Based on recent fieldwork and examination of herbarium collections from different parts of the Mediterranean climate areas of Chile, we report ten new bryophyte records for the country, including three liverwort and seven moss taxa. Six of these records are also new to South America. In addition, Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch is newly reported for continental Chile. Most species reported here correspond to ephemeral taxa, mostly visible only during the wet winter months (June-September). These results stress the need for further basic exploration of Chile bryophyte flora, and the urgent need to improve the cryptogamic collections in national herbaria. Acaulon uleanum Müll.Hal. and Ephemerum argentinicum Schiavone & Sarmiento are excluded from the bryophyte flora of Chile.