Rosa, B.; Ng, K.; Borges, P., and Calado, H., 2024. Exploring coastal vulnerability assessment through the lens of physical and human vulnerabilities for the Azores: A first approach. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 1-5. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal communities in the Azores, small islands located in the North Atlantic, are vulnerable to coastal hazards, especially in a changing climate. Understanding site-specific shoreline vulnerability from the perspective of human vulnerability in relation to physical conditions informs short to medium-term planning and management. This research developed a novel human coastal vulnerability index (HCVI) and adapted a physical coastal vulnerability index (PCVI) for the Azores. It aims at assessing coastal vulnerability by comparing HCVI with PCVI. The PCVI evaluates vulnerability from coastal hazards and (inherent and man-made) geomorphological characteristics, while the HCVI evaluates vulnerability from the social-cultural-economic-ecological aspects. PCVI indicators include: type of cliff, type of beach, coastal defences, flooded outcrop, and exposure to swell/storm waves; while HCVI indicators include: population density, companies and services, tourism accommodations, immovable cultural heritage, infrastructure and natural heritage. Using GIS, remote sensing and semi-quantitative methods, this approach was applied to two case studies located in the southern coast of São Miguel Island: Lagoa and Vila Franca do Campo municipalities. The study areas were divided into geomorphological units that were subsequently assigned with a relative PCVI and HCVI value ranging from very low to very high vulnerability score. In addition to a vulnerability map, a graph was plotted to visualise physical vs human vulnerabilities for each coastal segment. Results showed that circa 69% of the study areas were classified as low HCVI/high PCVI and circa 9% as high HCVI/high PCVI. These findings inform coastal planners and managers in site selections for future development and assist in determining the (urgent) needs for place-based interventions, where and what types. As a supporting tool to risk management and coastal adaptation planning, this simple tool can be adapted to other similar areas, such as the Macaronesia Islands.

Veerasingam, S., Ranjani, M., Mohamed Ali, E.A., Ahmed, S., Kallamullathil, R., Mohamed, N., Ahmed Mohamed, R.O., Mahfouz, M., and Sadooni, F.N., 2024. Risk assessment of microplastics in the Arabian Gulf: A meta-data analysis. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 6-10. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, have been identified in various environmental matrices. Microplastic pollution has become an emerging environmental concern in the Arabian Gulf. Marine ecosystem of the Arabian Gulf faces growing threats from anthropogenic activities, including the release of microplastics. This study aims to conduct a meta-data analysis to assess the risk of microplastic pollution in the Arabian Gulf, focusing on sediments. Microplastic data in the Arabian Gulf were synthesized from research papers published in peer-reviewed international journals from 2016 to 2023. Geographically, 80% of microplastic studies were conducted in Iranian coastal waters. The microplastic concentration in sediment in the Gulf varies considerably. Fibers, fragments, films, and pellets are found in most part of the Arabian Gulf. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are the most abundant polymer types of microplastics found in the Arabian Gulf. This could be due to the enormous quantity of polyolefin (PE and PP) production and heavy use in the Arabian Gulf countries and the world over. The polymer hazard risk index, pollution load index and potential ecological risk index of microplastics were calculated to identify the hotspots of microplastics. The results obtained in this study will be useful to contribute valuable insights into the risk of microplastic pollution in the Regional Organization For The Protection of The Marine Environment (ROPME) region (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates), providing a foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable management practices. This study seeks to raise awareness and drive collaborative efforts toward addressing the challenges posed by microplastics in the Arabian Gulf.

Gerrity, Brian and Phillips, Michael, 2024. Comparative analysis of coastal vulnerability indexes in different geographic settings In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 11-15. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) assessments for three distinct coastal regions: San Francisco Bay in the United States, Swansea Bay in the United Kingdom, and Doha Bay in Qatar. The CVI is crucial for evaluating coastal areas susceptibility to environmental stressors such as sea level rise, storm surges, and anthropogenic activities.

Johnson, D.E.; Barrio Froján, C.; Diz, D.; Ferreira, M.A., and Halpin, P.N., 2024. Other effective conservation measures in the marine environment: The policy-makers' silver bullet for meeting global conservation ambitions? In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 16-20. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The concept of ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ (OECMs) has recently gained traction, as they seem to offer an easier means to achieve area-based conservation targets than conventional protected areas, which can require greater stakeholder engagement, compromise and investment. Many existent area-based management measures – including traditional harvesting areas, indigenous sacred places and activity exclusion zones – may already offer some form of biodiversity protection, despite conservation not being their primary purpose, potentially meeting the OECM criteria. There is concern, however, that conferring OECM status to any such measure without consideration of all relevant aspects could result in an inflated sense of the proportion of area that is effectively protected. This paper investigates and reflects upon the legal basis of OECMs and assesses how governance frameworks may incorporate the concept to meet conservation commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity and obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Botero, C.M.; Sheehan, L., and Cordero, R., 2024. From beauty to management: Assessment of coastal scenery on Nova Scotian beaches as a guide for a better decision making. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 21-27. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal management is an integrated form of decision-making that considers a wide variety of social uses and economic activities on the maremtory. The ecosystems of coastal areas may be classified into three groups: sandy, rocky, and flooded. The Coastal Scenery Evaluation System (CSES) measures the beauty of a defined coastal area based on an assessment of 18 natural and 8 human parameters, which are integrated in a fuzzy logic model to obtain an overall value that represents the level of scenic appeal which then falls into one of five rank-ordered classes. During the summer of 2023, 149 beaches in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, were assessed using the CSES technique. Sampling occurred over 25 days and involved 6997 kilometers of field trips. The results reveal a coastline dominated by rural (51%; n=76) and village beaches (24%; n=36), with very few urban (1%; n=2) and resort (1%; n=2) beaches. Almost half of the beaches were located within recreational (40%; n=60) and natural (5%; n=7) parks. Access to some beaches in Canada is challenging because they border private lands (beginning above the high-water mark) where the owners can restrict access to the shoreline. In terms of coastal scenery values, almost one-third of beaches were categorized as “high natural” and “natural” (11% Class I and 19% Class II, respectively), 42% were categorized as light and intensive development beaches (32% Class IV and 11% Class V, respectively), and 28% were categorized as medium landscape value (Class III). Based on these results, an additional classification was conducted to identify those beaches that require an ecosystem management approach, those with recreational management requirements, and those with tourism potential. Special attention was devoted to Class III beaches, as they have equal possibilities to be either better preserved and be upgraded to Class II, or to be further developed and be downgraded to Class IV. The research demonstrates the utility of the CSES technique, not only to classify beaches based on their beauty, but also as a coastal management tool to provide insightful information that improves the decision-making process in multiple coastal areas.

Wang, P. and Beck, T.M., 2024. Beach-inlet interaction and regional sediment management at pristine and developed barrier islands. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 28-32. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beaches along barrier islands and associated tidal inlets are valuable coastal resources and dynamic landforms. They behave as one interconnected barrier-inlet system and must be understood and managed as such. Barrier-island beach morphodynamics are strongly influenced by tidal inlet processes, and vice versa. Beach-inlet interaction is complicated, driven by both wave and tidal forcing and controlled by sediment supply, and occurs at multiple temporal and spatial scales. The morphological interaction can be illustrated via sediment pathways and quantified with a balanced sediment budget. Regional sediment management (RSM), a systems approach with adequate temporal and spatial scales, constitutes a fundamental modern philosophy in shore protection and restoration. Beach-inlet interaction and sediment pathways play an essential role in RSM of barrier-inlet systems, a key physical aspect of coastal resilience. This paper reviews the present understanding on beach-inlet interaction and sediment pathways, and the temporal and spatial scales of their morphodynamics, for applications of RSM and coastal resilience building.

Lam, N.S.N.; Wang, K., and Mihunov, V., 2024. The Resilience Inference Measurement (RIM) approach to measuring and predicting community resilience to coastal hazards. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 33-37. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Improving community resilience to coastal hazards has been a key societal issue and studied widely by multiple disciplines. However, despite the huge literature on community resilience to coastal hazards, there is no consensus on the best approach to measuring it. We first provide an overview of the challenges in measuring community resilience to natural hazards. We then describe our effort in developing the Resilience Inference Measurement (RIM) model, which is designed to overcome two major challenges in resilience measurement: (i) the lack of empirical validation to support the derived indices and their associated indicators influencing the resilience level, and (ii) the lack of statistical inferential power. We highlight how RIM can be applied to different types of hazards and its extension to dynamic resilience analysis via methods such as Bayesian Networks. We conclude that through more experiments with the RIM approach, it is possible to develop a set of common resilience predictors that would address multiple hazards simultaneously.

Parnell, K.E. and Soomere, T., 2024. Geomorphic metrics for implementing a ‘rights of nature’ approach in coastal management. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 38-42. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Although the approach is decades old, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) set within a sustainability framework, has been largely unsuccessful beyond small-scale ‘feel-good’ projects. A Rights of Nature / earth jurisprudence approach to environmental management is being tested, with some jurisdictions embracing it in legislation and policy, and others (such as the European Union) taking a few tentative steps, despite the approach frequently being regarded as extreme. While the concept is broadly understood, the actual rights that must be protected specifically for the coastal environment need to be defined, and they need to be at least partially quantifiable. Eleven rights are proposed. These are a right to a) natural hydrodynamic drivers (waves, tides etc.); b) transport sediment and maintain a balanced sediment budget; c) morphological integrity and natural geodiversity; d) morphologically adjust irrespective of property rights; e) evolve; f) operate at a natural (sediment compartment) scale, spanning human borders; g) be healthy, maximizing resilience; h) be recognized as having inherent worth, regardless of perceived aesthetic, economic or strategic value; i) the integrity of supporting systems and processes; j) be free of structures that impede normal functioning; and k) be restored morphologically and functionally from the impacts of human actions. Many of these rights can be conceptualized and tested in the context of an appropriately scaled coastal sediment budget, and an example is given from the Baltic Sea.

Pereira da Silva, C.; Viana, C., and Fonseca, C., 2024. Navigating pandemic waves: Portugal's beach management approach to Covid and insights for the future. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 43-47. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected beach management in Portugal, requiring authorities to balance public health with outdoor recreation. New protocols were implemented to reduce virus transmission, including reassessing beach carrying capacities for social distancing and developing real-time communication channels for beach use information. This paper presents a review of the strategies employed in managing beaches in Portugal during the COVID-19 era (2020 and 2021), highlighting the challenges faced and the solutions implemented. An online survey was conducted among beach users, aimed at assessing their perceptions of implemented measures and impacts. This survey was supplemented in 2021 by fieldwork on 3 beaches in the Algarve region (southern Portugal) and interviews with concession owners and municipal technicians. The questionnaire, accessible online in 2020 and 2021, collected approximately 650 responses. Despite its limited scale, it allowed the collection of valuable insights into users' behaviours and attitudes. In 2020, there was awareness of the measures adopted and a perceived sense of safety and comfort on beaches, albeit with some variance based on beach type and weekday. In 2021, users exhibited a more relaxed attitude towards safety measures. Fieldwork confirmed the results and interviews showed resistance to the adopted measures mainly from smallest concessions, while municipal technicians held a positive perspective. Furthermore, certain measures were positively received by beach users as they enhance comfort and the overall recreational experience. The pandemic highlighted the need for proactive planning and collaboration, suggesting that future beach management should focus on sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity.

Soomere, T.; Bagdanavičiūtė, I.; Barzehkar, M., and Parnell, K.E., 2024. Towards implementing water level variations into coastal vulnerability indexes in microtidal seas. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 48-52. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

We explore the potential of several quantities that reflect the magnitude of local water level variations to characterize the contribution of water level into estimates of the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) in microtidal seas hosting substantial water level variations. The analysis is based on sea level time series reconstructed with the Rossby Centre Ocean model for 1961–2005 and an early version of the RCA4-NEMO model for 1961–2009. The projections of extremely high and low sea levels for return periods of 10 and 50 yrs are constructed using sea level extremes in 12 month long time intervals, block maximum method and several extreme value distributions. The focus is on the relatively straight Baltic proper shore of Lithuania. We show that projected extremely high and low sea levels once in 10 and 50 yrs provide certain independent information about vulnerability along this coastal segment. The use of a larger number of parameters shrinks the range of the output values of the CVI. The outcome provides important input for coastal management but also suggests that more elaborated quantities might better characterize the impact of varying water levels on coastal vulnerability.

Eelsalu, M.; Viigand, K.; Soomere, T., and Parnell, K.E., 2024. Systematic analysis of alongshore sediment transport patterns under varying sea level conditions for evaluating stability of coastal areas in the microtidal Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 53-57. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

We systematically analyze wave-driven alongshore sediment transport magnitude and directional patterns in the eastern Baltic Sea under varying sea level conditions. Time series of wave properties are replicated using a nested SWAN model with a spatial resolution of 1–3 nautical miles, forced with ERA5 winds at 1 h resolution for the years 1993 to 2021. Wave-driven potential alongshore sediment transport is evaluated using the Coastal Engineering Research Centre approach and linked to the modeled sea level data. We show that 30–40% of the annual sediment transport occurs when the sea level exceeds the 90th percentile. In most of the study area the prevailing wave direction during such sea levels is the same for all situations. The study area contains three structurally different segments in terms of balance and direction of wave-driven sediment transport that host either unidirectional transport, balance of transport created by wave systems from different directions, and segments stabilized by the impact of bi-directional wave systems that are synchronized with sea level.

Barzehkar, M.; Parnell, K., and Soomere, T., 2024. Incorporating a machine learning approach into an established decision support system for coastal vulnerability in the Eastern Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 58-62. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Assessing coastal susceptibility to hazards is a critical input for coastal management for countries with long and greatly varying shorelines, such as Estonia. The use of different decision support systems eventually contributes to a better understanding of the functionalities and limitations of tools. The conventional multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques using fuzzy logic, analytical hierarchy process, and weighted linear combination were applied to map the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for the Estonian coast. As a promising alternative, we used machine learning based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm based on the same set of 16 vulnerability parameters. The results of the MCDA methodology showed that about 47% and 42% of the Estonian coast were in the classes of low and moderate vulnerability, respectively. The estimate based on the RF technique indicates a much larger proportion of the coast (65.6%) in the class of low vulnerability and 24.9% in the class of moderate vulnerability. Almost all vulnerable locations identified by machine learning were in the south of the country. The differences may reflect the larger role of the opinions of experts in the MCDA analysis, providing a more detailed consideration of the local situation and the integration of qualitative data.

Jara, M.S.; Medina, R.; Aniel-Quiroga, I; García-Fletcher, A.; Muñoz Cubillo, A., and Poullet, B.P., 2024. Methodology for the development of regional strategies for the adaptation of the coast to climate change. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 63-68. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The methodology presented in this paper was designed for the development of regional strategies in Spain to ensure national harmonization regarding the management of coastal risks and, at the same time, account for the specific characteristics of each one of the twenty-five coastal regions in Spain. These methods have already been implemented for the development of four regional strategies in Spain for the provinces of Cadiz, Malaga, Almería and the Balearic Islands, which were approved and adopted by the Spanish Government in 2022.

Botero, C.M.; Ozyurt, G.; Otero, S.; Güler, H.G., and Ergin, A., 2024. More vulnerable although legal: A case-study comparison of coastal urbanization in Türkiye and Colombia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 69-74. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The rule of law is the backbone of public decision-making processes in democratic countries. This means that decisions are made following regulations established by the legislative power and enforced by the executive power. In the context of coastal management, numerous countries have enacted laws to control and prevent conflicts between different users on the shorelines. The first such law was passed in the United States in 1972. Since then, almost all countries with access to marine areas have some kind of legislation in place to regulate coastal management. Despite this, studies indicate that coastal regulations have little effect on reducing the negative effects of beachfronts urbanization. This, in turn, increases the vulnerability of these areas to various hazards such as erosion and sea-level rise. Our research focuses on two case studies that are located 10000 kilometers apart but share the same vulnerability issues. Even though developers in both countries complied with all the regulations in place, the beachfronts still experienced vulnerability issues. In Türkiye, for example, a coastal law was approved in 1990. However, the example of Belek Beach (Antalya) illustrates the development of condominiums and resorts that complied with the regulations but caused several issues regarding coastline changes. On the other hand, in Colombia, Salguero Beach (Santa Marta) experienced explosive urbanization between 2010 and 2019, leading to a coastline change issues that has been reported in the mass media close to hundred times in the last eight years. Although Colombia lacks a coastal law, the current regulations restrict construction over beaches. A lack of understanding of coastal processes by regulations emerged as the primary reason for these unsuccessful cases. Unfortunately, such cases are not the exception but the norm. Our research concludes that regulations must be based on a thorough understanding of coastal processes to effectively address the vulnerability of beachfronts.

Rocha, C.M. and Polette, M., 2024. Marine spatial planning in the Balneário Camboriú's Cove. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 75-79. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Brazilian coast is approximately 7,400 km long, representing 0.09% of the national territory. This same territory is also home to 26% of the country's population, attracted by the quality of life. The lack of legal instruments regarding the use and occupation of the maritime territory may lead to spatial conflicts between stakeholders, especially in cities that experience seasonal population surges, such as Balneário Camboriú, where the number of visitors can exceed the permanent population by up to ten times. In this area, there are various types of uses, from artisanal fishing to large tourist vessels. This is where Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) comes in—a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas, aiming to achieve sustainable development objectives. The objective was to identify different types of uses in Balneário Camboriú's cove throughout the different seasons of the year, analyzing different zoning areas as well as existing spatial conflicts. Initially, we sought to understand the importance of the environmental quality of the marine environment through beach bathing data from 2010 to 2023. To monitor the uses of the sea, we utilized cameras provided by the city hall along the cove. This approach emerged as Marine Spatial Planning process at a local scale, as a low-cost method and a quick-result tool that municipalities can use to evaluate their maritime territories. The results indicate that the lack of oversight is one of the factors contributing to the increase in improper practices, highlighting the need for a management instrument that provides security to users. Thus, MSP aims to mitigate present and future conflicts, establish goals for sustainable development, and complement the Orla Project, which evaluates the use of the sea up to 10 meters deep, as well as generate subsidies for decision-makers to define policies for the proper use of the waterway zone.

Hasiotis, T.; Petsimeris, I.; Chtouris, N.K.; Andreadis, O.; Velegrakis A., and Mettas, C., 2024. Marine sand borrows in western Cyprus: Distribution and potential prospects. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 80-84. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Marine sands are considered critical resources for beach replenishment purposes as well as for the construction industry, and their demand is expected to expand due to the anticipated sea-level rise and climate change. In the Republic of Cyprus, coastal erosion is a long-term problem that is predicted to intensify, posing into a great danger the 142 narrow but mainly sandy beaches that support the travel and tourism industry of the country. Against this background, the western offshore part of Cyprus was investigated in order to detect potential sand borrows that could support, at least, beach sustainability in the region. The study was concentrated into two areas where data collection (single-beam bathymetry, side scan sonar imagery and surficial seabed sampling) took place. The analysis designated four neighboring blocks down to 50 m depth and over an area ∼40 km long, with a total volume of ∼7.5 x 10⁶ m³ of material (for abstraction only of the surficial layer-0.5 m), consisting of coarse to fine sand with the majority being medium to fine sands. Taking into account that Coral Bay, one of the most touristic beaches in west Cyprus, comprises of similar grain-size sands, and that under the worst case scenario of long-term sea-level rise it might require about 120000 m³ for a single beach replenishment, it becomes evident that the detected borrows are of sufficient quantity to cover repeated nourishment schemes not only of one but of numerous similar beaches in Cyprus. The observed deposits can lead further necessary detailed geological and environmental studies so as to evaluate the prospect of the deposits. Marine sand borrows detection and potential exploitation in Cyprus could also boost national blue economy actions and improve human well-being, preserving the environment.

Loizidou, X.I.; Orthodoxou, D.L., Rupić, I.B., and Kassinis, G., 2024. Developing a joint strategy for fostering sustainable blue economies in Cyprus and Croatia: The work of the SeaTecHub project. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 85-89. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Cyprus and Croatia, both Mediterranean nations, exhibit minimal geopolitical proximity and collaboration despite their shared dependence on the marine environment and maritime transport. Both countries are classified as EU Widening countries, with low participation rates in research and innovation activities. Eco-innovative maritime technologies have the potential to foster economic growth for Cyprus and Croatia in a sustainable way that will protect the countries' vulnerable marine environments while strengthening place-based innovation ecosystems and improving access to research and innovation opportunities through cross-border collaboration. This paper presents work that was implemented within the SeaTecHub project to engage quadruple helix stakeholders in the national ecosystems of Cyprus and Croatia to identify research and innovation gaps and needs and co-develop solutions that will form the basis of a joint strategy to foster eco-innovative technologies for healthy and productive seas. The study focused on five key sectors: (i) aquaculture and fisheries, (ii) smart ports, (iii) maritime security and protection, (iv) maritime technologies, and (v) research and education. Quadruple helix stakeholders, representing academia, industry, government, and civil society, participated in a structured process involving questionnaires and facilitated decision-support workshops utilizing the DeCyDe-4 method. This iterative approach aimed to refine identified research and innovation gaps/needs and develop collaborative solutions. The outcomes are used to develop a strategic orientation document aligned with the smart specialization strategies of Cyprus and Croatia, the European Green Deal and the European Commission's ambition for a Europe fit for the digital age. This collaborative strategy serves as a blueprint for fostering economic growth while safeguarding the vulnerable marine ecosystems of the two countries through the implementation of eco-innovative solutions.

King, S.; Corbett, B.; Jackson, L.A., and Salyer, A., 2024. Nature based solutions for coastal management in the Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 90-94. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastlines globally are faced with a range of pressures, including increased human activity, urbanisation, environmental loss and pollution. These pressures are only expected to increase in time with climate change impacts such as sea level rise, coastal inundation, intensified storm conditions, environmental uncertainty and continued growth and development of coastal regions. To improve the sustainability and resilience of coastal regions, engineers have developed a range of nature-based solutions for coastal protection, which utilise the processes of natural environments to provide coastal protection services, such as mangroves, shellfish reefs and saltmarshes. These solutions often provide a range of social, economic and environmental benefits that are typically not provided by conventional ‘hard’ coastal engineering structures, such as enhanced ecosystem health and biodiversity, eco-tourism opportunities, improved fisheries and water quality, carbon sequestration and enhanced coastal aesthetics. This paper explores several nature-based options available in the Arabian or Persian Gulf, including mangroves forests, shellfish reefs and saltmarsh, considering the unique coastal environments native to the Gulf, challenges to implementation, efficacy and viability when compared to conventional coastal protection options, and the potential secondary benefits to local regions. The paper also highlights the importance of stakeholder and community engagement, effective monitoring, and integration with local traditional knowledge. The paper establishes that nature-based approaches for coastal protection should be considered as part of coastal protection options analysis or integrated coastal management plans.

Utso, M.; Zaitseva-Pärnaste, I., and Parnell, K.E., 2024. Channel maintenance planning in Estonia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 95-99. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper addresses the critical issue of maintaining navigational channels in Estonia, where challenges due to insufficient depth necessitate frequent dredging. Given Estonia's reliance on maritime transport for connectivity and trade, ensuring safe navigation amid evolving environmental conditions is imperative. The study aims to comprehensively analyze maintenance practices for navigational channels, focusing on the critical Rukki channel between the mainland and the island of Hiiumaa. Historical data gaps hinder understanding, while fragmented management worsens the problem. The study employs various methods, to shed light on channel maintenance complexities and advocate for standardized guidelines and improved documentation. This study aims to clarify the processes of channel infill and dredging in the channel of Rukki and facilitate better planning of future works.

Charuka, B. and Angnuureng, D.B., 2024. Investigation of the socioeconomic implications of grey coastal infrastructure used for coastal protection in Ghana. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 100-104. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the 21st century, anthropical deeds and climate-induced sea-level rise along the coasts increased the demand for coastal protection globally. Within two decades (2000-2023), coastal grey infrastructure was dominantly used to protect the Ghanaian coastline in response to severe coastal erosion. However, this grey infrastructure caused unwelcomed socioeconomic impacts that have not been fully investigated. Thus, the main goal of this study is to explore the socioeconomic pitfalls of using grey infrastructure for coastal line protection in Ghana through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions. In addition, secondary data, including televised interviews, video recordings, and published reports, were employed. The findings reveal that grey infrastructure affects artisanal fishery operations by changing fish-landing sites, compromised beach seine fishing, threatening coastal community livelihoods, and loss of beach access. Aside these, it affects breeding grounds for Olive ridley turtle and fishes. The results also reveal the non-inclusion of stakeholders in coastal management decision-making. Many stakeholders prefer shore-perpendicular groynes since they have less socioeconomic impacts than shore-parallel infrastructures like revetments and seawalls. There is the need to review coastal protection strategies to include nature-based solutions, and socioeconomic impacts of hard structures on artisanal fisheries and coastal tourism. To ensure good governance, stakeholder engagement, and inclusion in the planning and implementation of coastal adaptation approaches in Ghana remain crucial.

Tsai, M.-F; Phuah, T.; Château, P.-A., and Chang, Y.-C., 2024. A system dynamics model for evaluating circular economy strategies of marine debris mitigation. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 105-109. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The issue of marine debris, particularly plastics, has been receiving more attention globally due to mass production and improper disposal without careful management. This traditional linear economy, which adopted a “take-make-dispose” way of using plastic products, negatively affects the coastal environment. To combat this, a new concept of circular economy has emerged, which focuses on reusing waste as raw material for new products. In this regard, a circular economy strategy has been proposed to manage marine debris by reusing plastic wastes in the marine and coastal environment, thus reducing them. This study aimed to develop a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the circular economy of Taiwan's marine plastic debris recycling process. The SD model was integrated with the Monte Carlo simulation and the decision tree analysis to identify important policies to develop a circular economy. The result indicates that the authorities should enhance people's environmental consciousness, restrict plastics production, improve waste management efficiency, and encourage green product design. Implementing these combined policies can decrease marine debris and generate profit for stakeholders. In the long term, the vision of a circular economy for dealing with the problem of marine plastic debris can be fulfilled.

Noujas, V.; Kankara, R.S.; Kiran Raju, S.A., and Ramana Murthy, M.V., 2024. Longshore sediment transport rate for different energy regime coast along the east coast of India. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M.(eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar).Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 110-114.Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Longshore sediment transport (LST) plays a critical role in shaping beach morphology and erosion patterns along coastal areas. In this study, the Longshore Sediment Transport Rate (LSTR) was calculated for both the medium-energy coast of the southern sector and the low-energy coast of the central sector of Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast of India, using a numerical model. Key inputs for LSTR computations included nearshore wave climate, bathymetry, sediment characteristics, and nearshore currents. Nearshore wave climate data were generated from regional wave models established for the southern and central coast of Andhra Pradesh, while the hydrodynamic model simulations were conducted using wave model outputs and global tide data. The results indicated that sediment transport in the southern sector was significantly higher compared to the central sector, which is already protected by a spit, resulting in lower sediment transport rates due to its low-energy nature. The sediment transport patterns in the southern sector followed similar trends observed in other locations along the east coast of India. This study, employing numerical models, contributes to an enhanced understanding of sediment transport dynamics, providing valuable insights for coastal management and mitigation strategies. Moreover, the study demonstrated the efficacy of numerical models in estimating sediment transport across different energy regime coasts, highlighting the potential applicability of this methodology to coastal areas worldwide for LSTR estimation.

Trogu, D.; Simeone, S.; Usai, A.; Porta, M., and De Muro, S., 2024. On the role of wood and seagrass rests in coastal flooding events in Mediterranean microtidal beaches. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 115-119. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. In December 2019, following intense rainfall, the riverbeds of the rivers flowing into the Gulf of Cagliari

(Sardinia, Italy, western Mediterranean Sea) dumped a large quantity of river reeds attributed to the species Arundo donax (Poaceae) into the sea. The concomitance of a sea storm event acting in the waters of the Gulf of Cagliari transported and allowed the deposition and sedimentation of reeds and other seagrass rests (mostly P. oceanica) on the Poetto beach (an urban microtidal beach located in the Gulf of Cagliari), for an estimated mass of over 85 tonnes. The subsequent lock-down given by the Covid-19 pandemic, and thus the absence of anthropogenic interferences, allowed the almost undisturbed interaction of beach processes with these wood and seagrass rests.

This paper will describe the sedimentary structures formed on the berm, generated by the interaction between reeds, Posidonia and sediment. Subsequently, it will be analysed how these sedimentary structures protected the beach from coastal flooding during storm events which were characterised by wave parameters (significant wave height and wave peak period) with greater values than those recorded during other storm events that led to beach inundation. In detail, analyses were carried out comparing the wave data with images acquired by a coastal video monitoring system. However, this storm event caused the reeds to redistribute along the emerged beach, generating new sedimentary structures that, as a result of successive storm events from different directions, became stratified in the beach increasing its permeability.

Although the beach cleaning operations often carried out with a removal of vegetal berms, the results of this study highlighted that the non-removal strategies along the foreshore and the backshore can increase the whole beach system resilience and protect the anthropic structures built in and behind the beach.

Chahtou, S.; Guerfi, M., and Mezouar, K., 2024. Marine spatial planning in Algeria: Challenges and opportunities. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M.(eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar).Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 120-124.Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

As a nation with a vast coastline and a growing blue economy, Algeria faces the challenge of balancing economic development with the sustainable use of its marine resources. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) offers a framework for managing human activities in the marine environment to minimize conflicts and ensure long-term sustainability. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities for implementing effective MSP in Algeria. It analyzes existing policies and legislation, identifies key marine sectors and stakeholders, and assesses data availability for supporting MSP efforts. The paper highlights the importance of Algeria's commitment to integrated territorial planning through the National Territorial Planning Scheme (SNAT) and its participation in international initiatives like the WestMED Initiative. However, it also identifies key challenges, including the lack of a dedicated MSP authority, data gaps, limited technical and financial capacity, and the need to address climate change impacts. By addressing these challenges and learning from best practices in the Mediterranean region, Algeria can leverage MSP to achieve a sustainable blue economy that benefits both present and future generations. This paper provides a foundation for further research and action towards effective MSP implementation in Algeria and serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders invested in the sustainable management of Algeria's marine environment.

Albuquerque, M.G.; Pereira da Silva, C.; Paula, D.P.; Espinoza, J.M.A.; Moreira, J.; Façanha, M.C.; Leisner, M.M.; Gandra, L.C., and Bendô, A.R.R., 2024. Use of low-cost technologies for monitoring user density on beaches: A case study of Guarita Beach, southern Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 125-129. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal management is centered around the regulation of resources and conflicts resolution to the use and occupation of coastal environments. In this context, developing tools capable of analyzing and addressing issues related to high user density on beaches has become increasingly needed among coastal managers. Coastal monitoring with a focus on low cost and citizen participation has become essential to formulate more qualitative management strategies with coastal municipalities, especially during peak tourist seasons. This study used orthorectified images collected by the CoastSnap network and UAV images to characterize user density on Guarita Beach in Torres, southern Brazil. Images from January 15, 2024, were used, collected between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m., with samples taken every 3 hours. Superpixel segmentation was employed for user counting, involving the partitioning of the image into various pixel groupings. These images were segmented into two classes: free and occupied beach area. Subsequently, binary images (masks) for both classes were generated. Densities were then calculated using a spatial density algorithm (kernel), assigning a density distribution for each date to represent the occupancy level on the beach. Across 84 hectares of beach, the results showed that the highest levels of beach occupancy were 59.47% and 21.95% at 3 p.m. and 6 p.m., respectively. The lowest peaks of occupancy occurred at 9 a.m. and 12 p.m., with 26.63% and 19.76% of users present, respectively. These occupancy values are considered moderate compared to other beaches in the region. The lower percentages of beachgoers in this area can be attributed to its location within a State Park, leading to more restricted access compared to other locations. Finally, the obtained results validate the use of CoastSnap for monitoring the number of users on beaches, demonstrating this tool's potential in management of coastal environments.

Robin, N.; Raynal, O.; Palvadeau, E.; René, C.; Balouin, Y., and Valentini, N., 2024. Investigating the early stages of a dune restoration in front of a dyke on a microtidal urban beach affected by chronical erosion. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 130-134. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal dunes are globally recognized as natural features that can be important adaptation approaches for climate change along urban and natural coastal system. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of sand trapping fences installed in front of a grey dyke along a 2300-meter stretch of coastline in St. Marie-LaMer (Southeastern France) in November 2021. This area has been experiencing severe chronic erosion for several decades. The methodology involves analyzing bi-annual topographic Lidar surveys conducted between May 2020 and September 2023, along with an examination of hydro-meteorological conditions. The research indicates several sediment balances within the traps between October 2021 and September 2023, with volumes in stability -0.05 m³/m² (-14 m³) at the more eroding zone and in exceeding between 0.2 and 0.35 m³/m² (1200 m³) elsewhere. The erosive trend preceding October 2021 has ceased, with each DEM demonstrating stability or gain. Throughout the study, the beach's sediment budget remains negative (ranging between -0.12 and -0.27 m³/m², -6100 m³) except in SA2. Thus, despite adverse conditions for aeolian sediment transport and deposition, such as narrow and steep beach, predominant offshore wind, coarse grain size, limited sediment supply, slow vegetal colonization, along with persistent erosion of the lower beach, initial stages of upper beach restoration are encouraging. Moreover, this soft dune management approach is expected to mitigate the impacts of major storm events. This was observed in 2021 and 2022 where two significant storms (Hs>5m), had minimal impact on the upper beach compared to past incidents where similar conditions led to deterioration of the incipient dune and the dyke. This study provides valuable insights into the implementation of such systems in environments prone to chronic erosion and unfavorable conditions for aeolian sediment transport

Jung, M.K.; Lee, B.; Park, M.W., and Kwon, H.H., 2024. Enhancing seawall resilience: A probabilistic analysis of armor stone stability against wave-induced forces. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 135-139. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigates the stability of armor stone against the forces exerted by incoming waves on the seawalls. Given the critical role of waves as the dominant external force, they often result in the deterioration of armor stones on the seaside slopes - a consistent finding across field inspections that emphasizes the need for persistent maintenance efforts. This study adopts the quantile mapping approach to project the wave data obtained from offshore buoys onto the nearest regions adjacent to the seawall. This approach is designed to preserve the underlying stochastic relationship between offshore wave patterns and those waves approaching the seawall, as the numerical model (SWAN) accurately simulates. In assessing the risk associated with the potential failure of armor stones under varying coastal and internal conditions of seawall, this study formulates a limit state equation based on the Van der Meer equation, with an application of Monte Carlo simulations. Through this probabilistic analysis, the study estimates the annual failure probability, offering valuable insights into the seawall's resilience and the efficacy of maintenance strategies in mitigating the risks posed by wave-induced forces. This exploration advances our understanding of coastal defense mechanisms and lays the groundwork for enhancing seawall design and maintenance strategies in the face of evolving climatic challenges.

Prasath, Guru and Sannasiraj, 2024. Advancing coastal zone management: Integrative approaches in Indian coastal regions. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 140-143. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

India's expansive coastline, stretching 7517 km along the mainland and the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands, demands a comprehensive and meticulous coastal zone management plan (CZMP). This vast expanse encompasses nine coastal states, two union territories, and 66 coastal districts, housing crucial infrastructure. Effective CZMP necessitates comprehensive data on coastal ecosystems, marine habitats, hazards, and anthropogenic impacts. This research delves into India's CZMP efforts, focusing on the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) regulations initially implemented in 1991 and subsequently amended in 2011 and 2019. Leveraging remote sensing technologies and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, this statutory notification utilizes satellite imagery to delineate coastal sections requiring conservation and regulated development. The published coastal zone management plans are employed in development work to understand CRZ zoning. Cyclonic storms emerge as a critical concern when planning expensive coastal infrastructure, especially along the East Coast of India, where they have caused significant damage to structures along the coast. Integrating storm surge information and cyclone track data into coastal management plans empowers stakeholders to proactively mitigate risks and plan developments resiliently, thus safeguarding coastal communities and infrastructure. This study employs spectral wave modeling to simulate extreme wave climates along the Indian coast, providing insights into the impacts of cyclonic events. Incorporating maximum cyclonic wave heights for each coastal state into coastal maps provides decision-makers invaluable insights into infrastructure planning, disaster preparedness, and resilience building. Additionally, district-level maps provide information on past cyclone tracks and regions of affected coastal structures, aiding our understanding of the coastal region. We take up the sample coastal zone region of Cuddalore from Tamil Nadu in South India as a case study and juxtapose this integrated data with the approved CZMP to enhance the utilization of the plan in regulating coastal zone development. In conclusion, the synergy of remote sensing, GIS, and advanced modeling techniques offers a holistic approach to coastal zone management in India. This integrated framework enables policymakers, coastal communities, and relevant stakeholders to make informed decisions, ensuring the sustainable use and preservation of coastal resources amidst evolving environmental challenges.

Souza Filho, J.R.; Cruz, I.C.S.; Martinez, S.T., and de Andrade, J.B., 2024. Bioinvasion of sun coral (Tubastraea tagusensis): A threat to the essential ecosystem services in Morro de São Paulo, Cairú, Bahia, Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 144-147. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In Brazil, two species of sun coral originating from the Pacific Ocean (Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis) are invading rocky shores and coral reefs, which is a cause for great concern, as they compete with and reduce the settlement of native reef-building corals, also impacting the resident fish fauna. In this work we report the expansion of its distribution by 39 km south of the species T. tagusensis after 10 years of its first record in Todos os Santos Bay, a rapid expansion in relation to what has been reported in the literature. Additionally, we report that we did not record this species at greater distances than this either to the north or to the south. This species represents a threat to the Marine Protected Area of Tinharé-Boipeba (equivalent to IUCN type V) and the regional economy dependent on fishing and tourism.

Royer, E.L. and Wang, P., 2024. Mitigating anthropogenic influences on tidal circulation: A case study at McKay Bay, Florida, USA. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 148-153. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

McKay Bay is a heavily altered 3.5 km² shallow sub-estuary at the northeastern end of Tampa Bay. The circulation within McKay Bay is mainly driven by tides from the Gulf of Mexico. Typical of many estuaries, a bridge and causeway were built crossing the mouth of the bay in addition to numerous dredge and fill projects within the bay substantially altering the bathymetry and circulation pattern. This heavily engineered system provides an opportunity to understand how historical management decisions and practices can influence the current and future health of the bay and to explore nature-based solutions to mitigate negative effects. A numerical flow model was built using the US Army Corps of Engineer's Coastal Modeling Systems (CMS). The model was calibrated and verified using measured current velocities throughout the bay. Under present conditions, tidal flow is concentrated in the dredged channel through the middle of the bay while low flow zones occur along the shoreline, negatively impacting nearshore habitat. These nearshore “dead zones” were not computed over the natural conditions before anthropogenic modifications. Flow patterns under different bathymetry alterations were simulated with the goal of improving nearshore circulation. The modeling results were used to evaluate various nature-based solutions to mitigate negative impacts from past engineering activities. The best results were achieved by filling the channel in the middle of the bay along with an elongated shoal and spur, mimicking the removed bay-head delta. This approach is applicable to other shallow estuaries.

Bouet, A.; Collin, A.; James, D.; Rintz, C-L.; Dusseau, P.; Lesacher, M., and Feunteun, E., 2024. On the synergy of the UAV spatial modelling and citizen science for tidal coasts: The case of canopy-forming macroalgae and gastropods on the Emerald Coast, Brittany, France. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 154-158. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal marine ecosystems provide crucial services to cope with accelerating global changes. Among them, intertidal rocky shores and their canopy-forming macroalgal habitats support a high biodiversity, provide food, offer coastal protection, and multiple cultural services. Due to their location, at the land-sea interface, these coastal areas are threatened by various distal and local anthropogenic pressures. Their monitoring at very high (dm) spatial resolution is necessary to better inform their sustainable management. The very high temporal resolution of the unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) imagery can be agile enough to monitor intertidal shores during the low tide's short window. Active or passive UAV imagery, coupled with machine learning, has the capabilities to map habitats, but requires ground-truth data, whose amount is strongly constrained by the low tide period. The study proposes to combine quantitative information, collected by trained citizens, with UAV data. UAV-based data were collected using two different sensors: a topographic Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system DJI L1 and a multispectral imager MicaSense Altum-PT. Linear regressions of the canopy-forming macroalgae cover and the abundance of the gastropod, Steromphala umbilicalis, were run based on UAV by-products. Multispectral orthomosaics better predicted the algae cover (R² = 0.52) and the abundance of gastropod (R² = 0.45) than lasergrammetric data (algae cover: R² = 0.48; gastropod abundance: R² = 0.42). A combination of both source of data revealed better prediction for the algae cover (R² = 0.68), as well as for the gastropod abundance (R² = 0.55). Results are discussed in the light of the cm-scale remote sensing but also in its aspect of environmental awareness and responsive action.

Silveira, A.F.; Pereira da Silva, C.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Moreira, J., and Silva, V.P., 2024. Sun and sea tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study on beach users' behavior in Fortaleza and Florianópolis, Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 159-163. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, sun and sea tourism has experienced significant growth and diversification worldwide. However, between 2020 and 2023, the Covid-19 pandemic prompted various coastal destinations reliant on sun and sea tourism to adapt their coastal areas, fostering new behaviors and attitudes among their visitors. This study aimed to enhance beach management effectiveness by characterizing the perceptions of beachgoers in Fortaleza and Florianópolis, respectively, in the northeast and south regions of Brazil. A total of 882 questionnaires were administered during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 summer seasons, facilitating a comparison of respondents' perceptions across different pandemic stages. The survey addressed user behavior during the pandemic, toward beach monitoring measures, and strategies for regulating beach access, including time limitations, space delineation, and control system implementation. Results from the 2021/2022 summer season reveal that the majority of beachgoers in Fortaleza (79%) and Florianópolis (73%) reported shifting their behavior when visiting the beach. Additionally, 84.5% of Fortaleza's respondents deemed public authorities' enforcement and guidance actions crucial, compared to 80% in Florianópolis. Regarding support for specific measures such as time limits, space delineation, and visitor control systems, Fortaleza's respondents exhibited greater indecision in the first season (26%, 32%, and 37%) compared to Florianópolis, where a stronger predisposition to support these actions was observed (29%, 51.5%, 73.5%). The Covid-19 crisis has confirmed the need to strategies and actions in the short and long term related to beach planning and environmental services during public health emergencies. Ultimately, enhancing beach management requires obtaining feedback from local users. Deepening the understanding of the situation and reflecting on pandemic challenges are essential for effectively managing coastal areas that may face similar circumstances in the future.

Rozainah, M.Z., and Halim, A., 2024. Public's perception on knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mangrove forest conservation: A case study in Penang, Malaysia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 164-168. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Mangroves are one of the world's most productive ecosystems, yet they confront substantial threats including natural hazards (e.g. sea-level rise) and human impacts (e.g. pollution and overexploitation of coastal land). Although controlling natural hazards can be challenging, comprehensive understanding of how humans perceive and act on mangroves can help to curtail their impacts on mangrove ecosystems. Hence, the paper aimed to determine the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mangrove forest conservation among the public in Penang Island, Malaysia, and their correlations. A Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) survey was carried out on a sample of 294 respondents and descriptive statistics and inferential tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 76.5% of the respondents were within the age range of 21-60 years old, 75.2% were working including self-employed, government, and private sectors, and 42.9% were educated to tertiary level. The prevalence of good knowledge, attitude, and practice among the public were 36.4%, 34%, and 35%, respectively. The results exhibited that knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mangrove forest conservation were influenced by sociodemographic characteristics including age, level of education, and occupation. Meanwhile, there were significant positive relationships between knowledge and attitude (r=0.66, p<0.001), knowledge and practice (r=0.52, p<0.001), as well as attitude and practice (r=0.64, p<0.001), respectively. These indicate that knowledge and attitude could serve as catalysts for enhancing the practice of mangrove forest conservation among the public. In summary, knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mangrove forest conservation among the public were poor, indicating the need for more awareness and interventions from the experts and government agencies, and providing insights into how to improve mangrove forest conservation strategies in Malaysia.

Balas, E.A.; Genç, A.N, and Balas, C.E., 2024. Strategic adaptation to climate change through Monte Carlo-based multi-criteria decision model in marine spatial planning. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 169-174. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) emerges as a critical methodology for Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) within the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) framework, addressing policy, planning, and programming challenges exacerbated by climate change. MCDM facilitates the evaluation of diverse coastal scenarios, assessing the suitability of each criterion for maritime use, thereby aiding in the selection of options that optimally balance benefits and compromises. This study develops an MCDM Model to assess the vulnerability of coastal defenses to climate-induced sea-level rise and storm surges, highlighting its efficacy in navigating the spatial and environmental complexities of marine areas. The Hydrodynamic Model concerns waves, winds, currents, climate change, and storm surge. The Monte Carlo Simulation performs sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of coastal flooding. Hence, the pertinence of MCDM in MSP is magnified in the face of climate change, which threatens to intensify environmental dilemmas in coastal zones. Through a Monte Carlo Simulation-based model, this paper delineates the variations in seaside criteria within the overall settlement analysis for coastal investments, enabling the distinct observation of each criterion's impact via sensitivity analysis. The analysis identifies climate change as a paramount seaside parameter, influencing the resilience and planning of coastal infrastructures. The model is applied to consider the effects of the August 17, 1999, earthquake in Kocaeli, Turkey, which significantly impacted the Marmara region, including the tsunami in the İzmit Bay. These hazards emphasize the urgency of incorporating MCDM into MSP to enhance coastal resilience against climatic and seismic threats. The affected coastlines emphasize the need for strategic planning and decision-making supported by MCDM to mitigate future risks in coastal zones.

Alfredini, P.; Martins, L.F.; Neves, R.C.; Martinez, F.A., and Arasaki, E., 2024. Statistical assessment of extreme storm events on the Brazilian Continental Shelf from 1940 to 2022. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 175-179. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Brazilian Continental Shelf is the largest in Latin America and the South Atlantic Ocean, covering more than 8,500 km and stretching from Latitude S 34° to Latitude N 6°. The Rio de La Plata Delta discharges sediment over a wide area in the southern portion of this shelf. Submerged peaks of the Vitória-Trindade Chain have an influence on an intermediate region of the shelf. Northward, the Continental Shelf becomes thinner, until reaching its maximum width in the Maranhão Gulf and Amazon Mouth. In addition to the different wave climates along the Brazilian coast, around 55% of the country's population lives in the coastal region, with large population concentrations in metropolitan regions, such as Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Recife and Fortaleza. The oil and gas industry has many offshore structures on the Continental Shelf, and the cargo throughput from ports reached 1.217 billion tons in 2023. Therefore, any change in meteo-oceanographic patterns in Brazilian Continental Shelf can have major impacts because maritime infrastructures and operations tend to be progressively affected by the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme meteorological phenomena due to climate change. Impacts like coastal erosion, augmented occurrence of storms and flooding can damage essential infrastructure in cities, ports, and other coastal and offshore scenarios. Therefore, understanding these changes is necessary for planning and executing actions to mitigate and adapt. The objective of this paper is to make a statistical assessment of a first approach to identify trends that may point changes in the extreme events of storm over the period from 1940 to 2022, assessing time series of wave data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA 5 Oceanographic Model, in twelve locations of Brazilian Continental Shelf, from the extreme south to the extreme north. The storm events were identified by the peak over threshold method and the statistical assessment employed moving averages for 5 years and was possible to identify an increasing frequency and severity of storm per year from 1980 in the south and a smaller increase in the northern area.

Portillo Juan, N.; Olalde Rodríguez, J.; del Campo, J.M., and Negro Valdecantos, V., 2024. Artificial Intelligence in coastal engineering: Application to climate change studies. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 180-184. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged strongly in society in recent years, disrupting traditionally established models. While AI techniques have long been utilized in other scientific domains, their adoption in coastal engineering, our specific field, remains relatively uncommon. Numerical models, known for their accuracy but high computational cost, continue to dominate. This work reviews AI techniques currently utilized in coastal engineering, analyzing the potential applications of various AI methodologies in ocean and coastal engineering. We then apply one of the most widely used AI methodologies, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), to study the adaptation of coastal structures to climate change, with a focus on the port of Valencia. The effectiveness of ANNs has been demonstrated in both, the propagation of wave climate, and the analysis of coastal structure dynamics. Notably, ANNs have outperformed traditional models in predicting wave peak periods, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and an error of 1.00 seconds, compared to 0.72 and 6.2 seconds, respectively, for the SWAN model. Finally, we analyze the weaknesses of ANNs and suggest potential future research lines.

O'Grady, JG.; Gregory, RL.; Erwin, TA., and Hemer, MA., 2024. A probabilistic coastal inundation assessment for Australia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 185-189. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal communities face an uncertain future when considering the threat of ocean flooding from catastrophic storms coinciding with high tides and rising mean sea levels. Even with ambitious global Green House Gas (GHG) mitigation targets, we are confident sea levels will continue to rise in excess of 0.28m from 2005 to 2100 (IPCC), which will cause an exponential increase in coastal flooding. However, uncertainties remain in IPCC sea level projections and in the estimation of design storm characteristics, e.g., a 1 in 100 year event, associated with extreme model fits to limited (<100 years) observation records. There are also assumptions that the stochastic properties of the extreme sea level (ESL) storm driven events are stationary and will not undergo a future “tipping point″ step change in weather regimes. These future uncertainties and assumptions in flooding levels should be considered in an assessment of hazards and risks to our coastal assets. This study provides estimates of the likely range (uncertainty) of how high future design storms will reach using tide gauge observations and numerical simulations of historic extreme water levels with future mean sea level projections from the latest IPCC assessment report (AR6). Also provided are details on the input data and methods used to map probabilistic flood zones for individual local government areas (LGA) using spatial model techniques that account for wave action, local beach geomorphology, and ocean hydrological conductivity of flooded areas. The provided LGA probabilistic flood zone maps allow users to identify which low lying land is most likely to be affected and which land is less likely to be affected for a future year, global GHG Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) and Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) design storm. A national assessment of buildings potentially exposed is then provided as an example of future flooding to high impact low probability ESL.

Soomere, T.; Eelsalu, M.; Viigand, K., and Giudici, A., 2024. Linking changes in the directional distribution of moderate and strong winds with changes in wave properties in the eastern Baltic proper. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 190-194. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

We explore the links between changes in the directional structure of moderate (>5 m/s to 10 m/s) and strong (>10 m/s) winds and similar changes in wave properties in the eastern Baltic proper. We apply modeled nearshore wave properties from 1990 to 2022 and wind measurements at selected sites. Long-term changes in the average wind speed are not coherent on the eastern shore of the sea. The predominant wave energy approach direction varies along this shore. The directional distribution of wave energy flux reflects a similar two-peak distribution of moderate and strong winds, with a persistent maximum for WSW/W/WNW winds and a secondary peak for NW or NNW winds. The magnitudes of these peaks vary by 50% in different decades. These variations do not match the similar changes to the average wind speed.

Abdulla, C.P.; Hamad, A.A.; Aboobacker, V.M.; Sadooni, F.N., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Sea-level rise along the coast of Qatar, central Arabian Gulf under the ongoing global warming and climate change. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 195-199. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The rate of sea-level rise (SLR) along the Qatar coast has been analyzed using altimetry observations of sea level from Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) data for the period 1993-2023. The climate model projections of sea level (SL) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) are also used in the analysis. Our analysis shows that sea level is rising throughout the Qatar coastal region. Regional differences are noticed in the rate of SLR, with values ranging from 3.48 mm/year at north to 4.52 mm/year at south of Qatar. The southwest region, witnessing the higher rate, may be experiencing compound effects from local hydrodynamic conditions, which can exacerbate the perceived rate of SLR. Considerable interannual variations are observed in the annual mean sea level. A relatively moderate rate of SLR is noticed in future projection based on multi-model mean. However, a closer look at individual model outputs reveals significant variability, for example, the NorESM model projects the highest rate of SLR at 2.39 mm/year. This variability underscores the complexity of predicting SLR in regional settings, where local factors such water salinity, and regional current changes might influence outcomes significantly.

Rusu, L., 2024. Climate change impact on the future sea state conditions in the Black Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 200-204. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The effects of climate change on the environmental matrix become more visible in the last years. From this perspective, the main objective of the work herewith proposed is to assess the wave climate in the Black Sea and its expected dynamics in the near future under various scenarios. The analysis is structured in two-time intervals, each one covering a 30-year time slice. Thus, the historical reference period 1976-2005 and the near future period from 2041 to 2070 will be considered. For these periods, the simulation results carried out with the SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) model are considered for the wave climate assessment. To drive the wave model, wind fields simulated by the Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are used. The RCMs considered are RCA4, provided by the Rossby Centre of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, and ALADIN6X, run by Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Meteo-France. For the near future period, the wind fields simulated by RCA4 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and by ALADIN6X under the Shared Socio-economic Pathway (scenario SSP5-8.5) are considered. The comparative analysis of the historical wave climate and future projections will show us its expected dynamics. The study is carried out both on the entire basin, as well as focused on key locations. An increase of the significant wave height is observed in the future, especially under the RCP4.5 scenario. Annual 95^th percentiles in reference points show an increasing trend in the future under RCPs.

Alfredini, P.; Arasaki, E., and Puia, H., 2024. Statistical trend of exposure of Santos Port (Brazil) to extreme events of sea-level rise and storminess. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 205-209. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Many studies in the last two decades, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), highlighted the vulnerability of the city of Santos (Brazil) to coastal flooding, because of climate change in sea-level rise and increased storminess. In addition to the increasing exposure of the population growth, which tends to occupy low-lying areas, no less important is the risk of the infrastructure assets, mainly of Santos Port, the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. The objective of this paper is to present the main results of this exposure from 1940s onwards. From data of two coastal tide gauges, with 3 Lunar nodal period of 18.61 years, it was possible to highlight a growing trend of sea-level rise, between 2.5 to 4.5 mm/year. These trends were compared with international guidelines, like IPCC models, and estimated for the coming decades. The local wave climate was obtained from the records of an oceanographic buoy, located at around 200 m depth, recording a series from 2011 to 2018, and from a coastal buoy in Santos Bay, which has a series starting in 2015. Therefore, it was possible to correlate the wave heights of extreme events selected by the POT (Peak Over Threshold) method between deep waters and coastal waters. To assess the trend of increasing frequency and severity of storminess, a statistical calibration of the NOAA/NCEP WAVEWATCH III® and of the ECMWF ERA 5 oceanographic models was carried out with the oceanographic buoy data, aiming to extend the behaviour analysis of the wave climate from 1940 to 2023. Applying statistical methods, it was possible in a first approach to identify an increasing incidence and heights of storm surges.

Aquino, C.J.P. and De Leon, M.P., 2024. Preliminary investigation on the effects of sea-level rise on the wave overtopping performance and armour stability of an existing breakwater. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 210-214. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a new set of sea-level rise projections. In the Philippines, the sea level trend ranges from 1.28 to 13.13 mm/year considering long-term observations of 19 years or beyond. Because of these alarming projections, the effects of sea level rise may exceed the initial design expectations of our coastal infrastructures. This study aims to determine the impact of sea level rise on the wave overtopping performance and armour stability of an existing breakwater located at the Manila South Harbor, Manila Bay, Philippines. The main parts of the methodology include extensive data collection from global and local credible sources, hydrodynamic (numerical) modelling using MIKE 21 Coupled Hydrodynamic and Spectral Wave model, application of sea level rise projections to the resulting water levels, and evaluation of the existing breakwater through empirical calculations. The results of the wave modelling revealed that a maximum storm surge level of 1.13m (referenced from MSL) is expected. This would result to a maximum design water level of 2.85m MLLW for SSP5-8.5(LC) sea level rise scenario. A maximum overtopping of roughly 1684.36 l/s/m was calculated. This excessive overtopping was primary due to the existing low crest level of +3.0m MLLW. For armour stability, only three breakwater sections (Sta 0+400, Sta0+600, and Sta0+630) were not able to satisfy the criteria. An increase of 50.70% rock armour weight is required to satisfy the design criteria under the most critical sea level scenario of SSP5-8.5 (LC).

Amin, M.K. and Hasan, G.M.J., 2024. Sea level variations in the Bay of Bengal using satellite altimetry and tide gauge records. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 215-219. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sea-level rise (SLR) poses a significant threat to coastal and deltaic populations around the world, and Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable, as nearly half its people occupy low-lying regions which are highly exposed to flooding dangers from rising sea levels. This study aims to assess the trends of sea levels utilizing the tide gauge record, and comparing with regional and global sea level trends using satellite data over the recent past. The analysis included tide data from seven stations, which were collected from BIWTA and BWDB, spanning three coastal zones of Bangladesh. The trends of annual mean tidal water levels were estimated using both linear and non-linear methods. The average rate of SLR calculated from seven tide gauge data in the Bay of Bengal using a linear trend method varies between 1.2 and 10.1 mm/year. SLR changes were projected until 2100, based on the developed equation for the linear trend line of the historical record. This study forecasted that in 2050 and in 2100, the Bay of Bengal Sea level change will range from 60–303 mm and 160–808 mm, respectively. The study also used satellite data collected from the NOAA, where TOPEX, Jason-1, -2, and -3 satellites show that the SLR has been faster in the Bay of Bengal over the last 30 years, which is around 3.99 mm/year compared to the global average of 3.06 mm/year. This study used the Norwegian Earth System Model of CMIP6 to compare the mean SLR of regional and global trends, where Barguna and Sandwip stations out of the seven stations surpass the projections for the year 2100. The estimated non-linear trends in 2100 at Charchanga, Cox's Bazar, and Hiron Point stations satisfy the data retrieved from the IPCC AR6 report. The results of this study offer valuable insights into developing strategies to alleviate the possible negative impacts of SLR and adjust to the changing coastal surroundings.

Balas, E.A., Uğurlu, A., and Balas, C.E., 2024. A hybrid probabilistic design model of riverine jetties incorporating three-dimensional numerical simulations of transport phenomena in the context of emerging climate change. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 220-224. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the marine areas, rivers create the sediment budget for the coastlines. This procedure is of paramount importance to the sustainability of coastal lines. Jetties have been integral to transporting sediments from the rivers to the seas. Therefore, ensuring the optimum design of these jetties is crucial. Integrating climate change impacts into marine structures' design is also paramount in assuring their lifetime safety and serviceability. The deterministic design methods that are widely used do not consider the uncertainties and risks related to climate change. On the contrary, risk-based design models consider future risks and uncertainties linked to climate and environmental changes, thus ensuring infrastructure sustainability. The design of the coastal structures with such a model makes these structures withstand the adverse effects of climate change. In this interpretation, the Hybrid Hydrodynamic Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) Model for the risk evaluation of jetties is developed in the scope of this study. This model is employed to provide a reliable and robust method for estimating the stability of the jetty. It integrates various sub-models to consider the significant environmental factors affecting the limit state functions, including wind, wave, current, geotechnical conditions, and climate change. It utilizes Hydrotam-3D, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, to analyze under various environmental conditions. MCS is applied to model the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot be easily predicted due to the intervention of random variables. The new hybrid design model was applied to the Melen River Jetties on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, and thirty thousand simulations were conducted for jetties' stability conditions for the limit state functions. The lifetime failure probability was determined to be 10^-3, which means the structure is reliable under the effect of risk parameters such as sea level increase due to climate change when the design standards are considered.

Romic, M.; Mornar, V.; Reljic, M.; Slapnicar, A.; Bagic Babac, M., and Romic, D., 2024. Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to develop soil health index for salinized coastal agricultural land. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 225-229. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The fertile soils found in delta regions globally are critical for food production, but the increase in sea level and the intrusion of saltwater into aquifers affect the soil health and agricultural sustainability. In the Eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia, particularly in its southern part, the shortage of water, severe droughts, and anomalous weather events in recent decades have become the main constraints on efficient agricultural productivity. The Neretva River delta has been converted to agricultural land through numerous and extensive reclamation projects resulting in the creation of polder-type agricultural land. Generally, the surface-water levels within polder-type land are artificially maintained and controlled by a network of drainage canals, pumping stations, and sluice-gate complexes, which are used to release water into the sea. The potential of AI to assist in developing informed management practices in promoting soil health in agriculture was tested using data of long-term soil and water quality monitoring. A sophisticated sensor system has been developed, providing continuous collection of data on soil and water salinity at hourly intervals, with more frequent updates occurring every ten minutes in select locations. This data is seamlessly transmitted to a centralized database, serving as a robust storage solution for comprehensive data analysis using AI. Through the collection and analysis of data, machine learning models were developed, implemented, and evaluated to identify the most effective model. In addition, ongoing monitoring allows the models to continuously learn and improve over time as new data becomes available. Optimal AI models should help farmers to adjust management practice, particularly irrigation, in accordance with the current soil and water quality condition.

Ogorodov, S.A.; Shabanova, N.N.; Bogatova, D.M.; Shabanov, P.A.; Novikova, A.V., and Kazhukalo, G.A., 2024. Permafrost coasts of Pechora and Kara Seas in transition: Environmental forcing change. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 230-234. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Two-thirds of the coastline along the Pechora and Kara Seas consists of ice-rich permafrost deposits. The dynamic of these coasts is forced mainly by the change of natural environment induced by the global warming. Environmental forcing changes in key areas along these coastlines have been calculated and analyzed. Across all considered sites, the sum of positive air temperatures has increased statistically significant for the period 1979-2021, with a trend of 7-28°C·day/year. Wind-wave energy potential for the destruction of thermal-abrasion shores also increased statistically substantially at all high-sea sites, ranging from 20-50% over 40 years. Rising temperatures are reshaping the Arctic coastline, with even greater changes anticipated in this century due to diminished sea ice and thawing permafrost. Reduced sea ice coverage leads to more open water, facilitating stronger wave generation by winds and thereby intensifying wave-induced erosion along the coasts of Pechora and Kara Seas. Analysis of multitemporal aerial and space images, along with field observations has revealed a significant increase in erosion rates of coasts featuring bluffs composed of ice-rich sediments, about 1.3-1.5 times higher, as well as the onset of erosion of many accumulative marsh coasts that had previously remained stable throughout the 20 century.

Luik, K.; Suursaar, Ü.; Tõnisson, H.; Rivis, R.; Suuroja, S., and Vilumaa, K., 2024. Millennia-long progradation turned into coastal erosion at Järve coast of the Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 235-239. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Throughout the Holocene, seacoasts of the Baltic Sea have experienced some profound changes and development shifts. The latest one, the turn of the uplift driven progradation into relative sea level (RSL) rise and associated coastal erosion, is studied at the south-facing Järve coast on Saaremaa Island, Estonia. Old cartographic and photographic material, results from coastal surveys (near-annual since the 1990s), LiDAR-based relief analysis, and met-ocean forcing data are used to reveal important turning points, driving mechanisms, and resulted effects in the coastal change. The RSL lowering, which has dominated on account of the geocentric land uplift component (∼2.2 mm/a) during most of the Late-Holocene, has turned into RSL rise in the 1930s–1940s. Over the past hundred years, sea level maxima from storms and their impacts have increased due to a combination of shifts in wind climate and sea-ice conditions. The duration of seasonal ice-cover at the Järve coast, as an average, has decreased from about 65 days to 25 days. As a result, the elevated Järve coastal barrier and scarped dune system, which build-up took 4000 years, is eroding now on its southern side. The recent change at Järve has been especially fast with the most notable coastal erosion events occurring during winter storms. The coastline has receded by around 50–80 m in the past 70 years, and the scarp and previously wide beach is losing sand through longshore sediment drift towards the east.

Hanamgond, P.T., 2024. Morpho-dynamics of Malvan-Devbag Beach, Maharashtra, West Coast of India. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 240-245. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal length of Maharashtra is about 720 Kms which is almost 10% of the Indian coast. The beaches here are micro-tidal (0-2 m tidal range) with semi diurnal tides. The present study area- the Malvan-Devbag beach stretching about 15km, is a barrier beach along the south Konkan coast region of Maharashtra state. The coastal region here is hilly, narrow highly dissected with transverse ridges of the Western Ghats, and at many places extending as promontories into Arabian Sea. The shoreline is very irregular, associated with features like cliffs, notches, promontories, sea caves, embayments, submerged shoals and offshore islands. The morpho-dynamics at 7 locations, on monthly, seasonal and annual scale during June 2008 to July 2010 indicated dominating erosion during May/June (approach of monsoon) and reach the peak during monsoon (July/August). The beach starts regaining during September and develops fully by May with well-developed berm(s). The algebraic sum of volume change showed overall gain. It is observed that the longshore currents (both northerly and southerly) occur in the range of 0.2 - 1.0 m/sec; and majority of the currents are in the range of 0.2-0.4 at all the locations with the predominance of northerly currents. Sediment samples were collected across all the locations at 10m interval. The sediment size varies between medium to very fine, majority being fine, well sorted to moderately sorted. In general, the sediments of the study area are deposited under moderate to high-energy turbulence conditions. The CM patterns indicate moderate to high energy conditions of deposition. The sediment movement paths differ between station to station. In general, the alongshore sediment paths show northerly sediment transport during all the seasons. The cross-shore sediment movement shows cyclic behavior i.e., during monsoon it shows offshore transport and during fair-weather it shows onshore transport. This corroborates the general trend of West Coast beaches and supports the growth of the beach during the fair-weather season.

Perry, B.; Huisman, B.A.; Roelvink, D.; Hesp, P.A., and da Silva, GM., 2024. Investigation Southern Annular Mode (SAM) as a driver for longshore transport on Adelaide's managed beaches in South Australia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 246-250. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A one-line shoreline hindcast model has been utilised to investigate the temporal variability and climatic drivers of shoreline change on Adelaide's Managed Beaches in South Australia. This coastline is a 28km long, highly developed, sandy beach shoreline with a number of coastal management interventions including rock revetments, training walls, offshore breakwaters and beach nourishment aimed at maintaining beach widths. There is a seasonally varying longshore transport gradient with a net northerly direction, which results in the erosion of southern beaches and shorelines downdrift of hard structures. The bimodal wave climate, which drives the longshore transport, is significantly correlated with the climate drivers in the region (the Southern Annular Mode, Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Oscillation Index). In this study a 32 year hindcast time-series of longshore transport rates have been deduced for the system as well as spatially along the extent of Adelaide's Managed Beaches and correlated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), which is the most relevant anomaly for the longshore transport. The correlation between SAM and (northerly) transports is typically weak to moderate, but varies spatially with correlation coefficients as strong as 0.6 for the beach section north of Semaphore. Visualizations are made for the temporal and spatial relationship between the Southern Annular mode and the net, gross, southerly and northerly longshore transport, showing that gross and northward transport decrease with a strengthening of SAM, while southern transport increases with strengthening of SAM. This implies that less erosion of the recreational beaches takes place if SAM strengthens. Wave climate indices can thus have a substantial impact on coastal management requirements for the coastline. How SAM will change in the future as a result of climate change is, however, not understood well, and will be key for understanding future scenarios for Adelaide.

Simeone, S., Brambilla, W., Conforti, A., Meyer, F., Molinaroli, E., and De Falco, G., 2024. Beach shoreline trends along the western coast of Sardinia Island (western Mediterranean Sea). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 251-255. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The changes in shoreline position in sandy beaches and their rates are often interpreted as indicator of coastal erosion or accretion. The retreat/accretion of the shorelines can be influenced by several factors that can influence the shoreline behaviour at different time scales. Here we present a study on shoreline trends carried out on several beaches located along the Sardinia Island, western Mediterranean Sea. The studied area includes different beach types: from large open beaches up to geologically controlled and embayed beaches. Aerial images covering a time interval of about 60 years (from 1954 to 2019) were used to investigate the trends of the shorelines. Shoreline positions were digitized from each image and trends in shoreline position were obtained by using the DSAS tools. Effect on shoreline migration caused by sea level rise has been taken into account estimating the values of migration based on the application of the Bruun formula. Migration values obtained by this application were then compared with the landward space beyond beaches. Considering the averaged values of the net shoreline movement calculated for each beach the majority of beaches experienced a little retreat, with maximum values accounted for retreat for more than 100 m in correspondence to a river mouth. Hot spot of erosion has been also found in proximity of area in which human activities are present and have modified the shoreline setting and along areas where beaches are mainly composed by reworked relict sediment and no sediment sources are active at present days. The landward migration of the shoreline was compared with the features of the back beach and the great landward migration did not interfere with physical boundaries. In some cases, also with moderate shoreline retreat the presence of human infrastructure on the back beach can influence the shoreline final position and consequently can have a role in the adaptation capacity of the beach.

Eelsalu, M.; Soomere, T., and Jankowski, M.Z., 2024. Climate change driven alongshore variations of directional forcing of sediment transport on the eastern Baltic Sea coast. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 256-260. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study addresses the impact of systematic changes in the wind and wave directions to the magnitude and direction of wave-induced sediment transport along the eastern Baltic Sea shores. The analysis is performed using the CERC approach in terms of potential net and bulk transport based on a recent reconstruction of hourly wave time series using the SWAN model with a spatial resolution of 1–3 nautical mile forced for 1990–2021 by ERA5 winds. The majority of alongshore sediment transport is driven by waves approaching from one or two narrow (±15°) ranges of directions. A large part of the study area experiences a delicate balance of alongshore transport under the impact of waves driven by south-western and (north-)north-western (N/NW) winds. These wave systems produce up to 80–90% of the total net and bulk transport. Significant changes have occurred to the directional distribution of this transport owing to a decrease in the contribution of waves from the NW or NNW in many sections of the study area. This change is mostly associated with the magnitude and frequency of such winds and obviously infringes the balance or even direction of sediment transport in sectors affected by bi-directional wave patterns. Climate change driven rotation of wind direction only affects the magnitude of sediment transport in coastal sectors that develop under the impact of a single-peak wind system.

Jankowski, M.Z.; Soomere, T.; Parnell, K.E., and Eelsalu, M., 2024. Alongshore sediment transport in the eastern Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 261-265. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The shores of the almost tideless Baltic Sea evolve under the joint impact of surface waves and water level. We identify the basic transport patterns and zones of sediment accumulation and erosion in the eastern Baltic Sea based on the analysis of alongshore and temporal variations in the potential bulk and net alongshore sediment transport. The area covered extends from Cape Taran on the Sambian Peninsula to Cape Kolka at the entrance to the Gulf of Riga. ERA-5 model winds for the period 1996–2022 are employed to produce time series of significant wave height, wave direction and periods using the SWAN model, at a coastal grid resolution of 560 m and a time resolution of 1 h. Sediment transport rates are subsequently calculated with the CERC formula. The basic counterclockwise pattern and most probable areas of accumulation and loss of sediment correspond well with previous findings. The use of much higher spatial resolution makes it possible to add further details to the locations of convergence and divergence zones of sediment transport, such as the divergence zones north of Klaipėda and to the south of Cape Akmenrags. The calculations confirm the surprisingly high rates of net sediment transport that have been reported for some areas, particularly to the southwest of Cape Kolka (up to 700,000 m³/yr). This transport continues towards the south-eastern bayhead of the Gulf of Riga that serve as an end station for most of sand.

Burningham, H.; Gong, J., and Tricker, R., 2024. Contribution of community and citizen science to the monitoring of coastal cliff erosion. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 266-271. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The public are increasingly encouraged to participate in research activities in efforts to elevate the quantity and diversity of data in science. In the Deben estuary, the community-led PhotoPost initiative, similar to the popular CoastSnap, has already amassed over 2500 photos across 9 locations since the project started in 2021. Images are publicly accessible as a growing gallery and archive. Images are also reviewed, described and analysed offline; the findings are disseminated online and in a pop-up exhibition that opens for half the year to disseminate locally generated information. The initiative enhances local understanding of coastal change and increases engagement of communities in enriching the knowledge of the wider public. We describe one specific photo post location that is providing new insights to the analysis of coastal erosion beyond that which can be understood from the national monitoring effort. Over 500 images of a view of an eroding cliff and beach have been uploaded since December 2020, and in that time the cliff has eroded around 12 m. But in the last 3 years, we can now demonstrate that erosion is a persistent behaviour throughout the year, that land slips can arise in response to several different coastal climate factors, and that overburden plays an important role in reducing cliff strength and enabling erosion.

Prasath, G. and Sannasiraj, 2024. New data-driven model for shoreline position estimation: Addressing cross-shore and alongshore sediment interactions. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 272-277. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal regions have varied land forms, reflecting the dynamic interplay between terrestrial and marine systems and anthropological influences. This critical interface, where land meets sea, is governed by a complex web of processes involving marine, terrestrial, atmospheric, biospheric, and tectonic factors. Despite significant advancements in coastal research, quantifying nearshore sediment movement remains a formidable challenge. In nearshore sediment dynamics, a comprehensive, generic description capable of quantifying the intricacies of sediment transport is difficult to formulate. Consequently, existing research often compartmentalizes the study of sediment movement into two distinct processes: cross-shore and alongshore sediment transport. The varying temporal and spatial scales of beach changes are difficult to capture in a numerically simple model. Building upon extensive shoreline observations conducted over three years along the Mahabalipuram coast, situated on the eastern seaboard of India, our research sheds new light on shoreline variations induced by the presence of shore protection structures. This paper proposes an alternative data-driven modeling framework leveraging Kalman filters to integrate processes across varying spatial and temporal scales. An alternative definition for wave forcing that uses the cross-shore wave energy flux at the breaker line and the direction fixing parameter has been narrowed down based on field observations is proposed in the model. By capitalizing on the predictable responses of nearshore morphology to changing wave conditions, our approach offers a workaround for synthesizing complex sediment dynamics into a computationally effective and easy-to-use modeling framework. Unlike traditional models, this alternative Data-driven model helps capture the nuanced interactions between sediment processes and coastal structures. Field data collected from November 2020 to 2023, empirically validate our alternative modeling formulation. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms traditional models in accurately predicting the shoreline changes within the study area. Moreover, by harnessing measured data to fine-tune prediction equations, the critical gaps in system knowledge can be avoided temporarily in the model formulation, and the predictive capabilities of modeling efforts can also be improved.

Navas, F.; Malvarez, G.; Hidalgo, R.; Ottati, A., and Diaz, S., 2024. Coastal evolution between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea through the study of the Roman Baths of Las Bóvedas, Marbella, Spain. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 278-282. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal settlements in the Mediterranean Antiquity were highly dependant on accessibility and natural resources, thus large-scale manufactures were vulnerable when natural conditions fluctuated significantly. For this research, a multidisciplinary team including coastal geomorphologists and archaeologists use remote sensing as well as bibliographic methods to establish the potential shoreline evolution at the Roman Baths of Las Bóvedas in Marbella. In Roman times baths were either domestic or public. Private ones were usually modest but public ones could be large and/or specialised as medicinal. At the confluence of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, a building dedicated to baths was built in the 2^nd century CE close to the most extreme reaches of the Antonine Way. Still today the origin of the Baths of Las Bóvedas remains a mystery since they are disproportionately large and complex for private use yet cannot be related to any documented city of the time. Geomorphologically, highly accelerated rates of sediment cut and fill have resulted from catastrophic rates of sea level fluctuations that transformed entire drainage systems and their mouths from estuaries into deltas. This shift not only modified coastal dynamics but resulted in traumatic environmental changes in recent geological timescales that perhaps accelerated the collapse of a society whose levels of prosperity were unparalleled in other Mediterranean and Atlantic shores of the time. In this research, results suggest that: a) the baths must have been located strategically by the shoreline despite 2000 years of coastal evolution and that they may be linked to a much wider network of buildings and infrastructure that perhaps existed at the well documented lost settlement of Cilniana; and b) that these changes compromised natural resources to such an extent that the economic drivers were lost such as fish byproducts (garum), agricultural (olive oil) as well as salt industries that all but disappeared simultaneously.

Taborda, R. and Silva, A.N., 2024. Modeling shoreline evolution on platform beaches. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 283-288. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Embayed and shore platform beaches, common along rocky coastlines, are highly vulnerable to changes in oceanographic conditions and sediment supply. Coastal changes in embayed beaches involve sediment redistribution within embayments and exchanges between neighboring embayments, particularly in open or leaky sediment cells. Despite their importance, there is a shortage of shoreline models that couple shoreline evolution with sediment bypassing. The study introduces SEM-PLAT, a shoreline evolution model applicable to both low-lying sandy coasts and shore platform beaches on rocky coasts. Unlike traditional models, SEM-PLAT considers the dynamic behavior of the beach toe over time and sediment exchanges between embayments. It incorporates spatial gradients in wave-induced longshore sediment transport and a dynamic profile model, providing a comprehensive framework for complex shoreline evolution. Applications of SEM-PLAT demonstrate its effectiveness in simulating coastal processes, including beach development, rotation, and sediment bypassing. This model highlights key coastal geomorphological processes and offers a versatile tool for shoreline evolution studies and coastal management strategies.

Goble, B.J. and MacKay, C.F., 2024. Cumulative natural and human impacts alter cyclical dynamics of a South African shoreline: An extended summary. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 289-293. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastlines are spatio-temporally dynamic with a range of physical processes at play. As attractive landscapes with multiple open spaces for recreation, habitation and delivering various goods and services, coastlines attract a plethora of human developments. In developing countries, human movement from the hinterland to access space and resources, coupled with competition for space for multiple types of uses and developments, has meant that these coasts are rapidly changing. This is exacerbated by projected long-term effects of climate-driven impacts, the most important of which is accelerated shoreline change, which results in significant changes to the natural coastal functioning. Coastal anthropogenic changes often create high-risk zones and damage to critical infrastructure. Thus, an understanding of shoreline change, and the drivers thereof are critical for management responses and long-term planning. This study assesses the causes of changes to natural shoreline dynamics on a historically accreting coastline on the northeast coast of South Africa. Shoreline positions dating from 1937 are assessed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS, developed by the USGS), a widely accepted approach for the analysis of rates of change. In line with accepted practice, the preferred statistical rates assessed were the net shoreline movement (NSM) and the endpoint rate (EPR). This naturally dynamic region has experienced erosive and accretive cycles, with accretion dominating until 2007. Thereafter, the trend was a significant overall shift to persistent erosion along the southern section of the study area. A significant coastal storm event was experienced in 2007 which appeared to initiate this new cycle of persistent erosion. It is proposed that the change in accretion-erosion dynamics in favour of a mostly eroding section of coast is likely related to the cumulative impacts of various changes within this natural system, largely anthropogenic, which has led to - significant reduced sediment loads reaching the coast. To this end, coastal management actions need to consider the combination of far field changes to coastal systems that may influence widescale morphological change, influencing coastal safety and economic stability.

Mahar, G.-A. and Zaigham N.-A., 2024. Shoreline change study in then northwest of Indus Delta using the landsat satellite data. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 294-299. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Indus deltaic coast located on the southeastern boundary of Pakistan is rich in biodiversity with prominent features found along the coast. Till early 20^th century, delta used to grow seaward naturally, with the support of continuous flow of Indus River carrying sediment towards delta. After the development of irrigation system, natural flow towards delta started to decrease and by the end of 20^th century, negligible level of water flow was recorded from Kotri barrage (last barrage of river Indus). This phenomenon distorted many geomorphic features of delta, particularly the shoreline. A temporal study was conducted based on the oldest bathymetry map of the off shore Indus Delta and land sat satellite imageries for the years 1978, 2000, 2007 and 2013. Average retreat rate from 1895 to 2013 is calculated to about 25.35 m/year while within the available data of satellite from 1978 to 2013, the calculated retreat rate is 22.92 m/year. It shows that at the end of the last century the retreat rate was accelerated. Similarly, total submergence area measured for the period 1895 to 2013 was about 331.30 km² at the rate of 2.80 km²/year but submergence area measured from 1978 to 2013 was 125.24 km² that was submerged at the rate of 3.47 km²/year, reflecting same scenario of higher submergence in the period of satellite data.

Brazdžiūnas, P.; Pupienis, D.; Jarmalavičius, D., and Žilinskas, G., 2024. Space–time tendencies of coastal dynamics based on morphometric and hydro-meteorological data (Curonian Spit, Lithuania). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 300-304. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Varying tendencies of coastal development are observed in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Spit. Since the past research were unable to assess the spatial variance of the factors shaping the coast, the reasons for varying tendencies are still hard to explain. Therefore this study aims to determine the dominant controlling factors leading to spatial variance of coastal tendencies in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian spit. Wind and wave reanalysis data were utilized to serve this purpose. It was used together with 12 cross-shore profile. Yearly changes in sediment volume and shoreline position were compared to the changes in wind and wave parameters using pearson correlation method. Results revealed prevailing sediment accumulation with varying magnitude between different sections. This may be linked to the steep angle of wave approach. Wind may be the main factor controlling the changes in sediment volume. The influence comes via hydrodynamics (waves and sea level). Local beach and nearshore morphometry conditions are responsible for the effect of these hydrodynamic factors, creating the spatial variance in coastal development.

Maddox, W.R., 2024. A case study of post-industrial shoreline recovery on Canada's Pacific Coast. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 305-309. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Intensive industrial activity led to rapid geomorphic change of the shoreline in Royal Roads Bay, on southern Vancouver Island, and the cessation of this activity resulted in reversion of the shore towards its pre-industrialized state. Littoral drift of byproduct from gravel mining and transport produced broad sand beaches along a previously cobbled shoreline, reducing erosion to steep supratidal slopes. Improved industrial practices depleted sediment supply and closure of the mine eventually ceased all anthropogenic input to the shoreline, inducing significant shoreline retreat. Volumetric quantification of seasonal sedimentation patterns was completed through repeat surveys encompassing storm season and periods of relatively low geomorphic change. Qualitative research was conducted to substantiate findings of overall sediment loss on the beach platform through the comparison of aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and in-situ photographs. Historical documents and archaeological evidence were incorporated to determine the pre-industrialized state of the shoreline. Results indicate that the dunes created by industrial byproduct prevented natural erosion of the supratidal cliffs leading to long term stability of the shoreline. In the post-industrial period, cliff toe erosion has become the primary source of mixed-clast sediment deposition. The brief modern period of industrial impact to this site permits a unique comparison between a known pre-industrialized and quantified post-industrialized state of an anthropogenically modified shoreline.

Tano, A.R..; Dangui, P.N.; Bouo Bella, F-X, Aman, A., and Hauhouot, C., 2024. Monitoring coastal vulnerability using physical and anthropic parameters: The case study of Lahou Kpanda and Grand Bassam, Cote d'Ivoire (Gulf of Guinea). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 310-314. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal area of Lahou Kpanda and Grand Bassam, Cote d'Ivoire (Gulf of Guinea) are vulnerable to physical and anthropogenic forcing. The Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index (ICVI), combining the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) and the Socio-Economic Vulnerability Index (SVI), is used to assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of vulnerability in Lahou Kpanda and Grand Bassam. The results show that the integrated vulnerability index for Grand Bassam is higher than that for Lahou Kpanda. This index increases faster in Grand Bassam than in Lahou Kpanda. That signifies that the Grand Bassam coastline is more exposed to physical forcing and anthropogenic pressure than Lahou Kpanda. The increasing trend in vulnerability is due to rising wave energy, accelerating sea level and the increasing of population density. An assessment of the area's vulnerability for the 2040 and 2050 timeframes indicates an increase in vulnerability. To reduce this vulnerability, adaptation measures such as covering the coastline with mangroves, installing wave power plants, beach nourishment and, in the extreme cases, relocating coastal population should be considered by coastal zone managers and users. This approach could be used to monitor the vulnerability of West African coastline to physical and anthropic forcing.

Oyedotun, T.D.T.; Hamer, E.; Nedd, A.G., and Burningham, H., 2024. Advancing coastal monitoring: Integrating spatiotemporal analyses and machine algorithms in G-CAS. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 315-320. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208

The diverse role that climate change plays in coastal environments includes changing spatiotemporal patterns in flood and erosion risk which impacts vital coastal infrastructure supporting significant coastal populations, and critical habitats supporting important species. The intricate interplay between climate change and coastal areas necessitates comprehensive adaptation strategies and more sustainable development practices, that should be supported with near-real-time monitoring that can mitigate the adverse effects on, and improve the resilience of, these critical regions. This study explores the application of spatial analyses, data fusion, time-series methodologies, and machine algorithms in the development of the Guyana Coastal Analysis System (G-CAS). G-CAS, a prototype online system, is being designed for the monitoring and analysis of coastal dynamics in a local region of Guyana. The primary objective is to enhance the understanding of complex coastal processes and provide a tool for coastline management and conservation. Here, the spatial analyses undertaken in G-CAS facilitate the fusion of geospatial data, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interplay between various environmental factors. By incorporating time-series methodologies and machine learning algorithms, the prototype system being developed in Google Earth Engine captures temporal trends, facilitating the identification of short- and long-term patterns and anomalies of coastlines critical for informed decision-making. Findings from this research show the potential of this low-cost online tool for coastal monitoring, serving as a model for other coastal areas facing similar challenges.

Bragath, R.C.; Sivakholundu, K.M., and Chandramohan, P., 2024. Nearshore sediment exchange process around the Cape Comorin, the peninsular tip of India. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 321-325. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Researchers have explored sediment transport's mechanism around the world's capes less than other coastal regions due to the multifaceted nearshore environment. Though recent research on nearshore sediment transport has advanced well, the complexity of sediment exchange around a Cape must be understood better. The coastal belt of Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin), India extends about 15 km on the east, bordering the Bay of Bengal, and about 55 km on the west, bordering the Arabian Sea with its confluence at the Indian Ocean. Unlike India's east and west coasts, the Kanyakumari coast follows a unique phenomenon in the coastal process, having peculiar wave climates resulting from the combined influences of ocean climate. The critical factor that causes changes in coastal configuration at the peninsular tip is the behavior of sediment transport. Most importantly, the exchange of sediments between the east and west coasts around this peninsular region is significant in determining the littoral drift pattern over the rest of the Indian coast. The present research work has studied the continuous movement of longshore currents over the peninsular tip using detailed active Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) for non-monsoon and monsoon seasons with varying wave climates and also relied on earlier studies taken up around the cape and assessed the significance of sediment transport around this littoral barrier. Field observations indicated that the littoral sediments reaching any potential barrier are likely to drift offshore and partly bypass to the adjacent cells within 20 m depth and partly deposited offshore during monsoon season. The sediments deposited offshore reach the beach again during fair weather, and such onshore movement builds up the stability of the eroded beach. During the ensuing monsoon period, these deposited sediments on the berm get eroded, carried into the sea, and deposited as offshore bars and maintain the beach's stability, providing enough sediment supply to the littoral cell system around the cape. The study highlights the significance of coastal dynamics and the interplay of nearshore sediment transport around the peninsular tip. We have also used mathematical modeling techniques to understand the hydrodynamic regime and the associated sediment exchange process.

Ndour, A.; Ngom, H.; Diadhiou, Y.B., and Ba, K., 2024. Effect of coastal protection works on shoreline variability in Rufisque, Senegal. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 326-329. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal erosion, which is a threat to the Rufisque coastline, induced the building of protection works in the 1980s, leading to environmental degradation of the beaches and their disappearance. A comparison between the shoreline positions in 1954 and 2006 show that the entire coastline, with the exception of the beach between Cap des Biches and the thermal power station, is eroding with an annual rate of between 0.4 and 1.5 m/year, which is in equilibrium, or even slightly prograding (+ 0.15 m/year). However, the shoreline evolution experienced very significant spatial and temporal variations, especially after the hardening of almost all of the beaches by the seawalls. Studying the long-term evolution of the shoreline (more than 50 years) helped us estimate the impact of these protection works. Beyond the recognized mitigation of the coastline retreat they induced just after being built and the protection they offer residents against the strong rainy season swells, the seawalls have intensified the rate of retreat of the shoreline, especially at the southern end due to the fact that the swells are behind them.

Kim, T., 2024. Drone observational study on coastal topographic changes in a macro-tidal environment. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 330-334. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study presents the results of drone observations on the geomorphological changes of the Dasa beach in a macro-tidal environment with a tidal range exceeding 6 meters during spring tides, introducing the historical erosion incidents of the beach and dunes as well as the current dune preservation and erosion prevention measures. Over a period of one year, six drone surveys were conducted, revealing significant overall erosion and distinct patterns of erosion and deposition, particularly around the groin structures. The findings suggest that future precise and quantitative drone observations could enable in-depth studies of sediment transport in macro-tidal environments.

Façanha, M.C.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Paula, D.P.; Leisner, M.M.; Espinoza, J.M.A.; Vasconcelos, Y.G.; Alves, D.C.L., and de Sá, L., 2024. Medium-term analysis of coastal cliff retreat change at Pacheco beach, northeastern Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 335-340. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal zone has a variety of landforms, such as gently sloping beaches and cliffs. Erosion of the cliffs can threaten infrastructure, leisure resources, public safety and coastal transportation. In this sense, this study sought to use aerophotogrammetry techniques, based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images, to understand the morphodynamic behavior of sedimentary cliffs located on an urban coastal stretch in northeastern Brazil (Pacheco beach, Caucaia-CE). The method applied was based on a protocol of techniques applied in the analysis of cliff morphodynamics using UAVs - (i) obtaining ground control points; (ii) programmed flights; (iii) orthorectification of photographs; (iv) topographic maps; (v) data integration and analysis using transects and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), which made it possible to delineate cliff top indicators and determine their evolution in the medium term (May/2021 - April/2024). Os resultados indicam mudanças morfológicas severas em um trecho de 700 m de falésias sedimentares, com padrões de erosão consistentes. The results indicate severe morphological changes in a 700m stretch of sedimentary cliffs, with consistent erosion patterns. The line defined for the top of the cliff showed erosion over 100% of its length, with a total retreat of -5.7m between May/21 and April/24, with an average monthly rate of -0.16m. The cliff retreat prognosis for 10 and 20 years shows an eroded land area of 1.22 ha and 2.63 ha, respectively. Pacheco's sedimentary cliffs are susceptible to marine (e.g. wave abrasion) and sub-aerial (e.g. rain, wind) processes that act on a friable sedimentary material (sand-clay), leading to episodes of mass movement. In this way, the cliff top indicator proves to be a reliable indicator of the retreat and evolutionary behavior of this type of coastal relief, highlighting the portions most vulnerable to erosion, i.e. areas where built infrastructure is impacted. Therefore, the study emphasizes the importance of studies that understand the evolution of cliffs, which helps in appropriate and sustainable coastal management measures that avoid disasters, devaluation of properties and threats to human life.

Polizel, S.P. and Burningham, H., 2024. Response of a tropical wave-dominated delta to a major flood event: The case of Doce River delta coastline (southeastern Brazil). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 341-345. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Shorelines adjacent to deltaic river mouths are sensitive to variability in marine and fluvial processes. Quantifying and understanding climate change impacts across the delta watershed is crucial when considering frequency and magnitude of riverine flood events that might impact the delta coast, and evaluation of shoreline response to major flood events is important for coastal planning and catchment management. Investigations here took a multisensor earth observation approach to examine monthly changes in configuration and morphology of the Doce River delta mouth and adjacent shoreline for the period between June 2021 and September 2022, encompassing around 7 months before and after the mid-January 2022 flood. The overall shoreline behaviour over this period involved advance of the shoreline at the river mouth and along a few other stretches, but a predominance of erosion along the adjacent delta shoreline, with notable differences in magnitude north and south of the river mouth. Before the flood, around 60% of the shoreline exhibited progradational patterns; following the event, over 85% of the coast was experiencing erosion with an average shoreline retreat calculated by the net shoreline movement (NSM) of -20.4 m (over 8 months). This study highlights areas that are more prone to coastal hazards due to river delta flooding, and stresses the important influence of significant flood events on adjacent shoreline change.

Ogorodov, S.; Shabanova, N.; Kazhukalo, G.; Bogatova, D.; Ermolov, A.; Novikova, A., and Shilova, O., 2024. Gulf of Ob coasts in the XXI century under changing environments. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 346-350. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Kara Sea coastal zone is the main area of economic development in the West Russian Arctic in the XXI century. Although much of the infrastructure hubs are settled along the coasts of the Ob Gulf, most of the coastal erosion studies were dedicated to an analysis of western Kara Sea key sites. Dampened wave climate in this unique estuary is regarded as the cause of relatively low coastal erodibility. The present broad-scale analysis of climatic features showed a substantial increase of air thawing, wind-wave energy and ice-free period. The peak values of the wind-wave energy potential are observed along Eastern Yamal coasts. Historical trend of marsh (laida) progradation appears to have ceased due to the drastic acceleration of hydrometeorological forcing. These results emphasize that sheltered stretches of an enclosed bays and open-ocean shorelines may face equally vast erosion rates.

Sá, L.P.; Oliveira, U.R.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Façanha, M.C., and Cruz, L.F., 2024. Beach-dune frontal limit variability between 2012-2022 at Cassino beach, southern Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 351-355. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal zone faces natural and anthropic challenges, with beaches highly susceptible to extreme events. In southern Brazil, frontal systems and extratropical cyclones have caused significant changes in beach dynamics. This study aims to characterize the variation of the beach-dune limit adjacent to Cassino beach, southern Brazil, over the last decade. Based on a time series satellite images (GeoEye Sensor) from 2012, 2015, 2019, and 2022, it was possible to characterize whether the sections of the urban perimeter of Cassino beach are subject to accretion, retraction, or remain stable. From the beach-dune limit vectorization, the seasonal movement process was characterized using a method that emulates the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool. The study area was divided into three sectors: north, middle, and south, each with 20, 30, and 20 transects, respectively. The results show that the average movement over a decadal was 21.3 meters of progradation. The southern sector presented the highest accretion rate, totaling approximately 35.4 meters, while the northern sector recorded the lowest rates (6.01 meters). The central portion of the study area presented 22.2 meters of accretion. The period from 2012-2015 was where the greatest progradation occurred, a total of 15.3 meters for the period, followed by the period from 2019-2022, totaling 7 meters prograded. The interval between 2015 and 2019 recorded retreat rates of 6.8 meters in the northern sectors, and 2.02 meters in the central portion. On the other hand, the southern sector presented an average progradation of 8.2 meters, totaling for the period an average of 0.4 meters retreated. Cassino beach presents a sedimental balance predominantly positive, although sporadic retreat episodes can occur. Finally, this study offers perspectives for coastal management and the prediction of future changes, as the locality is among the most sought after by users in the summer season.

Maslakov, A.; Stekolshchikov, I.O.; Drugov, M.D.; Baranskaya, A.V., and Bogatova, D.M., 2024. Planimetric and volumetric measurements for the permafrost coastal erosion estimations: Lorino case study, Chukotka, NE Russia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 356-360. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Permafrost is widespread phenomenon in Polar Regions of our planet. The main feature of frozen unlithified sediment is presence of ice, which melts due to thermal impact. In this way, coastal erosion in permafrost regions has specific mechanisms and rates different from the coasts of lower latitudes. In-situ coastal studies in permafrost regions are sparse and located in remote locations that make these data extremely important for understanding long-term response of coastal environments to climate and ocean forcing. This study presents the attempt to apply different approaches to quantify coastal erosion rates in key coastal section in Lorino community, Chukotka, NE Russia. For this purpose, we used repeated field geodetic measurements, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite imagery, and archival topographic plans of Lorino community spanning the period from 1964 to 2023. Digitized brow and foot of the erosion bluff allowed us to quantify long-term volumetric and planimetric erosion rates. Digital terrain model, obtained after UAV survey and referenced on solid benchmarks made it possible to determine more precise volumes of eroded deposits. The results show acceleration of coastal erosion in this site since 2010 that confirmed common trend for the Arctic coastlines. Intensive erosion has direct effect on coastal morphology shift and the volumes of the eroded sediment. The obtained results supplement and clarify previous observations and will allow to include this parameter in the predictive model of the coastal zone evolution in this key area in the future.

Siddig, S., and Freundt, V., 2024. An exploratory investigation on developing an underwater museum in Qatar to conserve the environment and heritage through sustainable tourism. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 361-365. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Qatar, a peninsular nation surrounded by territorial waters, boasts marine habitats that are biologically diverse and productive. However, these ecosystems encounter a quick decline of coral reefs. This exploratory research examines the feasibility of installing the first sustainable underwater museum in the Middle East to preserve Qatar's marine biodiversity and promote environmental awareness. The study included in-depth interviews with Qatari-based marine biologists, museum specialists, and a diver to assess the museum's cultural relevance, contributions to coral conservation, potential environmental education, and challenges regarding sustainable tourism, environmental, economic, and governmental aspects.

The findings indicate that the underwater museum can foment a more profound connection between the Qatari community and tourists with the country's marine environment while supporting economic diversification through sustainable tourism and contributing to the 2030 Qatar National Vision and the 14th United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on life below water.

Zulkifli, L.; Syukur, A., and Mahrus, H., 2024. Mangrove ecotourism and the potential for support from local communities. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 366-371. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Mangrove ecotourism has become a choice for use by local communities, such as at the research location. The aim of this paper is to assess the relationship between knowledge and perception and participation of local communities regarding the benefits of mangrove ecosystems from a conservation perspective. The research method uses survey, questionnaire, Snowball and FGD methods. The results of this research show 70.34% - 81.33%. Local people have a deep understanding of mangroves, and have a positive correlation with their perceptions of mangrove ecotourism. Furthermore, this research found a positive correlation between community perceptions and participation in mangrove ecotourism programs for conservation purposes. Meanwhile, community participation is more dependent on their work which is related to the benefits of mangrove ecotourism. However, they contribute They support this project in various ways, from project planning to active ceremonies in every program related to the development of mangrove ecotourism for conservation purposes, such as; mangrove planting, environmental cleanliness, and mangrove environmental safety. The conclusion of this research is that the mangrove ecotourism development program provides significant opportunities for local community support, and in restoring the condition of the mangrove environment for sustainability.

Abdussamie, N., Fan, H., Kaiktsis, L., Alyafay, H., Ibrahim A., AlThobiani, F., and Alghaffari, S., 2024. Conceptual development of floating structures for ammonia loading/unloading in the maritime industry. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 372-376. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study explores the feasibility of using floating offshore structures for ammonia production, storage and offloading to address the infrastructure needs of the maritime industry. Through a comprehensive methodology involving sizing analysis and diffraction solver simulations, various floating structure concepts were evaluated, including barges, single column floaters, and semisubmersibles. Performance indicators such as natural periods and motion responses were considered in the concept evaluation. The findings reveal that semisubmersibles demonstrate the best performance among the investigated concepts for ammonia bunkering, loading, and unloading operations. However, further investigation is recommended to assess their response under extreme weather conditions and conduct mooring analysis to ensure operational safety and efficiency.

Sharaan, M.; Ibrahim, M.G.; Romya, A.A.; Soliman, A., and Iskander, I., 2024. Climate impacts on Egyptian inland ports and adaptation strategies: Perspectives of port managers and staff. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 377-381. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Ports are crucial arteries of global trade, and they are increasingly susceptible to climate hazards. This issue, particularly understudied in Egypt, carries significant economic and trade risks. Understanding Egyptian port managers' and staff's perspectives on these climate threats is essential for building sustainable and resilient ports aligned with national development goals. This study explores the potential threats of climate change to Damietta Port, one of the leading commercial ports in Egypt, and how the port managers and staff respond to possible climate risks. It examines their adaptation strategies and plans and provides insights into the resiliency of inland ports. The required data was collected using a designed questionnaire and interviews with the port managers. The findings reveal an evident concern about developing Egyptian ports within national projects; the port managers apply comprehensive monitoring and evaluation to different climatic factors that may affect the port operation. They believed their port was safer than coastal ports based on exposure to coastal threats such as storms, high waves, and floods—an exceptional sea level rise that may enhance the navigational process in the aligned navigational channel. The future vision towards adapting ports to climate threats was also discussed. Furthermore, they recognize the potential need for adaptation measures in addition to implementing strategy. The research highlights opportunities for scientists to collaborate with port stakeholders in proactively investigating the impacts of climate change on Egyptian ports.

Pion, L.M. and Bernardino, J.C.M., 2024. Integrated methodology for estimating maintenance dredging intervals at port berths: A case study in a Brazilian estuarine environment. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 382-386. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Maintenance dredging is a critical aspect of ensuring navigational safety and accessibility in port terminals worldwide. This paper addresses the urgent need for optimized maintenance dredging procedures by proposing an integrated method that combines bathymetric survey analysis and sediment transport modeling. Focusing on two berth areas within a port terminal in northeastern Brazil, referred as Areas I and II, the method aims to predict intervals between maintenance dredging campaigns. Key steps of the proposed method include processing and analyzing bathymetric data to calculate volumes above the dredging level and historical critical bed levels. A correlation curve is established between these volumes and critical levels, facilitating the estimation of bed evolution rates. Computational modeling using the Delft3D platform allows for scenario simulations, aiding in predicting future critical bed levels. Results indicate successful calibration and verification of the hydrodynamic model, with good agreement between modeled and field-measured data. Correlation curves demonstrate adequate agreement between volumes above the dredging level and critical bed levels. The results indicate the need for maintenance dredging in Area I approximately every 26 days and in Area II every 16 days on average. These intervals are consistent with historical practices over time but are shorter than ideal for terminal operation. The findings underscore the importance of the proposed method in accurately predicting maintenance dredging intervals and optimizing operational decision-making in port terminals. Future research should focus on refining correlation methodologies and overcoming practical challenges to further enhance maintenance dredging optimization in port terminals. This study contributes valuable insights into operational decision-making and underscores the importance of continued research efforts in this field.

Portela, L.I., 2024. Sand wave morphology and migration in the main channel of the outer Tagus estuary. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 387-391. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sand waves are flow-transverse bedforms common in coastal environments, whose activity may affect navigation channels, offshore infrastructure and sediment management. Sand wave asymmetry is generally assumed to indicate the dominant direction of sediment transport, as well as the direction of bedform migration, but the latter assumption is not always confirmed by observations. The complex interaction of sand waves with larger-scale features (e.g. sandbanks, tidal inlet shoals) is also poorly understood. This paper examines the morphology and migration of sand waves in the seaward part of the main ebb channel of the Tagus estuary, based on two multibeam surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020. Sand waves are restricted to the channel side adjacent to the main ebb-tidal delta shoal. Geometric parameters (length, height, steepness and asymmetry) and migration rates were calculated over a 1400 m transect, at an average depth of 20 m, divided into two sections (landward, A, and seaward, B). The average wavelength and height were found to be 80 m and 2.1 m respectively (steepness of 0.027). The spacing versus height relationship is in good agreement with the global mean trend equation of Flemming (1988). The bedform asymmetry is always ebb-oriented (in 2019: 0.29 ± 0.14 in transect A; 0.39 ± 0.17 in transect B). The direction of sand wave migration obtained from the comparison between surveys is also ebb-oriented on average, but more variable (in 2019-2020: 5.3 ± 24.8 m year^-1 in transect A; 9.9 ± 18.7 m year^-1 in transect B). The observed evolution appears to be generally consistent with ebb dominance in the main channel. It is suggested that (a) sediment transported by waves and flood currents over the main shoal is partially mobilised by the ebb-dominant currents on its steep side, (b) the sand waves reflect a sediment transport pathway along the shoal edge towards the terminal lobe, and (c) sediment is eventually recirculated in a counterclockwise direction.

Põldma, M; Põllumäe, A., Jaanus, A., Kotta, I., Reisalu, G., Taevere, T., and Teeveer, K., 2024. Monitoring non-indigenous species in port habitats in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 392-395. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Role of commercial harbours and recreational marinas in the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) has been increased globally. Harbour monitoring is important to assess NIS introduction and spread. The 1-year survey (2022) for species composition, abundance and biomass of mobile epifauna and fish, fouling organisms, benthic infauna, and plankton was conducted in 10 different sites in three harbours of southern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea): Tallinn's Old City Harbour, Paldiski South Harbour and Muuga Harbour. The study was carried out in accordance with the HELCOM and OSPAR port survey protocol. A total of 70 taxa were identified, including 9 NIS. In comparison with previous surveys, one new NIS arrival was observed: cumacean Nippoleucon hinumensis.

Greiner, B.E.; Marrone, A.; Mifsud, J.; Camilleri, K.; Camilleri, L.; Gauci, A.; Zammit, A.; Kossari-Tarnik, E., and Deidun, A., 2024. Exploring the spatial distribution, composition, and depth-related patterns of marine litter in Maltese waters: Insights from the MEDITS survey data. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 396-401. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Marine litter is one of the most serious anthropogenic challenges to the integrity of global marine ecosystems. Public awareness is often limited to the visible litter that washes up on beaches or floats on the ocean surface. Less attention is paid to marine litter that is deposited and accumulates on the seafloor, due to operational constraints. The Mediterranean Bottom Trawl Survey (MEDITS) can provide insights into the state of seabed litter distribution and composition collaterally with the primary fish shock assessment. This study analyses the MEDITS 2020/2021 marine litter dataset in terms of a spatial, temporal and depth distribution in the Geographical Subarea (GSA) 15, i.e. off the coast of Malta. The composition of the litter and its potential major sources were determined. For these analyses, a two-sided independent t-test was applied using SPSS. Visualization was done by creating maps and bar charts using QGIS and MATLAB. Results revealed tourism and household items as primary contributors to marine litter, with plastics comprising the majority. Surprisingly, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic appears correlated with a significant reduction in seafloor litter accumulation. Spatial distribution dynamics suggest that subsurface currents influence the transport of light litter items like plastic, while heavy litter, such as metals, tends to remain localised. Compared to other Mediterranean regions, the seabed off Malta shows a relatively clean status. This study not only provides valuable insights into the local marine environment but also underscores the need for novel global strategies to address the marine litter issue. These findings prompt considerations for future environmental management practices and highlight potential areas for further research in the broader context of marine environmental monitoring.

Cebe, K., Balas, L., and Yıldırım Fidanoğlu, P., 2024. Assessment and mitigation of land-based pollutants and climate change impacts on coastal water quality. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 402-406. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study presents the development and application of an integrated numerical coastal water quality model to assess the impact of land-based pollutants and climate change on Samsun Bay, located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in Türkiye. Monthly measurements of various water quality parameters, including temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations, were conducted for one year. Using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM, v5.1), land-based pollutant loadings from urban and industrial sources were estimated, encompassing total suspended solids, biological and chemical oxygen demand, inorganic phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Three-dimensional coastal hydrodynamics, transport, and water quality model, HYDROTAM-3D, was then employed to simulate coastal circulations and changes in water quality parameters. The model's effectiveness was validated by comparing its estimates with field measurements from six monitoring stations within the bay, revealing close agreement and capturing temporal variations effectively. The study highlighted the hypertrophic status of Samsun Bay coastal waters. To address this issue, the model projected the impact of implementing best management practices, including remediation, street cleaning, good agricultural practices, and enhanced wastewater treatment before discharge, on land-based pollution through 2040. The results indicated a substantial improvement in Samsun Bay water quality with implementing these practices, emphasizing the significance of sustainable management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of land-based pollutants on coastal ecosystems.

Rangarajan, R. and Prasanna, K., 2024. Stable oxygen and strontium isotopic evidence of submarine groundwater forcing on the sea salinity in the northern Indian Ocean. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 407–411. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Understanding the dynamics of freshwater inputs in the Indian Ocean is crucial for elucidating the regional variability and its implications for marine ecosystems. In this study, we utilize stable oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) isotopic compositions of water samples to investigate the influence of freshwater forcing and the corresponding estimates of sub-marine groundwater fluxes in the Indian Ocean. We present high-resolution stable isotopic records of depth bound seawater samples collected from key locations across the northern Bay of Bengal region of the Indian Ocean. Our findings reveal significant variability in δ¹⁸O and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, indicative of freshwater influxes at depths of around 800m. These distinct shifts in isotopic signatures corresponding to increased influx of sub-marine groundwater discharges in the study region. In addition, we calculated the volume of the SGD using a simple compartment box model to elucidate its key role in salinity variability and potential impacts in marine strontium biogeochemistry. The estimates indicated overall SGD flux to be ∼8.3 x 10¹⁵ m³ year^-1, a much higher value than available published values of SGD flux in the northern Bay of Bengal region. The current research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms driving salinity changes in the northern most sector of Indian Ocean and further elucidates the importance of systematically studying the SGDs in the region.

Cavalcante, G.H.; Vieira, F.; Bento, R.; Bartholomew, A., and Burt, J.A., 2024. Oceanographic variability in Sir Bu Nair Island (Arabian/Persian Gulf) based on in situ observations. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 412-416. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the past decade, research on climatological and seasonal circulation patterns in the Persian/Arabian Gulf has primarily relied on numerical models, with limited emphasis on in situ observations. Although these models capture large-scale circulation patterns, such as the cyclonic gyre along the Iranian coast and the influx of Indian Ocean Surface Waters through the Strait of Hormuz, our understanding of the Gulf's local and regional oceanographic conditions remains insufficient. This gap is particularly evident around Sir Bu Nair Island (SBNI) in the central Gulf, a crucial area for coral larvae source, dispersion, and settlement patterns in southern Gulf reef communities. This study addresses this gap by investigating hydrodynamic conditions and water temperature variability near SBNI through comprehensive in situ observations conducted from 19 May to 1 July 2021. Results indicate substantial temporal variability marked by abrupt shifts in temperature and current speed/direction. Recorded water temperatures ranged from approximately 27.5 °C on 20 May to a peak of about 33.5 °C on 26 June. The maximum daily temperature amplitude reached ∼4.0 °C, observed between 24 May at 06:00h (28.5 °C) and 24 May at 11:00h (32.5 °C). Near-bottom temperatures consistently rose by approximately 4.0 °C from 7 June (28.15 °C) to 16 June (32.2 °C). Water flow exhibited vertical variations, with an average near-surface current speed (∼0.8 m/s) about twice as fast as the combined near-bottom and mid-water speed (0.3 to 0.4 m/s). Predominantly, the current direction is aligned with tidal ebb/flood flow. Analysis reveals that hydrodynamic conditions in SBNI are influenced not only by tidal currents at diurnal (∼24 h) and semi-diurnal (12.5 h) periods but also by the M4 overtide driving the quarter-diurnal ebbing/flooding transport of “cold/warm” water, and to a lesser extent by “weather-band” periods (2-4 days).

Delpeche-Ellmann, N.; and Giudici, A., 2024. Properties of in-situ Lagrangian surface drifters and the relationship with Stokes drift in the Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 417-421. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Properties of Lagrangian surface drift are important for understanding the pathways of substances (such as debris, pollutants, marine life, etc.). The surface drift however does not act alone, and often is a combination of driving forces such as wind, waves, tides etc. The degree of influence however of each driving force is not homogenous and may vary depending on the atmospheric conditions, underlying ocean state etc. The impact of winds (Ekman velocities) are known to be highly correlated with surface drift, however the influence of waves (Stokes drift) have been less explored. As a result, this study examines: (i) the pathways of Lagrangian surface drift in the Baltic Sea and (ii) connections of Stokes drift to the overall surface drift. This was performed by incorporating a synergy of 13 in-situ surface drifters, meteorological stations (from which wind and wave data was obtained) along with a hindcast wave model from which Stokes drift was derived. The analysis was performed for two years (2013 and 2018) to capture the seasonal patterns of surface drift. Results show that surface drift varied from 0.12–0.2 m/s and the ratio of influence of drifter speed to wind speed varied from 1.0–2.4 %, thus emphasizing the strong influence of winds. The impact of Stokes drift on the overall velocity was most prominent during high wave conditions and was estimated to be > 60% of the overall drift at these conditions. These results demonstrate the importance of considering Stokes drift when predicting the pathways of substances in marine areas.

Aboobacker, V.M; Hasna, V.M.; Al-Ansari, E.M.A.S., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Nearshore hydrography along the coast of Doha, central Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 422-426. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Doha, the capital city of the State of Qatar has undergone substantial growth in population and infrastructure in the past few decades. Extensive land reclamation has resulted in changes in coastal morphology, especially on Doha Bay, the Pearl and the Lusail. Doha Bay is a semi-enclosed water body in the central east coast of Qatar. The characteristics of hydrography in the Doha Bay and adjacent regions are not well studied. This study presents the analysis of temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and chlorophyll-a collected off Doha (<15 m depth locations; 7 stations in all seasons; 4 other stations in 2 latest seasons) during October 2021, December 2021, June 2022 (pre-FIFA-2022), and March 2023 (post-FIFA-2022) using SeaBird CTD. The analysis reveals that the seasonal variations in temperature, salinity, density, DO and pH are statistically significant, while the horizontal variations are not significant. The chlorophyll-a has significant horizontal variability, while seasonal variability is not significant. There are four outfalls in Doha Bay, which discharges non-storm waters including groundwaters in limited quantity (0.114-1.241 m³/s). However, the changes in hydrographic parameters in the vicinity of the outfalls are marginal, except for DO. This has been verified when analysed the parameters during pre-FIFA-2022 (with discharges) and post-FIFA-2022 (no discharges) conditions. The sea surface temperature off Doha ranges from 27.8-29.0°C, 22.5-23.7°C, 28.0-29.2°C and 20.6-22.2°C, respectively, during the four seasons. The sea surface salinity ranges 39.3-40.6, 39.4-40.3, 37.3-39.2 and 40.6-42.0, respectively. The lowest salinity is obtained during summer, while the highest is obtained during winter; the latter is due to the relatively higher evaporation induced by winter shamal winds. The DO ranges 5.9-6.4, 6.5-6.8, 5.9-6.7 and 7-7.3 mg/l, respectively. The temporary closure of outfalls during FIFA-2022 has resulted in significant increase in DO, in addition to the well-mixing due to winter shamal winds. The pH ranges 7.80-7.90, 7.97-8.02, 7.86-7.99 and 7.70-7.77, respectively. The chlorophyll-a ranges 0.22-0.91, 0.17-1.45, 0.15-1.69 and 0.22-1.0 µg/l, respectively.

Jóia Santos, C. and Ferreira, J.C., 2024. Guardians of the sand: A comprehensive vulnerability assessment of coastal dune ecosystems through multi-criteria checklists. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 427-431. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dunes are valuable, yet vulnerable, ecosystems which provide coastal protection by absorbing wave energy and shielding communities from flooding. This study assesses dune ecosystem vulnerability along the Portuguese coast, where, by using a multi-criteria vulnerability assessment checklist, South Fonte da Telha Beach foredunes were evaluated twice, revealing high vulnerability: erosion scored 92,8% amid severe winter weather, while artificial nourishment reached 100%. Subsequent assessments, during autumn, highlighted the same indices, yet fixation of sand by vegetation (75%) and the spatial planning of the dune system (75%) were also raised as primary concerns. Degradation, attributed to erosive tendencies and human impact, impedes regeneration. Proposed interventions include native flora restoration, elevated pathways, traffic control, and community engagements sessions, aiming for enhanced coastal resilience and community protection.

Castelle, B.; Labarthe, C.; Marieu, V.; Bujan, S., and Garlan, T., 2024. Field investigation of spatio-temporal change of sediment grain size and beach slope on wave-dominated sandy beaches. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 432-437. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beach slope is a critical parameter which is usually assumed constant in time and to depend on a single time-invariant median grain size. In the present work, we conducted a three-year intensive in situ bi-yearly monitoring of the 3D distribution (surface and depth across a 50-cm profile) of sediment grain size and beach topography at five sandy beaches in France. These five beaches are representative of the diversity of the metropolitan France beaches in terms of wave climate, tide range, and anthropogenic pressure. Results show that, generally, average sediment grain size and beach slope are finer and more gently sloping at the end of the winter and at the end of the summer, respectively. Results also show a large spatial and temporal variability of both sediment grain size (horizontally and vertically) and of the sandy beach morphology. Sediment grain size shows a consistent vertical gradient, with finer sand closer to the surface. The spatial and temporal patterns of beach slope and beach sediment variability are found to be linked with beach state (dissipative, intermediate, reflective) and anthropogenic pressure at the engineered beaches. Our results also suggest that tide range and modal wave conditions must be considered to improve empirical models linking beach slope and sediment grain size.

Flatley, A.; Drummond, M.; Cunningham, A.; Alun, E.; Jenkins, R., and Williams, H., 2024. Optimising survey approaches for over-stabilised urban dunes in South Wales. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 438-442. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Human impacts on urban sand dunes result in significant, albeit poorly understood changes to dune and beach development. Anthropogenic impacts, such as construction and foot traffic contribute to widespread dune damage globally. However, dunes can act as a buffer against storm surges and show significant potential to provide nature-based solutions in the face of climate change impacts. Efforts to quantify both natural dune development and restoration practices now benefit from a multitude of potential survey methods. This paper highlights a series of dune survey approaches across a discontinuous stabilised dune that runs along Swansea Bay, South Wales. Urban Dunes in Swansea have recently undergone trials using sand-trapping fences to encourage seaward expansion to prevent sand from overtopping a seawall and spilling onto local roads. Additionally, this dune system was also damaged during the construction of a new West Pier inner wall in 2021. To quantify both natural dune movement and restoration approaches, surveys were undertaken using lidar derived imagery, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV) and a handheld imaging laser scanner. Outputs created high resolution pointclouds to quantify vegetation establishment and geomorphic change. These approaches were compared with traditionally derived transects taken on the dune site to identify best practice. We highlight the capabilities of each approach for urban dune management. The application of a mixed method approach allowed us to examine the benefits and drawbacks of each method to explore how advances in spatial technologies can be best utilised for dune monitoring. We use the Swansea Bay case study to highlight examples of dune restoration approaches and natural dune morphodynamics quantified using spatial methods. With a worldwide trend of dune stabilisation, we contribute to developing best practice survey protocol in urban dunescapes.

Lima, M.; Romão, F.; Husemann, P., and Coelho, C., 2024. Cross-shore sediment transport processes: The aeolian sediment effects on dunes. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 443-447. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal dunes are formed by aeolian sediment transport, acting as natural flood and coastal erosion defense. Dune formation depends on the available quantity of sediments on the beach. The wind is responsible for moving sediments from the dry beach to the dune system, after the waves have moved the sand from the sea to the upper beach. The presence and growth of vegetation can stabilize the dune system, by sediment trapping and “anchoring″ through root processes. Fences are man-made structures with differentiate characteristics that mimic these processes and work as a physical barrier to the wind, promoting sediment deposition by reducing wind speed. In this work, a cross-shore numerical model was applied to simulate the effects of vegetation or fences in the coastal area of IJmuiden, The Netherlands. The effect of barriers to the wind was simulated by testing the impact of different values of aeolian sediment transport (QWINDS), on the seaward dune toe position. Results show the evolution of Y_S to the offshore direction when QWINDS is increased, but this evolution also depends on the beach width and shoreline variation rates.

Arrifin, E.-H.; Sedrati, M.; Ismailuddin. A.; Zainuddin, S.N.-H.; Ramli, M.-Z.; Siddiq, I., Taslin, P.N.-A, and Mokhtar, M., 2024. Eco-friendly approach on sand dune restoration in micro-tidal beach. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 448-452. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal erosion is a worldwide issue in which the absence of sand dunes could alter the landscape of beaches, especially those in micro-tidal environments. Practically, hard structures, such as revetments, is effective in mitigating erosion but do not protect well and can change the beach's natural landscape and appeal. Therefore, an eco-friendly approach using wooden fence in a beach dune at a coast in Terengganu, Malaysia, can act as an alternative to control the erosion. This eco-friendly approach is known as E-Fence or Effective Sand Fences, which has proven to be effective in reducing the impact of erosion. In this research, the E-Fence was installed in a zigzag pattern parallel to the shoreline and placed within the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) water level. The effectiveness of the E-Fence in mitigating the erosion in the micro-tidal beach was identified through beach profile, sediment characteristics, and vegetation assessment. The beach profile were analyzed using the Profiler 3.2 XL program, revealing the sand dune accumulation at the back of the E-Fence, in comparison with and without the E-Fence which tends to be more eroded and steeper. Meanwhile, the GRADISTAT v8.0 was used to analyze the sediment characteristics, which showed the changing of particle size of the sand from very coarse to coarse sand. The installation of E-Fence is very affordable and effective, quick, easy to construct, and has a fast completion time while the vegetation line at the beach dune is well protected.

Kang, J.H., Lee, J.H., and Choi, K.H., 2024. Effects of inappropriate beach nourishment on the coastal dune resilience. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 453-457. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beach nourishment is an alternative and supplementary method to hard protection for coastal erosion, achieved by increasing the volume of beaches or dunes through sediment filling. However, nourishment that does not consider the location of sand filling, type of sand, and particle size may cause problems with the geomorphic process and dynamics of the coast. This study analyzes the changes in dune topography caused by a case of inappropriate nourishment and discusses what should be considered. Okjukdong Sand Dune, located on an island in the Yellow Sea, was highly active and dynamic in the past, but after afforestation for the windbreak, sand erosion is seriously progressing in the hind dune. In this area, nourishment was carried out by directly filling sand into the eroded hind dune. As a result of nourishment, the sand dune topography was temporarily restored, but after one year, about 14% of the filling sand was eroded, confirming that the sand trapping effect was minimal. In addition, as a result of comparing the sand particle size in 2008 before and in 2023 after the nourishment, it was confirmed that the particle size was increased from fine to very coarse, and the sorting was lowered. The cause is that the mixed sediments of sand and gravel deposited in the port were used as a source of nourishment. It has been observed that the wind blowing from the coast has decreased due to the pine vegetation planted as a windbreak, and the wind speed has also weakened. This is the result of selectively moving only small-sized sand that can be moved by the wind among filling sand. In order to restore the function of coastal dunes, the coastal dynamic process is very important through thinning and removal of the pine forest and recovery of wind flow to increase nature resilience.

Kazhukalo, G.; Belova, N.; Overduin, P.; Ogorodov, S.; Bogatova, D., and Shilova, O., 2024. Carbon emission from ice-rich permafrost bluffs: Insights from coastal erosion and sediment redistribution estimations, Kharasavey, Kara Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 458-462. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the present study, geospatial data of shoreline change, the volume of eroded sediments and facies-specific organic carbon density were combined to calculate local-scale carbon flux for the Kharasavey key site, Kara Sea. Geochemical analyses of the 97 samples from different facial units along a 9-km coastal bluff gave a mean annual carbon flux (TOCs) value of 656.3 ty^-1 or 73 ty^-1km^-1. Both organic carbon concentrations in Late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments and values of sediments flux are consistent with previous estimates for the Kara Sea and can be extrapolated to similarly composed reaches. Grain-size analysis revealed no substantial longshore transport and potential re-sequestration of carbon northwards of the bluff. These results highlight the importance of carbon loss assessment from ice-rich permafrost bluffs across the entire Arctic coast for further climate change projections.

Chang, Y. and Burningham, H., 2024. Gap filling of daily weather data using spatial interpolation techniques and neural network methods. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 463-467. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Access to climatological datasets covering long time periods is critical in coastal and hydrological studies. However, almost all instrumental time series, in particular the daily records, are affected by some amount of missing values (data gaps). Pre-processing of raw data sets by filling data gaps is thus a routine procedure. In this study, the capabilities of six gap-filling techniques were analysed in estimating missing daily temperature and rainfall data for Sheskinmore, a coastal dune site located in northwest Ireland, using observations at two regional Met Éireann stations. Four spatial interpolation gap-filling approaches - modified normal ratio method (MNR), inverse distance weighting (IDW), correlation coefficient weighing (CCW) and multiple linear regression (MLR), and two different structure of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) - multilayer perceptron (MLP) and general regression neural network (GRNN) were evaluated. Pearson's correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and skill score (SS) were applied to evaluate their performance. Results show MLR outperformed other spatial interpolation techniques, with the lowest MAE, RMSE and the highest SS. The two ANN models notably outperformed all spatial interpolation techniques, with GRNN delivering the most accurate and efficient prediction of missing daily temperature and precipitation data.

Dib, S., Veerasingam, S., Aboobacker, V.M., Al-Khayat, J.A., Sadooni, F.N., Al-Kuwari, H., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Horizontal and vertical distribution of microplastics in the beach sediments of Qatar. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 468-472. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Microplastic (MP) pollution in the Arabian Gulf has become an emerging environmental issue regionally and, a few studies have been carried out recently in the Gulf to identify its presence in the water, sediment and biota, and these studies have confirmed its presence. Sediment is considered as the main sink of plastics and other contaminants, causing ecological and biological consequences. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the horizontal and vertical distributions of microplastics in the coastal sediments of Qatar and assessed their ecological risks. Sediment samples, upto a depth of 25 cm with a spacing of 5 cm, were collected from twelve beaches along the Qatar coast during September 2019, and microplastics (MPs <5 mm) in the sediments were investigated. A total of 1915 MPs has been detected with different sizes, shapes, and colours. The mean abundance is 34.88 MPs/kg. The highest concentration of MPs is obtained at the surface layers, accounting for 85.48% of the total MPs abundance in all layers from 0 to 25 cm. The most abundant form of MPs found in the sediments are pellets, with approximately 95% of the pellets being black in colour, and their size ranging from 3000 to 4000 µm. The composition of MPs was detected through micro-Raman spectroscopy. PP and PE are the main polymers identified in the study which represent >60% of the identified MPs in the sediments. The abundance of MPs presented a clear decreasing trend with increasing sediment depths. This study shows that the usage of plastic products in the GCC region is negatively affecting the coastal region, thereby requesting for needed mitigation measures.

Torn, K.; Möller-Raid, T.; Herkül, K.; Suursaar, Ü.; Põldma, M., and Martin, G., 2024. Anthropogenic influence on coastal environments: Variation of beach litter in regions with diverse human activity. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 473-477. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Marine debris and its accumulation on shorelines, also known as beach litter, is an increasingly acknowledged problem along the coastal areas. Beach litter abundance and composition was studied in 14 study sites along the 200 km stretch of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland in springs of 2020 and 2023. The study methodology followed the guidelines of the UN Environment Programme UNEP/IOC. Multivariate ordination was used to elucidate the similarity structure of litter data between the sites. Nearly 5000 items of litter representing 10 different material categories were counted and their occurrences were studied in relation to the distances to major urban areas, shipping lanes, and exposures to prevailing winds, waves and currents. The highest amount (1492–2374 items/100 m) of litter was found on the beaches near the city centre of Tallinn, suggesting that the majority of the litter originated from local sources. Two out of the four suburban study sites also showed distinctive levels of litter (244–340 items/100 m). The smallest amount of litter (24–78 items/100 m) was mostly found in rural areas and on islands. The presence of litter on the islands suggests that the litter may have come from outside the local area, and overall pollution levels in the gulf, as the islands are uninhabited. Indeed, ca. 80% of labelled items found on island shores were of foreign origin. A large proportion of foreign product packaging on the shores of islands strongly indicated to the influence of shipping and currents. Usage of litter as bird nest material was also studied on the islands. It varied widely between zero and 67%. Plastic bags and food packaging were the predominant litter items on most of the beaches, while cigarette butts were also frequent near the city centre. The most frequently identified plastic types were cellulose acetate (CA), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). Plastics composed of potentially toxic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PUR), and polycarbonate (PC), constituted 14% of the analysed plastics.

Montreuil, A-L.; Robin, N.; Raynal, O.; Houthuys, R.; and Chen, M., 2024. Mechanisms of coastal foredune formation and evolution at multi-decadal scale. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 478-482. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal dunes are a substantial part of the natural sea defence, characterized by a strong interaction between geomorphological, biological and ecological processes. Foredune morphodynamics is controlled by a broad spectrum of forcing processes acting at different spatial and temporal scales. The process-response of foredunes suffering from long-term erosion is reasonably well understood, while much less is known on the evolution of prograding foredunes. This study documents the evolutionary processes of a prograding foredune system on a multi-decadal scale (75 years) at an unmanaged macrotidal beach along the Belgian coast. The methodology is based on an holistic approach combining several methods. A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) campaign was performed to reveal internal structures of the foredune field. In addition, airborne LiDAR surveys (2000-2023) and 9 aerial photographs (1948-2023) were used to estimate the geomorphological evolution and vegetation density of the site. Results indicate a seaward migration of the system by 77 m over the last 75 years (1 m/year) with the formation of five consecutive well-developed foredune crests through distinct morphological phases. Two periods of constant incipient dune progradation and vegetal colonization (1971-1989 and 2005-2023, around 3m/year) are identified. This pattern is interrupted by two stagnation periods in 1948-1971 and 1989-2000 when aggradation of the developed foredune is observed. Once this latter is sufficiently high and colonized by vegetation, sand deposition on the dune crest by aeolian processes is less effective inducing a triggering of the progradation for the system. The general evolutionary pattern of the accretional foredunes reflects the signature of natural processes including aeolian sand transport and vegetation growth which are effective dune generators on a naturally prograding sandy coast. This study further shows that the use of GPR combined with chronological topographic data is an efficient tool to investigate foredune evolution over the last decades and can be applied for similar coastal settings.

Lamy, A., Robin, N., Smyth, T.A.G., and Hesp, P., 2024. Impact of the beach grain size variability on observed and calculated aeolian transport rates. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 483-487. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beaches can exhibit a wide range of grain sizes, from fine sand to boulders. Their temporal variability at a given location likely plays a role in aeolian transport rates, but it has not been thoroughly studied. Thus, grain size is commonly defined as a discrete and invariant value when calculating aeolian sediment transport using predictive formulae. This use of an unchanging grain size value likely introduces substantial errors to long-term calculations of sediment flux on dynamic beaches. In this study, a 16-month survey of environmental conditions (winds and waves) has been conducted on the wave-dominated microtidal Leucate beach-dune system in SE France, a beach influenced by offshore wind conditions. Five 1 to 3-day field campaigns were carried out to measure wind, sediment transport and beach grain size. This study shows that beach grain size can be highly variable over a one-year period, changing from medium sand to very coarse sand, with in a substantial impact on aeolian sediment transport flux. These grain size characteristics remained for days to months, depending on the wind and marine conditions. Under a mean wind speed of 10 to 14 m/s, the observed transport rates ranged from 21 to 154 kg/m/h for medium-sized grains to 0.4 to 50 kg/m/h for coarse-sized grains. Each observation was compared with potential sediment transport rates calculated from numerical formula and indicated an under or overestimation more than 10 times depending on the grain size used for this calculation. The potential total transport over the 16- months survey revealed up to two orders of difference depending on the grain size selected. This study highlights the caution that needs to be taken when estimating transport rates over long periods of time in an environment with significant temporal beach grain size variability.

Möller-Raid, T.; Torn, K.; Herkül, K.; Taevere, T.; Martin, G.; Paalme, T., and Schubert, H., 2024. Temporal dynamics of the quantity and composition of beach wrack: a monthly analysis in an urban sandy beach in the NE Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 488-493. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sandy beaches are important for tourism and therefore the beaches are often managed, which also includes beach cleaning and the removal of excessive beach wrack. At the same time sandy beaches are fragile environments and often need conservation to maintain their ecological function. The beach management decisions need to be based on the local circumstances, however the information on beach wrack communities is utterly scarce for the northern Baltic Sea. The study was carried out at Kakumäe in Tallinn, Estonia, NE Baltic Sea. Kakumäe sandy beach is popular among both tourists and locals. The amount of beach wrack (areal coverage and volume per 100 m long beach section) and its composition (all marine- and land-origin species) was studied monthly in 2019-2020. The beach wrack coverage varied from a few patches to 50 %, and the volume of beach wrack varied from 0.1 to 50 m³. The amounts were the largest in the period from October to December and lowest in March. Altogether 128 biomass samples were collected and analysed. A total of 112 taxa (64 invertebrates and 48 species of plants and algae) were described within the beach wrack. Land-based invertebrates (37 taxa) and sea-based plants and algae (40 taxa) dominated in the beach wrack composition. The beach wrack provides a food source and shelter to invertebrates, thereby increasing the biological diversity of sandy beaches. Dominant algal species in the Kakumäe beach wrack were Fucus vesiculosus, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ceramium tenuicorne, Vertebrata fucoides, Battersia arctica, Cladophora glomerata and from higher plants Zostera marina and Stuckenia pectinata, reflecting the heterogeneity of nearby benthic habitats. Faunal species represented the phylums Mollusca and Arthropoda, about 20% of the found species can be regarded as occasional encounters. The study emphasizes the significance of beach wrack in the region and examines the impact of beach management on the coastal community.

Haseeba, K.P.; Aboobacker, V.A.; Vethamony, P.; and Al-Khayat, J.A., 2024. Metal characteristics in the mangrove sediments of Al Khor, Qatar. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 494-498. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Mangroves along the Qatar coast are predominantly monospecific Avicennia marina, thriving in the extreme arid climate conditions of the Arabian Gulf. Along the Qatar coast, denser natural mangroves are located in the northeast region, particularly at Al Khor. This study analyzed heavy metal concentrations in sediment samples from four stations within a 1 km² area in Al Khor. Results show that concentrations of Ni, Mn, Cr, Mo, Zn, V, Cu, As, Co, and Cd range between 5.46-44.92, 18.66-29.30, 4.26-16.09, 0.15-10.75, 3.96-7.26, 2.62-5.16, 1.08-2.49, 0.84-2.96, 0.62-0.72, and 0.09-0.14 mg/kg, respectively. Geoaccumulation Indices (Igeo) indicate low concentrations of all metals except for Mo at one station, which is at moderate contamination. Mo is used as a catalyst in oil and gas refining and is also enriched in groundwater in northeast Qatar. Metal concentrations, except Mo, are aligned with those measured in other Arabian Gulf regions but are lesser than those measured in offshore and nearshore area of Qatar. All measured concentrations comply with USEPA and CCME standards, indicating relatively low contamination levels. Further studies are needed to substantiate the role of groundwater sources on metal distribution in mangrove regions of Qatar.

Albuquerque, M.G.; Freitas, J.G.; Pereira, B.M.; Santos, J.R., and Souza, V.G., 2024. Long-term monitoring of coastal dunes in Rio Grande do Sul southern Brazil: A decadal time series of satellite imagery. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 499-503. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dunes are integral to the functioning of coastal systems and provide valuable socio-economic services, including protection against extreme events. Researchers and coastal managers face the challenge of understanding and monitoring dune fields through medium- and long-term in situ measurements. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of Google Earth Engine (GEE) for monitoring coastal dunes in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil over a decade. The methodology employed was based on Landsat 8 sensor satellite images from 2013 to 2023. To process the images, a customized algorithm was developed to be executed in GEE, based on a spectral index for spatio-temporal mapping of dunes. The results show that an average of 110 thousand hectares of dunes were lost in 10 years, corresponding to a dune area reduction of 13.14% along 615 km of coastline. The largest losses and gains in dune area during this period were in 2015 (decrease of 19.30%) and 2018 (increase of 38.82%). The southern coast suffered the greatest loss (6.42% in 225 km), while the northern and central coasts lost 4.0% in 198 km and 2.72% in 192 km, respectively. The main factors associated with the decrease of dune area are the expansion of pine trees, especially on the central and southern coasts; the occurrence of extreme events, and human activities. These phenomena influence the complex dynamics of the dune environment, making long-term monitoring highly relevant to understand seasonal trend changes and to support management and conservation policies.

Mazzolari, A., and Trigo-Teixeira, A., 2024. Hydrodynamic response of a shallow mesotidal estuary to the artificial shifting of a two-jettied inlet. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 504-508. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigates the hydrodynamic effects of shifting the position of an inlet and navigation channel on the tidal circulation of a mesotidal estuary. The case study is represented by the Cávado estuary located on the Northern Portuguese coast, delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by an erosion-prone sand spit. At present, the shallow and migrating bed forms of the inlet do not allow safe navigation, while storm waves entering the low estuary frequently flood the waterfront promenade. This paper analyzes an alternative estuary configuration, characterized by the opening of a two-jettied inlet southward of the present position, the shortening of the navigation channel length, and the filling of the Cávado natural river mouth. The comparison of the tidal hydrodynamics between the present and new estuary configurations is carried out by means of a two-dimensional shallow water model. In the new configuration, the tidal wave has a bigger amplitude and travels less distorted along the navigation channel, as a consequence of the deeper depths, while the differences in duration between ebb and flood phases decrease with respect to the present configuration. Water volume exchanges with the Ocean show a limited variation, as the higher ebb tide fluxes calculated for the new configuration are counterbalanced by a shorter ebb phase duration.

Park, M.W.; Lee, K.-M.; Choi, B-H, and Kwon, H.-H., 2024. Assessing the impact of climate change on salinity variability in rivers and estuaries: A Bayesian modeling approach. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 509-513. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigates the factors influencing salinity levels in the Seomjin River Estuary, South Korea, focusing on their significant ecological and economic impacts, particularly on the local Corbicula clam populations. Recent increases in salinity, primarily due to climate change, pose threats to ecological balance and managing water resources. Utilizing hierarchical Bayesian models and linear regression within the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios from the IPCC, this study evaluates changes in salinity levels and explores the complex variability under changing climatic conditions. By examining the interplay between salinity and climatic drivers such as precipitation, evaporation, and temperature changes, the study offers a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting salinity. This approach offers knowledge of the driving forces behind salinity changes and highlights the broader implications of climate change on estuarine ecosystems. Ultimately, this study highlights the need for integrated adaptive management practices and contributes to the broader discussion on environmental management and climate resilience.

Al-Attar, I. and Almutawa, J., 2024. Estimation of dissolved oxygen levels using Landsat 8 images: Application to Kuwait Territorial waters. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 514-518. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration is a crucial water quality parameter used in pollution assessments and water environments. Advancements in satellite technology have made remote sensing techniques essential for estimating DO concentration, making it a vital tool for monitoring water quality. This study used 15 water measurement stations in situ combined with Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data and geographic information system (GIS) to derive the dissolved oxygen of territorial water in Kuwait for sustainable management. The image acquisition dates were selected to be cloud-free from 2015 to 2018. Reflectance values of OLI band ratios (B2/B6, B5/B6) were compared with in situ measurements of water samples using three models: multiple linear regression, Kernal Gaussian regression, and polynomial regression. The images underwent radiometric and atmospheric corrections before creating the models. The proposed algorithms' efficiency was assessed using bias, mean square, and root-mean-square error values. The dissolved oxygen multiple linear regression models had reached a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.867. The Gaussian Kernel regression reached a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9786. The polynomial had reached a coefficient of determination (R²) 0.986, demonstrating the viability of applying Landsat 8 images to characterize dissolved oxygen in Kuwait Bay. Remote sensing was used to quantify dissolved oxygen by transforming satellite images into Dissolved oxygen maps using retrieved models for Kuwait Bay. The study's findings suggest that Landsat-8 when combined with GIS, can effectively retrieve the dissolved oxygen.

Herkül, K.; Vahtmäe, E.; Kutser, T.; Svirgsden, R., and Rohtla, M., 2024. Mapping shallow water coastal habitats using optical remote sensing and machine learning: Evaluating drone, airplane, and satellite-based imagery. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 519-523. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Mapping habitats in shallow coastal waters with conventional site inspections is costly and time-consuming due to the need for numerous sampling points, hindered by shallow water, rocks, and vegetation. Remote sensing (RS) imagery and mathematical modeling can reduce in situ efforts while improving mapping accuracy and resolution. This study tested various optical RS methods for mapping shallow water habitats in a coastal lagoon in the eastern Baltic Sea. On-site sampling, including bed substrate and macrophytes, was done through direct visual observations and underwater video recordings. Different RS imagery types were tested: drone and airplane-based orthophotos in RGB colors, airplane-based hyperspectral imagery, and Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite imagery. The Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm was used for supervised habitat distribution modeling. Field observation data and RS reflectance data were used to train RF models. Using the trained models, spatial predictions were made to cover the full extent of study areas with seamless maps of habitat variables. Cross-validation showed that all RS data types achieved moderate to nearly perfect prediction accuracy, effectively mapping the lagoon's habitat patchiness. It was concluded that the choice of RS method depends on the study area's size, characteristics, and desired spatial resolution.

James, D.; Collin, A.; Bouet, A.; Perette, M.; Dimeglio, T.; Hervouet, G.; Durozier, T.; Duthion, G., and Lebas, J-F., 2024. Multi-temporal drone mapping of coastal ecosystems in restoration: Seagrass, salt marsh, and dune. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 524-528. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Ecotones at the land-sea interface provide valuable geo-ecological benefits, providing services such as biodiversity support, coastal protection, and environmental amenities. In temperate sandy-muddy regions, blue carbon ecosystems (seagrass meadows, salt marshes) store more carbon than temperate or tropical forests. Temperate sandy areas, with dunes and vegetation, trap sediment and significantly limit coastal erosion. Recognizing their importance in the face of global change, these ecosystems are being protected and restored. In Europe, coastal development has fragmented these ecosystems into smaller patches, making them difficult to map by satellite or aircraft. Drone imagery is now revealing their spatial patterns and processes, with the potential for ultra-high resolution (UHR) pixel size, although it's high temporal resolution remains a niche in research. The study addresses this issue by generating time series of UHR classifications for three ecosystems under restoration: seagrass, salt marsh, and dune. Three coastal sites in northern Brittany were selected: a subtidal seagrass meadow (for anchoring and fishing), a restricted salt marsh (an old polder reconnected to the sea), and a dune dealing with coastal infrastructure issues (road). Aerial drones with red-green-blue sensors flew over these sites annually: since 2021 for the seagrass (8 times), since 2020 for the salt marsh (8 times), and since 2022 for the dune (5 times). Training and validation data were located on identical areas on overlaid orthomosaics, and two pixel-oriented supervised classification algorithms were tested: probabilistic and fast Maximum Likelihood (ML), and decision and efficient Random Forest (RF). Overall accuracies from confusion matrices were compared for each algorithm. For the seagrass meadow, results ranged from 78.33% to 87.18% (ML) and from 86.06% to 93.10% (RF); for the salt marsh, variations were between 71.61% to 95.32% (ML) and 88.69% to 98.59% (RF); for the sand dune, results ranged from 90.04% to 95.5% (ML) and from 93.8% to 96.06% (RF). Regardless of the geo-ecosystem, the RF algorithm consistently outperformed the ML algorithm in mapping.

Collin, A.; James, D.; Lesacher, M., and Feunteun, E., 2024. Ultra-high resolution temperature mapping of the muddy, sandy, and rocky coasts using UAV-scaled SuperDove imagery. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 529-533. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Worldwide coastal interfaces undergo anthropogenic pressures at an unprecedented rate, shaping their geomorphological and ecological responses in their finer scale. The adequate monitoring of their structures and dynamics therefore necessitates very high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. The study sheds light on the fusion of the 1-day multispectral spaceborne SuperDove imagery with standard unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) imagery to (1) produce an innovative bottom-of-atmosphere surface reflectance imagery at 0.04 m pixel size provided with 8 optical bands (visible and near-infrared), then (2) map the temperature over a coastal system endowed with muddy, sandy and rocky environments, distributed in 12 habitats. The UAV-scaled SuperDove dataset was successfully modelled by linear regressions based on the UAV blue-green-red and digital surface model (DSM) data. The temperature was better assessed by the UAV-scaled SuperDove imagery joint with the UAV-based DSM (R²_test=0.67, RMSE=0.99°C), than the standard UAV blue-green-red imagery and the DSM dataset (R²_test=0.58, RMSE=1.11°C). Both models consisted of a 2-layer neural network (perceptron) featured with 5 neurons and 3 neurons. The rocky environment revealed colder than the muddy and sandy environments, which was discussed in the context of climate change.

Kupavõh, A.; Delpeche-Ellmann, N.; Ellmann, A., and Soomere, T., 2024. Examining the performance of satellite altimetry (SWOT) sea level data in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 534-538. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission is expected to bring new possibilities for detecting and assessing water level both at sea and land. To explore its performance, the SWOT nadir altimeter (Poseidon-3C) and the new Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) were examined in coastal areas of the eastern Baltic Sea using the ‘Basic’ version in July–December 2023 using 15 geoid referred tide gauges (TG), vertical land uplift model and a high resolution geoid BSCD2000. The use of geoid enabled a direct comparison with TG data. Comparison with SA and TG was performed with varying distance from the TG. Specific examination of SWOT performance was made in areas affected by archipelagos, islands and sea ice. On average KaRIn altimeter RMSD values are around 13 cm compared to that of the nadir altimeter of 10 cm. One of the benefits of KaRIn is the improved spatial resolution of sea level data. It shows promising capabilities of detecting marine dynamics in the coastal areas. KaRIn altimeter showed improved performance in near-coast areas for within 40 km from TG, 97% of valid measurements were retrieved and within 0–2 km around 40% of valid data was obtained. Sea level was also accurately determined in ice covered areas.

Karagöz, B. and Musaoğlu, N., 2024. An extended analysis of coastal reclamation areas through the utilization of remote sensing data and landscape metrics. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 539-543. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal areas are regions with high ecological fragility. Factors such as natural disasters, climate crises, rising sea levels, population growth, and urbanization contribute to spatial transformations in the land use of coastal areas. Consequently, these changes lead to the loss of ecological characteristics in coastal zones, the expansion of residential areas, and the emergence of challenges related to controlling this growth, which is emphasized within the scope of this research. This study will conduct a Long-Term Analysis using remote sensing data and landscape metrics, focusing on parameters such as changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC), alterations in the habitat loss in coastal reclamation areas. This study focuses on analyzing land reclamation areas along the Sea of Marmara coast using satellite imagery from 1990 to 2023. Initially, LU/LC map were obtained from CORINE Level 1 data for the year 1990. Besides, 2023 LU/LC cover map produced from Sentinel-2 data. Furthermore, a detailed examination of habitat fragmentation and loss in coastal areas were conducted using landscape metrics. According to the analysis results, there was a 138.70% increase in artificial areas within the study region, leading to the creation of a total of 1,410.42 hectares of reclamation area. These changes resulted in significant habitat alteration and loss.

Hamer, E.; Oyedotun, T.D.T.; Charles, E., and Moonsammy, S., 2024. Spatio-temporal analysis of mangrove ecosystems and hydrological regimes in coastal Guyana using remote sensing. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 544-548. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208

Mangrove ecosystems play a pivotal role in providing essential ecosystem services such as; coastal protection/sea defence, a hub for biodiversity, carbon capture and storage, agriculture (fisheries) and livelihood adaptation. This research investigates the dynamics between Guyana's coastal hydrological regime and mangrove vegetation with the use of advanced data analytical models and remote sensing techniques. Utilising the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we monitored the spatio-temporal dynamics of mangrove ecosystems along Guyana's coast from 2013 to 2022. We analyse the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the relationship between mangroves and coastal hydrodynamics. In this study, we developed a coupling coordination model that enables a quantitative assessment of the relationship between hydrological variations and mangrove vegetation loss/restoration. The application of this developed model enhances the understanding of the primary drivers of vegetation changes and facilitates the formulation of effective ecosystem management strategies. The findings of this research extend beyond understanding long-term ecological changes in coastal mangrove ecosystems but also inform the practical interventions for both restorative and conservation efforts in mangrove ecosystems for Guyana and similar coastal zones regionally and globally.

Tiémélé, J.A.; Koné, M.; and Mobio, A.B., 2024. Radar mapping of coastal flooding on the Noumouzou coast (Ivory Coast). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 549-552. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Flooded several times causing the resettlement of its site three times, the coastal zone of Noumouzou (Grand-Lahou department) suffered enormous material, cultural, economic and financial damage. This study is a contribution of Radar imagery to the mapping of coastal flooding on the Noumouzou coast. The objective is to estimate the current and future flooding areas of the Noumouzou village based on Sentinel-1 images, with a view to improving the resilience of its population. To do this, digital processing of Sentinel-1 images from 2015 to 2023 was carried out using SNAP software and made it possible to evaluate the radar backscatter coefficient. The evolution of this parameter was analyzed according to the variation in significant wave heights, estimated from satellite altimeter data and acquired on the Copernicus site. The results showed that the variation of the radar backscattering coefficient of the images generally follows the evolution of the significant wave heights. The peak in 2017 could be explained by the occurrence of storm surges in this coastal area. Thus, the current trend is upward, given the data recorded in 2022. From 2023, forecasts show a gradual increase over the years, until 2030. These developments vary from 0.963 to 0.975 m of 2023 until 2030. This upward trend could be explained by, in addition to the effects of the morpho and hydrodynamic complexity of the Bandama mouth River, the irreversible climatic changes which impact the Ivorian coastal zones, in particular the El nino phenomenon, etc. A better appreciation of the digital processing of images, solely by VV polarization, could be considered in order to refine the results and lead to a hydrodynamic digital simulation of the coastal flooding on this coast. In any case, vigilance and in-depth analysis of the problem linked to this coastal zone are acute, with a view to proposing adaptation solutions to these Ivorian coastal populations.

Kim, T. and Lee, J., 2024. Comparative analysis of wave data observed from the wave glider system and satellites. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 553-557. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208

Offshore wave data are crucial for model verification and as boundary conditions for coastal wave models. However, obtaining these measurements using buoy systems or ocean tower stations is complex. Notably, the offshore of the East Sea lacks in-situ observational data to use as model boundary conditions or to validate satellite observations, which motivated the deployment of a wave glider system. This system was operated from October 16, 2015, to October 21, 2016, and from January 2, 2017, to March 31, 2017, in the East Sea (130.9°E and 36.48°N). The wave glider measured wave heights, periods, and directions at 30-minute intervals. This study evaluates the quality of the wave data collected by the wave glider and assesses its feasibility for use in the East Sea. Significant wave heights from available satellite data were compared with those from the wave glider, and the wave directional spectrum was analyzed during high wave conditions. Accurate offshore wave observations enable more precise estimation of external forces impacting the coast.

Leisner, M.M.; Paula, D.P.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Façanha, M.C.; Vasconcelos, Y.G., and Morais, J.O., 2024. Applications of UAV-SfM remote sensing in monitoring morphodynamic processes in sedimentary cliffs of Pacheco beach, Northeast Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 558-563. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Cliffs are steep morphologies, sculpted by the erosion of different types of rock and subject to mass movements. This study aims to evaluate the morphodynamic changes in a 700 m stretch of sedimentary sea cliffs located in northeastern Brazil using high-resolution images collected by UAV-SfM techniques to understand the geomorphic changes of the coastal landscape. The study used the Geomorphic Change Detection (GCD) method and CloudCompare's M3C2 algorithm applied to short-term monitoring. These tools use photogrammetric products (Elevation Models and Densified Point Clouds) to determine morphological changes in terms of erosion and deposition. The difference grid models are acquired by UAV-based remote sensing, which can accurately and efficiently provide very high-resolution images and digital surface model data to measure volumetric changes. The multi-temporal analysis revealed significant volumes of erosion throughout the cliff area during the study period. In the first interval (July/2023 - January/2024), the cliff recorded erosion in 18% of its area, with volumetric rates - 6,241 ± 1,230 m³ of erosion. In the second period (January/2024 to April/2024), more severe erosion rates were observed on the cliff, reaching -10,603 ± 1,504 m with 30% of its area eroded. This research has shown that sedimentary cliffs in northeastern Brazil are undergoing significant morphodynamic changes, with erosion rates increasing over time. The application of advanced remote sensing techniques, such as UAV-SfM and the GCD and M3C2 tools, reveals clear erosion patterns that vary according to the seasonal climatic processes (e.g., marine and subaerial) acting in the region under study. The results obtained are essential for understanding the geomorphological risks associated with coastal cliffs. In addition, they highlight the effectiveness of using UAVs for coastal monitoring, providing valuable information for the sustainable management of these vulnerable environments.

Espinoza, J.M.A.; Alves, D.C.L.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Espinoza, T.A., and Gonzaga, B.A., 2024. Using satellite imagery from the LANDSAT series to analyze coastal dune coverage dynamics. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 564-568. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal zone can be understood as a region of interaction between the continent, continental waters, the atmosphere and the ocean. It contains the coastal plain, dunes, marshes, marshes and mangroves, lagoons, estuaries, and the ocean. In this coastal zone, the dunes represent one of the main features, resulting from geomorphological processes of wind origin, characterized by sedimentary deposits formed by the interaction of sand grains, wind action and the presence of vegetation. This work presents an analysis of the dune coverage of a system of frontal and embryonic dunes in a coastal stretch belonging to the municipality of Garopaba, Santa Catarina/Brazil. Methodologically, image data from the TM/LANDSAT-5 and OLI/LANDSAT-8 orbital sensors were used for the period 1985-2020, in two main stages: (I) Determination of the dune area for the study area; and, (II) Determination of the spatio-temporal patterns of the dynamics of this dune cover. To this end, data pre-processing was applied (radiometric correction, atmospheric correction using the DOS technique, geometric correction with co-registration and adjustment of coordinates and cropping for area; later, the scenes were converted to the representation system of IHS colors, allowing the chromatic identification of targets, with the application of a threshold on the scenes, which generated a dune scene for each date and the detection of changes through the change vector technique, applied through the subtraction of two images of subsequent dunes (e.g.: 1995 - 1985). As a result, the greatest losses were mainly concentrated on the windward side of these dunes, while the greatest sedimentary gains were concentrated on the leeward side, according to the transgressive nature of these morphologies. Between 2005 and 2020 there was a 39% reduction in the area of dunes in the area (93.6 ha), with urban growth over the dunes corresponding to 34 hectares, with the urban area being responsible for 44% of the total area of suppressed dunes. This case study shows the potential of using remote sensing data to study coastal morphology, especially dunes.

Espinoza, J.M.A.; Alves, D.C.L.; Sales, D.A.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Espinoza, T.A.; Gonzaga, B.A.; Façanha, M., and Moreira, J., 2024. Monitoring water quality in coastal lagoons using orbital sensors: Case study for the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 569-573. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal lagoons can be defined as ecosystems surface aquatic species that develop at the interface between ecosystemscoastal terrestrial and marine. These may be permanently open or intermittently closed from the adjacent sea by deposition barriers. Coastal lagoons cover about 12% of the coast of North America.South and more than 40% of the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Due to the advancement of anthropogenic pressureson water resources, monitoringof changes in water quality with the aim of preventing pollution from compromising the useintegrated of these resources. Monitoring them is essential and requires the increasing use of instruments and technologies. However, costs make rapid monitoring with effective environmental protection unfeasible. This work presents a methodology for monitoring these water resources, aimed at analyzing the water quality of a set of coastal lagoons on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Images from the MSI sensor on board the Sentinel-2 satellites were used and two indices were derived as indicators of water quality: (a) Total Suspended Solids - TSS and (b) Dissolved Organic Matter - DOM-Chl. The years 2022/2023 were monitored. The results demonstrate a low dispersion in TSS values in this period (2.53≤σ≤4.62), with the 2023 values showing greater amplitude (∼ 38.5 mg.L-1) and standard deviation (σ=4.16) compared to the results of 2022. However, in 2023 we observed a TSS plume concentrated near the bridge in the north area. This variation can be attributed to the water deficit in the summer of 2022/2023, resulting in discharge values lower than the historical regime. The DOM-Chl results showed values with small amplitude (0.43 – 1.25 mg.L-1) with the plume distribution similar to the TSS. The derived TSS and DOM-Chl maps provide a low-cost management resource, offering new tools for monitoring coastal environments.

Higazy, N.; Phillips, M.; Sarhan, K., and Saleh, A., 2024. Qatar's built and natural environments in harmony: A sustainable mix of architectural heritage and resource conservation? In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 574-578. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Qatar's rapid expansion, particularly along its coastlines, has significantly transformed its built environment. Driven by economic growth, urbanization, and high-profile development projects, Qatar's coastal zones have been reshaped. However, its unique coastal environment, which plays an important cultural role and supports a diverse range of ecologically significant ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, has been affected by the fast-paced expansion and lack of comprehensive national regulations for coastal development prior to the 2010s. Qatar acknowledged the unsustainability of fast-paced development and implemented policy measures that mandated the creation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Interim Coastal Development Guidelines (ICDG), as part of the Qatar National Development Framework (QNDP) and linked to the Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030). This work examines the evolution of Qatar's coastline before and after ICDG implementation and highlights key developments such as the Pearl, Lusail City and Hamad Port. It highlights how Qatar harmonized the built and natural environments, balancing urban growth with environmental conservation. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating robust and comprehensive environmental and heritage mapping into national planning, to ensure long-term sustainability.

Kim, I.; Kim., M, and Lee, H., 2024. Coastal erosion management using coast view service-based augmented reality. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 579-583. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

To analyze coastal erosion dynamics effectively, we systematically recorded images and videos to facilitate comparative studies with historical data from similar sites. Despite domestic and international portal sites offering panoramic virtual tours for temporal tracking, they lack the data to investigate coastal erosion processes. This highlights the need for a continuous spatial archiving strategy to secure and preserve onsite video data for detailed assessments of coastal erosion and associated structural damage. This study develops a coastal view service with augmented reality, integrating bird's eye view panoramas captured via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and 360° cameras. We aim to commercialize technology that extracts three-dimensional spatial information specific to coastal erosion dynamics. Unlike existing augmented reality systems, we have independently developed the “Twintogether″ service platform, facilitating quantitative analysis of spatial information. This service enables visual assessments of structural conditions and beach topography by categorizing and storing facility data, including location and damage extent. The coastal view service facilitates time-series comparisons of current and historical erosion, serving as a practical tool for decision-making. By collecting periodic images and predicting significant events like typhoons and high waves, we can more accurately detect changes in erosion patterns. Furthermore, this service advances coastal erosion management by specializing in erosion history investigation methods, which help determine the status of coastal structures and the extent of damage.

Contardo, S.; Lowe, R.; Hansen, J. E., and Dufois, F., 2024. Quantification of nearshore long wave energy. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 584-588. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

As non-breaking short-wave groups propagate toward the shoreline, they are accompanied by bound long waves. Simultaneously, in response to depth gradients, free long waves are generated which propagate faster than the group. The amplitudes of bound and free long waves, and their phase relationships depend on the frequencies of the short and long waves and on the depth and bed slope. These long waves often play a major (or even dominant) role on water level variability in the nearshore, yet approaches to estimate how different long wave motions are generated by different mechanisms are incomplete. Here we aim to quantify the long-wave amplitude and phase relationship as the short-wave groups propagate over a slope, using a discrete linear analytical model. We find that the total long wave amplitude relative to the bound long wave amplitude is larger for milder bed slopes and with wind-sea conditions than for steeper bed slopes and with swell conditions. The results collapse as a function of the normalised bed slope (bed slope relative to long-wave frequency), for fixed values of the short-wave period. The role of the phase relationships between free and bound long waves is critical in determining the total long wave amplitude, with depth, bed slope and frequency being very important in determining this phase relationship.

Williams, J.J.; Price, D.M.; Atan, R., Del Est al Dominguez, N., and Wright, A.P., 2024. Modelling dredge plumes for environmental impact assessments. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 589-593. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dredging activities release fine sediments into the water column, forming plumes that spread horizontally, potentially impacting sensitive seabed marine communities through sunlight attenuation and siltation. Various models, normally comprising coupled hydrodynamic and mud transport modules, simulate dredging processes. However, modelling dredge plumes is challenging owing to the complexity of advection, diffusion, settlement, and resuspension of sediments. Currently, there are no standardised methods for predicting dredge plume dispersion and the potential effects on receiving environments. Most modelling studies for environmental impact assessment (EIA) are precautionary and make conservative assumptions to reduce the uncertainties in defining the nature of the bed and suspended sediments, the dredging operation and sediment losses. This approach can result in predictions of dredge plume footprints that are significantly larger than those observed during the actual dredging, leading to misinterpretations of the likelihood of potential environmental impacts. The paper draws on practical experience in recent modelling studies of dredging operations for port expansions, navigation and electrical cable installations. It describes the issues around the model set-up, parameterisation and calibration and applies a simple light attenuation model to quantify the photosynthetic impacts of dredge plumes on sensitive receptors. It highlights the problems associated with interpreting dredge plume modelling evidence for EIA purposes.

Williams, J.J.; Kumar, S.V.; Matthews, J.; Palmer, T.; Hoskins, N.; Remla, R.M.; Gibbons, A., and Tung, N., 2024. Modelling wave attenuation by salt marsh. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 594-598. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal salt marsh vegetation is a sustainable nature-based coastal defence solution that can effectively dissipate wave energy and reduce storm impacts and coastal flooding. An important part of planning salt marsh restoration is to define, using numerical models, the optimal location for a new salt marsh area in the tidal frame and to assess how the vegetation affects incident waves throughout the growth cycle from sparse immature plants to mature salt marsh. This study uses the wave models MIKE SW and XBeach-NH-VEG to simulate interactions with vegetation at study sites in the Thames Estuary, UK. The vegetation properties, including height, drag coefficient, stem diameter, and density, are taken from the literature. The model results demonstrate unequivocally that the greatest changes in incident wave characteristics occur from the seaward edge of the vegetation over the first 10 to 50m. While re-establishing wider strips of salt marsh reduces wave energy reaching the coastline further, greater benefits accrue from maximising the lateral extent of the salt marsh along the shoreline normal to the dominant incident wave direction. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each model tested and makes recommendations for future model development and application.

Coelho, C., Ferreira, A.M. and Lima, M., 2024. Numerical modeling of artificial nourishments on the beach profile: Effects on reducing dune overtopping. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 599-603. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Reports of overtopping and flooding due to the shoreline retreat are becoming more frequent. Artificial sediment nourishments are used to mitigate erosion and overtopping problems, as they protect ecosystems and infrastructures and can be relevant for tourism, by expanding the beach areas for recreational use. However, the performance of these interventions depends on the volumes of sand considered and the deposition location on the cross-shore profile, among other factors. Through the application of the CS-Model, the performance of several artificial sand nourishment scenarios was evaluated, in order to reduce the frequency of coastal overtopping. The results indicate that raising the dune combined with reinforcement of the landward dune face is the most effective solution. The work provides important information for coastal management to support decision-making in artificial nourishment interventions.

Eser, E.; Balas, L.; İnan, A., and Yıldırım Fidanoğlu, P., 2024. Integrated modeling for the determination of typology and boundaries of coastal and transitional. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 604-608. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The escalating pressures on the sustainable utilization of surface water resources have become more pronounced, driven by a confluence of factors, including rapid population growth, escalating consumption patterns, the impacts of global warming, climate changes, and fluctuations in water levels. Addressing these challenges necessitates the establishment of robust and effective water management systems. In alignment with the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD), the development of comprehensive river basin management plans takes center stage to safeguard water resources and ensure their sustainable use. A pivotal stride in implementing this Directive within our country involves the meticulous determination of typologies and the digitization of transitional water bodies. This study focuses on the application of advanced modeling methodologies to delineate the geographical boundaries and types of coastal and transitional water bodies in Türkiye, guided by System B of the Water Framework Directive. Leveraging the three-dimensional hydrodynamic, transport, and water quality model, HYDROTAM-3D, developed for coastal areas with geographic information system and cloud computing support, alongside the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), our research explores the typologies and water bodies of coastal and transitional waters. Fethiye Bay is presented as a case study on the Mediterranean Sea coast of Türkiye. We identified seven rivers discharging into the Bay using data from the European Environment Agency's Waterbase-rivers. The modeling efforts delved into long-term estuarine hydrodynamics, analyzing coastal currents and water level changes attributed to wind, wave, tide, and density fluctuations. Through these studies, we determined the boundaries of fresh and coastal water within transitional water bodies. Notably, five out of the seven rivers exhibited characteristics indicative of transitional waters. Key factors such as latitude-longitude, surface area, and wave exposure were identified as crucial typology parameters. All identified transitional water bodies were classified as small surface area types, with the largest belonging to the Murt River at 6.96 ha. Wave exposure typology classes were established based on long-term wind and wave climate modeling, revealing the prevalence of the moderately sheltered type, constituting 42% of Fethiye Bay. This study underscores the significance of modeling studies as indispensable tools for effective water resource management.

Aboobacker, V.M.; Abdulla, C.P.; Al-Ansari, E.M.A.S., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Impacts of shamal and nashi winds on the hydrodynamics along the northeast coast of Qatar, central Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 609-613. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Arabian Gulf (hereafter the “Gulf”), a semi-enclosed basin with a maximum depth of 100 m, is connected to the Sea of Oman through the Strait of Hormuz. The seawater properties of the Gulf are nearly stable due to the exchange between the Sea of Oman and Gulf induced by the wind-driven surface inflow and the density-driven deepwater outflow. The currents in the Gulf were broadly studied, however, the characteristics of nearshore currents in the Qatar waters have not been investigated so far. This study presents the typical features identified from the measurements at a nearshore location along the east coast of Qatar, namely off Fuwairit (northeast cost; 7m depth). The analysis reveals that the northwesterly shamal and easterly nashi winds have significant role in the hydrodynamic circulation along the east coast of Qatar. During shamal events, the southeasterly/east-southeasterly flow was enhanced, while the north-westerly flow was diminished, since the wind-induced flow was followed the tidal ebb flows, and the opposite was true during flood flows. When the shamal was very strong, it has even nullified the tidal flows. A continuous south-eastward flow for a period of 48 hours have been identified during such an event. During strongest nashi winds, the northwestward flow off Fuwairit has been enhanced, while the southeastward flow has been diminished. The surface winds obtained from ERA5 and the surface currents obtained from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Services (CMEMS) has been used to further elaborate on the shamal and nashi wind effects on the Gulf circulation.

Calò, L.G., Bennis, A.-C., Boutet, M., and Dias, F., 2024. Three-dimensional non-hydrostatic modeling with LES Leray-α turbulence model: Applications to complex tidal environments. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 614-618. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Ocean turbulence modeling is still an open problem that is generally approached with the use of different modeling for the horizontal and vertical mixing due to the assumption of different turbulent length scales. In some cases, as Alderney Race, small three-dimensional (3D) turbulent structures with comparable horizontal and vertical length-scales are observed. To simulate these structures an integrated 3D modeling with the same turbulence model in the three dimensions is required. This will be achieved by integrating the Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model of Leray-α, which is based on the regularization principle of the Navier-Stokes equations first described by Leray in 1934, to the 3D non-hydrostatic solver of the CROCO oceanic model. The first step was to simulate the tide-induced hydrodynamics for an idealized configuration. A re-energization of the flow by the Leray-α turbulence model is observed, as found in former 2D studies. Then, the Leray-α model was used to simulate the turbulent hydrodynamics of Alderney Race, for which the results were compared to the ones obtained with classical turbulent models. The conclusions until now are the following: i) the Leray-α filtering procedure re-energizes the flow by changing the non-linear interactions, and ii) Leray-α is more computationally expensive than the LES Smagorinsky model and less expensive than the RANS k-ω model. The next step is to assess the accuracy of the Leray-α simulations with the use of in-situ data.

Ferreira, A.M., Coelho, C., and Silva, P.A., 2024. Impact of transversal and longitudinal sediment transport on the shoreline evolution: Effects of sandbar volume and wave climate. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 619-623. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The evolution of artificial nourishments and its impacts in beach morphology depends on the sediment dynamics. Numerical modeling has potential to support such analysis and to better understand the benefits of such interventions, also supporting decision-making. The analyses of beach nourishment interventions must consider both cross-shore (transversal) and longshore (longitudinal) processes of sediment transport. Therefore, a numerical study was conducted to enhance the modeling capacity of nourishment interventions from a medium to long-term perspective integrating cross-shore and longshore sediment transport processes. Different conceptual scenarios discussing wave climate parameters and longshore sediment transport potential capacity on beach morphodynamics. The results suggest that under a constant wave climate, cross-shore sediment transport processes drive beach profiles toward equilibrium. Varying sandbar volumes alongshore induce potential sediment transport gradients, allowing access to the benefits of nourished sediments within the numerical domain. The final shoreline position results from the balance between cross-shore and longshore processes. Overall, the developed model is useful for studying nearshore nourishments in relation to wave climate, sandbar equilibrium volumes, sediment transport, and their longshore gradients. This knowledge is valuable for supporting coastal management, particularly in investigating nearshore nourishments.

Abdussamie, N., Subramaniam, T., Gannan, A., and Rohouma W., 2024. Hydrodynamic analysis of an oscillating water column wave energy converter. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 624-628. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Wave energy offers a promising renewable energy source with added benefits for coastal protection. This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a fixed Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) under different wave conditions, focusing on wave period, wave height, and device draft. The obtained results show that peak hydrodynamic efficiency occurs at the natural frequency of the water column and decreases with increased draft due to reduced water mass in the OWC chamber. This highlights the need for thorough evaluation of site-specific wave conditions for optimal power extraction. These findings are crucial for the geometry optimization and site selection of fixed OWC devices, contributing to the advancement of wave energy conversion technology and sustainable energy solutions.

Aiswaria, K. and Balaji, R., 2024. Experimental and numerical investigation of free decay motion of a wave energy converter model. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 629-633. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The future of renewable energy may include a large contribution from wave energy which has gained significant interest recently. The estimation of hydrodynamic parameters is essential in the performance assessment of wave energy converter devices. Physical experimental and numerical free heave decay tests are performed for a cylindrical wave energy converter device and the results are verified. The experiments are performed in a wave flume equipped with Qualisys motion-capture cameras which capture the heave decay motion of the model at high accuracy. The model is dropped freely from three known drop heights. The findings of the test can offer benchmark data for the validation of numerical models. The natural frequency and equivalent linear damping of the model are estimated using the logarithmic decrement method. The experimental test results are compared to the numerical model simulation results obtained based on the linear potential flow theory using WEC-Sim software. Numerical simulation results have good agreement with the experimental values confirming the applicability of the numerical model for such studies. The study provides insight into various hydrodynamic parameters relevant to the model's efficiency in absorbing energy. The findings of the study are valuable for acquiring a physical understanding of the system parameters and achieving higher device performances.

Ahmed, A.S.M.; Abdelkader, A.; Khalil, A., and Othman, M., 2024. Hydrodynamic modeling and flushing assessment of Khawr Al Batah, Oman. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 634-638. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The future waterfront development of Khawr Al Batah, Oman, which is an enclosed bay, requires good water refreshment and suitability for navigation operation. This assurance is made by the availability of the robust hydrodynamic modeling developed by Deltares (Delft3DFM Suite). The hydrodynamic model was developed using the recent bathymetric survey carried out within the bay and part of the open sea (Gulf of Oman) and hydraulic measurements. Although the empirical assessment for the existing condition reveals good water refreshment, the related results of the hydrodynamic and flushing model confirms this finding except for the stagnation zones which are not predicated by the empirical assessment. Various scenarios (dredging and reclamation works) are investigated and ultimately the preferred scenario was recommended as it shows good water flushing and circulation as per relevant PIANC guidelines.

Amin, M.K. and Hasan, G.M.J., 2024. Development of a coupled wave-hydrodynamic model for the coastal waters of Bangladesh using Delft3D. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 639-643. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The study of water movement and its dynamics within the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is crucial for addressing challenges related to sea level rise, water pollution, coastal flooding, sediment movement, etc. This study discusses the development of a 2D coupled wave-hydrodynamic model covering the greater bay area. The study utilizes the model extent by digitizing the shorelines from Google Earth. The bathymetric data was collected from GEBCO. The curvilinear grid was designed utilizing the Delft3D modeling suite. Daily discharge data was collected from the BWDB at Baruria Transit station in the Padma River and Bhairab Bazar station in the Upper Meghna River, and both were considered as the northern open boundaries in the model. The model's southern open boundary was forced by hourly water level data which was collected from the PSMSL. The developed model was calibrated using available tidal gauge data. The water levels due to waves were validated using significant wave heights and wave periods collected from the ECMWF for a year. The model results of tidal water level were validated against tide gauge records and showed good results for both dry and monsoon periods. The model is finally applied to simulate the flow pattern covering the whole coastal region for a year. It shows seasonal fluctuations in higher water levels and depth-averaged current velocities during the wet monsoon season. The study provides a nuanced understanding of hydrodynamic processes in the BoB. This enables stakeholders to undertake informed future research and develop resilient coastal management plans.

Ishmael-Lalla, M., Gopaul, N., Ganase, A., and Deonarine, A., 2024. A numerical modelling approach to coral restoration and management: Understanding Tobago's hydrodynamics and reef connectivity. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 644-648. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Numerical modelling was conducted to explore the interaction between ocean currents and reef systems in Tobago, an island in the southern Caribbean. Coral reef organisms have a bipartite life cycle, being reef-bound as adults and having pelagic larval stages that can disperse to other reefs. Larval dispersal and connectivity are crucial for population replenishment, habitat colonization, and overall reef expansion. Oceanographic factors significantly influence larval dispersal, affecting their viability and the natural reseeding of habitats. Factors such as waves, temperature, salinity, and current velocity are critical for coral reef rehabilitation. Therefore, understanding hydrodynamics in reef areas is vital for effective coral management and restoration. The DHI MIKE 21/3 hydrodynamic model, coupled with an Agent-Based Model (ABM), was used to assess reef connectivity of Tobago. This framework quantifies the interaction between hydrodynamics and larval traits, simulating the passive drifting of organisms during their pelagic phase. The ABM included factors such as settlement behavior and mortality. Dispersion from reefs off the Caribbean coast of Tobago was localized compared to Angel and Flying Reefs, due to lower currents and recirculation patterns along that coast. Coral larvae from Flying Reef, along Tobago's south coast, and Angel Reef in north-east Tobago dispersed more broadly due to stronger currents and deeper waters. These findings provide insights into the connectivity of Tobago's reefs based on oceanographic conditions, guiding spatial management of coral reefs and strategies in coral restoration.

Männikus, R.; Giudici, A.; Mayemerova, G.; Beisembekova, M.; Rakisheva, Z., and Soomere, T., 2024. An assessment of Caspian Sea modeled wave climate using ERA5 winds. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 649-653. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The wave climate of the Caspian Sea has been notably underrepresented in existing scientific literature, highlighting a crucial gap in our understanding. This study endeavors to address this deficiency by modeling wave properties on high resolution (2.5 km) grid utilizing the ERA5 wind dataset for the entire Caspian Sea in 1991–2022. The modeled wave heights were compared with data modeled in previous studies. The mean values of significant wave height H_S compare well with previous research while large differences become evident for extreme wave heights. While larger values of long-term average H_S, up to 1.1 m, occur closer to the western shore of the central basin, the maximum H_S (up to 6.75 m) occur closer to the eastern shore. The distribution of H_S in single locations follows an exponential rather than a Rayleigh distribution.

Graham, C. and Abdussamie, N., 2024. CFD modelling of a tsunami event. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 654-659. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper presents and discusses numerical results of a tsunami wave event and its interaction with a vertical, surface-piercing cylinder by employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. Focusing on generating tsunami-like wave events, common numerical tsunami approximation methods are investigated. A systematic approach was adopted including the development of numerical wave tank and wave-structure interaction analysis. The first step involves the development of a tsunami model using wave superposition, followed by validation against observed data through numerical sensitivity studies. Subsequently, the model is employed to simulate tsunami interactions with a fixed and a heaving cylinder. The comparison of the developed tsunami model results with solitary and Stokes 5^th order approximations reveals conservative but inadequate representations of tsunami forces by both methods. This underscores the limitations of current approximations in capturing force magnitude and direction, emphasizing the need for improved numerical modelling techniques in tsunami analysis.

Uğurlu, A. and Balas, C.E., 2024. Assessment of single-layer armor units in breakwater design under climate change: In-depth case analysis of Rize-Artvin airport breakwater. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 660-664. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study provides an advanced analysis of single-layer armor units, emphasizing their role in optimizing stability and initial investment costs in breakwater construction considering climate change. Focusing on Piblok⁺, a new armor unit designed in Türkiye, we conducted Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using FLOW3D software. These simulations evaluated the hydrodynamic performance of Piblok+ in comparison to prevalent single-layer armor units, specifically for overtopping and stability characteristics. The Rize-Artvin Airport, located on the Black Sea coast and noted as the world's deepest coastal structure, serves as the case study for this research. The deterministic design incorporated the significant wave height predictions from the HYDROTAM3D Model and the deployment of Accropode II, Xbloc, and Piblok units. The design parameters included a significant wave height of 7.70 m and an armor layer volume of 12 m^3. The deterministic breakwater design underwent a reliability-based probabilistic analysis using the Accropode II limit state function alongside a comparison for the armor layer, which was performed by the three-dimensional physical modeling conducted at the Ministry of Transport's Hydraulic Research Laboratory. The study also incorporated the anticipated sea level change (SLC) of +1.33 m over 100 years into the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to assess structural safety, yielding a 96.70% probability of reliability within its economic lifespan. Physical model experiments for Accropode II were also conducted in the General Directorate of Infrastructure Investments wave basin, forming part of the Port Hydraulic Research Center. These experiments, along with design computations, took into consideration a range of environmental factors such as global warming, wind set-up, wave set-up, seasonal tides, barometric pressure, Coriolis Effect, and tidal influences, ensuring a holistic evaluation of all critical conditions that might impact the breakwater throughout its service life. An extensive series of physical model experiments were compared with the probabilistic approach, utilizing various design wave characteristics and fifteen structural alternatives. The aim was to determine the most robust cross-sectional design for the coastal defense structures at Rize-Artvin Airport, thereby ensuring optimal performance and resilience of the breakwater under varying environmental and climatic conditions.

Galano, R.M.C. and De Leon, M.P., 2024. Preliminary assessment of potential ocean wave energy resources in the coastal areas of the Philippines. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 665-669. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The wave energy potential at 37 points in the coastal areas of the Philippines was quantified in the study. Specifically, the wave energy flux (WEF) at each point was computed with consideration to the classification of the waves. The results showed that points in coastal areas facing the Pacific Ocean have much higher wave energy potential than those in coastal areas facing the West Philippine Sea (WPS). It also showed that the WEF at a point can go as high as 31.86 kW/m along the east coast and 16.45 kW/m along the west coast. Although some points failed to qualify for the estimation of wave energy generation, most points from almost all provinces still exhibit high wave energy potential. Out of 37 points, 30 were selected for the quantification of annual wave energy generation (AWEG). The highest AWEG for points that used Wave Dragon, Pelamis, and AquaBuoy are 5010.15, 780.48, and 254.54 MWh, respectively. After estimating the AWEG at all points, a wave energy resource map showing the wave energy potential at all points was established.

Dramé, A.-B.; Burningham, H., and Sall, M., 2024. Ocean and wave climate variability in West Africa, and implications for alongshore sediment transport on the Senegal-Mauritania coast. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 670-674. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The east Atlantic wave climate in the region of West Africa is dominated by north-northwesterly high energy swell. Wave conditions are variably modified inshore, but a strong obliquity in wave approach remains, leading to a predominance of north-south sediment transport. Implications for coastal sediment movement in the event of deviations or progressive shifts in offshore wave climate are important in driving change in patterns of erosion and deposition. Here, ERA5 wave data covering the last 6 decades (1940-2023) is analysed at annual and seasonal scales to understand the variability in wave climate over time and to explore the association with key climate drivers such as ENSO, NAO, and AMO. The winter season is considered in more detail to investigate extreme wave parameters. Results show that wave height (>2.5m), period (14s) and were more frequent in the 1950s and over the 2000-2018 period, with extreme wave height (3.92m) being associated with a direction of 335.60°. Wave direction increased by 4.08° between 1940 and 2023, which influences sediment transport direction patterns along the coast. NAO has a greater influence on winter swell wave height and direction than ENSO, which only moderately affects the local wave climate.

Fan, J.; Tao, A.F., and Zheng, J.H., 2024. Preliminary numerical investigation on spatial distribution of triad resonant interaction for steady free-surface flow over rippled bottoms. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 675-679. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Due to the existence of submarine sandbars in estuarial and coastal areas, the hydrodynamics for flow over rippled bottoms have drawn increasing attention with the potential resonant interaction induced. For the triad resonant interaction induced by steady free-surface flow over rippled bottoms, the spatial distribution of the resonant wave amplitude could reflect the spatial wave energy transmission behaviors above the finite undulating patches. This paper adapts the numerical model based on the high-order spectral method (HOS) to simulate the spatial distribution behaviors of the triad resonant wave components. For the representative cases for the triad resonance corresponding to upstream-propagating waves, the numerical results reveal the nonlinear spatial exponential growth pattern of the resonant wave amplitudes, which compares well with the theoretical singular perturbation solutions by multiple-scale expansion.

Ishmael-Lalla, M., Deonarine, A., Gopaul, N., and Seeram, S., 2024. Understanding Trinidad and Tobago's oceanography using hydrodynamic and spectral wave models. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 680-684. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) rely on marine resources for its economy, including the offshore oil and gas industry, fisheries, and tourism. T&T waters have complex characteristics that require a nuanced approach to modelling. Trinidad's western coastline borders the shallow Gulf of Paria (GoP), contrasting with Tobago's proximity to the continental shelf edge. These islands are influenced by seasonal freshwater runoff from the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers and are impacted by the passage of North Brazil Current (NBC) Rings and seasonal tropical storms and hurricanes. These conditions highlight the need to understand the islands' varying circulation patterns and wave regimes. A 3D Hydrodynamic (HD) model and a Spectral Wave (SW) Model were developed for T&T and the Eastern Caribbean Region. These models were used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the oceanographic conditions around these Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The models, assimilated with datasets specific to the region, underwent extensive validation using measured datasets, operating in forecast mode until 2021. The 3D HD model verified the existence of a clockwise gyre within the GoP and captured NBC Rings that result in current speeds exceeding 1.5 m/s off the east coast of Trinidad. The general current patterns for the Tobago's southwest Atlantic coast show westerly and north-westerly currents, while southeast Tobago showed predominately east to northeasterly flow. The Caribbean coast of Tobago show variable current patterns with island-wake eddies being captured by the model. The SW model provided insights into the wave climate for the region such as the high-wave energy experienced off the east coast of Trinidad, with an average wave height of 2 m contrasting with the low-energy GoP, dominated by local winds and northerly swell. Tobago's Atlantic coast also exhibits a bi-modal sea state, while its Caribbean coast, is sheltered and protected by coral reefs. These models are essential for predicting oil spills, coral larvae dispersion, coastal vulnerability, environmental impacts, and for mangrove flushing, helping to mitigate environmental damage, protect marine biodiversity, and enhance coastal resilience.

Ahmed, A.S.M., 2024. Wave transformation modeling of the Dead Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 685-689. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A numerical wave transformation modeling of the Dead Sea using Delft3D open source was developed to compute the spatial distribution of the extreme wave conditions in the Dead Sea from which the design wave conditions with different return periods at various locations within the Dead Sea are derived. To develop numerical wave modeling, relevant data were collected and analyzed. These data include water levels, seabed levels, wind data and wave measurements for the model calibration. In this paper, the collected data and analysis are discussed. The description of the used model, construction of the model, model calibration using the measured wave data during 2007 and 2008, and model results are addressed. The sensitivity of the brine water density was examined and assessed. The recommended design wave conditions at the different locations within the Dead Sea will be presented for future development within the Dead Sea.

Damghi, A.; Bouazzati, H.; El M'rini, A., and Nibani, H., 2024. Exploring coastal dynamics in Morocco's Mediterranean region using (AUV) technology. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 690-694. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Our contribution, entitled "Exploring coastal dynamics in Morocco's Mediterranean region using AUV technology", offers an innovative insight into the unique coastal features of this area, by using data collected during two separate missions by the Sea Explorer glider; an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) equipped with a GPCTD payload, to collect hight accuracy temperature and conductivity data. Our study takes a deep dive into Moroccan Mediterranean waters, tackling the urgent need to fill gaps in available data. This research has both significant scientific and practical value, as it addresses crucial gaps in our understanding of coastal phenomena, particularly in our study area. Our results include detailed scientific high resolution plots of temperature and salinity, offering near-Real Time (nRT) data. All data collected are meticulously integrated into oceanographic models, providing a comprehensive understanding of currents, water exchanges, and other coastal processes. This integrated approach highlights the practical implications for coastal management and planning, especially in the context of global change.

Yuk, J.-H., 2024. A study on improvements for prediction of typhoon-induced storm-surge and wave in the southern coast of Korea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 695-699. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The southern coast of Korea has suffered a lot of damage due to typhoons. Because the likelihood of super typhoons occurring is expected to increase due to global warming, it is necessary to prepare for typhoons. Accurate predictions of not only typhoons but also storm-surges and high waves caused by typhoons are important. This study aims to present a simple, quick, and accurate way to predict storm-surges and waves using the symmetric and asymmetric parametric vortex models based on typhoon information such as typhoon location, central pressure, and typhoon radius. This study investigated which one had better prediction performance when the symmetrical typhoon and asymmetrical typhoon were set. Among the recent typhoons that caused great damage to the southern coast, including the major city, Busan, Sanba (201216), Chaba (201618), Kong-rey (201825), Maysak (202009), and Haishen (202010) was selected as a typhoon simulation case. For typhoon information, the best track of JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center), which provides typhoon radius information for each of the four quadrants, was used. Quadrant typhoon radius information was included only in the best tracks after 2006, so typhoons that occurred after 2006 were selected. The fully coupled tide-surge-wave model; Advanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) was used. As a result of comparing the simulated and observed storm-surges and waves at major observation stations on the southern coast of Korea, the asymmetric vortex simulation tended to predict the overall storm-surges and waves to be larger than the symmetric vortex model and to predict closer to the observations. Although this study has limitations in being unable to investigate many typhoons due to the absence of asymmetric information about typhoons, there is a need to consider asymmetric typhoon vortex in order to more accurately predict the storm-surges and waves. When a typhoon occurs, a typhoon warning is issued. At this time, this study proposes a way to simply, quickly, and accurately predict storm-surges and waves using typhoon warning data without performing a time-consuming weather prediction model.

Eissa, S.; Gharib, M., and Kabbany, O., 2024. Flushing model for artificial islands in the Persian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 700-704. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A numerical model study has been performed to study the flushing characteristics for an intended artificial island at the Persian Gulf coast in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The islands masterplan was tested for flushing using DELFT 3D hydrodynamic model and it was found that its residence time exceeds the acceptable PIANC flushing Criteria. Therefore, several mitigation measures were applied and tested one by one using the flushing model. Namely: changing location of entrance opening, dredging, removing part of the mangrove existing in the near vicinity to create a channel, removing the mangrove altogether, using culverts of different numbers and locations, and pumping at selected points. The pumping option gave the best solution, but it has high capital cost and running cost. Therefore, it was opted for a combination of the other solutions including removal of mangroves, introducing culverts and adjustment of island boundaries and type of protection.

Ollerhead, J.; Abbandonato, H., and McLellan, N., 2024. The first managed salt marsh restoration in New Brunswick, Canada: Lessons learned. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 705-709. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In Maritime Canada, there is significant opportunity to conserve salt marshes, to preserve accommodation space into which salt marshes can migrate, and to undertake salt marsh restoration projects. The purpose of our study was to monitor the progress of a managed salt marsh restoration project at Musquash, NB, Canada. In 2005, a dyke (abandoned railway bed) was removed to allow salt water to once again flood an area of agricultural land that was reclaimed salt marsh. Prior to 2005, there was very limited hydrologic connectivity between the site and the macrotidal Musquash Estuary. Most of the vegetation was terrestrial. Since dyke removal, the hydrologic connections have restored and the site is regularly flooded with sea water. Between 2005 and 2022, the terrestrial vegetation died (e.g., Betula sp. trees) and was replaced by salt marsh species (e.g., Sporobolus sp.). Sediment has been deposited at a rate of 9.8 ± 4.0 mm/a, a rate greater than the estimated rate of relative sea level rise of 8.5 ± 3.5 mm/a (2010-2030). In 2021, 25 cores were collected from the site and analyzed using loss-on-ignition (LOI) to quantify amount of organic carbon compounds (C_org) with depth. C_org density was found to be 0.021 g/cm³ ± 0.004 g/cm³. Mean total carbon stock calculated from C_org values for the whole site was 51.9 Mg/ha. These values compare well to, and are higher than, values measured at other Bay of Fundy sites. The project is judged to be a success. Important salt marsh ecosystem services have been restored, nature-based protection is being provided for the adjacent highway, and C_org is being sequestered. Lessons learned have been subsequently applied to the successful restoration of other sites within the Bay of Fundy over the past 15 years.

Gong, J. and Burningham, H., 2024. Automated mapping of surface sedimentary features in mixed sand-gravel tidal inlet using UAV, XGBoost and U-Net. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 710–714. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Understanding the distribution of surface sedimentary features within tidal inlets is crucial for assessing their morphodynamic response to waves and tides. Sediment size significantly influences sediment transport and deposition dynamics. However, in mixed sand-gravel tidal inlets, classifying sediment distribution poses unique challenges. Previous research has relied on labour-intensive field sampling, while the rapid spatial changes in the surface features challenge traditional surveying methods and reduce the potential for frequent monitoring. Although satellite imagery offers regular observations, low resolutions hinder the accurate classification of detailed surface characteristics. This study integrates consumer-grade UAV technology with XGboost and U-Net (ResNet34) model to develop automated high-resolution mapping models for surface features in a mixed sand-gravel tidal inlet at the mouth of the Deben estuary, based on the RGB images. The results show that both XGBoost and U-Net have good performance and high potential to classify surface sediments and map these at the pixel level in mixed sand-gravel systems, with relatively high accuracy in the prediction of gravel, sand and vegetation cover. These combined methods demonstrate the potential for regular UAV monitoring of tidal inlets over short- and long-term scales, which can enhance our morphodynamic understanding and contribute to the coastal monitoring and management.

Tõnisson, H.; Luik, K.; Suursaar, Ü.; Buynevich, I.; Kont, A.; Männikus, R.; Rivis, R.; Suuroja, S., and Vilumaa, K., 2024. Rapidly transforming Holocene strandplain, affected by port jetty and hydroclimatic shifts – Natural laboratory of past and future shoreline behavior. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 715-719. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal strandplains that have been dominated by progradation for most of the Holocene, may be entering into a new development phase of erosion due to sea-level rise, changes in climate-related hydrodynamic conditions, or anthropogenically induced sediment deficit. During the past several millennia, on the postglacially uplifting (>3 mm/yr), functionally tideless Baltic Sea coast, scores of shore-parallel sandy ridges have formed at the Lehtma study site on the NE-facing coast of the Tahkuna Peninsula, Hiiumaa Island, Estonia. Both uplift-driven emergence and abundant sediment supply from marine and glacial depocenters, have contributed to the progradation of the strandplain. However, the Lehtma port jetty constructed on the NE tip of the Tahkuna Peninsula in the 1950s and reinforced in past decades, severely hampered the southerly longshore sediment flux. In addition, recent increase in air temperature (by 2.0–2.5°C on Estonian coasts over the past ∼70 years) have significantly reduced the duration of the sea-ice season (when the sea and sediments are frozen) thereby increasing exposure to northerly winter storms. Cartographic analysis and repeated coastal surveys revealed that the shoreline 2–3 km south of the Lehtma port has receded ∼70 m since 1955, while underwater sandbars have migrated up to 170 m landward. Total loss of sand is estimated at ∼165,000 m³ (2,500 m³/yr), including the nearshore. Shoreline orientation has also changed, which in turn, has favored a rapid (∼25 m/yr) elongation of a sandy spit, which is currently ∼1600 m long. Along the eroding strandplain margin, heavy-mineral concentration (HMCs) provide evidence of elevated energy regime. At the Lehtma study site, high magnetic susceptibility anomalies and thick HMC layers may indicate long-term shoreline erosion (instead of individual storms). By comparing these trends with the recent findings from the Järve site, Saaremaa Island, our research documents an intricate interplay of hydroclimatic shifts, anthropogenically induced erosion, and progradation-driven changes in coastal morphodynamics.

Lee, H.-J., Maeng, S.-J., Kim, D.-H. and Lee, S.-O., 2024. Effect on irrigation water usages due to seawater intrusion under typhoon season in Korea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 720-726. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In coastal areas near estuaries, the phenomenon of seawater intrusion into inland regions occurs due to the coastal aquifers containing salinity. Among these, agricultural wells, installed for the purpose of utilizing irrigation water, are affected as the intrusion of saltwater limits the usability of the water. Particularly, the fluctuation of saltwater influx caused by event-based occurrences such as typhoons and tides can accelerate the penetration of saltwater into these wells. To prevent the salinized damage, it is essential to figure out the impact of coastal conditions on the supply of irrigation water. Because of the limitations of visual survey for investigating groundwater salt intrusion, analytical solutions and numerical models have been used widely. This study was aimed to analyze the effects of variations in coastal conditions on saltwater intrusion and its impact on irrigation water supply using finite element method based OpenGeoSys. The Geumgang estuary barrage in South Korea was selected as the study area, reflecting the storm surge from typhoon BOLAVEN in 2012 and temporal tide level was considered through curve input. The feasibility of using irrigation water was evaluated based on the permissible salinity concentration of 0.6 psu for agricultural water suggested by Food and Agriculture Organization (2016). It is anticipated that the future incorporation of atmospheric boundary conditions and the accumulation of well usage data could significantly aid in the estimation of available water resources and inform policy decisions on the irrigation water usages.

Maddox, W. R. and Kwoll, E., 2024. A Review of geomorphological salt marsh research methodologies. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 727-731. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Increased elevation of salt marsh platforms through vertical accretion elicits significant research interest as sea level rise threatens coastlines globally. Appropriate methodologies that quantify marsh morphology will ensure that research provides comprehensive data to predict salt marsh response to increased sea level. This review encompasses historical and contemporary methodologies employed for salt marsh research and their efficacy producing data for modern examinations. Pioneering investigations in the 19th and early 20th centuries aimed to determine the origins and construction processes of salt marshes through the consideration of anecdotal evidence, in-situ observation, and survey records. Mid-century studies employed layer markers, erosion stakes, and pollen content to examine salt marsh maintenance regimes. The modern era has realized numerical models, high resolution digital data acquisition technologies, and large volume analysis software that empower researchers to reconstruct, simulate, and predict morphology with high confidence. Some older methods are unreliable, spatially limited, or obsolete as modern technologies provide more complex data; however, others are still considered to be effective in providing insights into salt marsh morphology. These foundational methods in conjunction with modelling salt marsh response to climate change impacts may be utilized to inform coastal management.

Manoutsoglou, E.; Lioupa, V., and Hasiotis, T., 2024. Geomorphological patterns of modern and buried reefs in two insular land-locked embayments (Lesvos Island, Greece): A comparative study. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 732-736. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Gulfs of Gera and Kalloni are two neighboring semi-enclosed shallow embayments located on Lesvos Island. Multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar imagery and subbottom information revealed numerous modern as well as buried reef structures. Surficial and core sampling coupled with ground-truthing from drop cameras, ROV and scuba dives showed that the reefs are colonized by benthic assemblages dominated by oysters. The reefs of Gera Gulf have a maximum height of 2.7 m, they are up to 780 m long and appear to have a concentric development, initiating from the center of the gulf. Kalloni Gulf reefs are up to 5.8 m in height, locally forming elongated structures (chains) up to 1100 m long often followed by shallow (0.5-1 m) depressions around their base and the largest concentrate mostly in the center of the gulf. The subbottom profiles revealed similar buried features, the distribution of which primarily aligns with the extent of the surficial structures. However, in the Gulf of Kalloni, the buried relief appears to be slightly increased. The buried reefs started to develop along a deeper-seated surface, related to the stratigraphic boundary, that flooded during the Holocene marine transgression and grew through the transgressive and highstand system tracts with periods of reef die-offs. The reefs thrive through a fine-grained matrix and this pattern appears to have persevered throughout Holocene. Also, other ecosystem engineers (i.e., Serpulidae worms) contributed to the development mainly of the larger reefs. The Kalloni and Gera Gulfs reefs constitute a unique finding in the Mediterranean region that deserves interdisciplinary research in order to explore the key factors guiding their growth and preservation but also the effect of environmental and climatic changes that altered their development during the Holocene.

Ba, K.; Sagne, P.; Ndour, A., and Tine, D., 2024. Study and monitoring of coastal geomorphological change by drone and DGPS of the Langue de Barbarie (Saint Louis, Senegal). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 737-742. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper adds to the understanding of coastal erosion near the mouth of the Senegal River and at Guet Ndar. It focuses on field data gathered from the DGPS E300 pro and the Dji Phantom UAV. Using photogrammetry post-processing software (Pix4D map-per), the captured pictures are combined to create an orthomosaic image. The findings acquired are in the form of maps, digital terrain models, orthophotos, contour lines, 3D models, and semi-points (X, Y, and Z) that are all georeferenced in the Senegalese geodetic system (UTM, WGS 84, N28) using high-resolution data (2.5 cm). Identifying eroding, accumulating, or stable areas together with their topography and estimating evolution rates along the Langue de Barbarie spit have been made possible by an analysis of the collected information Although maritime dynamic processes are primarily responsible for these results, human activity, such as opening a breach to prevent flooding in the town and the Langue de Barbarie,, could hasten the process. Government officials may find these results useful in making judgments about how to stop flooding and coastal erosion.

Fatchurohman, H. and Burningham, H., 2024. Planview morphometrics for embayment characterisation in the Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 743-747. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study utilised Geographic Information System (GIS) and aerial images to examine the morphometric parameters of fifty-two embayed beaches in Gunungkidul regency. The morphometric parameters were categorised into five clusters based on the indentation index (a/Ro). The range of the indentation index was between 0.03 and 1.43, with 36% of the embayed beaches categorised as medium-low class. The length of the shoreline and the spacing between headlands showed a strong correlation, as indicated by the embaymentisation index, which ranged from 1.04 to 3.91. The link between the high indentation index and embaymentisation index indicates that the morphology of the embayments is similar along the Gunungkidul coast. A low bay filling index range indicates that the beach enclosed within the bay is not seeing significant sediment accumulation. There is currently no discernible local geological component that is known to be influencing the variability of the embayment's geometry.

Usai, A.; Simeone, S.; Trogu, D.; Porta, M., and De Muro, S., 2024. Morphometric analysis and classification of the embayed beaches on the Southern coast of Sardinia Island (Western Mediterranean Sea). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 748-752. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Embayed beaches are widespread along the world coastlines. They are characterized by a curved shape and by headlands that bordering them laterally. Morphometric classification of beaches can provide information on the relationships among factors that control their dynamics (e.g. incident waves, laterally constrains, sheltered beach area etc.). The aim of this work is to provide for the first time an analysis and a morphometric classification of embayed beaches on the Southern coast of Sardinia Island, Western Mediterranean Sea. GIS tools, applied on aerial orthophotos, were used to measure the morphometric parameters of each beach. The classification is carried out through the Embayment Morphometric Parameter (γ_e). Totally, 79 beaches along the coastal stretch studied are identified and mapped. The attribution of the embayment class for each beach is performed through a K-means cluster analysis of the (γ_e) values. Based on the (γ_e) values we grouped beaches into 4 classes. The embayment degree increases from Class 1 to Class 4. Within Class 1 are all those beaches characterized by a low embayment degree with (γ_e) < 0.56 (16%). Within Class 2, beaches begin to have a moderate embayment degree with (γ_e) values between 0.59-0.81 (40%), while Class 3 is characterized by (γ_e) values between 0.82-1.08 (32%). Class 2 and 3 are the most common classes. The highest embayment degrees are associated with Class 4 with (γ_e) > 1.12 (12%). More than 40% of the monitored beaches are classified as embayed or high embayed, this reveals that in this coastal stretch the effects of boundaries and the interaction among waves and morphological features can have a great importance on the dynamics and morphology of the beaches. All this information can also be useful for coastal managers.

Bogatova, D.; Kazhukalo G.; Baranskaya A.; Novikova, A.; Ogorodov, S., and Maslakov, A., 2024. Coastal dynamics, permafrost, and lithology of the Sharapov Shar Bay shores, Kara Sea In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 753-757. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Arctic coast is a very sensitive system due to the interaction of the sea with the frozen coast under ongoing climate change. Our investigations were carried out within the northwestern part of the Yamal peninsula (Russia), Kara Sea. This region features continuous permafrost with annual ground temperatures ranging from -1.5°C to -6°C. Five key sites were selected for investigation. Four of them are located on the laida (low surface up to 1-2 m above the sea) with a high bluff (terrace) at a longer distance from the sea. Coastal dynamics for these four key areas were different. The northern site is stable, and no retreat was observed on either the laida or the terrace. Similar rates of retreat of about 0.4-0.6 m/year at sections of different height composed by sandy loams at key sites 2-5 reveal the significance of sediment composition as one of the factors of coastal erosion. A comparison of all the obtained coastal retreat rates shows that the presence of massive ice contributes to more rapid coastal destruction. In recent years, some areas of Sharapov Shar coast were unstable, although historical data shows their previously stable state, implying recent activation of coastal processes.

Wang, A., Lai, Z., Liang, H., Ye, X., Tao, S., and Cai, F., 2024. Erosion and accretion of a subaqueous delta in the Minjiang River estuary: The response to human activities over the past 40 years. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 758-762. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The river delta is a sensitive area of land-ocean interaction and also the area with the most intensive human activities. With further economic and social development, the estuaries have become a key area for development and utilization of resources. This study takes the Minjiang River Estuary in China as the research object, and analyzes the characteristics of erosion and accretion processes of the Minjiang River estuary subaqueous delta over the past 40 years by comparing the water depth data of different periods extracting from nautical charts. The research results indicate that the subaqueous delta of the Minjiang River estuary experiences erosion first, accretion later, and then erosion again since 1983. In terms of spatial scale, overall, nearshore areas exhibit accretion, which gradually transforms into erosion as the distance from the coast increases. In recent years, due to intensive human activities, the sediment flux discharged into the sea by the Minjiang River has gradually decreased, leading to erosion in the subaqueous delta of the Minjiang River. The extraction of marine sand in the estuary area has further intensified the erosion of the subaqueous delta. However, the construction of dyke has led to accretion near the dyke.

Qian, X.M. and Zhang, Y.S., 2024. Hydrocarbon geological conditions in the Persian Gulf basin and the recent trends in exploration and development activities. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 763-767. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Persian Gulf Basin is a large sedimentary basin developed on the Arabian Plate, one of the richest basins in the world in terms of hydrocarbon resources, with favourable conditions for the formation of hydrocarbons. With the advancement of development technology and equipment, the cost of oil and gas development in the sea has been decreasing, and oil and gas development activities in deep and ultra-deep water are emerging. At the same time, the emergence of energy transition trends may reduce the importance of traditional fossil energy sources. This paper analyses the hydrocarbon geology of the Persian Gulf Basin in the light of the available information, discusses the trend of hydrocarbon exploration activities in the region in recent years, and concludes that the importance of the Persian Gulf Basin in the field of oil and gas exploration and development and energy supply in the world will not decline.

Choi K. H. and Yi. S., 2024. Evidence of active faulting and the influences on the coastal terrace development along the central east coast of the Korean Peninsula. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 768-772. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal terraces along the east coast of the Korean Peninsula are considered evidence of either tectonic uplift or quaternary sea level fluctuations. The calculated uplift rate of the central east coast (c. 0.3∼0.4 m/ky) during the MIS-7 is significantly higher than the mean uplift rate of the east coast (c. 0.1∼0.2 m/ky), hinting at the possible intervention of local tectonism. Despite its height, the study area, Jeongdongjin Terrace, is associated with relatively young dates obtained by IRSL and cosmogonic Be-10, which strongly suggests the influence of local tectonism. However, clear evidence is yet to be found. This study attempts to investigate evidence of faulting activities and their timing and suggest its geomorphological implications for the coastal terrace development in relation to local tectonic movements. From the fieldwork, diverse fault markers, including fault lines, gouges, and colluvial wedges, were found beneath the uppermost clay layer, a sedimentary bed as thick as 3 m apparently had been deformed. Considering the ages of the pIRIR225 from the lower part of the deposit along with OSL dates and the presence of the AT tephra in the upper part of the bed, it is estimated that fault activity in the study area had occurred approximately between 210 and 30 ka, supporting the idea that the Jeongdongjin area had experienced several episodes of local uplifting relatively recently.

Del Valle, L., Pons, G.X., and Servera-Nicolau, J., 2024. Geomorphology and Plio-Pleistocene of the Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 773-777. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal geomorphology and Pleistocene-Holocene of the various national parks in Spain have not been thoroughly addressed. Cabrera boasts nearly 60 km of coastline. In the case of the Cabrera archipelago, two monographs have been published on its natural history. The first, shortly after its designation as a National Park. This volume includes an article on the Quaternary of the Island, but also detailing a list of sites from the lower Pleistocene to upper Pleistocene, identifying fossil fauna found in four sites-locations (Mollet de sa Madona, Platgeta des Pagès, S'Espalmador and Cala Santa Maria). This latter work is undoubtedly the reference regarding the Pleistocene of the Park. Previously, there were some brief references from travelers who described the geology of Cabrera in general terms, such as General de la Marmora, Engineer Bouvy, and especially H. Hermite, although with little or no precision regarding Cabrera's Pleistocene. Some other authors indicate briefly notes the presence of the Quaternary in the southern area of the port, at low altitude, indicating the presence of clayey material with continental species Cyclostoma ferrugineum and Helis companyonii (currently Tudorella ferruginea and Iberellus companyonii, respectively, two terrestrial mollusks endemics present in Cabrera). This work provides an exhaustive paleontological list of the species present in the archipelago, detailed stratigraphic columns of the main facies studied, paleoclimatic characteristics of their formation and a complete list of the sites studied and mapped. In summary, this work presents the results of a detailed survey of the entire archipelago's coastline.

Buynevich, I.V.; Tõnisson, H.; Pupienis, D.; Jarmalavičius, D.; Rosentau, A.; Bitinas, A.; Davydov, O.V.; Kont, A.; Vilumaa, K.; Suursaar, Ü.; Savarese, M., Luik, K.; Kadurin, S.V., and Suuroja^, S., 2024. High-resolution sampling and rapid image-based assessment of dark opaque fractions in coastal sands. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 778-782. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dark opaque constituents (mafic and heavy minerals, dark bioclastic fragments, disseminated organics) occur in varying amounts and combinations in beach and dune sands, with heavy-mineral concentrations (HMCs) punctuating quartz-dominated siliciclastic lithosomes. Typically occurring in trace amounts (<3-5%), heavy minerals provide important information about sediment source, regional transport pathways, and (paleo-)energy conditions, as well as produce strong reflections in georadar images when concentrated (>10%). Often comprising thin laminae (1–2 mm), HMCs present challenges for sampling, with traditional point-counts and heavy-mineral separation being extremely time-consuming. To address this issue, we present examples of simple grayscale-based field and micrograph analyses of samples from beach and coastal dune sites in the United States (Florida, New Jersey), the Baltic Sea (Estonia and Lithuania), and the Black Sea (Ukraine). Macrophotographs of exposures and trench walls show patterns of color intensity using image-processing freeware (e.g., Image J). Inverse grayscale (IG) values (white: IG=0; black: IG=255) along random profiles through outcrop or mounted grain photos help in readily distinguishing very dark minerals (magnetite, ilmenite, biotite, etc.; IG>240) from those with mid-range hues (feldspars, bioclastics, dark garnets; IG∼100–150) and near-clear translucent grains (fractured garnets, quartz; IG∼10–20), all on a white background. Once standardized for lighting, magnification, and granulometrically adjusted screen capture coverage, areal grayscale plots (histograms) aid in quantitative assessment of the relative “dark” fraction, with quartz-rich sand yielding low average color-intensity values (compared to even moderate HMCs (IG>60). Because denser mineralogical components often occur in the finer sand fraction, such analysis provides a conservative estimate of their relative contribution. Our approach has the potential to complement traditional sedimentological and geophysical (e.g., georadar) datasets with independent compositional metrics.

Hallal, G.P.; Espinoza, J.M.A..; Veettil, B.K.; Albuquerque, M.G.; Porcher, C.; Da Silva, M.R., and Rolim, S.B.A., 2024. Integrating orbital and proximal thermal infrared remote sensing data for mapping ilmenite in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M.(eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar).Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 783-787. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Titanium oxide is of fundamental importance for the economy of countries as it is a raw material for many industries. The main source of this oxide is the mineral ilmenite, found mainly in coastal sedimentary deposits. Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is useful for prospecting oxide minerals through molecular vibration bands above 8 µm. We measured the spectral signature of ilmenite in the laboratory with µFT-IR between 8 and 14 µm and identified an absorption feature. This signature was used as input data in the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification algorithm. The SAM was applied in the land surface emissivity (LSE) product of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) sensor from two locations on the southern coast of Brazil. Our results show that it is possible to map ilmenite through the integration of orbital and proximal TIR data, non-destructively, quickly, and at a low cost.

Buyruk, T.; Balas, E.A.; Genç Numanoğlu, A., and Balas, L., 2024. Exploring renewable energy on the coastline of Türkiye: Wind and wave power potential. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 788-792. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This research thoroughly evaluates Türkiye's wind and wave energy potential along its expansive coastline, utilizing diverse datasets. The study draws upon 52 years of wind measurement data from meteorological stations between 1970 and 2021, sourced from the Turkish State Meteorological Service and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 archive. The wind energy potential is further assessed using ECMWF ERA5 hourly wave forecasting data. A Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Transport Model (HYDROTAM-3D) is applied to estimate wave energy potential, enabling a comprehensive analysis of wind and wave energy potential across Türkiye's coastal water bodies. The model incorporates ECMWF ERA5 wind data and wave forecasting data, covering a geographical range between 22° to 42° east longitudes and 33° to 45° north latitudes, with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° and hourly time intervals. This extensive dataset encompasses 180 locations distributed among the Black, Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas. The analysis involves ECMWF ERA5 predictions and wind measurement data from 67 meteorological stations strategically positioned along the coastline. The findings of the comparison studies underscore substantial onshore and offshore wind energy resources in locations such as Bozcaada, Gökçeada, and Çeşme. These areas exhibit an average annual wind energy potential exceeding 5000 kWh per square meter, locally peaking at an impressive 6800 kWh. Furthermore, the research pinpoints the Western Black Sea region as a hotspot for wave energy potential, surpassing other coastal areas. This region's average annual wave energy potential exceeds 20000 kWh, reaching local highs of up to 30000 kWh. This comprehensive assessment provides crucial insights into the strategic development and utilization of renewable energy resources in Türkiye's coastal regions, offering valuable data for policymakers, energy planners, and investors looking to harness the considerable wind and wave energy potential along the nation's shores.

Demir, A.K, Balas, C.E., and Balas L., 2024. Enhancing Türkiye's renewable energy capacity: An advanced hybrid model for combined offshore wind and wave turbines design utilizing Hydrodynamic and Monte Carlo Simulations. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 793-798. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Blue energy is the hydro-based energy sources of tidal, wave, and offshore wind, presenting a vital opportunity for Türkiye to diminish its reliance on external energy sources, such as natural gas and oil, thereby enhancing the diversity of domestic energy sources within its national energy mix. Despite Türkiye's advantageous geographic position, enclosed by seas on three sides, offshore blue energy development has not been started. Exploring Türkiye's offshore blue power capacity is crucial for aligning with energy policy objectives. Notably, the coastlines of Kıyıköy at the Black Sea are prime locations for offshore blue energy development, with the country's offshore blue energy potential estimated as approximately 1700 MW. The hybrid design model of combined wind and wave turbines contributes to a sustainable blue economy through Maritime Spatial Planning by providing infrastructure for new projects. This study aims to introduce a hybrid model for conceptualizing combined offshore wind, wave and hydrokinetic turbines. The hybrid design model integrates wind, wave, and current sub-models to derive probability distributions of environmental parameters, simulating site-specific conditions for combined turbine design. The study uses these distributions to use a reliability-based design model of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The significance of blue energy for Türkiye's sustainable development is underscored, with the construction of Combined Wind & Wave Turbines emerging as a strategic initiative towards alternative energy solutions. This holistic approach is encapsulated in the newly developed Hybrid Hydrodynamic Coupled Monte Carlo Simulation Design Model, which is applied to the design of Combined Wind & Wave Turbines. This model integrates risk analyses with a hydrodynamic transport model to accurately account for the variable hydrodynamic properties, currents, and waves at the limit state, highlighting its potential to significantly contribute to Türkiye's blue energy and sustainable development goals.

Lindenberg, Z.; Jackson, A.; Salyer, A.; King, S.; Otoom, Z., and Murwan, H., 2024. Design and construction of floating islands in Qatar In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 799-803. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal regions, particularly those with low lying or limited available land, are facing a range of pressures in the future from urbanisation, demand for waterfront access and property, climate change and sea level rise. The use of floating or overwater piled structures is a practical alternative option to conventional land reclamation that can address these challenges and has been successfully implemented in the Maldives and the Netherlands. While significantly less impactful on the coastal environment than conventional land reclamation, floating and over-water piled structures still necessarily interface with coastal processes and are exposed to a range of dynamic environmental and human usage loads – often accommodating for unconventional stresses such as dancing. Careful consideration and understanding of these loads and their impact on buoyancy, pontoon connections and anchoring systems is critical to ensure stability and a robust structural design. The selection of appropriate material options, and feasible construction methodologies is also essential for the successful implantation of these structures, particularly for large-scale projects. Our experience has shown that a Design and Construct contract approach is an effective option for delivering what is often a multidisciplinary project. This paper explores how floating, and overwater piled structures are a practical alternative for reclamation as an option to mitigate sea level rise impacts, provide opportunities to enhance environmental outcomes and address waterfront development demands. The paper also includes a review of the design, construction and operational considerations essential to the successful implementation of floating and overwater piled structures, with a case example for a floating island project in Qatar is included, from the conceptual design stage through to construction.

Leone, E.; Francone, A.; Paglialunga, A.; Ciardulli, F.; Aloisi, A., and Tomasicchio, G.R., 2024. Overtopping assessment of a rubble mound breakwater with innovative armor units: a physical and numerical study. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 804-808. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Rubble-mound breakwaters are essential for coastal defense, protecting ports and mitigating erosion. During storms, water overflow can cause circulating currents in protected zones. Integrating innovative armor units that efficiently dissipate energy is key in reducing wave overtopping. An experimental investigation has been conducted on a scaled model of a rubble-mound breakwater with innovative armor units at the EUMER (EUropean Maritime Environmental Research) laboratory, University of Salento, Italy. The model replicated a defense structure in the Arabian Gulf, protecting an artificial island. A critical section prone to overtopping has been built at a 1:15 model scale. The investigation analyzed the performance of the armor units in terms of wave overtopping under operational and extreme conditions, considering the Gulf's wave characteristics. To enhance reliability, the physical model investigation has been complemented by a numerical study. Numerical simulations have been performed using the OpenFoam C++ libraries and the IHFOAM multiphase flow solver. The VARANS equations solved the two-phase flow within the breakwater's porous media. To close the system of equations describing the turbulent flow, the k-ω SST turbulence model has been selected, due to the good trade-off between cost and accuracy. The VOF method has been applied to track the free surface elevation over time. The numerical simulations showed strong agreement with experimental observations, demonstrating IHFOAM as a reliable tool to predict wave overtopping phenomena.

Yuanita, N.; Abednego, M.; Rabbani, R.; Gunawan, E.; Rildova, R.; Fagmi, R., and Kurniawan, A., 2024. Cost estimation comparison between natural and synthetic fibers textile for temporary geobag-dyke structure in coastal protection systems. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 809-813. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Several tropical countries have started implementing natural-based coastal protection systems using mangrove vegetation. This system has significantly protected the shoreline and reduced coastal erosion. However, this implementation is still challenging because when the mangrove plants are still young, they are not strong enough and can be damaged by incoming waves. Constructing a temporary geobag-dike structure is to maintain the mangrove growth. In this current era, geotextile remains the primary material for constructing geobags in construction projects. This geotextile is made from synthetic material and can become a waste issue in coastal water if left untreated. To address this problem, environmentally friendly fabrics from ramie are being developed and further researched as an alternative material to geotextile. This study will further discuss the cost estimation of the geotextile option and the ramie fabric option (environmentally friendly fabric) and analyse their differences. The research results indicate that the cost required for a geobag-dike structure with geotextile material will be higher than the rami fabric option. The cost difference is attributed to variations in fabric price, shipping costs, dismantling expenses, and risk treatment costs.

Sellanes, L.; Alonso, R., and Solari, S., 2024. Performance analysis of groyne fields on the Uruguayan coast. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 814-818. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Groyne fields are one of the most common coastal structures on the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata estuary. However, the performance of these structures has not been systematically evaluated since the late 1970s. Knowing and understanding the past performance of these structures is key to predict their future performance, and to plan the adaptation of these beaches to climate change. A background review of the performance of the groynes prior to the 1980s was carried out, as well as the analysis of aerial photos and historical plans prior to 1985. Then, satellite images from 1985-present, processed with CoastSat, were analysed to quantify the evolution of the coastline, with particular attention to the areas where new groynes were built, or existing ones were enlarged in the early 1980s. At the same time, the hydrodynamics of the groyne fields were analysed using XBeach to relate the observed behaviour to different geometric variables (e.g. spacing and length of the groynes). The results indicate that the groyne fields located on the Uruguayan coast have been successful in terms of their functional performance, managing to advance and maintain the position of the coastline, and that in general their hydrodynamic behaviour is that of short groynes. However, several groynes have presented poor structural performance, in some cases of such importance that their functional performance has been compromised. In addition, the rate of sediment accumulation in some groyne fields has allowed gaining insight into the sediment budget in the littoral cells in which they are installed.

Bezerra, R.O.; Bernardino, J.C.M., and Lateyron, T., 2024.Impact of climate change on breakwater armor design: Advancements on reduced-scale physical modeling methodologies. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 819-823. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recent data from IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) indicate a worldwide trend of sea level raising and more frequent occurrences of extreme meteorological events, including storms with higher waves. In this way, this trend should be considered into the design of new coastal and port protection infrastructure, as well as the assessment of existing breakwaters. Tests on reduced-scale physical models are a reliable alternative for validating breakwater designs, but they present challenges in accurately mapping and characterizing the damage resulting from simulated environmental condition. This paper introduces a methodology for assessing wave-induced damage to breakwaters utilizing an image capture system to detect and quantify displaced rocks in scale model tests. The system, developed at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the University of Sao Paulo, comprises two high-precision cameras and two magnetic level sensors (0.1 mm resolution), which allow an accurate planimetric surveys, presenting a different approach from conventional damage assessment techniques or even more recent stereophotography techniques. Following each scenario of wave simulation, breakwater damage is quantified applying an image processing and pixel distance calibration algorithm, which uses the waterline as a reference plan to delineates the breakwater's contour for varying water levels within the physical model. Simulations performed on two-dimensional 1:40 scale model showed an accurate armor damage assessment, with a vertical resolution of 0.1 mm and a horizontal resolution of 0.05 mm. These results point out that the system accuracy is comparable or even higher than other systems documented in previous studies. Therefore, this proposed methodology offers a viable alternative to evaluate wave-induced armor damage in breakwaters, enabling an understanding of how changes in wave regimes can impact the resilience of these structures.

Lee, J.-H.; Jung, H.-S.; Ryu, H.; Jang, Y.; Ryu, J.-H.; Woo, H.J., and Kim, K., 2024. Spatial characteristics of mean particle sizes, organic carbon, and pore-water salinity in the surface sediments of the Ujeon Tidal Flats, Jeungdo, Sinangun, West Coast of Korea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 824-828. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Getbol Korean Tidal Flats (including Ujeon Tidal Flats), recognized for their distinctive geological formations and ecological importance, were designated a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site on 26 July 2021, underscoring their significant conservation value. This study aims to enhance understanding of the Ujeon Tidal Flats, Jeungdo, Sinangun, West Coast of Korea. In June 2023, the research analyzed 124 surface sediment samples for Total Organic Carbons (TOC) content, sediment mean particle sizes, dry bulk density, porosity, water content, and pore-water salinity, etc. Using drone technology and a digital elevation model (DEM), orthometric heights were determined at sampling sites. Sedimentary facies ranged from coarse sand to clay. The TOC content averaged 0.44% (range 0.00–1.42%) with C/N ratios averaging 12.5 (range 9.9–30.3). Mean grain size, pore-water salinity, and orthometric height averaged 4.98 Φ (range 1.06–9.75 Φ), 48.09 psu (range 0.00–93.82 psu), and 1.27 m (range from –0.38 to +3.15 m), respectively. Spatial variations in TOC showed higher concentrations in muddy areas and lower concentrations at sandbars, closely linked to sediment texture. Areas with higher clay and mud content had increased TOC levels. The study provides valuable coastal management and conservation insights, particularly in addressing sedimentation changes along Jeungdo, Shinangun's West Coast of Korea.

Dong, X-Y and Cai, W, 2024. Collision avoidance decision making for ships based on DRL. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 829-833. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In congested maritime areas and complex navigational environments, ensuring safety through effective collision avoidance is paramount. Traditional methods, largely reliant on seafarers' experience and simplified decision rules, often fall short in complex scenarios. The advent of artificial intelligence, particularly Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), offers a promising alternative by enabling systems to learn and optimize collision avoidance strategies through environmental interaction. This study delves into the key technologies behind DEL-based ship collision avoidance, aiming to bolster ships' autonomous avoidance capabilities under a variety of conditions. We begin by outlining the collision avoidance challenge and the fundamentals of DRL, then introduce a novel DRL-based framework designed for this purpose. Utilizing advanced deep neural networks trained on simulated maritime scenarios, our model learns to navigate and avoid collisions in complex situations, outperforming traditional and other AI-based methods in our tests. Notably, the framework demonstrates exceptional performance in multi-ship encounters and constrained waters, showcasing robust generalization abilities to novel environments. By proving DRL's viability in enhancing navigational safety, this work paves the way for future innovations in intelligent shipping, promising significant contributions to maritime safety technologies and intelligent system development. We anticipate that these findings will guide future research and practical implementations, marking a step forward in the pursuit of safer, more autonomous maritime navigation.

Aidoo, R. and Sui, T., 2024. Wave-induced seabed response around slope-type breakwaters: Experimental and numerical study. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 834-838. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Slope-type breakwaters are an essential coastal structure, providing a versatile and cost-effective solution for wave protection. While offering effective wave protection, slope-type breakwaters induce complex responses within the underlying seabed or around them. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship among wave characteristics, breakwater, and the resulting pore pressure and liquefaction potential within the seabed around such structures. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate wave-structure-seabed interaction in a physical wave flume for this study. By employing the OlaFlow solvers in OpenFOAM, a numerical model was developed to reproduce the laboratory experiments. The main objective of the study was to validate the numerical model with the laboratory results, which a good agreement was achieved between the results. Two wave characteristics, three degrees of saturation, and three rates of permeability were examined with the numerical model in a 160m wave flume model to investigate their effect and influence on wave-induced pore pressure distribution and liquefaction potential around three slope-angled breakwaters. The results show that the physical properties such as degree of saturation and permeability exhibit similar trends of dynamic response, with higher levels having the most influence on the wave-induced pore pressure and liquefaction potential. Additionally, the effect of the slope angles of the breakwater was such that as the slope angle of the breakwater becomes gentler, the liquefaction potential increases.

Burt, J.A., 2024. From Phoenix to Sisyphus: Climate change impacts and intervention strategies for Arabian Gulf coral reefs. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 839-845. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coral reefs in the Arabian Gulf are the region's most biodiverse ecosystem and support critical fishing and dive tourism industries. These reefs, in the world's hottest sea, host coral species with exceptional heat tolerance that survive temperatures over 34°C each summer. Despite their remarkable adaptation, these corals are increasingly susceptible to climate change, with recent marine heatwaves pushing temperatures beyond even their physiological limits. Historically, bleaching events were infrequent, with Gulf reefs demonstrating resilience and recovery in the wake of bleaching disturbances, metaphorically rising like a Phoenix from the ashes of these events. However, climate change has increased the frequency and the severity of these events, shifting the narrative towards one of a Sisyphean struggle, where recovery efforts seem increasingly futile against relentless bleaching. Recurrent marine heatwaves in 1996, 1998, 2010-12, 2017 and 2021 have caused increasing degradation of coral reefs across the region. Given the ecological and economic importance of these reefs, urgent conservation and management strategies are needed. This dire situation necessitates robust, innovative conservation measures that integrate scientific research with traditional management practices to mitigate impacts and enhance reef resilience. Strategies such as selective breeding for heat tolerance, assisted migration, and the expansion of marine protected areas must be prioritized to preserve these important ecosystems. Effective coral reef management and conservation will require better cooperation among regional nations to ensure the sustainability of the Arabian Gulf coral reefs in the face of accelerating climate change.

Veerasingam, S., Asim, F.S., Hashir, P.K., Prince, J.I., Hana Ahmed, Fatma Magdy, E.E.E., Athaulla, R., Ranjani, M., Abisha, B., Mohamed, R.O., Al-Khayat, J.A., Rajendran, S., Vethamony, P., Sadooni, F.N., and Ghani, S., 2024. Development of an automated coastal biofouling detection system using artificial intelligence object detection. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 846-850. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The introduction of non-indigenous biofouling organisms (NIBOs) to the coastal environments can play an important role in shaping coastal biodiversity, ecosystem services, economy, and human health. Marine litter, especially plastic debris, can serve as a vector (hitchhiking) for the transport of alien biofouling species in the marine environment. Considering the current rate of plastic waste generation in the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) area, it is likely that biofouling may also increase through floating marine litter. In recognition of increasing NIBOs threat to global biodiversity, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has established for conservation of biodiversity. Traditional biofouling detection methods suffer from long detection cycles, low accuracy in large quantities, and difficulty in detecting uncommon fouling organisms. Therefore, applying artificial intelligence-based object detection models biofouling detection is meaningful. Object detection analysis can achieve high-precision and high-efficiency detection of fouling organisms. This study aims to explore the potential of artificial intelligence, particularly object detection models in the automatic detection and classification of biofouling using meta-data. Moreover, this study highlights the research gaps and future research directions in AI based approaches in biofouling management.

Pajusalu, L.; Martin, G.; Möller-Raid, T., and Paalme, T., 2024. Natural fluctuation of pH in shallow-water macrophyte habitats in the brackish Baltic Sea. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 851-855. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The pH declines caused by increasing atmospheric CO₂ as defined term “ocean acidification”, are more predictable in open ocean surface waters than in coastal seas. The pH of coastal waters is inherently more variable due to the effects of different factors, for example, temperature, biological uptake and respiration, pollution, and terrestrial run-off. Benthic macrophytes are important structural components in coastal ecosystems, playing crucial roles as primary producers and habitat formers. In this coastal ecosystem, the daily pH fluctuation is also strongly affected by algal photosynthesis (increasing pH) and respiration (lowering pH). In this study, we investigated the diurnal fluctuations in pH in shallow-water macroalgal habitats in July and August 2023 in the Estonian coastal waters, NE Baltic Sea. The study sites were chosen to represent different compositions of macrophyte species and environmental conditions. Measurements were carried out at each site for a full 24-hour cycle at a 5-meter depth during the active growth period. In addition, water temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured continuously at each site. Biomass samples were collected by scuba divers from surrounding macrophyte communities. Our results showed that the pH values at different study sites exhibited large daily variations as well as large variations during the study period. Within the study period, the pH fluctuations in different sites exceeded 1 unit, which is higher than pH changes owing to ocean acidification predicted for surface ocean waters by 2100. Our results suggested that besides local environmental conditions, the magnitude of pH changes in shallow coastal waters depends on the carbon use strategies of macrophytes as well as the community biomass. Overall, this natural fluctuation in pH in shallow coastal waters is important to incorporate into future climate change prediction scenarios.

Al-Yamani, F., Al-Said, T., and Al-Kandari, M., 2024. A review of coastal biology and ecology of the NW Arabian Gulf: Optimizing management for a unique ecosystem. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 856-858. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Gulf has diverse habitats, from mangroves and seagrass meadows to coral reefs and soft-sediment communities, hosting an intricate web of life. The Gulf ecosystems face several challenges and threats, including climate change, pollution, habitat destruction, and unsustainable fishing practices. These crucial ecological concerns demand immediate attention. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is the most effective management strategy for the Gulf. There is a compelling call for collaboration and action, urging scientists to play a vital role in advocating for and implementing EBM practices. Data gaps and future research studies need to be addressed.

Joshi, N., Montero-Serrano, J.C., Lefebvre, C., and Saulnier-Talbot, É., 2024. Tracking pre- and post-industrialization changes in the Bay of Sept-Îles (Canada) using foraminifera as bioindicators: An executive summary. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 859-863. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The analysis of a short sediment core retrieved from the Bay of Sept-Îles, a high-use coastal region in Québec, Canada, provided information on changes in geochemical composition and foraminiferal assemblages during the pre- and post-industrial period in this region (i.e., before and after 1950 CE). The vertical distribution of the major elements suggests that the effects of anthropogenic industrial activities in Sept-Îles began to be felt in the mid- 1960s. Results showed fluctuations in metal concentrations, with notable shifts in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca) levels between the pre- and post-industrial periods, accompanied by a shift from calcareous to agglutinated foraminifera. This points to a stressful environment for the calcareous species, potentially influenced by factors such as calcium limitation and carbonate dissolution. Overall, the findings show that none of the element concentrations are above the contamination threshold but the escalation in the relative prevalence of metals, especially iron, demands careful consideration, as it potentially signifies alterations within the environmental conditions.

Rogers, K.; Asbridge, E.A.; Goncalves, R.V.S.; Hamylton, S.M.; Kelleway, J.K.; Lovelock, C.E.; Lucas, R.M.; Mollick, P.; Owers, C.J.; Phillips, C.; Brooke; B.P.; Steven, A.D.L.; Lymburner, L., and Woodroffe, C.D., 2024. Prevalence of mangrove progradation in the Gulf of Carpentaria revealed by satellite time series. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 864-869. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The distribution of mangroves has been declining, predominantly driven by anthropogenic impacts, and increasingly climate change is proposed to be impacting their extent and condition. Projections of sea-level rise imply that the seaward extent of mangroves may retract with extension on the landward margin. The archive of Landsat imagery enables broad-scale regional assessment of changes through Digital Earth Australia, from 1988 to the present. Changes to the extent and condition of open coast mangroves can be interpreted using indices of vegetation and surface water conditions calculated from Landsat data. These dense timeseries data can be extracted and visualised along transects. In the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia, where there are limited anthropogenic influences, we investigated shore-normal transects that were systematically spaced along a coastline of approximately 1500 km. This coastline includes a range of geomorphologically complex features such as chenier ridges, tidal creeks, spits and tide-dominated beaches. We found widespread occurrence of progradation of the seaward margin. Changes to the landward mangrove extent were highly variable. Despite the extensive dieback of mangroves in recent years, including events in the early 1990s and 2015-2016, recovery of vegetation cover was evident in subsequent years. This analytical approach offers potential to explore changes to both seaward and landward mangrove margins in open-coast settings. In contrast to highly populated coastlines where infrastructure and assets cause coastal squeeze, landward expansion of mangroves in northern Australia is anticipated across the widespread low-lying coastal plains, which offer accommodation space under a higher sea level. Observations of progradation of the mangrove seaward margin over the past three decades are contrary to expectations under sea-level rise.

Haseeba, K.P.; Al-Khayat, J.A.; Jabir, T.; Shafeeq, H.; Veerasingam, S.; Talaat, A., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Metagenomic approach to assess the bacterial communities in the tarmats of the Qatar coast, Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 870-874. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Tarmats are oil-sediment agglomerates containing hydrocarbons (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and can pose significant environmental risks. In this work, microbial diversity and community composition associated with tarmat deposits along the heavily impacted northwest and northeast coasts of Qatar have been investigated based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Core genera were determined using the Dirichlet multinomial mixture approach. The bacterial classes, γ-proteobacteria (30%) and α-proteobacteria (20%) were abundant in the tarmat. Nine genera, which were previously recorded as potential hydrocarbon degraders, have been identified as core microbiota. Their abundance showed significant variation between the northwest and northeast coasts. The genera, Alkalilimnicola sp. Thermodesulfobacterium sp., Anaerophaga sp., Marinobacter sp., and Spirochaeta were predominant on the northwest coast, whereas, the northeast coast was dominated by Alcanivorax sp, Alteromonas sp and Tepidamorphus sp. Acidithiobacillaceae (KCM-B-112) exhibited similar abundance levels in both the coastal regions. The highest tarmat bacterial diversity and richness were observed in the northwest coast of Qatar. The present study is the first investigation of bacterial communities associated with tarmat deposits along the Qatar coast.

Al Absi, R., Al-Kuwari, H.A., Vethamony, P., Rajendran, S., Mohammed, V.A., and Al-Khayat, A.J., 2024. Mangroves of the Qatar Coast, Arabian Gulf: Loss, restoration, and the role in climate change. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 875-879. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The maximum growth and productivity of mangroves are found in humid tropical areas, and hot regions like the Arabian Gulf countries, including Qatar have the least mangrove growth and biomass due to high humidity, salinity, temperature, and low precipitation. Halophytic mangroves thrive in arid environments such as the Arabian Gulf coast through adaptations like avoidance and tolerance mechanisms, development of shallow and deep root systems, lowered stomatal conductance, inland migration and ability to regrow from epicormic shoots. Various anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation, construction activities, desalination plants, oil and gas industries, and leisure activities contribute to mangrove loss in the Arabian Gulf region. Avicenna marina is the dominant and naturally occurring mangrove species on the Gulf Coast. In Qatar, the mangroves are nursery grounds for indigenous commercially valuable fish and swimming crabs like Portunus segnis. Massive occurrences of mangroves were mapped along the east coast of Qatar, between Al-Khor and Umm Sa, whereas the density is relatively low along the north and west coasts of Qatar. Despite mangroves being adaptable and resilient to the initial harsh conditions, climate change effects could pose serious risks to their adaptation capabilities in the Gulf. Mangroves have the ability to trap and retain significant amounts of carbon, both in the aboveground and belowground components, making them one of the most carbon-abundant ecosystems on earth. Therefore, the State of Qatar is compensating for the loss of its mangroves through restoration programs with the involvement of government agencies, research institutions, private partners, and the community by setting up nurseries and plantations. In this context, the Environmental Science Center at Qatar University executed a few projects related to restoration of mangrove ecosystems.

Mohamed, A., Dib, S., Al-Khayat, F., Mohammed, A., Subramanian, V., Al-Khayat, J., and Vethamony, P., 2024. Accumulation of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of commercial fish species in the waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 880-884. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Microplastic (MP) contamination in the aquatic environment is due to the loss of the pre-production plastic pellets during manufacturing or transport. Human exposure to marine MPs is primarily via ingestion of contaminated marine organisms such as fish, which are consumed especially along with gut and liver. The Environmental Science Center of Qatar University is studying the land and marine based plastic pollution of the Arabian Gulf, and its implication to the seafood of Qatar under the framework of food security and food safety of Qatar to find out the possible risks posed by the local fish species. In this context, we have evaluated the presence of MPs in the commercially relevant fish species (Hamour, Safi, Sheri and Sheam) from the Qatar waters. A stereomicroscope was used to investigate and categorize the size, shape and colour of MPs. A total of 488 plastic-like particles were found under microscopic analysis. Fiber is the most prevalent shape of plastic-like particles (61.7% of the total detected particles) with a size range of 0.1-0.5 mm, and predominantly in red and blue colours. Furthermore, a micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identify and confirm the polymer composition of MPs extracted from the fish GITs. The micro-Raman spectroscopy results reveal that only 24 particles were MPs and the remaining were non-plastics. PP and PE were the most dominant polymer types. Among the studied species, only Safi fish had ingested MPs. However, more samples to be analyzed before making a general statement, and that work is in progress, and if it is confirmed, Safi fish could be used as a bio-indicator for future MP bio-monitoring programs.

Alsayegh, S.Y.; Rosas, V.T.; Vethamony, P., and Al-Khayat, J.A., 2024. Coastal aquaculture for sustainable food security of Qatar: Preliminary results from the field and laboratory experiments. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 885-889. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal aquaculture has the potential to provide Qatar with a sustainable food supply to consolidate its food security, which is one of the identified national priorities of research. In this context, it is important to choose appropriate locations either onshore or coastal for the installation of a profitable aquaculture industry, keeping in consideration the weather, ecological, topographical, legal, and other requirements. Identifying suitable coastal locations involves the process of incorporating multiple criteria such as water supply and its quality, bathymetry, proximity to infrastructure, discharge of wastewater, market access, and socio-community factors. To guarantee sustainable aquaculture production, factors including coastal dynamics, coastal morphology, and anthropogenic activities also should be considered. In this work, two of the factors considered to identify a suitable location are water quality of coastal water and wastewater discharge from the aquaculture industry. The analysis of physical-chemical parameters of samples such as ionic composition, ionic proportions, water temperature, salinity, and pH show that sites near Doha onshore are not suitable for aquaculture as Ca⁺ in the waters is 366% higher than the seawater (control), which can have deleterious effects for some cultured species such as shrimp. Out of 10 coastal locations sampled, nine were fit for aquaculture production in terms of ionic composition, even though some of those sites could be considered hypersaline environments. Therefore acknowledging that Qatar has a wide range of species that can be cultured in high-salinity environments, it is also important to identify which species (local or exotic) would be more suitable for Qatar's food safety goals.

Shaffer, J.A.; Oxborrow, B.; Parks, D.; Bauman, J.; Michel, J., and Maucieri, D., 2024. Linking marine ecosystem response to the removal of shoreline armor and large dams in the Elwha River and Nearshore Environment of Washington, USA: An extended summary. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 890-895. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

We assess the nearshore ecosystem processes and function and restoration response to removal of large scale in-river dams and shoreline-armor. Two nearly century-old large dams in the Elwha River watershed in the Northwestern United States were removed during 2011-2014, which liberated upwards of 18 million tonnes (Mt) or approximately ∼9 million cubic meters of silt, sand and gravel to sediment starved, armored and unarmored shorelines. Within one-year of the initiation of dam removal, unarmored shorelines in the drift cell broadened, flattened, sediment fined, and large woody debris (LWD) volumes increased, all significantly. Armored shorelines continued to be steep and coarse-grained. Beginning two years after dam removals approximately 4700 m³ of large riprap (shoreline armor) was removed from over 650 meters of the armored Elwha River east delta reach drift cell. Following armor removal, previously eroding shorelines broadened, sediment fined at the project site, LWD volumes increased significantly, and beach wrack metrics resembled non-armored beaches at the treatment reaches. Invertebrate communities also responded to both dam and armor removal, and showed increasing trends along the armor removal site every year of the study. We therefore conclude that armoring impairs ecosystem function along dam removal shorelines; and that removal of shoreline armoring along with dam removals can result in drift cell scale ecosystem restoration.

Yıldırım Fidanoğlu, P.; Cebe, K., and Balas, L., 2024. Exploring coastal ecosystem biodiversity in a Mediterranean hotspot: Marmaris Bay, Türkiye. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 896-900. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The health of coastal ecosystems is intricately tied to water quality, making it imperative to understand the impact of anthropogenic and climate change factors on the maintenance and biodiversity of these environments. This study focused on Yalancı Boğaz, Marmaris (36° 48′ 35″ N-28° 18′ 52″E) along Turkey's western Mediterranean coast. The study meticulously explores a spectrum of parameters encompassing water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton communities, seagrasses, fish species, sponges, and other marine organisms. The seasonal changes in the average seawater salinity and temperature in the Bay have been analyzed over the last 37 years. The investigations involved water temperature, salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and turbidity measurements. Secchi disk depth was measured, and the suspended solid amount was determined. Additionally, plankton samples were collected, and scuba divers conducted underwater observations to assess the diversity of marine life. Phytoplankton and zooplankton species were identified using microscopic examination, revealing 19 phytoplankton species and 11 zooplankton species, and their average densities were identified. The planktonic diatom genus Bacteriastrum, ubiquitous in tropical and temperate marine environments, was dominant. Bacteriastrum was commonly observed in conjunction with the diatom Chaetoceros. A limited number of individuals belonging to the dinoflagellate class were found. Copepods, nauplii, and a small amount of rotifer and gastropod larvae dominated zooplankton species. The study extended to seagrass meadows, specifically Posidonia oceanica meadows, where morphometric descriptors such as leaf lengths, leaf widths, and the number of leaves per shoot were examined. Dentex dentex is listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List as vulnerable and Epinephelus costae as data deficient among the nine fish species identified in the study area. The invasive species were the silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) and Lionfish (Pterois volitans). Laboratory analyses also revealed the presence of sponge species, tube wolf species (Vermetus triquetrus sp, Pinna nobilis sp., Lobatus costatus sp.), tube anemone (Cerianthus membranaceus sp.), and various Echinodermata (Phylum). In summary, the findings of this study underscore the stressors imposed by anthropogenic activities and climate change on the Marmaris coastal waters.

Maneja, R.H..; Miller, J.D., Flandez, A.V.B., Alcaria, J.F.A., Basali, A.U., Asiri, Y.Y., Panickan, P., Alnuwairah, M.A., Qurban, M.A.B., Lozano Cortes, D.F., and Qasem, A., 2024. Sea turtle stranding survey reveals mortality risks along the Saudi waters of the Western Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 901-905. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Stranding surveys for sea turtles were carried out along the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia in the Arabian Gulf in 2017 and 2018. Three transects representing the northern (Ras Mishab, 25-km), middle (Abu Ali Island, 37-km) and southern (Uqair, 47-km) coasts of the Eastern Province were monitored. The three sites were all exposed to the prevailing southward flowing coastal currents. Thus, stranding of sea turtles were highly likely along the sites. The survey was carried out using a quadbike All-Terrain-Vehicle following the water line along the beach. Stranded sea turtles were measured, marked, and buried along the beach berm. A total of 44 green and 4 hawksbill sea turtles were recorded during the surveys. Ras Mishab and Abu Ali each had 16 stranded green turtles while Uqair had 12 green turtles. Hawksbill turtles were found in Abu Ali Island and Uqair. Size frequency distribution of stranded green turtles showed that juvenile turtles were observed in all areas with smaller individuals recorded more in Uqair. The smallest stranded green turtle recorded was 26.3 cm curved carapace length in Uqair. Stranded adult green sea turtles were observed in all sites with more stranding recorded in Ras Mishab and Abu Ali Island. Population distribution of sea turtles is deduced based on the patterns of stranded turtle occurrence. Potential sources of mortality risks and conservation measures will be discussed.

Al-Kandari, M., 2024. Intertidal macrofauna biodiversity of Kuwait: An update since 2017. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 906-914. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

An intertidal biodiversity survey of the marine macrofauna of Kuwait was conducted at 42 transects, from Khor Al-Subiya in the north to the border with Saudi Arabia in the south, including sites in mainland areas and eight offshore islands. These transects were sampled qualitatively and quantitatively during the late autumn and winter between 2013 and 2016. Preliminary results of this Project in 2017 recorded more than 751 macrofaunal species identified at that time. Additional surveys were conducted at Umm Al-Namel, Auha and Miscan Islands from October 2018 to October 2019. Several newly identified species of 46 taxa were new to Kuwait, including four taxa new to the Arabian Gulf and 15 taxa new to Science in Mollusca, Polychaeta, Decapoda and Isopoda, increasing the intertidal macrofauna diversity in Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. Here, we present an update on intertidal macrofauna biodiversity collected in Kuwait. Twenty-one papers on Kuwaiti intertidal macrofauna's taxonomy, biology and ecology have been published in international refereed journals. Most of their taxonomic status has been confirmed by molecular data. Identifying the collected intertidal macrofauna is ongoing. However, the data obtained have shown the extreme diversity of the Arabian Gulf intertidal macrofauna with many misidentified taxa and new taxa, most of which still need to be described.

Begum, M., Madhusoodhanan, R., Joydas, T.V., Asharaf, M., Alnuwairah, M.A., Ramakrishnan, S., Manikandan, K.P., and Al-Suwailem, A., 2024. Biodiversity of mesozooplankton in the oligotrophic hypersaline waters of the Western Arabian Gulf. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 915-920. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The biodiversity of zooplankton was assessed in the Western Arabian Gulf (WAG), a region previously understudied in this context. Through extensive sampling, this study delineates spatial (Northern, Central, Southern, Coastal, Offshore) and temporal (Fall, Winter, Spring, Onset of Summer and Summer 2002-2003) variations in zooplankton populations across WAG. The study revealed 181 species of zooplankton belonging to 92 families, with total density ranging from 1,395 to 3,494 ind./m³ (mean 2,307 ind./m³). Seasonal fluctuations were evident, with higher abundances in winter and spring. Zooplankton biomass ranged from 89.01 to 1176.3 mg/m³ (mean 504.4 ± 277 mg/m³). Dry biomass measurement revealed significant spatial and latitudinal gradients, with offshore areas (678.4 ± 344 mg/m³) recording 57% higher than coastal regions (303.4 ± 145 mg/m³). The differences between the offshore and coastal areas and the latitudinal trends were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') ranged from 3.1 to 4.09 (mean 3.5), exhibiting seasonal variation from 3.1 (onset of summer) to 4.09 (late fall). Copepoda, Cladocera, Appendicularia, Ostracoda, and Chaetognatha were major zooplankton groups. The southern waters had higher species richness, followed by the northern and central waters during the study period. Penilia avirostris, Oikopleura spp., Parvocalanus crassirostris, Euconchoecia aculeate, Corycaeus spp., Oithona plumifera, Oncaea coniferra were the dominant zooplankton species. The spatial and seasonal patterns in zooplankton in the coastal and offshore waters off KSA thus allude to the influence of different oceanographic variables, including physical, chemical, and biological, acting in tandem on plankton standing stock and distribution patterns in the WAG. The study also underscores the necessity of long-term oceanographic monitoring to understand planktonic food web interactions and their implications for regional fisheries management, particularly in light of climate change.

Özkaynak, Ö.-H. and İçemer, G.-T., 2024. The importance of seagrasses in mitigating the impacts of climate change: A bibliometric analysis. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 921-925. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In recent years, much research has been carried out to reduce the impact of increasing climate change. In this study, studies on the contribution of seagrasses in marine ecosystems to the natural mitigation of climate change with their carbon sequestration feature were evaluated by bibliometric analysis. The carbon sequestration property of seagrass meadows is defined as blue carbon. In this study, studies containing the words seagrass and blue carbon were taken from the WOS database and analyzed using VOSwiever and Microsoft Excel programs. It has been observed that a total of 555 studies have been conducted on this subject since 2011. It has been determined that the organization that publishes the most on this subject is ELSEVIER (178 publications), with a rate of 32%. As a result of this study, it was determined that there is a need for more detailed and comprehensive research on the impact of seagrass meadows on mitigating climate change, as well as increasing marine protected areas by states to 30% and encouraging these practices.

Joshi, N., Arya, P.C., and Saulnier-Talbot, É., 2024. Benthic foraminifera are useful bioindicators of heavy metal and organic enrichment in northern temperate coastal zones: An executive summary review. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 926-930. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Benthic foraminifera are known to respond to naturally occurring and anthropogenically induced stresses. A considerable body of literature exists describing the effects that contamination by heavy metal and organic enrichment have on these organisms in coastal environments. Our analysis of the literature since 1980 shows that metal enrichment leads to deformations and altered foraminiferal test chemistry, whereas organic enrichment tends to mostly affect foraminiferal abundance and community structure, with little evidence for morphological effects. This review highlights the usefulness of the ecological response of foraminifera in assessing the current and long-term state of ecosystems of temperate benthic coastal environments, especially in the context of increased heavy metal and organic contamination by anthropogenic activities.

da Silva, I.M.; Lobo, M.; Muipela, A.; Rocha, R.J.M., and Quintino, V., 2024. Coral reefs community structure in Pemba, Northern Mozambique: 2012 vs 2016. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 931-935. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The composition of the coral community in Pemba, Northern Mozambique, was assessed in 2012 and 2016. The composition and coral coverage were evaluated in two sites, Kaori and Wimbe, by analyzing 20-meter transects of 40 underwater photographs, each arranged along the reef crest. The coral community changed during the study period, with decreasing coverage of the reef-building coral and increasing macroalgae and soft coral. These findings suggest a potential long-term change to soft coral- or macroalgae-dominated reefs, combining climate change with anthropogenic forcing, mainly due to fishing and urban pressure. In 2019, cyclone Kenneth destroyed most of the reef, especially the ones under study. The monitoring places still didn't recover after the cyclone, which is mainly rubble, probably due to the area's extensive use of fishing nets.