Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most important polyphagous pests globally. It was reported in Brazil at the end of the 2012/2013 crop season. The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of an entomopathogenic fungus on H. armigera larvae in Brazil. We collected 589 larvae from cotton plantations in Bahia State, Brazil, and transported them to the laboratory of biological control of Embrapa Milho e Sorgo in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Of the 320 dead larvae, 106 were infected by Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), causing 33.1% of the total mortality. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of the fungus N. rileyi infecting H. armigera larvae in Brazil.
Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a prominent polyphagous pest in many global agricultural systems. The larvae of this insect feed on different types of crops such as tomato, soybean, corn, and cotton (Tay et al. 2013). Due to its high reproductive rate, high voracity, high dispersal rate, and resistance development against insecticides (Yang et al. 2013), H. armigera causes economic and environmental problems that have been estimated to result in a loss of more than $2 billion annually worldwide (Tay et al. 2013). In Brazil, H. armigera was recently reported for the first time in the Bahia, Goiás, and Mato Grosso States on cotton and soybean crops (Czepak et al. 2013; Specht et al. 2013). Monitoring by pheromone traps and applying insecticides, natural enemies, and resistant cultivars expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) proteins may help prevent outbreaks of this pest (Czepak et al. 2013).
Resistance of H. armigera to the major insecticides and cultivars expressing Bt proteins used for its management has been reported previously (Yang et ai. 2013). This resistance reduces the efficacy of these technologies and can lead to pest resurgence, reduced populations of natural enemies, and increased infestation of crops (Vianna et al. 2009; Castro et al. 2012; Menezes et al. 2013). Entomopathogenic fungi can control pests, and Beauveria spp., Metarhizium spp., and Nomuraea spp. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) are considered worldwide for control of H. armigera (Nguyen et al. 2007; Hatting 2012; Wakil et al. 2013). The integrated management of H. armigera should include identification of natural enemies in the field. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of an entomopathogenic fungus as a natural enemy of H. armigera in Brazil.
In Apr 2014, 589 larvae were collected from cotton crops in the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães in Bahia, Brazil (12°06′39″S, 45°50′08″W, and 760 m altitude), and transported to the laboratory of biological control of Embrapa Milho e Sorgo in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. These larvae were placed in plastic cups (50 mL volume) containing artificial diet (5 × 5 × 1 cm) based on white beans (Greene et al. 1976), held in an acclimatized room (temperature: 25 ± 2 °C, relative humidity: 70 ± 10%, photoperiod: 12:12 h L:D), and monitored daily.
During 38 d of observation in the laboratory, 320 collected larvae died; of these, 203 died from unknown factors (63.4%), 106 due to fungal diseases (33.1%), and 11 due to parasitism (3.4%). Deaths due to unknown factors were attributed to natural mortality, transport, adaptation to the laboratory, and poisoning by insecticides that had been applied before the collection. Larvae with fungal disease symptoms were placed in Petri dishes lined with filter paper moistened daily to facilitate pathogen sporulation (Fig. 1) (Tang et al. 1999). After sporulation, spores were sampled from the dead larvae's bodies with a sterile needle and observed under a microscope for preliminary identification of the fungus. Another portion of the spores were spread on Petri dishes containing solid Sabouraud maltose medium (10 g maltose, 2.5 g peptone, 2.5 g yeast extract, and 4 g agar added to 250 mL distilled water). Inoculated Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C, 75% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D for 21 d. Upon sporulation, the entomopathogemc fungus was identified as Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) based on symptomatology, spores, and conidiophores by Dr. Rogerio Biaggioni Lopes of Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen), Brazil.
Nomuraea rileyi is known to infect and cause mortality in insects (Hatting 2012; Wakil et al. 2013), with several N. rileyi—lepldopteran associations reported from the South American continent. These include Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, and Alabama argillacea Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Corrêa & Smith 1975; Alves et al. 1978; Villani et al. 1984; Sujii et al. 2002). However, this is the first report on the natural occurrence in Brazil of N. rileyi infecting larvae of H. armigera, which is an exotic pest introduced in South America. Control methods based on entomopathogenic fungi were not previously used in the collection area. Thus, the high humidity recorded in the days preceding the collections may have favored the development of fungal infections naturally present in the environment. Tests to evaluate the biological activity of this N. rileyi isolate in healthy larvae are being developed to determine its pathogenicity. This fungus may have potential to be used for the control of H. armigera in Brazil.
We are grateful to Dr. Rogerio Biaggioni Lopes for the identification of the fungus and to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for their financial support. Global Edico Services corrected and edited the English in this manuscript.
