HIGHLIGHTS
Community perspectives are crucial in the evaluation of outcomes in community-based forestry.
Interpretive approaches should be used in the evaluation of outcomes and, theoretically, an expanded conceptualization of livelihoods in community-based forestry.
The conceptualizations of three key stakeholders are evaluated regarding the outcomes of Van Panchayats (Forest Councils) of Uttarakhand.
Three critical issues emphasized by the community, and crucial to the success of Van Panchayats are: human-wildlife conflicts, women's participation, and subsistence livelihoods.
There is a disconnect between forest policy, scholarly assessments of outcomes of Van Panchayats, and the community perspectives on success.
SUMMARY
Evaluation of successful outcomes in community-based natural resource management has long been debated in academic and policy literature. Scholarly assessments of success in Van Panchayats (VPs) of Uttarakhand, representing the oldest thriving institution of community-based forestry in India, are also under contestation. Predominantly, success has been identified with forest conditions (ecological) and the workings of VPs (institutional). Although these assessments have been useful, the perspectives of the community of users in defining successful outcomes have been less emphasized. Drawing upon two phases of field-work in Almora, Uttarakhand we first use an interpretive approach in exploring the success of VPs through the narrative framings of its three primary stakeholders. Through qualitative analysis, we show the prominence of three contextual issues: human-wildlife conflicts, constraints to women's participation, and subsistence livelihood needs, deemed crucial to the success of VPs by the user's community. Using the analysis of household survey data and secondary sources in the second phase of field work, we then show the validity of the community's concerns raised in the first phase. As a result, we argue that evaluations of successful outcomes should consider interpretive approaches, involving the community of users, to uncover the local contextual conditions crucial to the success of community-based forestry.
