The importance of cryptic species is poorly understood for medical entomologists and parasitologists because of the taxonomic challenge that they pose. The recent advent and development of molecular tools to species delimitation allowed discovering an important number of cryptic species considered previously as a single morpho-species. So far, however, this form of genetic taxonomy frequently remains incomplete and needs a nomenclature description of new species. Here, we synthesize the literature of Phlebotomus chabaudi and Phlebotomus riouxi which are related species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as are they cryptic or pseudocryptic species and whether one has a vectorial role? Indeed, the two closely related species are suspected as vectors of Leishmania tropica, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa, and among priority recommendations to prepare the area for future public health challenges is understanding what is a vector. This will help to evaluate and predict vector transmission risks and therefore improve current control methods. Based on our review it is possible to suggest that possibly many times species are classified as cryptic due to inappropriate methodological designs and comparisons. In this context, a formal nomenclature and description of cryptic species was provided on the basis of an integrated taxonomy. Corroboration from independent data, including morphology, molecules and biology may provide a basis for the delimitation and formal nomenclature of these cryptic species.