Synonymy, typification, distribution, and key to the 23 species of Braya are given, along with an updated generic description. The new species B. sichuanica is described and illustrated. The new combinations B.fengii, B. parvia, B. piasezkii, B. qingshuiheense, and B. stigmatosa are proposed. A list of taxa excluded from Braya is given, along with their current generic and tribal placements. The following taxa are lectotypified: Beketowia tianschanica, Braya aenea var. multicaulis, B. aenea var. simplicior, B. pectinata, B. purpurascens var. longisiliquosa, B. rosea var. angustifolia, B. tibetica var. breviscapa, B. versicolor, Erysimum pamiricum, E. stigmatosum, Pilosella richardsonii, Sisymbrium nanum var. leiocarpum, and Torularia humilis prol. venusta. Previous designations are narrowed for Arabis sinuata, Braya aenea, B. rosea, B. thomsonii, and B. tibetica.

A new species of Paypayrola from a white sand savanna in the San Miguel river basin, a tributary of the lower Guainía river in Amazonas State, Venezuela, is described, illustrated, and its relationships with putatively allied species are discussed. This new species differs from all others in the genus in its small habit and aggregate life-form. The flowers are similar to those of P. confertiflora and P. blanchetiana but are intermediate in size and the petals are pink- or red-tinged. The phytogeography of white sand savannas is briefly discussed and a key and a synopsis of the known species of Paypayrola are presented in two appendices. Leaf structure and histology were studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy and a chemical test showed a positive reaction to aluminum accumulation in leaf tissues. However, it was not possible to ascertain if levels of aluminum accumulation exceeded what was present in the substrate.

Epidendrum aromoense, a new epiphytic orchid found in very dry and seasonally foggy coastal forests, Manabi province, western Ecuador, is here described and illustrated. It is similar to Epidendrum tulcanense. It is characterized by the caespitose habit, simple stems, leaves oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, bilobed and an elongate peduncle of the erect pluriracemose inflorescence, the flowers are red, the sepals about 9 mm long, the petals oblanceolate, the lip is square in outline, deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes dolabriform, the terminal lobe ending in a pair of divaricate, narrow, triangular acute, bifurcate teeth, the callus is orange, 5-tuberculate, ending in an acute, V-shape, keeled apex. This is the only red-flowered Epidendrum known from the lowlands of Ecuador. A conservation status of endangered, EN B1ab(iii), is provided for this species of great ornamental potential.

Capparidastrwn tafallanum a new species of Capparaceae from the wet forests of Andean slopes at northwestern Ecuador is here described and illustrated. The status of endangered, EN B1ab(iii), is assigned to this taxonomic novelty.

Two new species of Lepanthes are described and illustrated. Lepanthes elvirae is reminiscent of L. estrellensis in the large size of the flower and the broad and rounded laminae of the lip, but can be distinguished from the latter by the glabrous sheaths of the ramicaul, the petals with lobes distinctly different in size and the lobes of the lip held subparallel to the column. Lepanthes queveriensis is most similar to L. cribbii, from which it differs by the inflorescence sub equal to longer than the leaf, the margins of the sepals entire, the shorter body of the lip, provided with two hemielliptic, low, and the rectangular, straight appendix of the lip. Considerations on orchid diversity in unexplored regions of Costa Rica are presented.

Onosma hawramanensis from Kurdistan, Iraq, is described and illustrated. Its relationship and distinguishing characters from nearest relatives in southwestern Asia are discussed. It is easily distinguished by the combination of setae with basal tubercles sparsely pubescent with small simple trichomes, and the non-accrescent fruiting calyx; the yellow corolla, pubescent outside and glabrous inside, the sparsely pubescent nectar annulus at the base of the corolla tube; the linear anthers, free at the base and bidentate at the apex; and glabrous, glossy, broadly ovoid fruits with the surface slightly reticulate.

A new species of Galeandra from the state of Apure, Venezuela, is described and illustrated. The new species, in vivo, is easily distinguished by its unpleasant fragrance that reminds one of the smell emitted by the American roach, and in the herbarium by a set of unique morphological characters. We also present miscellaneous herbarium notes on Galeandra and a bilingual key to identify the species of the genus found in Venezuela.

Two new species of Freziera endemic to Costa Rica, F. tarariae from the Cordillera de Talamanca and F. bradleyi from the Cordillera Central, are described and illustrated. Their distribution, phenology, habitat, and relationship to allied species are discussed.

Five new species are described from Andean regions of Colombia and Ecuador including M. catherineae, M. cortinae, M. illuminata, M. pacifica, and M. umbellata. Macrocarpaea stenophylla is reported as a range extension from Peru to Ecuador.

Three new species from Peru, Macrocarpaea abiseo, M. felicitata, and M. huamantanga, are described and illustrated.

Plants that have been treated as Sorbus commixta on Ulleung Island, Korea, show morphological variability and their taxonomy is unclear. We extensively studied the morphology of wild populations of these plants and found that they can be distinguished from S. commixta by their larger fruits and flowers and wider inflorescences. Here we describe and illustrate them and propose them as representing a new species, S. ulleungensis. An updated key to the five Korean species of Sorbus including the new species is provided.