 737). Fry and Keith (2004: 417) and Payne (2010: 219) recognize two subspecies, A. i. imberbis and A. i. butleri, with mukandakundae synonymized with nominate imberbis.

Holotype:

AMNH 216328, adult male, collected on Lomlom Island, Reef Islets, 13.35S, 167.30E (Times Atlas), Banks Islands, Torba Province, Vanuatu, on 12 October 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 23343).

Comments:

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and included specimens from the Swallow Isets (Nepani and Matema) and Tinakula Island in the Santa Cruz Islands, as well as specimens from Lomlom in the Banks Islands. This subspecies is usually cited as being from the Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, but the type locality is in the Banks Islands, Vanuatu.

Paratypes in AMNH: Lomlom, AMNH 214451–214456, 216317–216327, 216329–216338, 224286, 21 males, seven females, 6–14 October 1926; Nepani, AMNH 214450, 214457–214459, 216339–216346, four males, eight females, 14–15 October 1926; Tinakula, AMNH 218479–218490, seven males, five females, 2–4 March 1927. The specimens included by Mayr in pachyrhampha from Matema Island, collected by the 1933 Templeton Crocker Expedition, are in CAS (J. Dumbacher, personal commun.). This expedition on Templeton Crocker's yacht Zaca was made in the interest of the CAS (Davidson, 1934) and should not be confused with the 1934–1935 expedition on Templeton Crocker's Zaca in the interest of AMNH (Chapin, 1935, 1936a, 1936b).

Holotype:

AMNH 216382, adult male, collected on Tikopia ( =  Tucopia) Island, 12.10S, 168.50E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 11 February 1924, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 24655).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr gave the AMNH number of the holotype and included only specimens from Tikopia. The following are paratypes: AMNH 216383–216387, 218492–218496, two males, eight females, 11–12 February 1927. Tikopia is east of the Santa Cruz Islands, not part of that group, as was noted by Mayr in the original description.

Holotype:

AMNH 253880, adult male, collected on Rotuma Island, 12.30S, 177.05E (Times Atlas), Fiji, on 20 May 1925, by J.G. Correia on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (17745).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype and gave the range as Rotuma Island. Paratypes are: AMNH 253872, 253874–253879, 253881–253901, 18 males, eight females, two sex?, collected 18–20 May 1925. AMNH 253874 and 253875 were exchanged with DMNH and are now DMNH 18265 and 18266 (J. Woods, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 202277, adult male, collected on Tau Island, 14.15S, 169.27W (Times Atlas), Manua Islands, American Samoa, on 21 December 1923, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 10878).

Comments:

Mayr gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and the range as the Manua Islands of Ofu, Olosega and Tau. Paratypes are: Olosega ( =  Olosinga, as on label), AMNH 202227–202249, 11 males, 11 females, 1 sex?, 31 December 1923–7 January 1924; Ofu Island, AMNH 202253–202266, nine males, five females, 7–9 January 1924; Tau Island, AMNH 202267–202276, 202278–202313, 224288, 25 males, 22 females, 14–29 December 1923. Of these AMNH 202267 was sent to BBM in 1932; AMNH 202292 and 202298 were exchanged with DMNH and are now numbered DMNH 18274 and 18273, respectively (J. Woods, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 250787, adult male, collected on Tafahi ( =  Boscawen) Island, 15.52S, 173.55W (Times Atlas), Tonga, on 25 August 1925, by Joe Hicks on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 19151).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype and gave the range as Tafahi ( =  Boscawen) and Niuatoputapu ( =  Keppel) islands. The following are paratypes: Tafahi, AMNH 224295, 250763–250784, 250786, 250788, 250788bis–250792, 12 males, 16 females, one sex?, 24–25 August 1925; Niuatoputapu, AMNH 250785, 250793–250803, 250806, five males, eight females, 25–26 August 1925. AMNH 250776 and 250788 were exchanged with DMNH and are numbered DMNH 18270 and 18269, respectively (J. Woods, personal commun.). Joe Hicks was a crew member on the Whitney Expedition vessel, France, who learned to prepare specimens.

Holotype:

AMNH 250751, adult male, collected on Niuafo'ou ( =  Niuafou) Island, 15.36S, 175.39W (Times Atlas), Tonga, on 17 August 1925, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 19041).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype and gave the range as Niuafo'ou Island. Paratypes are: AMNH 224293, 250749, 250750, 250752–250762, 11 males, three females, 17–18 August 1925. AMNH 250754 and 250762 were exchanged with DMNH and are now DMNH 18261 and 18262, respectively (J. Woods, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 206364, adult male, collected on Tutuila Island, 14.20S, 170.40W, American Samoa, on 16 April 1924, by Jose Correia and Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 12309).

Comments:

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range as Tutuila Island. Paratypes are: AMNH 201358–201363, 202250–202252, 206353–206363, 206365–206372, 224287, 20 males, 9 females, 22 October–30 November 1923, 19 January–14 February 1924, 16 April 1924. AMNH 206358 and 206363 were exchanged with DMNH and are now DMNH 18276 and 18275, respectively (J. Woods, personal commun.).

Holotype:

AMNH 668044, unsexed, collected on Lord Howe Island, 31.28S, 159.09E (Times Atlas), Australia, undated, by (or for) Henry H. Travers. From the Mathews Collection (no. 9361) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews, in the original description, listed his catalog number of the holotype but did not mention other specimens. Opposite his catalog number 9361, Mathews noted that he had obtained this specimen from Rothschild, but a Rothschild Collection label is no longer on the specimen. In addition to Travers' label, and Mathews and Rothschild type labels, the specimen bears a small metal label imprinted with the number “0.1486.”

Mathews (1928: 55) listed this subspecies and gave descriptions of a male and a female, both collected after the description of hulliana; there is no indication that he had more than one specimen when he named the form.

Hartert (1928: 192) listed this specimen as the type of hulliana and noted the uncertainty as to whether the specimen was collected by Travers himself or was collected for him by someone else. The species is considered to be extinct and was not listed by Craig and Feare (2009), but was discussed by Hume and Walters (2012: 275–276).

Holotype:

AMNH 226540, adult male, collected on Rennell Island, Solomon Islands, on 21 May 1930, by William F. Coultas, Walter J. Eyerdam, and Hannibal Hamlin on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 40199).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr gave the AMNH number of the holotype but did not enumerate his specimens, although he described males, females, immatures, and juveniles. Excluding the holotype, all specimens of insularis collected on Rennell Island by the Whitney South Sea Expedition in 1928 and 1930 are paratypes: AMNH 223118, 223120, 223121, one male, two females, 28 August–1 September 1928; AMNH 226481, male, 18 May 1930; AMNH 226537–226539, three males, 16–18 May 1930; AMNH 839381–839384, four females, 27–31 August 1928.

AMNH 226481 had been mistakenly cataloged as Turdus poliocephalus rennellianus in the catalog and was noted as “not found” by LeCroy (2005: 45) when listing type material for the Turdidae; at some point it had been correctly reidentified as Aplonis insularis and the specimen placed with that species without the catalog having been marked. AMNH 839381–839384 had previously been given invalid catalog numbers and have now been given four current numbers.

Holotype:

AMNH 227576, adult male, collected on Malaita Island, Solomon Islands ( =  British Solomon Islands), on 26 February 1930, by Hannibal Hamlin, William Coultas, and Walter Eyerdam on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 39347).

Comments:

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 227559–227575, 227577–227600, 24 males, 17 females, 28 January–8 April 1930. Of these, AMNH 227577 was exchanged to ANSP. On 28 February 1930, the expedition ship France was anchored at Su'u, 09.10S, 150.55E (Times Atlas).

Mayr and Diamond (2001: 400) considered that A. grandis formed a superspecies with A. dichroa and that A.g. malaitae, listed as a megasubspecies, had distinctive characteristics. Craig and Feare (2009: 719) noted that malaitae may constitute a separate species.

Holotype:

AMNH 218560, adult male, collected on Guadalcanal ( =  Guadalcanar) Island, Solomon Islands ( =  British Solomon Islands), on 23 July 1927, by Rollo H. Beck and Frederick P. Drowne on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 26862).

Comments:

Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 218552–218559, 223185–223195, 223207–223218, 17 males, 14 females, 16–25 April, 17–30 May, and 12–25 July 1927. On 23 July 1927, the expedition ship France was anchored near Cape Hunter and personnel had gone east to the Itina River, 09.48S, 159.51 E (USBGN, 1974a), from the mouth of which they collected up to 4000 feet.

Holotype:

AMNH 667505, adult male, collected on Romang ( =  Roma) Island, 07.35S, 127.26E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 25 August 1902, by Heinrich Kühn (5824). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Kühn's field number of the holotype and listed his type series of two males and five females. Five paratypes came to AMNH: AMNH 667504, male (no Kühn no.), AMNH 667506–667509, four females, collected on Romang 25–26 August 1902, by Kühn (nos. 5823, 5825, and 5563, one without a Kühn no.). The sixth paratype, if found, is a female bearing Kühn's no. 5538.

Holotype:

AMNH 667594, “female,” collected on Pulau Pini ( =  Pini Island), 00.08N, 98.40E (van Marle and Voous, 1988: 214), Batu Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, undated, by Hugo Raap (no. 34). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave Raap's number of the holotype but not the sex, noted that it was in the Rothschild Collection, and gave measurements for five specimens of leptorhynchus. The holotype is the only specimen that includes Raap's original label with his no. 34 and is sexed as a female. Apparently, both Stresemann and Hartert doubted the sexing; Hartert (1919: 135) included the sex in quotation marks. The four paratypes are: AMNH 667595–667598, all collected on Pini by Raap; none are dated.

Van Steenis-Kruseman (1950: 421) gave details of Raap's plant collecting in the Batu Islands; he was on P. Pini 28 October–14 November 1896 and 4–14 January 1897. Presumably he was collecting birds at the same time.

Meyer de Schauensee (1940: 41–42), Ripley (1944: 405–406) and van Marle and Voous (1988: 195–196) synonymized leptorhyncha with pachistorhina based on overlap in wing measurements, but Amadon (1956: 18) and Craig and Feare (2009: 720) recognized it, noting its very slender bill and pure blue gloss on the plumage.

Holotype:

AMNH 667576, adult male, collected at Danau Bratan, 3000 ft, 08.16S, 115.11E (USBGN, 1955b), Bali, Indonesia, on 21 March 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 328). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Stresemann gave his field number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had collected four specimens on Bali at Gilgit, Rendang, and Danau Bratan; he gave measurements of seven specimens of gusti on page 376. Also available to Stresemann, but probably not measured is an immature specimen. I have considered the following seven specimens paratypes of gusti: Danau Bratan, AMNH 667575 (Stresemann no. 326), male, 3000 ft, 21 March 1911; Gilgit, AMNH 667577 (221), female, 2000 ft, 2 February 1911; Rendang, AMNH 667578 (327), female?, 1500 ft, 13 March 1911; Bali, AMNH 667579–667582, two males, one immature male, one female, 2000–3000 ft, April 1896, collected by William Doherty. Stresemann (1913b: 325–326) described his collecting localities.

Holotype:

AMNH 667255, adult male, collected on Mount Sophia ( =  Sapphire), 17.10S, 145.52E (USBGN, 1957), Queensland, Australia, on 6 November 1899, by E. Olive (based on handwriting and date). From the Mathews Collection (no. 3628) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype and gave the range as “North Queensland.” In addition to the original label and Mathews and Rothschild type labels, the holotype bears a “Figured” label, indicating that it was illustrated in Mathews (1926: pl. 580, opp. p. 283; text pp. 290–291); the figured adult male collected on 6 November 1899 and listed as Metallopsar metallicus is described and confirmed as the type of sapphire.

The following specimens are considered paratypes as they were collected in “North Queensland” and cataloged by Mathews prior to the end of 1911: Mount Sapphire, AMNH 667253, 667254, 667256–667259 (Mathews catalog nos. 3624–3627, 3629, 3630), six males, October–November 1899, collected by E. Olive (based on handwriting and dates). Cairns, AMNH 667261, 667263, 667264 (3620, 3622, 3623), October–November 1908, one male, one immature male, one female, obtained from P. Schrader; AMNH 667265 (3621), one female, September 1902, collected by W. Vercens (?). Cape York, AMNH 667318 (9791), AMNH 667322 (9792), one male, one female, collected 1 September 1911, by J.P. Rogers; AMNH 667319–667321, 667323, 667324 (7136–7140), three immature males, two females, collected in November and December 1868, received from T. Thorpe.

Olive collected at a number of Queensland localites, but Mathews apparently only included in sapphire his Mount Sapphire specimens. Robinson and Laverock (1900) reported on this collection and equated Mount Sapphire with Mount Sophia.

Holotype:

AMNH 162927, adult male, collected at Pawa, 02.32N, 27.40E (Chapin, 1954a), Ituri District, Congo (Kinshasa) ( =  Belgian Congo), on 15 July 1913, by James P. Chapin (no. 4891). From the Lang-Chapin Congo Expedition.

Comments:

In the original description, Chapin gave his field numbers for the holotype and his two paratypes. Paratypes are: AMNH 162928 (Chapin no. 4892), adult female, AMNH 162929 (4893), immature female, collected at Pawa, 15 July 1913.

Syntype:

AMNH 669274, adult male, collected at Buea, 1000 m, 04.09N, 09.13E (Times Atlas), Cameroun, on 16 September 1891, by Paul R. Preuss. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description is usually cited as Reichenow (1892b: 184), published in April, 1892. However, the description appeared in Reichenow (1892a: 4) of 19 February 1892, and is so cited in Reichenow (1892b: 184). The earlier description was published verbatim in the later paper and, while he described male and female, in neither did Reichenow designate a type nor indicate how many specimens he examined. AMNH 669274 falls within the range of altitudes, 950–1200 m, and dates, 11–16 September 1891, given by Reichenow for his material. Preuss' original label remains on the specimen, and the reverse is marked “Onychognathus preussi Rchw. Typus.” It was not listed by Hartert in any of his Rothschild type lists, and the specimen bears an AMNH type label, filled in by Amadon. The whereabouts of other specimens is not known.

Holotype:

AMNH 669360, adult male, collected on Mount Elgon, 9000–10,000 feet, 01.07N, 34.35E (Times Atlas), Kenya-Uganda border, on 15 March 1916. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren designated as type of montanus a male in the Rothschild Collection, collected on Mount Elgon on 15 March 1916 and noted that four males and three females were collected at 9000 ft. Only a single paratype came to AMNH: Mount Elgon, AMNH 669361, female, collected in June 1915. Amadon (1956: 24–25) pointed out the clinal and individual variation in O. morio from South Africa to Ethiopia and discussed the two specimens of montanus in AMNH. He did not believe that montanus should be recognized and listed it as a synonym of rueppellii (Amadon, 1962a: 89). Fry et al. (2000: 582) considered the nominate race to include the range of the species except for rueppellii, the range of which they gave as Ethiopia; measurements were included for large series of specimens. This was followed by Dickinson, except that he also included southeastern Sudan in the range of O. morio rueppellii. Craig and Feare (2009: 740) expanded the range of rueppellii to include northern Kenya and perhaps also northeastern Uganda. The measurements of the two specimens of montanus in the type series are: AMNH 669360, male (type), wing 161, tail 148; AMNH 669361, female (paratype), wing 155, tail 139. Given the clinal nature of the size changes from south to north and the large individual variation in measurements, the placement of the Mount Elgon specimens seems uncertain.

Holotype:

AMNH 669218, [male], collected at Lukolela ( =  Lukolele), 01.10S, 17.11E (Times Atlas), Congo River, Congo (Kinshasa), in May 1894, by F.G. Harrison. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When Hartert described intermedius, he had the single specimen, which he designated as the holotype, but also included a specimen that was mentioned in “Ibis, 1890, p. 164” from Yambuya on the Aruwimi River, collected by J.S. Jameson. This latter specimen is not in AMNH. Chapin (1954b: 139–140) synonymized intermedius with O. fulgidus hartlaubii, and the form was not mentioned by Amadon (1956: 25–26, 1962a: 90). Fry et al. (2000: 580–581) and Dickinson (2003: 658) recognized intermedius, but Craig and Feare (2009: 742–743) again synonymized it with hartlaubii.

Holotype:

AMNH 668696, adult male, collected at Samburu, 03.46S, 39.16E (Polhill, 1988), Kenya, on 18 October 1917. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren noted that his type from Samburu, collected on 18 October 1917, was in the Rothschild Collection and that he included specimens from Mombasa, Samburu, Maungu, and N'di in pestis. The holotype and three paratypes, all from Samburu, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 668695, 668697, 668698, two males, one female, 23–27 July 1918. There is one paratype in RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 72).

Holotype:

AMNH 668703, adult male, collected at Huíla ( =  Huilla), 15.04S, 13.33E (Times Atlas), Huíla Province, ( =  part of former Mossamedes), Angola, on 23 July 1906, by W.J. Ansorge (no. 2376). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert and Neumann cited Ansorge's unique number of the holotype; they gave the range as Mossamedes. The single paratype in AMNH is from Chibia, AMNH 668704, adult male, 3 February 1906, collected by Ansorge (no. 309).

Holotype:

AMNH 668713, adult male, collected at Ailet, 15.34N, 39.09E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 400), Eritrea ( =  Nord Abyssinien), on 15 April 1903, by G. Schrader. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as type of schraderi the adult male collected by Schrader at Ailet on 15 April 1903 and gave the range of his new form as “Abyssenien, Shoa, Omo-Gebiet.” The following paratypes came to AMNH: Eritrea, Ailet, AMNH 668714, male, 10 April 1900, AMNH 668715, female, 16 April 1903; Salamona, AMNH 668716, male, 31 January 1898, all collected by Schrader. Ethiopia, between Malo and Koscha, am Omo, AMNH 668717, male, 18 February 1901; Senti-Tal zwischen Uba und Gofa, AMNH 668718, female, 30 January 1901; Obere Gorra, Schoa, AMNH 668719, female, 23 September 1900; Ejere-Tscheratscha, Shoa, AMNH 668720, male, 17 September 1900, all collected by O. Neumann. Of these, AMNH 668718 was exchanged with NMZB.

See Neumann (1905: 240) for a discussion of the specimens he collected and Neumann (1902b) for a map of his localities.

Holotype:

AMNH 668830, adult male, collected at Gungo ( =  N'Gungo), 10.50S, 15.35E (Dean, 2000: 377), Cuanza Sul, Angola, on 31 July 1901, by C.H. Pemberton. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann noted that the type bearing the above data was in the Rothschild Collection and described both male and female without enumerating his specimens. The holotype bears a Rothschild type label but was not listed in any of Hartert's lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes in AMNH are: Gungo, AMNH 668831, male, AMNH 668832, female, both 9 August 1901, collected by C.H. Pemberton.

Holotype:

AMNH 766689, adult male, collected at North Horr, 1300 ft, 03.19N, 37.04E (Times Atlas), northwest Kenya, on 1 November 1962, by Stuart Keith (no. 579).

Comments:

Keith cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description. There is one paratype: North Horr, AMNH 827365, immature male, 1 November 1962, Keith (no. 578).

Lovette and Rubenstein (2007), as a result of their molecular studies of starlings, have included the genus Spreo in the genus Lamprotornis. Other authors cited above have recognized horrensis, except Feare and Craig (1999: 231) and Craig and Feare (2009: 749), who did not cite the extremely small measurements of the type and paratype of horrensis. The small size is noticeable in the field (Turner and Forbes-Watson (1976: 58). Measurements of the two males (Keith, 1964: 162) and weights recorded on Keith's labels are: Wing, 130 mm, 137; tail, 89, 93; weights, 75, 77.

Holotype:

AMNH 669177, adult male, collected at Marsabit, 02.20N, 37.59E (Polhill, 1988), Kenya, on 20 February 1911, by A. Blayney Percival. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren said that the type, with the above data, was in the Rothschild Collection, and that the form was found in Somaliland, southern Ethopia, and in the northern frontier district of East Africa. Later, van Someren (1924: 70) noted that he had mistaken the type locality of the nominate subspecies of L. regius and that his subspecies donaldsoni was a synonym of L. r. regius. He then described L. r. magnificus (van Someren, 1924: 71) from Tsavo, the type of which is not in AMNH.

Holotype:

AMNH 466605, adult male, collected at Tagan ( =  Tagau), Afghanistan, on 8 June 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments:

In the original description, Koelz designated as type of afghanorum a specimen with the above data and listed his paratypes as four specimens from Mamakhel, 20–24 May 1937 and three from Chandan on 7 June 1937. Of the seven paratypes, the following six came to AMNH: Māmā Kheyl ( =  Mamakhel), AMNH 466599, 466603, 466604, two males, one female, 23–24 May 1937; Chandan, AMNH 466600–466602, two males, one female, 7 June 1937. The type locality of afghanorum was spelled Tagau on Koelz's label and Tagan by Vaurie (1959: 125).

This species has been included in three different genera by recent authors: Sturnus, Amadon (1962a: 106), Dickinson (2003: 655), Lovette and Rubenstein (2007: 1031–1056); Temenuchus, Feare and Craig (1999: 175–177), Rasmussen and Anderton (2005: 582); and Sturnia, Craig and Feare (2009: 732).

Holotype:

AMNH 665677, adult male, collected south of Santa Cruz da Graciosa, 39.06N, 28.01W (Times Atlas), Graciosa Island, Azores, on 22 April 1903, by W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (no. 446). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Ogilvie-Grant's unique field number for the holotype in the original description and listed the islands in the Azores from which he had specimens. The island of Fayal was not listed, and a Santa Cruz occurs on two of the islands, with Flores Island not listed. However, the entire collection was shipped at one time (Hartert and Ogilvie-Grant, 1905: 91) and was undoubtedly in hand when granti was published in November 1903. Ogilvie-Grant's expedition was financed by Rothschild and the collection was divided between Rothschild and BMNH (Hartert and Ogilvie-Grant, 1905: 81). Hartert and Ogilvie-Grant (1905: 127–128) listed the number of specimens of granti collected on each island for a total of 20 specimens. Ten specimens, including the holotype, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection; the nine paratypes, all collected in 1903, are: above Rosario, Corvo I., AMNH 665672 (Ogilvie-Grant no. 363), male, 14 April; above Santa Cruz, Flores I., AMNH 665673 (408), male, 17 April; above Horta, Fayal I., AMNH 665674 (672), female, 26 May; above Caes da Pico, Pico I., AMNH 665675 (634), male, 21 May; above Calheta, San Jorge I. ( =  St. George), AMNH 665676 (568), male, 9 May; Requinho, Terceira I., AMNH 665678 (351), male, 9 April; Lameiro, San Miguel I., AMNH 665679 (108), male, AMNH 665680 (96), female, 9–10 March; Almagrera, Santa Maria I., AMNH 665681 (6), female, 27 February. The remaining paratypes are probably in BMNH.

Lectotype:

AMNH 665565, male, collected in Holland, on 4 May 1827. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm did not designate a type or mention the number of specimens he examined. Hartert (1918a: 10) listed the male Brehm specimen from Holland as the type of S. Hollandiae, thereby designating it the lectotype, and noted a second specimen in the Rothschild Collection, a female collected on 8 May 1827, both marked “Sturnus batavorum.” The paralectotype is AMNH 665566, female, Holland, 8 May 1827.

According to Hartert (1918a: 10), batavorum was “a manuscript name published as a nomen nudum by A.E. Brehm in 1866, which C.L. Brehm preferred afterwards, instead of hollandiae. At that time authors often changed names according to their fancy. As the description agrees in every detail with the male, there can be no doubt that is the type of S. hollandiae.”

Lectotype:

AMNH 665639, adult male, collected at Klagenfurt ( =  Klagenfurth), 46.38N, 14.20E (Times Atlas), Austria, on 20 April 1837, by von Hueber. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm named tenuirostris based on specimens sent him from Klagenfurt by von Hueber without designating a type. His label on the lectotype, designated by Hartert (1918a: 10), noted that the male was collected with the female on 20 April 1837. AMNH 665640, the paralectotype, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and was exchanged to ZFMK.

Holotype:

AMNH 666372, adult male, collected on Bali Island, Indonesia, in March 1896, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Doherty collected the single specimen. It is pictured by Hartert (1912a: 374, pl. 2).

Holotype:

AMNH 666600, adult female, Bubunan ( =  Boeboenan as on label), 08.12S, 114.56E (BirdLife International, 2001: 2601), north coast of Bali Island, Indonesia, on 24 March 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 352) on the II Freiburger Expedition. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Stresemann named the genus Leucopsar at the same time. He (Stresemann, 1913b: 375) had a single specimen. It was illustrated in Hartert (1912a: 374, pl. 2).

Lectotype:

AMNH 666543, adult male, collected at Bankoro, Taiwan ( =  Formosa), on 6 May 1907, by collectors for Alan Owston (no. F 112). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as type a male collected at Bankoro on 6 May 1907 and gave the no. “F. 112,” noting that he had 20 specimens. The above specimen with the correct data bears the Rothschild type label, but there are two male specimens collected on 6 May 1907, both with the number “F. 112.” Because AMNH 666543 was Hartert's intended type and was so cataloged when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH, I hereby designate it the lectotype of Aethiopsar cristatellus formosanus to remove the ambiguity. The number “F. 112” is on all specimens collected on Taiwan in 1907 and may be the number of a collector or a species number. The 19 paralectotypes are: Bankoro, AMNH 666542, 666544–666546, two males, two females, 23 April–9 May 1907; Naihokosho, AMNH 666547–666553, three males, four females, 4–24 June 1907; Shin-Chi-Ku, AMNH 666554–66658, one male, three females, one sex?, 18–19 April 1896; Taipeh, AMNH 666559, 666560, one male, one female, 10 October 1896; Taipeh fu, AMNH 666561, female, 9 April 1896.

Lectotype:

AMNH 666569, adult male, collected at Ch'iung-chou ( =  Kiungchau), 19.56N, 110.30E (Times Atlas), Hainan Island, China, on 14 February 1902, by Zensaku Katsumata. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as type of brevipennis a male from Kiungchau collected on 14 February 1902. AMNH 666569 bears a Rothschild type label, indicating that it was Hartert's chosen type, was cataloged in AMNH as the type, and has always been considered as such. There are, however, three male specimens collected on that date. In order to validate Hartert's chosen type and to remove the ambiguity, I hereby designate AMNH 666569 the lectotype of brevipennis. Hartert had specimens from Kiungchau and Hoihow when he named brevipennis, but did not enumerate them. The following paralectotypes are in AMNH: Hoihow, AMNH 666563, 666564, two males, 14, 30 March 1902; Kiungchau, AMNH 666565–666568, 6665670–666574, six males, three females, 13 February–1 March 1902 (one dated 30 February!), all collected by Katsumata.

Holotype:

AMNH 666937, adult male, collected on Guadalcanal ( =  Guadalcanar), 09.30S, 160.00E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 28 April 1901, by Albert S. Meek (no. 3028). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1927) was sent on loan some of the specimens collected in the Solomon Islands by the Whitney South Sea Expedition, and using Rothschild specimens for comparisons, published the paper in which this form was described. In the original description, Hartert noted that he had seen two Whitney Expedition Guadalcanal specimens from AMNH and that the Rothschild Collection held five other specimens from Guadalcanal. He then designated a Rothschild specimen collected by A.S. Meek (no. 3028) as the holotype of sanfordi. Fortunately, Hartert labeled as sanfordi the two AMNH specimens he saw as well as the other five (although, contra Hartert, two are labeled as males and three as females). All seven of Hartert's listed specimens are now in AMNH and the following six specimens are paratypes: Guadalcanal: AMNH 218463 (Whitney no. 26145), male, 26 April 1927, collected by Joe Hicks, AMNH 218467 (Whitney no. 25934), female, 18 April 1927, collected by Joe Hicks, AMNH 666938, 666939 (Meek nos. 2890, 3016), females, 14, 27 April 1901, collected by Meek; Aola, Guadalcanal, AMNH 666940, male, 16 April 1887, AMNH 666941, female, 20 June 1887, both collected by C.M. Woodford. Joe Hicks was a crew member on the Whitney Expedition ship France, who frequently prepared specimens. On 18 April 1927, the France, was at Malapa Island, Marau Sound, and on 26 April, it had moved to Kaukau Bay. Rothschild and Hartert (1901: 375) reported on Meek's collection from Guadalcanal and listed the three specimens as Mino kreffti.

Mino dumontii and M. kreffti have been variously treated, with kreffti recognized either as a full species or as a subspecies of M. dumontii; the subspecies sanfordi has been treated as a synonym of kreffti or recognized as a valid form. Craig and Feare (2009: 713) treated M. kreffti as monotypic, but suggested that “further study [is] needed at both specific and subspecific levels.” It seems best that the subspecies sanfordi be recognized until such studies are made.

Holotype:

AMNH 667026, adult male, collected on Apo Volcano ( =  Mount Apo), 8000 feet, 06.59N, 125.16E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 415), Mindanao Island, Philippine Islands, in April 1903, by Walter Goodfellow (no. 57). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated Goodfellow's specimen no. 57 as the holotype, and also named the genus Goodfellowia at the same time, with miranda the type species. He gave the range as Mt. Apo but did not give the number of specimens. Hartert (1906: 758) said only that Goodfellow had obtained “several fine specimens” on his first expedition in 1903, on which Hartert's description of miranda was based, and illustrated the species in plate II, figure 2. There are three paratypes in AMNH: Apo Volcano, AMNH 216489, male, AMNH 667030, 667031, females, April 1903, Goodfellow nos. 56, 59, 58, respectively. AMNH 216489 was received on exchange from Rothschild in September 1927.

Holotype:

AMNH 667051, adult male, collected at the base of Mount Dulugan, Mindoro Island, Philippines, in January 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B131). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Gilliard gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed (Gilliard, 1949a: 5) his three paratypes: Mindoro: AMNH 839647 (Dwight Collection no. 31269), male, May 1910, tip of upper mandible broken off; Baco, AMNH 667049, female, 3 January 1899, collected by B. Schmacker; Calapan, AMNH 667050, male, 26 May 1888, J. Steere Coll.

Whitehead's collection from Mindoro was reported on by Ogilvie-Grant (1896: 469) where he listed this type specimen of Sarcops calvus and quoted Whitehead's field notes concerning his stay on Mount Dulugan. Whitehead (1899) later published his own field notes on birds he collected in the Philippines in 1893–1896. Rothschild purchased a large portion of Whitehead's collections, both directly from Whitehead and from his family after his death, thus this specimen came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

Dickinson et al. (1991: 419) place Mount Dulugan close to Mount Halcon, 13.16N, 121.00E.

Syntypes:

AMNH 666757, adult male, collected at Bua-bua, Enggano Island, 05.24S, 102.16E (van Marle and Voous, 1988: 211), Indonesia, on 2 June 1891, by Elio Modigliani (no. 129); AMNH 666758, adult female, collected at Kifa-iuc, Enggano Island, Indonesia, on 6 May 1891, by Elio Modigliani (no. 13). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When Salvadori described G. enganensis he had 13 specimens, each denoted by a letter. The male listed above is Salvadori's specimen “e” and the female is his specimen “g,” and they are so noted on both Modigliani's and the Rothschild labels. The date on the male was miscopied onto the Rothschild label, the correct date being 2 June 1891. These syntypes had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection. There are also three syntypes in MSNG (Arbocco et al., 1979: 244) and one in RMNH (Dekker and Quaisser, 2006: 50).

Holotype:

AMNH 299975, adult male, collected in the Latimojong Mountains ( =  Latimodjong-Gebirge), 1600 m, 03.30S, 120.05E (USBGN, 1982), Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on 5 August 1930, on the Gerd Heinrich Expedition 1930 (no. 1371).

Comments:

Stresemann gave the Heinrich field number of the holotype in the original description and the range as the west slope of the Latimojong Mountains, 800–1600 m, without enumerating his specimens. Heinrich's expedition was jointly sponsored by Stresemann for the ZMB and L.C. Sanford for AMNH. The collection was divided, with types coming to AMNH (Stresemann, 1931: 7–9). Stresemann (1940: 28) listed 22 specimens of leptorhynchus from the Latimojong Mountains (nine males, 11 females) and Oeore (one male, one female); of these the following paratypes came to AMNH: Latimojong Mountains, 1600 m, AMNH 299973, 299974, males, AMNH 299979, 299980, females, 1–6 August, 1930; Oeroe, 800 m, AMNH 299976, female, 12 August 1930. The remaining paratypes are probably in ZMB.

Holotype:

AMNH 163005, adult female, collected at Zambi, 05.51S, 12.52E (Chapin, 1954a), lower Congo River, Congo (Kinshasa), on 16 January 1915, by James P. Chapin (no. 6203). From the Lang-Chapin Expedition.

Comments:

Chapin gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and listed four paratypes: Zambi, AMNH 163002, 163003, unsexed, 4 July 1915, collected by Herbert Lang; AMNH 163004, immature male, 25 June 1915, AMNH 163006, immature female, 16 January 1915, both collected by Chapin.

Holotype:

AMNH 300961, adult male, collected on Waigeo ( =  Waigeu) Island, 00.12S, 131.00E (Frith and Beehler, 1998: 571), Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia, on 23 May 1931, by Georg Stein (no. 1548).

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann and Paludan noted that they had two specimens and designated as the holotype Stein's specimen no. 1548. The paratype is AMNH 300962, female, Waigeo, 10 May 1931, collected by Stein.

On 23 May, Stein and his wife, Clara, were camped in the hinterland behind Warmek at about 300 m, Telkuk Mayalibit ( =  Majalibit) (Rothschild, Stresemann and Paludan, 1932: 129, Stein, 1933: 260–264).Telkuk Mayalibit is at 00.13S, 130.45E (USBGN, 1982).

Holotype:

AMNH 671111, adult male, collected on Wetar ( =  Wetter) Island, 07.48S, 126.18E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 16 April 1901, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 5604a). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Kühn's number of the holotype in the original description and listed five males and five females that he had collected. The following seven paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, all collected by Kühn on Wetar in 1902: AMNH 671112 (Kühn no. 5601), AMNH 671113 (5600), males, 29 September; AMNH 671114 (5599), male, 4 October, AMNH 671115 (5603), female, 5 October; AMNH 671116 (–), AMNH 671117 (5754), females, 22 October; AMNH 671118 (–), [male], 20 October. The two paratypes that did not come to AMNH were females without Kühn numbers.

Hartert (1919: 133) included finschi as a subspecies of O. striatus; Greenway (1962: 123) and many other authors included it in viridifuscus. However, Mees (1965: 194) pointed out that O. melanotis Bonaparte, 1850, predated Heine's name and is the valid name for what had been called O. viridifuscus (Heine, 1859). Authors since then have used O. melanotis for the species.

Holotype:

AMNH 670998, adult male, collected at Napier Broome Bay, 14.02S, 126.37E (USBGN, 1957), Western Australia, Australia, on 23 July 1910, by G.F. Hill (no. 637). From the Mathews Collection (no. 6217) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range as “North-Western Australia.” The holotype bears in addition to Hill's original label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels and a “Figured” label indicating that it was illustrated in Mathews (1926: pl. 578, opp. p. 266, text pp. 266–274) and confirmed as the type of blaauwi on page 268. Paratypes in AMNH: Point Torment, King Sound, AMNH 670996 (Mathews no. 8409), male, AMNH 670997 (8408), female, 14–16 February 1911, collected by J.P. Rogers; Parrys Creek, 5 mi west of Trig point HJ9, east Kimberley, AMNH 671000 (3573), male, AMNH 671001–671003 (3570–3572), females, 28 August 1908, collected by J.P. Rogers. Other AMNH specimens from northwest Australia were either never in the Mathews Collection or were cataloged after the 31 January 1912 publication date of blaauwi.

Holotype:

AMNH 670962, adult male, collected at Cooktown, 15.28S, 145.15E (USBGN, 1957), Queensland, Australia, on 20 June 1900, by E. Olive for H.C. Robinson. From the Mathews Collection (no. 3574) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and the range as “North Queensland”; he apparently had the single specimen. Robinson and Laverock (1900: 625) reported on E. Olive's collection and noted, under Mimeta sagittata, that he had collected six specimens at Cooktown in June and September. Both Rothschild and Mathews later purchased some of this collection from Robinson, but the other two Cooktown specimens in AMNH were never in the Mathews Collection. Other Mathews specimens from north Queensland were collected after subaffinis was published on 31 January 1912.

Schodde and Mason (1999: 603), who examined this holotype, noted that it was based “either on a migrant nominotypical sagittatus or an intergrade with prevailingly sagittatus traits.” Most authors have synonymized it with O. s. sagittatus.

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2009: 375–378) has conserved sagittatus and rejected viridis as the name of this species.

Holotype:

AMNH 671217, adult male, collected on Leti Island, 08.12S, 127.41E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 4 November 1902, by Heinrich Kühn (5907). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Kühn's number of the holotype in the original description and listed 33 specimens including the holotype, with collecting locality, dates, and Kühn's numbers. The following paratypes came to AMNH: Romah, AMNH 295319, 671203–671210 (Kühn nos. 5101–5103, 5105, 5106, 5108, 5110, 5111, one with no number), six males, three females, 13–20 July 1902; Letti, AMNH 671218–671220 (Kühn nos. 5968, 6427, 6428), two males, one female, 10 November–27 December 1902; Moa, AMNH 671221–671226 (Kühn nos. 6141, 6144, 6219, 6253, 6254, 6280), two males, four females, 18–30 November 1902. AMNH 295319 was among a large number of specimens purchased from the dealer W.F.H. Rosenberg by Leonard C. Sanford and given by him to AMNH in 1931. Probably many of the other paratypes were passed along to Rosenberg or other dealers by Rothschild for sale, but because they were examined by Hartert prior to his description of migrator, they too are part of his type series. Their whereabouts is not known.

Mees (1982: 159), White and Bruce (1986: 319), and Dickinson et al. (2004a: 67), among others, considered Oriolus flavocinctus monotypic; taxonomy here follows Schodde and Mason (1999: 598–600).

Holotype:

AMNH 671196, adult male, collected at Parry Creek, 15.36S, 128.17E (Johnstone and Storr, 2004: 512), 5 mi west of Trig. Stn. HJ9, East Kimberley, Western Australia, Australia, on 3 September 1908, by J.P. Rogers (no. 54). From the Mathews Collection (no. 3586) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype and gave the range as “North-West Australia.” The type bears, in addition to Rogers' label and Mathews and Rothschild type labels, a “Figured” label, indicating that the specimen served as the model for Mathews (1926: pl. 579, opp. p. 276; text pp. 276–282, under the name Neomimeta flavocinctus), where it is confirmed as the type of parryi. The following specimens are paratypes of parryi: Parry Creek, AMNH 671194, 671195, 671198–671201, four males, two females, 24 August 1908–8 February 1909, all collected by J.P. Rogers (Mathews nos. 3582–3585, 3587, 3588). Other Mathews specimens from northwestern Australia were cataloged after the 2 April 1912 publication date of parryi.

Holotype:

AMNH 671132, adult male, collected at Cooktown, 15.28S, 145.15E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, on 31 March 1900, by E. Olive for H.C. Robinson. From the Mathews Collection (no. 3648) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range as “North Queensland.” The following specimens, collected by Olive, are paratypes: Cooktown, AMNH 671131 (Mathews no. 3571), male, 3 February 1900; AMNH 671135 (4442), female, 4 August 1900.

Both Rothschild and Mathews purchased specimens from Robinson that were collected by E. Olive. In the case of this form, Robinson and Laverock (1900: 625) reported that Olive collected a series from Cooktown and the coast ranges south of Cairns. Mathews named specimens from both localities (see kingi). Other Mathews Collection specimens in AMNH from the region were either collected after madaraszi was published on 31 January 1912 or were never in his collection.

The widely separated Mathews' catalog numbers of these Olive specimens illustrate Mathews' inscrutable and confusing habit of cataloging new acquisitions over an earlier entry for a specimen that he had exchanged! The name, sex, and date of the earlier specimen were merely written over if they were different; usually the name of the person from whom he obtained the later specimen was written in along with the date of cataloging. He was especially prone to do this with regard to specimens that he cataloged in 1910, often specimens he obtained from Robinson or from Tom Tregellas in Victoria. Mathews rarely wrote his catalog number on his specimen labels, but if he did then there can be two specimens of completely different species that bear the same Mathews number.

Taxonomy follows Schodde and Mason (1999: 598–600).

Holotype:

AMNH 671126, adult male, collected at Cairns, 16.51S, 145.43E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, in August 1908, by P. Schrader. From the Mathews Collection (no. 3569) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and gave the range of kingi as “Queensland (Cairns).” Paratypes in AMNH are: Bellenden River, AMNH 671119 (Mathews no. 5828), male, 28 December 1899, by collected by E. Olive; Barron River, AMNH 671123 (5010), unsexed, 4 June 1910; Cairns, AMNH 671127–671129 (3590–3592), one male, two females, August 1908, by P. Schrader. Other specimens were either collected after the name was published on 31 January 1912 or were never in the Mathews Collection. AMNH 671119 was purchased from Robinson and was one of the specimens reported on by Robinson and Laverock (1900: 625)

Taxonomy follows Schodde and Mason (1999: 598–600).

Holotype:

AMNH 670849, female, collected at Sablan, 16.30N, 120.29E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 424), Benguet, northern Luzon Island, Philippines, on 18 March 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 333). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When albiloris was described, Ogilvie-Grant gave only a very brief description with no indication of how many specimens he had, and the type locality, “mountains of Northern Luzon,” was given only in brief introductory remarks by the editor “R.B.S[harpe].” Later, when he published on the entire collection, Ogilvie-Grant said that he had a single female specimen. Whitehead knew he had a new species as he had marked his label of this specimen as “Type of ♀ JW.” Later, he (Whitehead, 1899: 101) noted that this unique specimen was obtained at 2000 ft. Rothschild bought a large portion of Whitehead's collections from Whitehead or from his family after his death, and this specimen was probably thus acquired by Rothschild. Hartert (1919: 134) had included Whitehead's number of the holotype in his Rothschild type list.

Holotype:

AMNH 670848, adult female, collected in Isabela Province, northern Luzon Island, Philippines, on 4 May 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 363). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

As noted by Ogilvie-Grant (1895: 108–109) and Whitehead (1899: 101), a single specimen was collected. As he had with albiloris (above), Whitehead had also marked this specimen “Type of ♀ J.W.” His field no. 363 was cited by Hartert (1919: 134). As noted above, Rothschild had probably purchased this specimen directly from Whitehead.

Holotype:

AMNH 670475, adult female, collected on Fuga Island, 18.52N, 121.22E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 419), off northern Luzon Island, Philippines, on 15 April 1895, by John Whitehead (no. A. 227). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Gilliard cited the AMNH number of the holotype. He had a single specimen.

Holotype:

AMNH 94316, adult male, collected in Sorsogon Province, 12.50N, 123.55E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 425), Luzon Island, Philippines, on 22 March 1903, by Elias Hall Porter.

Comments:

Gilliard cited the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and included specimens from Sorsogon and S. Camarines, all collected by Porter. Paratypes are: Sorsogon, AMNH 94292–94295, 94297–94307, 94310, 94312–94315, 94317–94321, 94323–94334, 94336–94349, 21 males, 29 females, one sex?, collected January–April 1903; S. Camarines, AMNH 94350, 94377–94382, three males, four females, May–June 1902. AMNH 94296, 94309, 94311, 94322 were exchanged before the form was named. I did not find AMNH 94308 and 94335 in the collection, and they may also have been exchanged without the catalog having been marked.

Holotype:

AMNH 670410, adult male, collected on Binongka Island, 05.57S, 124.02E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Tukangbesi Islands, Indonesia, on 12 December 1901, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 4201). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert cited Kühn's number of the holotype and listed 31 specimens from four Tukangbesi Islands, with their Kühn numbers. Of these, 14, in addition to the type, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Paratypes in AMNH are: Binongka, AMNH 670411–670415 (Kühn numbers 4203, 4202, 4197, 4204, 4198, respectively), two males, three females, 8–12 December 1901; Kalidupa, AMNH 670416–670419 (4467, 4463, 4464, 4462), three males, one female, 31 December 1901–9 January 1902; Tomia, AMNH 670420, 670421 (4382, 4377), one male, one female, 21–23 December 1901; Wantjee, AMNH 670422–670424 (4439, 4438, 4403), two males, one female, 3 December 1901.

Lectotype:

AMNH 670388, adult male, collected at Indrulaman, 2000 ft, ca. 05.30S, 120.05E, Sulawesi, Indonesia, in October 1895, by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not realize that he was introducing a name. He referenced Meyer and Wiglesworth (1896: 14) where those authors had discussed differences between north and south Sulawesi birds, and he mentioned the name meridionalis in the belief that it was to be used by Meyer and Wiglesworth for the southern birds in their forthcoming book on the birds of Celebes. Therefore, no type was indicated, but Everett specimens from Makassar and Indrulaman in southern Sulawesi were mentioned, with Hartert saying that “The most characteristic feature of the southern form is the broad black eye-stripe, which fully encircles the occiput, broadly and quite uninterrupted. The secondaries are blacker.”

As it turned out, the large work on the birds of Celebes did not appear until two years later, and in it the name meridionalis was credited to Hartert (Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1898: 586). Hartert (1919: 134) listed the single Indrulaman specimen as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype of meridionalis.

When it came to his attention that meridionalis was preoccupied by Oriolus meridionalis Brehm, 1845, Hartert (1925: 90, April) introduced the replacement name O. chinensis macassariensis. Shortly thereafter Mathews (1925: 114, July) introduced another replacement name, Broderipus chinensis rileyi. Hartert's original name and the two replacement names share the same lectotype. O. chinensis macassariensis is now considered a synonym of Oriolus chinensis celebensis.

In his original description, Hartert (1896a: 155) noted that Everett had collected specimens from Indrulaman and Makassar. Three Everett specimens from Makassar came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, and they are paralectotypes: AMNH 670389, 670390, 670391, females, collected in September 1895, by Everett.

Holotype:

AMNH 670733, adult female, collected at Gadat, Gofa Region, 06.17N, 36.42E (Ash and Atkins, 2009: 412), Ethiopia, on 3 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 752). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Contrary to Hartert's reference on the Rothschild type label and his comments in Hartert (1919: 134), O. m. permistus was introduced in 1904, not 1905, by Neumann (1904a: 145). In his brief original description, Neumann gave the sex, type locality, and date of collection of his type, listed the range as southern Ethiopia, south of Hauasch (Sidamo, Djamdjam, Gardulla, Uba, Gofa, Boko, Malo, Kaffa, Gimirra, and Scheko), and gave diagnostic characters. In his later paper, Neumann (1905: 233) listed the specimens he collected, which showed that the specimen collected on 3 February 1901 at Gadat was the only specimen with those data, confirming that it was the holotype, and gave his field number “752.”

Neumann (1905: 232–236) provided a complete treatment of the species Oriolus monacha and O. larvatus, examining specimens from many collections, some of which may be paratypes of permistus. The following specimens in AMNH, all collected by Neumann in 1901, are paratypes of permistus: Gardulla, AMNH 670729 (Neumann no. 615), male, 16 January; Bolagoschona in Boko, AMNH 670730 (784), female, 11 February; Anderatsha in Kaffa, AMNH 670731 (–), female, end of March; Schekho or Kaffa, AMNH 670732 (–), female, April–March.

Neumann (1904c: 322–324) gave his itinerary, and (Neumann, 1902b) provided a map of his expedition.

Holotype:

AMNH 670561, adult male, collected at Prachuap Khiri Khan ( =  Koh-Lak), 11.50N, 99.50E (Deignan, 1963: 127), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand, on 17 November 1913, by W.J.F. Williamson. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the above data for the holotype and said that there were two additional specimens of thaiacous in the Rothschild Collection from Phum-Liou near Kompong-thom, Cambodia. He also included “about 10 others from Siam in the British Museum, collected by Messrs. Herbert, Barton, Flower, and Williamson.” Paratypes in AMNH are: Phum Liou, Cambodia, AMNH 670563, unsexed, 27 July 1912, AMNH 670564, unsexed [immature], 20 August 1912, both “rec'd from Oberthür.”

Syntypes:

AMNH 671276, AMNH 671277, adult males, collected on Kina Balu, 3000 ft, 06.03N, 116.32E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Borneo Island, Malaysia, on 5 March 1887 and 25 February 1887, respectively, by John Whitehead (no. 1064 and no. 1021). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Only Whitehead's specimens collected on his first expedition to Kinabalu in 1887 were included by Sharpe (1887) in the original description; he based vulneratus on adult males, without stating how many specimens he had. Later, he (Sharpe, 1889: 186) listed his specimens from Whitehead's 1887 expedition; the two syntypes listed above are specimens “b” and “d” in his list. In addition, he had an immature male and a female. Those specimens are also in AMNH but were not part of Sharpe's type series. Hartert did not mention these syntypes in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection; AMNH type labels have been added.

Syntypes:

AMNH 671356, AMNH 671357, adult males, collected on Mount Elliot, 19.30S, 147.00E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, in December 1907, by Wilfred Stalker (no. 390 for both). From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Ingram did not designate a type or list his specimens. Subsequently, Ingram (1908b: 458–481) noted that Stalker had collected on Mount Elliot and that he had two male specimens that shared the Stalker number “390.” Mathews purchased this collection.

Mathews then entered into a series of discussions concerning S. stalkeri. Having apparently not read Ingram's (1908a) original article on Stalker's collection, where Ingram stated that Stalker collected on Mount Elliot, Mathews (1917b: 141) proposed that stalkeri was perhaps collected by Stalker earlier, in New Guinea, and became accidentally mixed in with his Queensland collection. In the same paper, Mathews (1917b: 140) also said that he had put Sphecotheres into its own family nearest the “Campophagidae.”

Mathews (1921: 163), in writing about S. vieilloti boweri (see below), said: “it is now doubtful whether the much debated Sphecotheres stalkeri Ingram, as noted hereafter, is anything more than a peculiar state of plumage of the northern form of this species,” and on page 164 admitted that boweri might have to bear the name stalkeri (i.e., the older name). The “debate” was apparently between Mathews and himself.

Mathews (1921: 170) discussed but did not illustrate the two specimens collected by Stalker, describing in detail how they differed from both vieilloti and flaviventris without recognizing the possibility of intergradation. He still considered them to have come from New Guinea and refused “the so-called S. stalkeri a place on the Australian List until re-confirmed by a reliable collector”!

Mathews (1928: 38, pl. 69 opp. p. 38) described and figured a male of stalkeri, but did not say whether it was of either syntype. AMNH 671356 is the syntype bearing Mathews and Rothschild type labels; the original Stalker label is marked “Sphecotheres stalkeri TYPE” in a hand that is not Mathews' and may have been marked by Ingram. Mathews' catalog number “3612”has been added to the Rothschild type label and it is marked “type” opposite that number in Mathews' catalog. AMNH 671357, the other syntype with Mathews' number 3613, has the Mathews label marked “Fig. G.M.M.” by Mathews but neither specimen bears a Mathews “Figured” label. The catalog and label marked “type” does not convey type status, and I have not found any designation of a lectotype; therefore, the two specimens remain syntypes, as they were originally described.

Mathews (1930: 861) still recognized Sphecotheridae as a family, but placed it between orioles and drongos. He recognized both boweri and stalkeri, bestowing on the latter the English name of “Doubtful Fig-Bird.”

Holotype:

AMNH 671353, adult male, collected at Cairns, 16.51S, 145.43E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, on 20 June 1884, by T.H. Bowyer-Bower. From the Mathews Collection (no. 16826) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews said only that the type was from Cairns, without any information on how the type might be identified. The above specimen had not previously been included with type specimens. It does not bear either a Mathews or a Rothschild type label, but Mathews has written “Type” and his catalog number, “16826,” on his collection label. At that number he listed the single specimen of Sphecotheres maxillaris that he cataloged in 1912—a specimen collected much earlier by Bowyer-Bower and given to Mathews by the collector's mother. Later, Mathews (1915b: 60–61) reported on the Bowyer-Bower specimens that he received and only listed a single specimen of Sphecotheres, which he identified then as Sphecotheres maxilliaris vieilloti. He named boweri in 1916, and in 1921 and 1930, he (Mathews, 1921: 164; 1930: 861) still recognized it, along with stalkeri in the latter publication. AMNH 671353 is the only specimen identified as boweri in the AMNH catalog.

Holotype:

AMNH 671371, adult male, collected at Cairns, 16.51S, 145.43E (Times Atlas), Queensland, Australia, in July 1908, by P. Schrader. From the Mathews Collection (no. 6011) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, after his catalog number of the holotype, Mathews gave the range of the form as “Queensland (Cairns).” The following Cairns specimens collected by Schrader are paratypes: AMNH 671368–671370, 671373, 671374, 671376 (Mathews catalog nos. 3599–3603, 6012), four males, two females, collected July–November 1908. The number 853 that appears on Mathews' labels refers to the number of this species in Mathews (1908). Three specimens collected in 1884 by Bowyer-Bower were not cataloged by Mathews until after the publication date of audoni. Already by 1913, he considered audoni a synonym of S. f. flaviventris (Mathews, 1913a: 307).

Holotype:

AMNH 671429, adult male, collected on the [South] Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia, on 21 September 1903, by J.T. Tunney (no. 1656). From the Mathews Collection (no. 5201) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The holotype was part of a large number of birds that Mathews received from the WAM and cataloged in 1910. In the original description, Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype and gave the range of the form as “Northern Territory.” He did not mention the name of the collector, but it was undoubtedly J.T. Tunney. Tunney collected in 1901–1903 in northwestern Western Australia and in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. After Hartert (1905) reported on the entire collection, it was divided between WAM and Rothschild, with some additional specimens presented to BMNH (Hartert, 1905: 194). In his report, Hartert (1905: 241) listed Tunney's field numbers for his specimens of Sphecotheres flaviventris, including specimen no. 1656. When Hartert returned to WAM their portion of the collection, specimen no. 1656 was then given WAM 7652, which also appears on Tunney's label of the type. A third number, “996,” also appears on this label, the significance of which I have not discovered.

There are two paratypes in AMNH: Mary River, AMNH 671421 (Tunney no. 720, Mathews no. 9503), female, 2 October 1902; Eureka, AMNH 671431 (Tunney no. 1064, Mathews no. 9504), male, 5 February 1903. Both of these specimens were obtained by Mathews from the Rothschild Collection and cataloged by him on 2 November 1911; the original Rothschild labels had been removed, although the Tunney labels remain; the number “853” that appears on the Mathews labels is the number of this species in Mathews (1908). The numbers “334” on AMNH 671421 and “661” on AMNH 671431 are of unknown significance. Other Tunney specimens now in AMNH had never been in the Mathews Collection and are not part of the original type series. Specimens collected by Rogers on Melville Island in 1912 and by Dahl in 1894 were received by Mathews (1912b: 25) too late to be included in Mathews' (1912a) description of this form.

Storr (1966: 64) noted that during the period from 24 August to 19 October 1903 Tunney was collecting in the coastal plain and tidal sections of the South Alligator River and that on 25 September he was 16 and 35 miles from the coast. The South Alligator River flows into Van Diemen Gulf at 12.15S, 132.24E (USBGN, 1957).

Holotype:

AMNH 671767, adult male, collected at Lerundo, 00.09N, 34.51E (Chapin, 1954a), Kenya, on 21 March 1917, by H.J. Allen Turner (no. 1814) for Col. Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren cited Turner's field number of the holotype in the Rothschild Collection and noted that several specimens were taken by Turner and others by van Someren's collectors in the same area. The range was given as Elgon and N. Kavirondo. Paratypes in AMNH are: Lerundo, AMNH 671766, 671768, 671769, one male, two females, 15–19 March 1917, collected by Turner (nos. 1684, 1556, 1760).

Chapin (1954a) gave the coordinates of Nyarondo as 00.07S, 35.08E. Lerundo is the locality written on the labels. Neither of these localities is listed by Polhill (1988).

Holotype:

AMNH 671503, adult male, collected at Budongo, ca. 01.47N, 31.35E (Polhill, 1988), Bunyoro, Uganda, on 10 December 1918. From the V.G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren said that the type with the above data was in the Rothschild collection; he also recorded examining 19 specimens from Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo, Mabira, and Elgon in Uganda and from Kavirondo in “East Africa.” The following paratypes are in AMNH: Budongo, AMNH 671502, 671504–671506, three males, one female, 5–6 June 1919, AMNH 671507, female, 20 December 1918; Elgon, AMNH 671509, female, 7 March 1915; Mabira, AMNH 671515, female, 19 September 1913; Lugalambo, AMNH 671516, 671517, two males, 30 August 1910, AMNH 671518, male, 5 September 1916, AMNH 671519–671521, two males, one female, 25 January–2 February 1919.

Syntypes:

AMNH 671961, [adult], AMNH 671962, [immature], both collected in southwestern Taiwan ( =  Formosa), in 1861, by R. Swinhoe. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

When cathoeca was described by Swinhoe, no type was designated, but the form was said to occur in China, Hainan, and Formosa. Later, Stuart Baker (1918: 299) described the form harterti from Tai-peh, Formosa (see below), noting the differences between the Formosan birds and cathoeca from China, including Hainan Island. Hartert (1921: 2017) restricted the type locality of cathoeca to south China. These two syntypes of cathoeca are the only two Swinhoe specimens of that form which came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. There are 23 syntypes of cathoeca in RMNH (Dekker and Quaisser, 2006: 56), only two of which are from south China, but no lectotype was designated.

Swinhoe (1863a: 348) noted that from July to November 1861 he was in the southwest of Taiwan, in or near the city of Taiwanfoo (now T'ai-nan, 23.01N, 120.14E (Times Atlas)).

Holotype:

AMNH 671951, adult male, collected at T'ai-pei ( =  Tai-Peh), 25.05N, 121.32E (Times Atlas), Taiwan ( =  Formosa), on 6 April 1896, by collectors for Alan Owston. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Stuart Baker designated the male collected on 6 April 1896 by Owston's collectors and in the Rothschild Collection as the type of harterti; AMNH 671951 is the only specimen collected on that date. Stuart Baker did not enumerate his specimens but gave the range as “Formosa.” Owston specimens collected on Taiwan before the publication of the description would have been available to him. I therefore consider the following Taiwan specimens paratypes of harterti: Bankoro, AMNH 671922–671926, two males, three females, 15–23 April 1907; Kaisanko, AMNH 671927, male, 12 April 1896, Sanchifunniochi, AMNH 671936, male, 9 April 1896; Sankocho, AMNH 671937, 671938, two males, 20–29 May 1907; Sharaikisha, AMNH 671939, AMNH 671940, two males, 3–5 April 1907; Taipeh, AMNH 671941–671950, 671952, 671953, nine males, two females, one sex?, 2–16 April 1896, 21 September–10 November 1896; Pankio near Taipeh, AMNH 671954, female, 23 September 1896; Fungshau near Takau, AMNH 671955, male, 14 October 1896. Other Owston specimens from Taiwan in AMNH were either undated or give no indication of when they came into Rothschild's possession (including the syntypes of cathoeca, see above).

Holotype:

AMNH 672036, immature male, collected at Trincomalee ( =  Trincomali) 08.34N, 81.13E (Lozupone et al., 2004), Sri Lanka ( =  Ceylon), on 22 December 1874 (not 23 December, as in description), by W.V. Legge. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The holotype is the only Legge specimen of this form that came to AMNH with the Rothschild collection. As noted by Vaurie (1949b: 247), it is immature and was marked “juv ♂” by Legge. Two other AMNH specimens that are undated are not considered paratypes. However, inclusive measurements were given by Stuart Baker for minimus, and such specimens in other institutions measured by him would be paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 387874, adult male, collected at Khudi Khel, south of Māmā Kheyl ( =  Hashim Khel), 34.15N, 69.59E (USBGN, 1971), in the foothills or lower slopes of Safed Koh, Afghanistan, on 22 May 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments:

In the original description, Vaurie cited the AMNH number of the holotype and listed two additional males and one female from the same locality as paratypes. Vaurie (1949b: 245) referred to Beavan's (1868: 497) earlier description of Buchanga waldeni and noted that in the genus Dicrurus it is preoccupied by Dicrurus waldeni Schlegel, 1866. Vaurie commented that because “waldeni never received an adequate description and the present whereabouts of the type is uncertain, I thought it would be preferable to fix a definite type and to redescribe the populations of eastern Afghanistan and the lower Himalayas as a new form….” Beavan's description was based on two specimens he collected near Simla, India, on 2 and 18 June 1866, for which he gave measurements and noted that the underwing coverts and undertail coverts were tipped with white. Beavan was invalided to England in 1870 and died at sea at the age of 29 (Anonymous, 1870: 301–302), and I have been unable to obtain information on the whereabouts of his collection. However, the characters given are those of immature drongos.

Vaurie's three paratypes of beavani are: Khudi Khel, AMNH 466644–466646, two males, one female, collected on 22 May 1937, by Koelz.

Holotype:

AMNH 672024, adult female, collected at Rungarum (as on label), 5700 ft, Darjeeling, India, on 25 April 1900, by C.T. Bingham. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Stuart Baker designated as type of stevensi a female specimen in the Rothschild Collection collected on 25 April 1900 in Darjeeling by Bingham. He did not enumerate his paratypes. Vaurie (1949b: 249) discussed this form at length and concluded that the type was intermediate between his beavani and Stuart Baker's hopwoodi and arbitrarily decided to synonymize it with hopwoodi. Vaurie's beavani is now considered a synonym of longicaudatus (see Dicrurus leucophaeus beavani above).

This name is sometimes spelled steveni, but it was spelled stevensi in the original description and was named for Herbert Stevens.

Syntypes:

AMNH 672067, adult male, 10 April 1917, AMNH 672070, female, 16 April 1917, collected at Bandarbaru ( =  Bandar Baroe), 03.16N, 98.33E (van Marle and Voous, 1988: 210), Utara, Sumatra, Indonesia, by A.F.C.A. van Heyst (nos. 245, 281). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Robinson and Kloss designated two syntypes of batakensis, giving van Heyst's field numbers for them; both of the original labels are marked “Type.” Only AMNH 672067 bears a Rothschild type label. Hartert did not list the type of batakensis in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection, and I have found no evidence of lectotype designation. I have added an AMNH type label to AMNH 672070. All eight of the specimens listed by Robinson and Kloss came to AMNH, but because syntypes were designated in the original description, the other specimens have no nomenclatural standing (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.6).

Syntypes:

AMNH 672152, adult male, AMNH 672153, adult female, collected at Si Oban, Sipura ( =  Sipora) Island, 02.12S, 99.40E (van Marle and Voous, 1988: 216), Mentawi Islands, Indonesia, on 25 and 27 April 1894, respectively, by Elio Modigliani (nos. 62 and 86, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Salvadori did not designate a type, instead listing his 11 specimens, denoting them by letters a through k, giving Modigliani's numbers for each, and noting that they were “tipi della specie.” The two AMNH syntypes are specimens b and e of Salvadori. Hartert (1919: 131) listed only the female specimen, now AMNH 672153, as a “Cotype” ( =  syntype) of periophthalmicus, noting that Salvadori had marked it “Typus” but stating that each of his specimens was “as good a type as the others.” AMNH 672152, the male specimen, marked “Cotypus” by Salvadori, was also recognized as a syntype by Vaurie (1949b: 259) and he attached an AMNH type label, marking it “Cotype.” There are two additional syntypes in MSNG (Arbocco et al., 1979: 245–246).

Lectotype:

AMNH 672160, adult male, collected at Tagusao ( =  Taguso), 08.49N, 117.53E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 426), Palawan Island, Philippines, on 3 July 1887, by John Whitehead (no. 1491). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Whitehead did not enumerate his specimens but described male and female. Sharpe (1888a: 199) had earlier reported on Whitehead's Palawan collection and listed this species as Buchanga leucophaeus but also without mentioning the number of specimens. Five specimens collected at Taguso by Whitehead came to AMNH with the Rothschild collection. Hartert (1919: 130), by listing the male collected on 3 July 1887 with Whitehead no. 1491 as the type, designated it the lectotype. The four paralectotypes in AMNH, all collected at Taguso in 1887, are: AMNH 672159 (Whitehead no. 1439), male, 27 June; AMNH 672161 (1560), male, 10 July; AMNH 672162 (–), male, 3 August; AMNH 672163 (1635), female, 3 August.

When Buchanga is included in the genus Dicrurus, palawanensis is preoccupied by Dicrurus hottentottus palawanensis Tweeddale, 1878. Dubois (1901: 530) provided the replacement name Dicrurus leucophaeus var. whiteheadi and Hartert (1919: 130) provided the replacement name Dicrurus cineraceus rebaptizatus. Both names share the same type as B. palawanensis, and both are considered synonyms of nominate leucophaeus (Vaurie, 1962: 145; Dickinson, 2003: 492).

Holotype:

AMNH 672673, adult male, collected at Bucay, 17.32N, 120.43E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 416), Abra Province, northern Luzon, Philippines, on 15 November 1894, by John Whitehead (no. 643). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Vaurie cited the AMNH number of the holotype and listed three paratypes. Vaurie borrowed specimens from a number of institutions, and only one of the paratypes appears to be in AMNH: AMNH 672674, female, Cape Egaño, northern Luzon, 1 May 1895, collected by Whitehead (no. A341).

Holotype:

AMNH 672295, adult male, collected at Bonga, Samar Island, Philippines, on 7 June 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.527). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Vaurie gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and central tail feather measurements for four males and six females from Samar and Leyte. Later, he (Vaurie, 1949b: 282) listed his specimens in more detail: Bonga, Samar, one male (type); Catbalogan, Samar, two adult males, five adult females, one subadult female; no locality, Samar, one adult male [?]; northern mountains, Leyte, one immature male, one adult female. I have considered the following five specimens in AMNH to be paratypes of samarensis: AMNH 69043, [♂] initialed CV[aurie], Samar, April 1888, Bourns and Worcester collectors, exchanged to AMNH by USNM (no. 161327); AMNH 272293, immature male, AMNH 272294, female, mountains of northern Leyte, 10 and 4 August 1896, collected by Whitehead (nos. B.833 and B.840); AMNH 272296, female, Samar, 6 June 1896, collected by Whitehead (B.515); AMNH 292297, sex?, Catbalogon, Samar, 20 April 1888, from the Steere Collection via the Rothschild Collection. This last specimen would have been available to Vaurie, but there is no indication as to whether he considered it male or female. Vaurie borrowed specimens from several museums, undoubtedly including other paratypes of samarensis. Although Vaurie (1947: 2) included Panaon and possibly Bohol islands in the range of samarensis he did not have specimens from those islands.

Dickinson et al. (1991: 416) placed Bonga as “probably at or near Bagacay 12.50N 125.13E.”

Holotype:

AMNH 672587, sex?, Morotai (Morty, as on label) Island, 02.20N, 128.25E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Moluccas, Indonesia, undated, collected by J.M. Dumas. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Vaurie cited the AMNH number of the holotype and noted that he had a second specimen. The paratype is: AMNH 672586, sex?, Morotai Island, undated, collected by Dumas. Dumas is known to have collected on Morotai in late 1898 (LeCroy and Jansen, 2011: 176–177).

Lectotype:

AMNH 672533, adult male, collected on Tagula ( =  Sudest) Island, 11.30S, 153.30E (PNG general reference map, 1984), Louisiade Archipelago, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, on 24 April 1898, by Albert S. Meek (no. 1788). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not designate a type but based his description on the four males collected by Meek in 1898. Hartert (1919: 132), by listing the specimen bearing Meek's field number 1788 as the type, designated it the lectotype. The three paralectotypes, males, collected in 1898, are: Tagula: AMNH 672534 (Meek no. 1749), 16 April; AMNH 672537 (1623), 29 March; AMNH 672538 (1782), 22 April.

A typographical error in Hartert (1898: 521) indicated that Meek collected on Tagula in 1889, but this is incorrect; his collection was made in April 1898. His second collection on Tagula was not made until 1916, after the description of this form. For the date of 1850 for Bonaparte's description of carbonarius, see Dickinson et al. (2011: 75–76).

Holotype:

AMNH 672440, adult male, collected on the South Alligator River (as on label), 12.10S, 132.23E (Storr, 1977: 113), Northern Territory, Australia, on 11 November 1902, by J.T. Tunney (no. 757). From the Mathews Collection (no. 9370) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype and the range of baileyi as Northern Territory. The holotype bears in addition to Tunney's label, a Rothschild label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels, and a “Figured” label indicating that it was the model for Mathews (1926: pl. 580, opp. p. 283; text p. 284) where it is confirmed as the type of baileyi. There is only one paratype of baileyi in AMNH: AMNH 672439 (Mathews no. 9371), female, South Alligator River, collected 8 October 1902, by J.T. Tunney (no. 758).

Mathews noted in his catalog that he had obtained these two specimens from Rothschild; the other specimens (two males and one female) collected by Tunney and listed by Vaurie (1949b: 289) as paratypes of baileyi were never in the Mathews Collection, and I do not consider them paratypes. Hartert (1905) had reported on the entire Tunney collection that had been made with support by Rothschild and under the auspices of the WAM. In that report he listed Tunney's numbers of all the specimens. Half of the collection had been returned to WAM and the rest retained in the Rothschild Collection. It is from these latter that Mathews obtained his specimens of baileyi. Two specimens collected by Dahl at Port Darwin and the Daly River in 1894 were cataloged by Mathews as nos. 10982 and 10983 in February 1912, after the publication of baileyi on 31 January 1912. Mathews (1912b: 25) mentioned having received that collection after his Reference List (Mathews, 1912a) was published.

See Schodde and Mason (1999: 490–492) for a detailed taxonomic circumscription of D. bracteatus in Australia.

Holotype:

AMNH 672564, adult male, collected on Guadalcanal ( =  Guadalcanar) Island, 09.30S, 160.00E (Times Atlas), Solomon Islands, on 24 May 1901, by Albert S. Meek (no. 3188). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Rothschild and Hartert designated the male bearing Meek's number 3188 as the holotype and listed two specimens in their type series. The paratype is AMNH 672565, adult male, Guadalcanal, 8 May 1901, collected by Meek (no. 3110). The female specimen mentioned by Vaurie (1949b: 291) as a paratype of meeki is a specimen collected by the Whitney South Sea Expedition in 1927, long after the publication of meeki.

Holotype:

AMNH 672607, adult male, collected at Manusela, 2000 ft, 03.10S, 129.32E (BirdLife International, 2001: 2606), Seram ( =  Seran) Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 2 June 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 739). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave his field number of the holotype and listed his specimens as a male and a female from Wahai, two males and three females from Manusela, and a male from Lisabata-Wahai, as well as three specimens collected by Stalker on Seram in 1909. The following paratypes are in AMNH: Manusela, AMNH 672608 (Stresemann no. 744), AMNH 672609 (742), females, 3 and 6 June 1911; Lisabata-Wahai, AMNH 672610 (930), male, 29 September 1911; Wahai, AMNH 672611 (1130), male, 27 July 1911, AMNH 672612 (543), female, 15 May 1911. One male and one female from Manusela and Stalker's specimens did not come to AMNH.

Holotype:

AMNH 672596, adult male, collected on Kapala Madang ( =  Mount Madang), 03.15S, 126.09E (USBGN, 1982), western Buru Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 6 March 1902, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 4712). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Kühn's field number of the holotype and discussed males and females, but did not list his specimens. By 1919, when this form was named, Hartert would have had in the Rothschild Collection specimens collected by Kühn, William Doherty and J.M. Dumas (Hartert, 1900: 236) and Erwin Stresemann. Stresemann (1914b: 365) listed the form from Buru as Dicrurus atrocaeruleus amboinensis but did not further discuss it. I have considered the following specimens to be paratypes of buruensis: Fogi, AMNH 672594, 672595 (Kühn nos. 4899, 4898), males, 11 February 1902; Mount Madang, AMNH 672597 (4637), male, AMNH 672598 (4638), female, 23 and 18 March 1902; Kayeli, AMNH 672599–672602, two males, one female, one sex?, March 1897, collected by Doherty; Mount Mada, AMNH 672603, 672604, male, female, August 1898, collected by Dumas; Tifu, AMNH 672605, male, 9 January 1912, collected by Stresemann (1001); northeastern Buru, AMNH 672606, male, November 1897, collected by Doherty.

Lectotype:

AMNH 672336, adult male, collected on Larat Island, 07.10S, 131.50E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Tanimbar Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, on 28 January 1901, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 3078). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not designate a type, saying only that Kühn had sent six specimens. Hartert (1919: 132) listed Kühn's specimen no. 3078 as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The five paralectotypes are: Larat Island, AMNH 672337 (Kühn's no. 3078), male, AMNH 672338–672340 (3080, 2982, 3075), females, collected 19–28 January 1901; Ridool, Larat Island, AMNH 672341 (2907), female, 9 January 1901.

Holotype:

AMNH 672302, adult male, collected on Gunung Tambora, 08.16S, 117.59E (Times Atlas), Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, in April–May 1896, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Vaurie gave the AMNH number of the holotype and listed one adult male and one adult female as paratypes: G. Tambora, AMNH 672301, male, AMNH 672303, female, collected in April–May 1896, collected by Doherty. He listed five additional specimens, but their separate mention “expressly excludes them from the type series” (ICZN, 1999: 77, Art 72.4.6).

Wallace (1864: 492) based bimaensis on a name used by Bonaparte, based in turn on a manuscript name of Temminck. These earlier usages of the name did not include a description or other indications that might make the name available under the Code (ICZN, 1999: 16, Art. 12.2). In his introductory material, Wallace (1864: 480–481) mentioned that he had no specimens from Sumbawa, but that Bonaparte had mentioned a few in the Leiden Museum. And in the description, Wallace (1864: 492) listed the range of bimaensis as “Lombock, Sumbawa (Temm.), and Flores,” thus making the Leiden specimens part of his type series. Mees (1965: 194–195) pointed out that other authors have regarded the Leiden specimens as types of bimaensis and that Vaurie (1949b: 297–298) incorrectly removed Sumbawa from the range of bimaensis when he named renschi. Mees (1965: 195) then named an adult male in Leiden, collected at Bima, Sumbawa, by Forsten in 1842 and labeled as the type by Finsch, as the lectotype of bimaensis, saying that this “selection of a lectotype overrules the type-locality restrictions made by Rensch and Vaurie, and fixes the type locality of Dicrourus bimaënsis as Bima, Sumbawa.”

Rensch (1928: 7–8) separated the Lombok population as vicinus, apparently unaware of Wallace's description. Later, he (Rensch, 1931: 589) restricted the type locality of bimaensis to Flores and included Sumbawa in the range of vicinus. Vaurie (1949b: 297–298) included both Lombok and Flores in the range of bimaensis, thus synonymizing vicinus with it, and named the Sumbawa population as renschi. Mees (1965: 195) concluded that as a result of his lectotypification, renschi became a synonym of bimaensis and that vicinus became the valid name for the subspecies inhabiting Lombok and Flores, if indeed the populations of these two islands are the same.

White and Bruce (1986: 317) included both vicinus and renschi as synonyms of bimaensis, which they included in the species Dicrurus densus, and most recent authors have agreed.

Holotype:

AMNH 672622, adult female, Bisa Island, 01.15S, 127.28E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Obi Group, Moluccas, Indonesia, on 13 October 1883, by F.H.H. Guillemard. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Guillemard (1885b: 571) had collected a single female specimen on Bisa; he refrained from naming it but gave a description of how it differed from other nearby forms and particularly noted that it had a brown iris. Salvadori (1890: 220) based his description on Guillemard's comments and noted that the specimen was in the Rothschild Collection. Guillemard (1889: 354–355) had spent only two or three hours on Bisa, but he does provide a description of the island.

The reference to the description of this form in Vaurie (1949b: 301; 1962: 151) is somewhat confusing. The “p. 94” given refers to pagination in preprints covering parts of Salvadori's “Aggiunte,” which I have not seen. In this case, the date of the preprint is 1890. The “page 220” given for the description is not in “vol. 11,” but in volume 40, no. 2 of the “Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino,” also published in 1890 (Dickinson et al., 2011: 218–219).

Holotype:

AMNH 672614, adult male, collected on Obi Major, 01.30S, 127.45E (White and Bruce, 1986: 491), Moluccas, Indonesia, in September 1897, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert said that Doherty had sent “a series” from Obi Major and noted that the type was a male collected in September 1897 that had the eye dark brown and bill and feet black. There are two males collected in September 1897, but AMNH 672614 is the only one of the series that has soft parts colors recorded; they match those of the description of the type. The original Doherty label on this specimen is marked “Type: Dicrurus dohertyi,” and it bears a Rothschild type label.

In the original description, Hartert gave measurements of three males and two females, but there are seven specimens in the type series, all from Obi Major, collected by Doherty in 1897. The six paratypes are: AMNH 672613, male, September; AMNH 672615, male, October; AMNH 672616, female, October; AMNH 672617–672619, females, September.

Hartert (1919: 132) was already aware that he had overlooked the name guillmardi when he named dohertyi.

Syntype:

AMNH 672257, adult male, collected at Pisac Sac, Sipura ( =  Si Oban) Island, 02.12S, 99.40E (van Marle and Voous, 1988: 216), Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, on 28 April 1894, by Elio Modigliani (no. 91). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Salvadori had seven specimens from Sipura when he named viridinitens and considered them all “tipi della species” without designating a type. Modigliani's label is marked “Typus” by Salvadori, as was his habit for all of his specimens included in a new form. AMNH 672257 is Salvadori's specimen “b” and is listed as a “Co-type” by Hartert (1919: 131). It is the only Modigliani specimen of this form in AMNH. Four additional syntypes are in MSNG (Arbocco et al., 1979: 246).

Most authors have treated viridinitens as a subspecies of D. hottentottus, but Rocamora and Yeatman-Berthelot (2009: 215) elevated D. sumatranus to full species status with viridinitens as a second subspecies.

Holotype:

AMNH 672260, adult male, collected at Maimbun, 05.56N, 121.02E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 421), Sulu Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippine Islands, on 23 April 1883, by F.H.H. Guillemard. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert provided unique data for the holotype of suluensis and measurements for more than one specimen. Guillemard (1885a: 259), reporting on his Sulu collection, listed three males, two females and one sex? from Sulu Island. Three males, and two with sex unrecorded came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The paratypes in AMNH are: Maimbun, AMNH 672261, male, 21 April 1883, AMNH 672262, male, April 1883; Sulu Island, AMNH 672263, 672264, sex?, April 1883.

Guillemard (1889: 198–200) recounted his bird-collecting activities during his first stay at Maimbun (spelled Meimbun in the book) during which these specimens were collected.