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2 March 2018 Exposure of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies to Pesticides in Pollen, A Statewide Assessment in Maine
Francis A. Drummond, Elissa S. Ballman, Brian D. Eitzer, Brianne Du Clos, James Dill
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Abstract

In 2015, we conducted a statewide assessment of honey bee exposure to pesticides with assistance of volunteer beekeepers. Pollen trapping was conducted at 32 sites in the spring, summer, and early fall. Apiary locations ranged from unmanaged natural landscapes to managed agricultural or urban landscapes. Pollen samples at each site were aggregated over the collection dates and chemical residue analysis was conducted on each pollen sample for 190 pesticides and metabolites using HPLC/MS. Twenty-five different residues were detected for an average of 2.9 detections per site. Detections were dominated by fungicides, but risk, calculated as: ppb residue concentration/ LD50, was mostly due to insecticides. Beekeeper perceived land-use in the vicinity of each apiary was associated with significant differences in the number of detections and residue concentrations, agricultural landscapes greater than nonagricultural. However, there was no significant difference in oral or contact risk quotients due to land-use type. The landscape composition surrounding apiaries, derived with GIS, determined pesticide exposure for honey bees when total detections, log pesticide residue concentration, and log contact risk quotients were used as measures. Partial least squares explained 43.9% of the variance in pesticide exposure due to landscape composition. The best predictors describing pesticide exposure were: area (ha) of blueberry, coniferous forest, and urban/developed land cover types. Maine is the most forested state in the United States (as determined by % land area forested, 93%) and a negative exponential decay was observed between land area in conifer forest and the number of pesticide detections per apiary.

© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Francis A. Drummond, Elissa S. Ballman, Brian D. Eitzer, Brianne Du Clos, and James Dill "Exposure of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies to Pesticides in Pollen, A Statewide Assessment in Maine," Environmental Entomology 47(2), 378-387, (2 March 2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy023
Received: 21 November 2017; Accepted: 30 January 2018; Published: 2 March 2018
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KEYWORDS
citizen science
landscape analysis
pollen trapping
risk quotient
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