A revision of the specimens from southern South America deposited at CTES herbarium identified as Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón was made. As a result, four new species, viz. H. mobergiana Michlig, M.P. Rodríguez & Aptroot, H. neocomosa M.P. Rodríguez L.I. Ferraro & Aptroot, H. ramosociliata M.P. Rodríguez, Michlig & Aptroot, and H. sorediosa Michlig, L.I. Ferraro & Aptroot, all closely related to H. comosa, are here proposed. Each species is described, illustrated and commented. A distribution map is also presented.

Helicosporous hyphomycetes are a morphologically fascinating group of Tubeufiales. Ten dematiaceous helicosporous asexual morphs and two sexual morphs collected from aquatic habitats are characterized in this study using morphological features and phylogenetic analyses. Four new species of Neoacanthostigma, viz. N. aquaticum, N. brunneisporum, N. guangxiense and N. latisporum, are described and illustrated. The phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data place all taxa in the genus Neoacanthostigma (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales) and provide evidence to support the establishment of the new taxa. The differentiating morphological characters of Neoacanthostigma with other helicosporous species are compared and discussed. A key to all Neoacanthostigma species is also provided.

Two new taxa of Russula from the Dinghu Mountain, Guangdong Province, China were described and illustrated based on both morphological data and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer sequences. Russula dinghuensis is characterized by the olive green pileus, acute and incurved margin, white and rarely forked lamellae, white spore print, globose to ellipsoid basidiospores with stocky and isolated warts, thick metachromatic pileipellis, and slender, furcated and septated terminal elements of pileipellis. Russula subpallidirosea is recognized by the pale pink to pale grayish-pink pileus, white and forked lamellae, white spore print, subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores with the isolated, subcylindrical to conical warts, the metachromatic pileipellis, and the short, furcated and septate terminal elements of pileipellis. Both molecular and morphological analyses consistently confirm that these two new taxa are placed into Russula subg. Heterophyllidia subsection Cyanoxanthinae. The morphological differences among these two novel species and the closely related taxa are discussed.

Pleurocollybia cibaria is a wild edible mushroom sold in markets in Peru. The genus Pleurocollybia shares a phylogenetic alliance with the Tricholomatineae in the family Biannulariaceae (= Catathelasmataceae), however, no taxonomic investigations of P. cibaria have been performed since it was originally described over 50 years ago. Here we employ a molecular phylogenetic analysis including P. cibaria and compare a modern extant collection with that of the holotype to confirm its systematic placement and provide an updated taxonomic description of the species. Fresh material of P. cibaria was compared with that of the holotype collection using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope methods. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA tandem repeat were performed. Microscopic analyses of fresh and type material of P. cibaria support their conspecificity. For the first time, we reveal the presence of minutely verruculose basidiospores and cyanophilic and siderophilous bodies in the basidia of P. cibaria, which support a morphological alliance with the genus Gerhardtia (family Lyophyllaceae), not Pleurocollybia (family Biannulariaceae). Morphological and molecular data support the transfer of P. cibaria to the genus Gerhardtia.

Leaves of Magnolia liliifera were selected to evaluate fungal diversity, and succession of fungi during leaf decomposition, and the effect of baiting on fungal diversity. The leaf samples were from Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Twenty-three taxa were identified on senescent leaves of M. liliifera during the decay process. Distinct fungal communities were observed with the dominant species on the leaves being different at each succession stage. The most abundant fungal species were Hyponectria sp. 1 (on 60% of leaves), Volutella sp. 1 (60%), Gliocladium sp. 3 (37.1%), Corynespora cassiicola (34.3%), Bionectria ochroleuca (25.7%), Cylindrocladium floridanum (22.8%), Phaeosphaeria sp. (17.1%), Dactylaria longidentata (11.4%) and Lasiosphaeria sp. (11.4%). Leaf bait trials did not show any noticeable effect on fungal diversity when either the upper or lower leaf surface was adjacent to the forest floor. Highest fungal diversity on leaves of M. liliifera occurred between day 4 and 40, with most species being present on day 40. On day 56, leaves were found to be skeletonized, and the fungal communities had decreased in number.

Three new species, Aleurodiscus dextrinoideophyses, A. thailandicus and A. verrucosporus, on bamboos are described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular evidence. Aleurodiscus dextrinoideophyses and A. thailandicus, collected from northern Thailand, possess abundant acanthophyses and small smooth basidiospores, and belong to the A. cerussatus group. While A. dextrinoideophyses is characterized by the dextrinoid acanthophyses, A. thailandicus has yellow acanthophyses arranged between subhymenium and basal layer. Aleurodiscus verrucosporus, collected from Fujian Province, southeastern China, is distinguished by the absence of acanthophyses and verrucose basidiospores. All the three species have abundant gloeocystidia and simple-septate generative hyphae. The phylogeny of taxa in Stereaceae was inferred from the combined ITS and nrLSU sequence data. In our phylogenetic analyses, A. dextrinoideophyses and A. thailandicus steadily nested within the A. cerussatus group, whereas A. verrucosporus clustered with different taxa in maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses.

The family Gloniaceae is represented by the genera Glonium (plant saprobes) and Cenococcum (ectomycorrhizae). This work adds to the knowledge of the family, by introducing a new taxon from dead scales of pine cones collected on the ground in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Analysis of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence dataset matrix placed it in Gloniaceae and Purpurepithecium murisporum gen. et sp. nov. is introduced to accommodate the new taxon. The genus is characterized by erumpent to superficial, navicular hysterothecia, with a prominent longitudinal slit, branched pseudoparaphyses in a gel matrix, with a purple pigmented epithecium, hyaline to dark brown muriform ascospores and a Psiloglonium stygium-like asexual morph which is produced in culture. The new taxon is illustrated and compared with similar genera.

Two species of lichen-forming fungi with pyrenocarpous ascomata are described as new to science: Aspidothelium silverstonei and Astrothelium fuscosporum. The epiphytic lichens were found in Chocó Biogeographic region of Colombia. Aspidothelium silverstonei is characterized by the largest muriform ascospores known in the genus, while Astrothelium fuscosporum is the first species of Astrothelium known to produce pigmented ascospores.

Lauriomyces is an anamorphic genus comprising nine species, found growing on terrestrial leaf litter and wood in tropical habitats. The genus is characterized by solitary or synnematous, pigmented conidiophores bearing acropetal chains of unicellular, hyaline conidia.Amultigene (SSU, LSU & 5.8S) analysis of Lauriomyces strains reveal three cryptic new species, which are described, illustrated, and published here: L. acerosus, L. basitruncatus, and L. glumateus spp. nov. Lauriomyces glumateus is characterized by narrowly oval conidia while conidia of L. acerosus are cylindrical with acute ends and those of L. basitruncatus are cylindrical with truncate base. The nine Lauriomyces species sampled form a monophyletic clade in the Leotiomycetes, with high molecular support and all with a morphology typical for the genus. The new combination Dematioscypha catenata is made for Haplographium catenatum in compliance with the one name protocol.

The following new species of Arthoniales are described, from Santa Catarina state in South Brazil: Herpothallon tricolor, Neosergipea bicolor, and Opegrapha xanthonica. In addition, 92 species are reported new to Santa Catarina state, 15 of which are new to Brazil, mostly species that are widespread in temperate regions on the northern hemisphere.