We recognize the following 5 species of Paramyiolia Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetini) in China: P. atra, sp. nov., P. atrifasciata, sp. nov., P. melanogaster, sp. nov., P. nigrihumera, sp. nov., and P. yunnana (Wang), comb. nov. These species have almost identical wing patterns as Japanese P. cornuta (Ito), and, thus, here we refer to them jointly as the P. cornuta species group. Monophyly of this species group is supported by a cladistic analysis using morphological characters of all the 9 Paramyiolia species known in the world. Our earlier assumption about the disjunct occurrence of East Asian and North American Paramyiolia as a typical Arcto-Tertiary relict distribution is also strengthened by the discovery of the 5 Chinese species. In addition, we provide a revised key to the world Paramyiolia species and descriptions of all 5 Chinese species supplemented by their photographs including genitalic structures. We also made DNA barcoding analyses using 13 specimens representing 4 outgroup and 3 Paramyiolia species (P. atra, P. nigricornis (Doane), and P. rhino (Steyskal)). The DNA barcoding result only topologically supports the monophyly of Old and New World Paramyiolia together, but statistically supports the monophyly of the New World Paramyiolia. Interestingly, it rather clearly suggests possible existence of 2 cryptic species from the samples we identified as P. rhino based on the current taxonomic concept of this nominal species. Furthermore, one of these cryptic species appears to be more closely related genetically to the morphologically distinct P. nigricornis than to the other cryptic species.
Paramyiolia Shiraki had been a monotypic genus including a single species, P. takeuchii Shiraki from Japan, until Han (1992, 1996) expanded the generic limit to 3 more species from Japan and North America on the grounds that they together form a monophyletic group. Han (1996) also provided a cladogram of the 4 then known Paramyiolia species. The most puzzling aspect of the genus Paramyiolia has been their disjunct distribution pattern (2 Japanese and 2 North American species), and Han (1996, 1999) suggested this to be a typical Arcto-Tertiary relict distribution often found in higher plants (Cox & Moore 1980).
Paramyiolia was initially placed in an informal taxon, the Chetostoma group (Han & Freidberg 1994; Han & McPheron 1997; Han 1999) that subsequently was formally named as the subtribe Chetostomatina Han, which is one of 2 subtribes of the tribe Trypetini (Han 2006). Han (2006) also provided a preliminary cladogram showing possible phylogenetic relationships among all the genera of the Chetostomatina based on morphological characters. These studies suggested the genus Myoleja Rondani as a possible sister group of Paramyiolia. The monophyly of the subtribe Chetostomatina was also positively tested based on analyses of the mitochondrial genes (Han & McPheron 1997; Han & Ro 2009).
Paramyiolia species in East Asia are extremely rare in insect collections, but, fortunately, we were able to collect an additional Paramyiolia species represented by a single specimen in our joint-expedition to Yunnan, China in 2011. Initiated by this discovery, our subsequent examination of Chinese tephritid specimens deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, yielded 4 more congeneric species, one of which was previously described as Anomoia yunnana Wang, 1998. We here provide descriptions of these 5 Paramyiolia species (4 new species and one new combination) from China. We also provide a revised key and reanalysis of cladistic relationships of the genus Paramyiolia. In addition, we analyzed DNA barcode sequences of a single Chinese and 3 North American Paramyiolia species, along with some representative species of related genera to test their monophyly and interspecific relationships to a limited extent.
Materials and Methods
The terminology and morphological interpretations used in this article follow White et al. (1999). The following 8 ratios are used in the descriptions: frontal-head ratio (width of frons / width of head in dorsal view); eye ratio (shortest eye diameter / longest eye diameter); genaleye ratio (genal height / longest eye diameter) - genal height is the distance between lower eye margin and lower genal margin anterior to genal seta; aristal-antennal ratio (length of arista / length of antenna excluding arista); vein R4+5 ratio (length of section between basal node and r-m / length of section between r-m and apex); vein M ratio (length of section between bm-cu and r-m / length of section between r-m and dm-cu); subcostal-costal ratio (length of subcostal cell / length of costal cell, both measured along costa); wing-thorax ratio (wing length / thorax length). The morphological cladistic methods used to infer interspecific relationships of Paramyiolia are mentioned in the appropriate section. Figures in this manuscript are displayed in color in supplementary material for this article online in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Table 1.
Collection and voucher information of the tephritid flies used in the DNA barcoding analysis. Status of the voucher specimens and Genbank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses.
Molecular methods follow Han (2000) and Han & Ro (2005). For our analysis, partial COI gene sequences (DNA barcode region) were obtained from 13 specimens representing 4 outgroup and 3 nominal Paramyiolia species (Table 1). Additional details of the DNA barcoding analysis are mentioned in the appropriate section.
All of the Chinese Paramyiolia types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZAS). All of the voucher specimens for DNA barcoding analysis (except for the holotype of P. atra in IZAS) are deposited in the Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju Campus, Korea (YSUW). Species, collection and voucher data, and GenBank accession numbers are presented in Table 1.
Systematics
Subfamily Trypetinae
Tribe Trypetini
Subtribe Chetostomatina Han 1999: 257; Han 2006: 156.
Genus Paramyiolia Shiraki 1933: 279; Han 1996: 220.
Type species: Paramyiolia takeuchii Shiraki, by monotypy.
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia species can be distinguished from any other tephritid taxa by the following combination of characteristics (modified from Han (1996)): 1) anterior 2–3 frontal setae in male greatly enlarged and apically pointed with anterior-most seta largest (Figs. 1, 19–24)); 2) ocellar seta as long as or longer than ocellar triangle width; 3) with 2 pairs of orbital setae; 4) male glans without extensive sculpture pattern on dorsal and median sclerites (Figs. 30–34); and 5) female aculeus laterally flattened (Fig. 36). Paramyiolia males can be readily distinguished by the combination of the above character states 1–3 even without dissecting their genitalia, but females may be difficult to separate without associating with conspecific male specimens. A full description of the genus was given previously (Han 1996).
Six closely similar East Asian species (1 Japanese and 5 Chinese species), possessing almost identical wing patterns (typical Anomoiatype wing pattern; narrow medially interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; Figs. 1, 9–18), are here defined as the P. cornuta species group: P. atra, sp. nov., P. atrifasciata, sp. nov., P. cornuta (Ito), P. melanogaster, sp. nov., P. nigrihumera, sp. nov., and P. yunnana (Wang), comb. nov. See also ‘Phylogenetic relationships’ for phylogenetic justifications. These species are superficially similar to some better known species of Anomoia Walker, and can only be distinguished by the enlarged male frontal setae and genitalia as well as having 2 pairs of frontal setae in females (3 or more pairs in Anomoia). Even though females are only known for P. cornuta and P. yunnana, we assume (see ‘Phylogenetic Relationships’) that the other 4 species of the P. cornuta species group are likely to have 2 pairs of frontal setae in females. Additional cases of distinguishing other Paramyiolia species from similar looking taxa of the tribe Trypetini were considered in detail by Han (1996).
Fig. 1.
Strict consensus cladogram of 9 most parsimonious (MP) trees of Paramyiolia and related taxa (tree length = 19; consistency index = 0.736; homoplasy index = 0.263; retention index = 0.809; rescaled consistency index = 0.595). Character state changes are plotted using the fast optimization option (WinClada software). • = forward changes without homoplasy; 
= changes with homoplasy; *Paramyiolia rhino may contain at least 2 cryptic species (see Fig. 2). Male photographs of selected species are shown. This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Fig. 1 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Size and shapes of Paramyiolia male frontal setae show substantial inter- and intra-specific variation (Figs. 19–24). Based on the examination of the better-sampled North American taxa, P. nigricornis (Doane) and P. rhino (Steyskal), we believe that their male frontal setae show typical allometric variation. Unfortunately all the Old World species are extremely rare in insect collections, and we were not able to determine variation of this potentially useful character for species distinction. It is also interesting to note that some other genera of the tribe Trypetini with male frontal modification (such as Pseudovidalia Han, Stemonocera Rondani, Strauzia Robineau-Desvoidy, and Vidalia Robineau-Desvoidy) also show such allometric variation (personal observation; see Han (2013) for an extreme case).
DISTRIBUTION
Japan, western China, eastern North America.
Our earlier assumption about their disjunct distribution pattern as a typical Arcto-Tertiary relict distribution (Han 1996, 1999) is strengthened by the discovery of 5 additional Chinese species. On the other hand, a recent comprehensive study of Tephritidae from the Russian Far East (Korneyev & Ovchinnikova 2004) failed to fill the distributional gap between Old and New World Paramyiolia.
BIOLOGY
Their host relationships are unknown, but they are likely to be fruit feeders as most other taxa of the subtribe Chetostomatina (Han 1996). Various behaviors of P. nigricornis, including lekking, mating, and oviposition have been documented in North America (Steck & Sutton, unpublished manuscript; video voucher by Steck - https://archive.org/details/ParamyioliaNigricornisBehaviorVideoVouchers).
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Han (1996) made an earlier cladistic analysis of Paramyiolia already, but it has become necessary to reanalyze their phylogenetic relationships since the number of species doubled in this study. We used the same set of characters as Han (1996) with slight modification (Table 2 — Characters 1–11) plus 3 new characters (Characters 12–14). We used Anomoia purmunda (Harris) and Myoleja sinensis (Zia) as outgroups based on previous studies (Han 1996, 2006). All of the characters were treated as unordered and equally likely for forward and reverse changes. Table 3 shows their character state distribution. An exhaustive search using the PAUP* package (Swofford 2001) recovered 9 most parsimonious (MP) trees, and their strict consensus tree is shown in Fig. 1. The character state changes were plotted using the fast optimization option of WinClada software (Nixon 1999). The following discussions are based on a hypothesized character evolution in this strict consensus cladogram.
Table 2.
Characters and character states used in the cladistic analysis of Paramyiolia. Modified from Han (1996) with characters 12–14 added.
As in an earlier study (Han 1996), Paramyiolia is divided into 2 relatively robust monophyletic groups (Fig. 1). The North American group (P. nigricornis and P. rhino) is supported by 2 synapomorphies, of which the character state 10-1 (loss of subapical lobe of glans) is unambiguous. So far as known, this state is unique within the subtribe Chetostomatina (Han 2006). In addition, the overall structures of their glans are almost identical to each other (Han 1996, Figs. 28 vs. 29), convincingly supporting their close relationship.
The monophyly of the East Asian group is also supported by 2 synapomorphies, of which the character state 2-1 (4 pairs of male frontal setae) is unambiguous. Except for P. takeuchii, the 6 remaining East Asian species are again grouped based on 2 unambiguous synapomorphies (here defined as the P. cornuta group; see also DIAGNOSIS). The character state 13-1 (2 pairs of frontal setae in female), however, is only observed in 2 species (P. cornuta and P. yunnana) and marked as uncertain for the other 4 species (Table 3). We nevertheless believe that unknown females of these 4 species are likely to have 2 frontal setae, because the observed external body structures (including genitalia) of the P. cornuta group closely resemble each other except for body coloration and pattern (Figs. 3–8).
It is interesting to note that all of the species of the P. cornuta group have almost identical wing patterns, which are also very similar to those of the genus Anomoia (see A. purmunda and P. atra in Fig. 1). That is why P. cornuta and P. yunnana were initially described under the genus Anomoia (Ito 1984; Wang 1998). We believe that the Anomoia-type wing pattern could either have been derived by convergence or be a remnant of a plesiomorphic wing pattern present in the common ancestor of Anomoia and Paramyiolia (possibly in Myoleja too). At least, the WinClada fast character optimization option suggested the former (Fig. 1). A similar case of wing pattern convergence was previously reported for another trypetine genus Philophylla (Han & Norrbom 2008).
DNA BARCODING ANALYSIS
We were able to obtain fresh samples of P. atra, P. nigricornis, and P. rhino, as well as 2 outgroup taxa, A. purmunda and M. sinensis. We also added 2 species of the genus Philophylla, which was suggested as a basal group within the Chetostomatina in recent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Han & Ro 2009; Han 2012). Even though the taxon sampling is limited, it provided us an opportunity to examine their genetic relationships. We sequenced COI barcode regions for a preliminary phylogenetic analysis. We used multiple samples for each species when available, and the pairwise proportional distances among 13 samples are shown in Table 4. The neighbor-joining (NJ) tree based on Kimura two-parameter distances (Fig. 2) shows the following relationships.
Table 3.
Character state distribution of characters used in the cladistic analysis of Paramyiolia. ? = uncertain state.
Monophyly of the East Asian, P. atra, and North American Paramyiolia is only topologically supported (poorly supported by 80/66% standard error and bootstrap test values). Paramyiolia atra shows 9.0–9.7% barcode distance from North American congeners, and 11.5–12.3% from similarly wing-patterned Anomoia pumunda. Therefore, the almost identical wing patterns found both in Paramyiolia and Anomoia do not seem to reflect a corresponding close genetic relationship in this case.
As expected, the North American species form a strong monophyletic group supported by 99/100% standard error and bootstrap values with the maximum pairwise barcode distance at 3.4%. Furthermore, 3 nodes within this monophyletic group are strongly supported, suggesting that the taxon we have called P. rhino may include at least 2 distinct biological species (tentatively called P. sp-A and sp-B cf. rhino). Interestingly, based on COI, P. sp-A is more closely related to P. nigricornis (average 1.4% barcode distance) than to the morphologically indistinguishable P. sp-B (average 3.3% barcode distance). If these barcode differences truly reflect their specific differences, we could say that the common ancestor of these 3 species once had a rhino-like appearance and the drastically different wing and body patterns in P. nigricornis have evolved since it split from the P. sp-A lineage. We initially thought there might be some sequencing errors involved but 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences also supports the same topology (Han, unpublished data). Previous morphological studies of Paramyiolia, including Han (1992, 1996), failed to recognize any cryptic species involving P. rhino. In order to resolve this problem using both morphological and molecular approaches, HYH is currently conducting a collaborative project with 2 Florida entomologists, Gary Steck and Bruce Sutton, who have sampled North American Paramyiolia extensively over a long period of time.
Revised Key to Species of World Paramyiolia
1. Wing without narrow subapical to apical to subapical C-band; crossvein DM-Cu not oblique 2
—. Wing with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DM-Cu oblique, resulting cell dm apically pointed (Figs. 9–18) 4
2. Apical half of cell r2+3 with some hyaline area (Fig. 1); NORTH AMERICA P. rhino (Steyskal)
—. Apical half of cell r2+3 without hyaline area 3
3. Mediotergite dark brown; cell r4+5 with 3 hyaline spots (Fig. 1); JAPAN P. takeuchii Shiraki
—. Mediotergite yellow to orange brown; cell r4+5 with single hyaline spot (Fig. 1); NORTH AMERICA P. nigricornis (Doane)
4. Scutum and preabdominal tergites entirely dark brown (Fig. 3); femora predominantly dark brown (Fig. 10); CHINA P. atra, sp. nov. (♀ unknown)
—. Scutum and preabdominal tergites at least with some yellow brown areas (Figs. 4–8); femora yellow brown (Figs. 11–18) 5
5. Scutum with 4 wide dark brown longitudinal bands with lateral pair interrupted medially (Fig. 4); CHINA P. atrifasciata, sp. nov. (♀ unknown)
—. Scutum without such longitudinal bands 6
6. Abdominal tergites 1–5 entirely brown, distinctly darker than scutum (Fig. 5); CHINA P. melanogaster, sp. nov. (♀ unknown)
—. At least abdominal syntergite 1+2 entirely yellow brown, concolorous with scutum 7
7. Abdominal tergites 3–5 entirely dark brown; scutal area behind postpronotal lobe with large dark brown speck (Figs. 6, 15); CHINA P. nigrihumera, sp. nov. (♀ unknown)
—. At least abdominal tergite 3 entirely yellow brown; scutum entirely yellow brown 8
8. Abdominal tergite 4 in male (Fig. 7) and tergite 5 in female with a pair of large dark specks; CHINA P. yunnana (Wang)
—. Abdominal tergite 4 in male (Fig. 8) and tergite 5 in female entirely yellow brown; JAPAN P. cornuta (Ito)
Table 4.
Pairwise proportional distances among the partial COI gene sequences of the Paramyiolia and related taxa used in this study.
Descriptions of Chinese Paramyiolia
Paramyiolia atra Han & Chen sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 9, 10, 19, 25, 30).
TYPE MATERIAL
HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA: Yunnan, Honghe, Pingbian, Mt. Dawei Nature Reserve, along stream, N22°54′57.6″ E103°41′46.4″, 2026 m, 7-VII-2011, H.-Y. Han and S.-W. Suk.
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia atra is readily distinguishable from its congeners by the almost completely dark brown body coloration (Figs. 3, 9, 10). This species can be diagnosed as follows: 1) wing with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; 2) scutum, mediotergite, preabdominal tergites dark brown; and 3) femora predominantly dark brown. In addition, this species has the most differently shaped male glans (Fig. 30; acrophallus widely open and relatively long without any narrowed portion, directed downward at about a 45 degree angle) compared to those of the other P. cornuta species group, which have similarly shaped glans (Figs. 31–34; acrophallus abruptly narrowed near apex, directed downward at about a 75 degree angle).
DESCRIPTION
Body (Figs. 3, 9, 10) predominantly dark brown with brown head and yellow brown tibiae and tarsi; setae and setulae dark brown to brown; wing length 4.5 mm and thorax length 1.9 mm. Male head (Fig. 19) largely brown except dark brown ocellar triangle and occiput; frons brown, sparsely covered with fine dark brown setulae, deeply concave with highly modified frontal setae; anterior 2 frontal setae greatly enlarged with 2nd seta slightly shorter than and about half as thick as 1st seta; posterior 2 frontal setae normal, about 0.7x as long as 1st seta; fronto-orbital plate associated with enlarged setae sharply elevated; frontal-head ratio 0.41, eye ratio 0.78 and genal-eye ratio 0.08; inner vertical seta 0.8x longest diameter of eye; outer vertical seta 0.6x as long as inner vertical seta; postocellar seta 0.4x as long as inner vertical seta; paravertical seta 0.5x as long as postocellar seta; ocellar triangle dark brown; ocellar seta 1.5x as long as ocellar triangle; antenna with aristal-antennal ratio 1.61; scape and pedicel with dark brown setulae; arista short pubescent, dark brown except yellow brown base; parafacial very narrow, about 0.2x as wide as flagellomere 1; facial ridge with short fine pale setulae; genal seta dark brown; postgena moderately swollen with long dark brown setulae; postocular setae extended 0.7x distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; median occiput entirely dark brown; lateral occiput with dark brown upper half and brown lower half; supracervical setulae yellow brown; maxillary palp with dark brown apical and subapical setulae. Thorax almost entirely dark brown with dark brown setae and setulae; scutum heavily pruinose dark brown with brown postpronotal lobe; dorsocentral seta about 0.4x distance from level of intra-alar seta to postsutural supraalar seta; scutellum slightly convex, almost bare with few tiny marginal setulae, basal seta 2.3x as long as scutellum and apical seta 1.2x as long as scutellum; proepisternum densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; anepisternum with lower seta hair-like, about 0.3x as long as upper seta; mediotergite shiny dark brown. Legs with femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow brown; fore femur with 4 posteroventral setae; midtibial spur 1.3x as long as midtibia width. Wing (Fig. 9) hyaline with dark brown to brown pattern; typical Anomoia-type pattern with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DMCu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DM-Cu strongly oblique forming apically pointed cell dm; basal area enclosed by pterostigma, crossvein R-M, and basal half of cell DM-Cu almost entirely dark brown except for hyaline spot covering middle 1/3 of cell c; wing-thorax ratio 2.4, vein R4+5 ratio 2.6, vein M ratio 0.48 and subcostal-costal ratio 0.54; R4+5 with 8 tiny setulae between node and crossvein R-M.
Male abdomen (Fig. 3) about as long as wide, entirely subshiny dark brown; epandrium (Fig. 25) dark brown and surstylus brown; lateral surstylus with both anterior and posterior lobes angular, truncate apically in lateral view; glans (Fig. 30)with distinct subapical lobe; acrophallus widely open and relatively long without any narrowed portion, directed downward at about 45 degree angle; dorsal sclerite without extensive sculpture pattern found in most other genera of the subtribe Chetostomatina; vesica relatively short, about 1/8 as long as sclerotized portion of glans.
Female unknown.
DISTRIBUTION
China (Yunnan).
ETYMOLOGY
The specific epithet is an adjective from the Latin ‘atra’, meaning black, referring to the predominantly dark body coloration.
Fig. 2.
Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree based on Kimura two-parameter distances with pairwise deletion of gaps and missing data using partial COI gene sequences (DNA barcode region; 765 bp). The numbers on each branch are the standard error test and bootstrap test values.
Figs. 3–8.
Male thorax and abdominal patterns of the Paramyiolia cornuta species group in dorsal view. (3) P. atra; (4) P. atrifasciata; (5) P. melanogaster; (6) P. nigrihumera; (7) P. yunnana; (8) P. cornuta.
Paramyiolia atrifasciata Han & Chen sp. nov. (Figs. 4, 11, 12, 20, 26, 31).
TYPE MATERIAL
HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA: Sichuan: Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800-1000 m, 10-V-1957, Z.Y. Wang. Specimen in poor condition with left wing missing and right wing damaged apically (Figs. 11, 12).
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia atrifasciata is the only species of the genus with 4 wide longitudinal stripes (lateral pair medially interrupted) on scutum (Fig. 4). This species can be diagnosed as follows: 1) wing narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; 2) scutum with 4 wide dark brown longitudinal stripes; and 3) abdominal tergites 3–5 dark brown (female unknown).
DESCRIPTION
Body (Figs. 4, 11, 12) yellow brown ground color except for dark brown scutal stripes and abdominal tergites; setae brown to dark brown and setulae mostly yellow brown; wing length approximately 4.5 mm (both wings broken in the only available specimen) and thorax length 1.8 mm. Male head (Fig. 20) almost entirely yellow brown except dark brown ocellar triangle; frons sparsely covered with fine yellow brown setulae, deeply concave with highly modified frontal setae; anterior 2 frontal setae greatly enlarged with 2nd seta slightly shorter and about 0.7x as thick as 1st one; posterior 2 frontal setae normal, about half as long as 1st seta; fronto-orbital plate associated with enlarged setae sharply elevated; frontal-head ratio 0.38, eye ratio 0.72 and genal-eye ratio 0.11; inner vertical seta broken off; outer vertical seta about as long as posterior-most frontal seta; postocellar seta slightly shorter than outer vertical seta; paravertical seta 0.6x as long as postocellar seta; ocellar triangle dark brown; ocellar seta about as long as ocellar triangle; antenna with aristal-antennal ratio 1.7; scape and pedicel with yellow brown setulae; arista short pubescent, entirely yellow brown; parafacial very narrow, about 0.2x as wide as flagellomere 1; facial ridge with short fine pale setulae; genal seta brown; postgena moderately swollen with long yellow brown setulae; postocular setae extended 0.7x distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; supracervical setulae yellow brown; maxillary palp with brown apical and subapical setulae. Thorax yellow brown ground color with brown setae and setulae; scutum heavily pruinose yellow brown with 4 wide dark brown longitudinal stripes, lateral stripes interrupted near transverse suture; dorsocentral seta about 0.4x distance from level of intra-alar seta to postsutural supra-alar seta; scutellum slightly convex, almost bare with few tiny marginal setulae, basal seta 2.4x as long as scutellum and apical seta 1.6x as long as scutellum; proepisternum densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; anepisternum with lower seta about half as long as upper seta; mediotergite shiny brown. Legs entirely yellow brown with brown to yellow brown setae and setulae; fore femur with 5 posteroventral setae; midtibial spur 1.2x as long as midtibia width. Wing (Fig. 11) hyaline with brown to yellow brown pattern; typical Anomoia-type pattern with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DM-Cu strongly oblique forming apically pointed cell dm; basal area enclosed by pterostigma, crossvein R-M, and basal half of cell DM-Cu almost entirely brown except for hyaline spot covering middle 1/3 of cell c; vein M ratio 0.40; R4+5 with 10 tiny setulae between node and crossvein R-M.
Male abdomen (Fig. 4) about as long as wide, tergite 1 yellow brown with pair of large sublateral brown specks; tergite 2 brown; tergites 3–5 subshiny dark brown; sternites 1–4 yellow brown; sternite 5 brown; epandrium (Fig. 26) dark brown and surstylus brown; lateral surstylus with both anterior and posterior lobes angular, truncate apically in lateral view; glans (Fig. 31) with distinct subapical lobe; acrophallus abruptly narrowed near apex, directed downward at about 75 degree angle; dorsal sclerite without extensive sculpture pattern found in most other genera of the subtribe Chetostomatina; vesica relatively large, about 2/5 as long as sclerotized portion of glans.
Female unknown.
DISTRIBUTION
China (Sichuan)
ETYMOLOGY
The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin ‘ater’, meaning black, and ‘fasciata’, meaning striped, referring to the striped scutum.
Figs. 9–18.
Chinese Paramyiolia species in lateral and dorsal views (all male holotype specimens). (9, 10) P. atra; (11, 12) P. atrifasciata; (13, 14) P. melanogaster; (15, 16) P. nigrihumera; (17, 18) P. yunnana. This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Figs. 9–18 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Figs. 19–24.
Heads of Chinese Paramyiolia in fronto-lateral view. (19) P. atra, holotype male; (20) P. atrifasciata, holotype male; (21) P. melanogaster, holotype male; (22) P. nigrihumera, holotype male; (23) P. yunnana, holotype male; (24) P. yunnana, paratype female (size and position of missing anterior frontal setae marked in dotted lines based on a Japanese P. cornuta female — Ito, 1985). This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Figs. 19–24 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Paramyiolia melanogaster Han & Chen sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 13, 14, 21, 27, 32).
TYPE MATERIAL
HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA: Sichuan: Mt. Emei, Jiulaotong, 4-VIII-1957, F.X. Zhu.
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia melanogaster can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) wing with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; 2) head and thorax including legs almost completely yellow brown; and 3) abdominal tergites 1-5 brown, distinctly darker than head and thorax (female unknown).
DESCRIPTION
Body (Figs. 5, 13, 14) with head and thorax yellow brown and abdomen brown; setae brown to dark brown and setulae mostly yellow brown; wing length 3.9 mm and thorax length 1.7 mm. Male head (Fig. 21) largely yellow brown except dark brown ocellar triangle; frons sparsely covered with fine yellow brown setulae, deeply concave with highly modified frontal setae; anterior 2 frontal setae enlarged with 2nd seta slightly shorter than and about 0.7x as thick as 1st seta; posterior 2 frontal setae normal, less than 0.5x as long as 1st seta; fronto-orbital plate associated with enlarged setae sharply elevated; frontal-head ratio 0.35, eye ratio 0.77 and genal-eye ratio 0.08; inner vertical seta 0.8x longest diameter of eye; outer vertical seta 0.6x as long as inner vertical seta; postocellar seta 0.4x as long as inner vertical seta; paravertical seta 0.5x as long as postocellar seta; ocellar triangle dark brown; ocellar seta 1.8x as long as ocellar triangle; antenna with scape and pedicel with dark brown setulae; parafacial very narrow, less than 0.2x as wide as flagellomere 1; facial ridge with short fine pale setulae; genal seta yellow brown; postgena moderately swollen with long yellow brown setulae; postocular setae extended 0.6x distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; supracervical setulae yellow brown; maxillary palp with brown apical and subapical setulae. Thorax entirely yellow brown with brown to dark brown setae and yellow brown setulae; scutum heavily pruinose; dorsocentral seta about 0.4x distance from level of intra-alar seta to postsutural supra-alar seta; scutellum slightly convex, almost bare with few tiny marginal setulae, basal seta 2.2x as long as scutellum and apical seta 1.5x as long as scutellum; proepisternum densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; anepisternum with lower seta hair-like, about 0.7x as long as upper seta; mediotergite shiny yellow brown. Legs yellow brown; fore femur with 4 posteroventral setae; midtibial spur as long as midtibia width. Wing (Fig. 13) hyaline with brown to yellow brown pattern; typical Anomoia-type pattern narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DMCu strongly oblique forming apically pointed cell dm; basal area enclosed by pterostigma, crossvein R-M, and basal half of cell DM-Cu almost entirely brown except for hyaline spot covering middle 1/3 of cell c; wing-thorax ratio 2.3, vein R4+5 ratio 2.3, vein M ratio 0.58 and subcostal-costal ratio 0.52; R4+5 with 10 tiny setulae between node and crossvein R-M.
Male abdomen (Fig. 5) about as long as wide with tergites 1–5 brown and sternites 1–5 yellow brown; epandrium (Fig. 27) brown and surstylus yellow brown; lateral surstylus with both anterior and posterior lobes angular, truncate apically in lateral view; glans (Fig. 32) with distinct subapical lobe; acrophallus abruptly narrowed near apex, directed downward at about 75 degree angle; dorsal sclerite without extensive sculpture pattern found in most other genera of the subtribe Chetostomatina; vesica relatively large, about half as long as sclerotized portion of glans.
Female unknown.
DISTRIBUTION
China (Sichuan).
ETYMOLOGY
The specific epithet is a noun derived from the Greek ‘melanos’, meaning dark, and ‘gaster’, meaning belly, referring to the dark abdomen.
Figs. 25–29.
Epandrial complexes of Chinese Paramyiolia in caudal and lateral views (all from holotypes). (25) P. atra; (26) P. atrifasciata; (27) P. melanogaster; (28) P. nigrihumera; (29) P. yunnana. This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Figs. 25–29 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Figs. 30–34.
Glanses of Chinese Paramyiolia in caudal and lateral views (all from holotypes). (30) P. atra; (31) P. atrifasciata; (32) P. melanogaster; (33) P. nigrihumera; (34) P. yunnana. This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Figs. 30–34 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Paramyiolia nigrihumera Han & Chen sp. nov. (Figs. 6, 15, 16, 22, 28, 33).
TYPE MATERIAL
HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA: Sichuan: Mt. Emei, 550-750 m, 2-V-1957, Z.Y. Wang; PARATYPES: 1♂, Sichuan: Mt. Emei, Temple Baoguo, 600 m, 9-V-1957, L.Y. Zheng and H.H. Cheng; 1♂, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, 650 m, 7-IV-1958, S.Y. Wang.
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia nigrihumera can be easily distinguished by the following combination of characteristics: 1) wing with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; 2) scutum predominantly yellow brown with large triangular dark brown speck behind postpronotal lobe (Fig. 6); 3) mediotergite shiny brown, distinctly darker than yellow brown scutellum; and 4) abdominal syntergite 1+2 yellow brown and tergites 3–5 dark brown (Fig. 6; female unknown).
DESCRIPTION
Body (Figs. 6, 15, 16) yellow brown ground color with tergites 3–5 dark brown; setae brown and setulae yellow brown; wing length 4.7 mm and thorax length 2.0 mm. Male head (Fig. 22) yellow brown except dark brown ocellar triangle; frons brown, sparsely covered with fine yellow brown setulae, deeply concave with highly modified frontal setae; anterior 2 frontal setae greatly enlarged and flattened with 2nd seta slightly shorter than and about 0.7x as thick as 1st seta; posterior 2 frontal setae much thinner with 3rd seta twice as thick as 4th one, both setae about 0.7x as long as 1st seta; fronto-orbital plate associated with enlarged setae sharply elevated; frontal-head ratio 0.40, eye ratio 0.70 and genal-eye ratio 0.10; inner vertical seta 0.8x longest diameter of eye; outer vertical seta 0.6–0.8x as long as inner vertical seta; postocellar seta 0.4x as long as inner vertical seta; paravertical seta 0.5x as long as postocellar seta; ocellar triangle dark brown; ocellar seta 1.3–1.7x as long as ocellar triangle; antenna with aristal-antennal ratio 1.7; scape and pedicel with yellow brown setulae; arista short pubescent, dark brown except yellow brown base; parafacial narrow, about 0.3x as wide as flagellomere 1; facial ridge with short fine pale setulae; genal seta yellow brown; postgena moderately swollen with long yellow brown setulae; postocular setae extended 0.6x distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; supracervical setulae yellow brown; maxillary palp with brown apical and subapical setulae. Thorax predominantly yellow brown with dark brown to brown setae and yellow brown setulae; scutum heavily pruinose with large triangular dark brown speck behind postpronotal lobe (the paratype male from Sechuan has a small additional dark speck just behind transverse suture); dorsocentral seta about 0.4x distance from level of intra-alar seta to postsutural supra-alar seta; scutellum slightly convex, almost bare with few tiny marginal setulae, basal seta 2.4–2.6x as long as scutellum and apical seta 1.7x as long as scutellum; proepisternum densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; anepisternum with lower seta 0.7-0.9x as long as upper seta; lower half of katepisternum dark brown; mediotergite shiny brown. Legs yellow brown with brown to yellow brown setae and setulae; fore femur strongly swollen with 5 posteroventral setae; midtibial spur 1.3–1.5x as long as midtibia width. Wing (Fig. 16) hyaline with brown to yellow brown pattern; typical Anomoiatype pattern with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DM-Cu strongly oblique forming apically pointed cell dm; basal area enclosed by pterostigma, crossvein R-M, and basal half of cell DM-Cu almost entirely dark brown except for hyaline spot covering middle 1/3 of cell c and small postero-medial hyaline spot in cell br; wing-thorax ratio 2.3, vein R4+5 ratio 2.6–2.8, vein M ratio 0.48–0.55 and subcostal-costal ratio 0.50–0.56; R4+5 with 11 tiny setulae between node and crossvein R-M.
Male abdomen (Fig. 6) about as long as wide; syntergite 1+2 yellow brown; tergites 3–5 dark brown; sternites 1–4 yellow brown; sternite 5 brown; epandrium (Fig. 28) brown and surstylus yellow brown; lateral surstylus with both anterior and posterior lobes angular, truncate apically in lateral view; glans (Fig. 33) with distinct subapical lobe; acrophallus abruptly narrowed near apex, directed downward at about 75 degree angle; dorsal sclerite without extensive sculpture pattern found in most other genera of the subtribe Chetostomatina; vesica relatively large, about 0.7x as long as sclerotized portion of glans.
Female unknown.
DISTRIBUTION
China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
ETYMOLOGY
The specific epithet is a noun derived from the Latin ‘niger’, meaning black, and ‘humerus’, meaning shoulder, referring to the dark area behind postpronotal lobe.
Figs 35.–38.
Female postabdomen of Paramyiolia yunnana. (35) Postadbomen in ventral view; (36) Aculeus in lateral view; (37) Oviscape and eversible membrane in ventral and dorsal view; (38) Spermatheca. This figure is shown in color in a supplementary document online as Suppl. Figs. 35–38 in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (March 2015) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse.
Paramyiolia yunnana (Wang, 1998) Comb. Nov. (Figs. 7,
17, 18, 23, 24, 29, 34–38).
Anomoia yunnana Wang, 1998: 156.
TYPE MATERIAL
HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA: Yunnan: Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 28-III-1957, F.J. Pu; PARATYPE: 1♀, same locality as holotype, 810 m, 26-III-1957, D.H. Liu.
DIAGNOSIS
Paramyiolia yunnana can be distinguish from its congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) wing narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; 2) scutum almost completely yellow brown; 3) male abdominal tergites 1–3 (Fig. 7) and female tergites 1–4 yellow brown; 4) male abdominal tergite 4 and female abdominal tergite 5 with a pair of large dark brown specks; 5) male abdominal tergite 5 and female tergite 6 dark brown; 6) female head with 2 pairs of frontal setae. This species is very similar to Japanese P. cornuta, but can be separated by the above characters 3–5 (see Figs. 7 vs. 8).
DESCRIPTION
Body (Figs. 7, 17, 18) predominantly yellow brown with tergites 4–5 in male and tergites 5–7 in female largely dark brown; setae brown to dark brown and setulae yellow brown; wing length 4.7–4.9 mm and thorax length 2.0–2.2 mm. Male head (Fig. 23) yellow brown except dark brown ocellar triangle; frons brown, sparsely covered with fine yellow brown setulae, deeply concave with highly modified frontal setae; anterior 3 frontal setae greatly enlarged and flattened with only 4th seta of normal size; 2nd frontal seta about 0.7x, 3rd seta 0.4x, and 4th seta 0.3x as thick as 1st seta; lengths of frontal setae in series decreasing from anterior to posterior (as 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7x); fronto-orbital plate associated with enlarged setae sharply elevated; frontal-head ratio 0.40, eye ratio 0.73–0.74 and genal-eye ratio 0.12–0.14; inner vertical seta 0.7–0.8x longest diameter of eye; outer vertical seta 0.6x as long as inner vertical seta; postocellar seta 0.4x as long as inner vertical seta; paravertical seta 0.5x as long as postocellar seta; ocellar triangle dark brown; ocellar seta 1.3–1.6x as long as ocellar triangle; antenna with aristal-antennal ratio 1.7–1.8; scape and pedicel with yellow brown setulae; arista short pubescent, yellow brown; parafacial narrow, about 0.2–0.3x as wide as flagellomere 1; facial ridge with short fine pale setulae; genal seta yellow brown; postgena moderately swollen with long yellow brown setulae; postocular setae extended 0.6x distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; supracervical setulae yellow brown; maxillary palp with brown apical and subapical setulae. Female head similar to that of male without frontal modification (Fig. 24); frontal-head ratio 0.37, eye ratio 0.76 and genal-eye ratio 0.12; with only 2 pairs of frontal setae. Thorax predominantly yellow brown with dark brown to brown setae and yellow brown setulae; scutum heavily pruinose yellow brown; dorsocentral seta about 0.4x distance from level of intra-alar seta to postsutural supra-alar seta; scutellum slightly convex, almost bare with few tiny marginal setulae, basal seta 2.1–2.6x as long as scutellum and apical seta 1.4–1.8x as long as scutellum; proepisternum densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; anepisternum with lower seta slightly shorter than upper seta; lower half of katepisternum dark brown; mediotergite shiny yellow brown. Legs yellow brown with yellow brown setae and setulae; fore femur strongly swollen with 6–7 posteroventral setae; midtibial spur 1.2–1.5x as long as midtibia width. Wing (Figs. 17, 18) hyaline with brown to yellow brown pattern; typical Anomoia-type pattern with narrow, medially-interrupted C-band extending from DM-Cu to anterior apical wing margin and then along margin to slightly beyond apex of vein R4+5; crossvein DM-Cu strongly oblique forming apically pointed cell dm; basal area enclosed by pterostigma, crossvein R-M, and basal half of cell DM-Cu almost entirely dark brown except for hyaline spot covering middle 1/3 of cell c; wing-thorax ratio 2.2–2.3, vein R4+5 ratio 2.6–2.7, vein M ratio 0.55–0.59 and subcostal-costal ratio 0.42; R4+5 with 8–15 tiny setulae between node and crossvein R-M.
Male abdomen (Fig. 7) about as long as wide; tergites 1–3 yellow brown; tergite 4 with pair of large dark brown specks; tergite 5 dark brown; sternites 1-4 yellow brown; sternite 5 brown; epandrium (Fig. 29) dark brown and surstylus yellow brown; lateral surstylus with both anterior and posterior lobes angular, truncate apically in lateral view; glans (Fig. 34) with distinct subapical lobe; acrophallus abruptly narrowed near apex, directed downward at about 75 degree angle; dorsal sclerite without extensive sculpture pattern found in most other genera of the subtribe Chetostomatina; vesica relatively large, about 0.4x as long as sclerotized portion of glans.
Female abdomen with tergites 1–4 yellow brown; tergite 5 dark brown except narrow yellow brown mid-stripe; tergite 6 dark brown; sternites 1–5 yellow brown; sternite 6 brown; oviscape (Figs. 35 and 37) dark brown with 2 long ventral marginal and 2 long dorsal marginal setae; eversible membrane (Fig. 37) cylindrical, without any strong teeth; dorsal and ventral taeniae extending almost entire length of eversible membrane; aculeus (Fig. 36) long, slender, with apex laterally flattened with serrated apex; 3 spherical spermathecae with transverse spinules (Fig. 38); apical portion of spermathecal duct not swollen.
DISTRIBUTION
China (Yunnan).
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Gary Steck for providing fresh samples of Paramyiolia rhino. We thank Sang-Wook Suk and Zhe Zhao for helping us a great deal in the collecting trip to Yunnan in 2011. Gary Steck and Kyung-Eui Ro kindly reviewed this paper and made helpful suggestions for its improvement. We thank Hyun-Suk Lee for DNA barcoding analysis. This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009-0075035), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372169, 61273289), and the Special Fund for Entry-Exit Inspections and Quarantine of China (201210079). It was also supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) funded by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea (2014-02-004).
References Cited
Notes
[1] Supplementary material for this article in Florida Entomologist 98(1) (2015) is online at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse
