Park, S.H. and Cho, Y.J., 2023. Wave overtopping control effect of AWOC equipped with self-adaptive floating concrete structure: A numerical study. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 1-5. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the Active Wave Overtopping Controller (AWOC) was presented as an effective measure to mitigate flooding in the wake of storm surges or harsh waves. Numerical simulations to verify the wave overtopping control effect of AWOC were carried out against waves of various characteristics as well. In doing so, the intensity of standing waves appearing in front of a breakwater can affect wave overtopping was also tested. To the best of the author's knowledge, the impact of standing waves on wave overtopping has not been explored in the current literature, which might explain the poor performance of existing overtopping models. In AWOC, a simple box type floating concrete structure that acts as a wave overtopping controller is submerged in a mild sea. On the other hand, when a storm surge or harsh waves strike the AWOC, the floating structure constituting AWOC rises along with fluctuating sea level due to the presence of a storm surge or harsh waves, and as a result, could effectively control wave overtopping. The numerical results showed that the floating structure of the AWOC effectively controls wave overtopping, not just against long waves, but also against solitary waves, without any changes to its shape.

Lee, B.W.; Yoon, J.-S.; Ko, D., and Song, H.-G., 2023. Optimization of structural scales for ripraps and gabions at seadike closure. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 6-10. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper presents the results of a long-term hydraulic experiment examining the fabricated ripraps and gabions used in the construction of the final closure on the Saemangeum seadike. While focusing on a sill-crest, a bottom protection, and a dam face, the critical velocities were measured at different cross-sections in this experiment. Due to limitations in terms of the size and volume of ripraps that could be collected on-site for this experiment, an alternative study was conducted to compare the critical velocities of fabricated gabions with those of ripraps. Moreover, critical velocities were measured in cases where ripraps and gabions were used together. Based on the above investigations, this study provides suitable mixing ratios for gabions in cases where the sizes and critical velocities of ripraps are insufficient. Critical velocities were obtained from data for previously predicted daily and hourly velocities during the construction of the final closure. Further, riprap sizes were provided for different water depths with consideration of the changes in water depth caused by the construction. As a result, losses of materials (i.e., ripraps and gabions) were minimized during the construction, and this study could contribute to the final closure on the Saemangeum seadike.

Ko, D.; Jung, J.-S.; Lee, B.W., and Yoon, J.-S., 2023. Hydraulic experiment on the effect of wave reduction due to installation of marine solar power plants. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 11-15. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A floating solar power plant is a renewable hybrid facility that combines solar energy and coastal technology, and there has recently been an increased need for solar energy generation to respond to climate change. Solar power generation projects using floats are currently being promoted in dams, reservoirs, and coastal areas, mainly in urban areas with high population densities. Floating solar power has the advantage of achieving higher efficiency than land-based solar power on the surface, where a cooling effect occurs due to the characteristics of the module element. However, when installed in coastal areas, it is exposed to environments such as high waves and wind speeds compared to a reservoir, so it is necessary to consider the behavior of floating solar power plants for offshore environmental factors at the design stage. This study quantitatively analyzed the wave reduction effect of concrete and Poly-Ethylene (PE) type floating breakwaters through hydraulic experiments conducted at the Rural Research Institute in Korea Rural Community Corporation. The model for the hydraulic experiment was produced in a 1/12 scale by the Froude similarity law. The results showed that the average transmission coefficient of waves on the concrete floating breakwater was 0.6 whereas that of waves on the PE was 0.96, indicating that the performance of the concrete floating breakwater was more excellent than the PE type. In general, floating breakwaters have a good effect of wave reduction when the draft depth is greater than the water depth, so it is judged that the wave reduction effect will occur when a PE type breakwater with a large draft is applied or when installed in low water depth conditions.

Jang, J.; Gang, S.; Marjadi, H.K.; Jang, J., and Jung, J., 2023. Swelling behavior of soils due to changes in ionic concentration of pore-water: Impacts on coastal sediments. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 16-20. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Fine clastic-clay-mineral soils can be found in marine sediments and discontinuous fault or cracks in rocks. Swelling clays such as montmorillonite, which absorb pore water and show high swelling characteristics, would be problematic for stable mechanical behaviors in geotechnical engineering applications. To anticipate swelling behavior considering ionic concentrations in pore water fluids, swelling tests at different ionic concentrations of pore fluids were conducted with clay mineral soils (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite) and naturals soils from deposits near Nakdong River. Index properties such as liquid limit and plastic limit test were performed to present relationship between the swelling and consistency. The experimental results present changes in swelling due to pore water displacements or contaminant transports. Montmorillonite shows 114∼152% of swelling in deionized water but 0.83∼4.54% in 1 M salt water, which is significant changes in swelling compared to kaolinite and illite soils. Fine-grained soils without montmorillonite would show low swelling even though the soils have other clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite.

Lee, W.-D.; Lee, S.-Y.; Park, J.-R., and Hwang, T., 2023. Collision characteristics according to contact conditions between drifting objects and fixed structures in the coastal zone. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 21-25. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

When an object drifting due to a tsunami collides with a structure, the collision force varies significantly depending on the magnitude of the earthquake or tsunami, the weight of the drifting object, the collision velocity, and the distance between the drifting object and the structure. In general, the collision force is proportional to the collision velocity and the weight of the drifting object but also dependent on the contact cross-section between the two objects. In this study, LS-DYNA, a computer simulation program specialized in dynamic analysis, was used to analyze the collision characteristics between a drifting object and a structure, focusing on the contact cross-section between the two objects. In this collision analysis, a 20-foot container was used as the drifting object, while a leg of a port crane was used as the fixed structure. The analysis results suggested that a face-to-face collision between the two objects resulted in a collision force up to 89% greater than an edge-to-face collision between the rotated container and the fixed leg of the crane. This study confirmed that the contact cross-section, along with the weight and collision velocity of the drifting object, significantly impact the collision behavior caused by drifting objects due to tsunamis.

Kim, S.; Park, J.S.; Boo, S.Y., and Park, J.-S., 2023. Development of floating tidal current energy systems to support energy independence in island areas. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 26-30. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Some of the optimum sites for the tidal current energy system in Korea are suggested to be in island regions with a deep-water depth. It is known that floating systems are more advantageous than fixed systems for a water depth of 20 m or deeper. In this study, a floating tidal current energy system development, thus, considered for sites deeper than 20 m such as Incheon, Gyeonggi, or Chungnam province. Floating systems with a total power rating of 100 kW were developed combining two 50 kW vertical axis turbines. The systems have a hybrid mooring configuration with catenary and taut mooring. Two different types of steel hull systems were sized and configured considering the turbine operating loads and sea states. The first one, the “base platform” is consisted of a circular pontoon barge, four cylinders, a damping plate, and turbine supporting structures. The other one, the “pontoon platform” is consisted of a circular pontoon barge and turbine supporting structures. Both platform displacements and weights are similar, but platform dimensions differ greatly. Platform motions and mooring line strength analysis were carried out for the site operating and extreme conditions. Results demonstrate that the design requirements are met so that the platform and mooring systems are technically feasible. The pontoon platform has shown somewhat better than the base platform in the performances of the motions, tensions, and costs. A single unit, excluding turbine cost, is estimated to be around $4.7 to $5.0 million depending upon the platform configurations and anchor options. Due to the slight cost difference, further analysis is recommended in the next phase, to identify the most viable option. Results suggest that drilled and grouted anchors may be a more cost-effective solution. However, further seabed study will be required to confirm an optimum anchor type.

Lee, S.W.; Song, H.Y.; Yoon, J.J.; Lee, D.B., and Choi, K.H., 2023. Respiration of dominant copepods measured with oxygen microsensors in Garolim Bay, Yellow Sea of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 31-35. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the samplings were conducted from October 2014 to June 2015 in Garolim Bay, Yellow Sea of Korea. Measurements were conducted on specimens collected from waters exhibiting an in situ temperature range of 4.0–17.3 ^oC and salinities of approximately 31.8 psu. The respiration rates of four dominant copepods (Acartia hongi, Calanus sinicus, Labidocera euchaeta, and Paracalanus parvus sensu lato) were determined using a Clark-type oxygen microsensor. Individual respiration rates varied from 0.003 to 0.366 µL O2 ind.^-1 hr^-1, while Weight-Specific Respiration Rates (WSRRs) ranged from 0.623 to 7.789 µL O2 ind.^-1 mg dry wt^-1 hr^-1. These results are within the range of previously reported values. The O2 consumption rates of the relatively large-bodied species were rather low, whereas the smaller species generally exhibited similar values. The oxygen consumption of the copepods increased with increasing seawater temperature and body mass. Therefore, the data can be expressed as a function of habitat temperature and body mass. These data show that this simple microsensor technique is not only useful for understanding metabolism and community structures among zooplankton but can also be used to determine the effects of hypoxia. Further research is needed to provide policy data for the promotion of future coastal and estuarine ecological restoration.

Oh, S.-H.; Na, B.; Jang S.-C., and Lee, J., 2023. Design and construction of a 38-meter-long tilting flow channel. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 36-40. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A 38-meter-long tilting flow channel has recently been built in the Physical Experiment Building (PEB) of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST). Tilting flow channels of shorter than 10 or 20 m are relatively common. However, a tilting flow channel of almost 40 m long is comparatively rare. In this context, this paper reports the overall procedures of establishing the tilting flow channel, from early initial design, amendment of the design, reinforcement of the beams underneath the floor slab of the building, and construction and testing of the facility.

Adibhusana, M.N. and Ryu, Y., 2023. Image-based measurement method of overtopping flow velocity and layer thickness in irregular wave conditions. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 41-45. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Maximum overtopping flow velocity and layer thickness are the primary wave overtopping parameters when the safety of pedestrians, vehicles, or the stability of the lee side of the coastal defense structure is considered. These parameters require a study with respect to either individual waves or statistical estimations during the design process. Especially for irregular waves, many wave components make measurements difficult in addition to the nature of high turbulence and aeration of individual overtopping flows. This study applied the use of digital images to the measurements of wave overtopping flows from a set of irregular waves. Because a set of irregular waves require a long experimentation time and an image velocimetry like the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) needs image frame controls with very short time difference, the application of high-speed camera has not been well successful. In this study, a mosaic set of high-speed cameras to cover the overtopping flow field were installed and synchronized by being connected to an external trigger to control the measurement system and to secure the number of parameters per second enough for analysis. The experiments were carried out in a two-dimensional wave flume. A composite breakwater was used as the coastal structure model and irregular waves and following overtopping waves were generated. The captured images were processed to obtain the overtopping flow velocity and layer thickness. Unlike the point measurement method where the measurement data represent only a single location, using the image-based measurements gives the velocity and layer thickness in spatial and temporal variation in all individual wave overtopping. The velocity maps and layer thickness of the irregular waves by the image measurements were provided with more information rather than point measurements.

Lee, G.-S. and Cho, H.-Y., 2023. An automatic normal and abnormal wave events classification algorithm: Using continuous wave monitoring data at a fixed station. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 46-50. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A classification algorithm for the time-series wave data into normal and abnormal wave periods was proposed and applied. Unlike the existing traditional wave duration (persistence) analysis methods, this method divides wave height data into independent individual wave events with objective and automated criteria, so using various criteria and analyzing sensitivity is possible. This technique for detecting peak wave heights and determining the influencing period of the wave heights was applied to the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) wave height monitoring time series data, which is a typical type of marine environment observation data. As a result of the application, it was found that a more stable and appropriate wave event periods determination classification is possible when smoothing short-term wave height fluctuations. In addition, it was found that rather than detecting peak waves, it was found to have a sensitive effect on the almost wave-based quantitative criteria that determine the time of growth and decay of these high waves. On the other hand, the statistical characteristics of abnormal and normal wave events were found to show significant differences in mean, variance, and temporal change patterns.

Jeong, Y.-M.; Jeon, H.-S.; Jeong, Y.-H., and Hur, D.-S., 2023. Numerical study on early sand movement in front of a coastal revetment using the NWT-DEM two-way coupled model. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 51-55. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The two-way coupled analysis of a particle method and a wave field model was conducted to examine numerically the characteristics of early sand movement in front of a coastal revetment. The coupled model used in this study can not only consider the interaction among the wave, coastal revetement, and ground but also represent early sand movement in front of coastal revetment under waves. The validity and usefulness of a particle method of Discrete Element Method (DEM) was ensured by comparing angle of repose for quartz sand with the results of a hydraulic experiment. The early sand movement occurring in front of coastal revetment was numerical compared using the two-way coupled model with early sand behavior amount caused by the reflected wave and the interaction between the wave, coastal revetment, and ground. In general, as the exposure of the coastal revetment to the waves increases, the scour depth in front of the structure increases. The maximum scour depth increases by 9 to 150% depending on the locations of the coastal revetments considered in this study. Moreover, the active sand movement in front of coastal revetment and the exposure and leakage of the terrain base at large scour depths can ultimately cause collapse and safety problems. Thus, the wave-particle interaction analysis of this study can be a numerical analysis for examining safety owing to sand movements caused by waves in front of coastal revetment.

Song, H.-Y.; Lee, S.-W., and Yoon, J.-J., 2023. Effect of freshwater discharge on the water quality in Cheonsu Bay, West Coast of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No.116, pp. 56-60. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in, and effects on, the water quality off the coast of Cheonsu Bay of the West Coast of Korea, when freshwater is discharged from artificial lakes (Bunam Lake and Ganwol Lake). Samples were collected during the summer when a large amount of freshwater inflow occurred. Evaluation of the water quality status of the two lakes revealed that the Tropic State Index (TSIKO) value at all sites was 70 or higher, indicating a hypertrophic state. The correlation between water quality factors was reviewed to examine the changes in water quality due to freshwater inflow. Salinity was significantly and positively correlated with DO saturation and transparency. DIN, DIP, SiO2-Si, and COD showed significant negative correlations with salinity. It was confirmed that the water quality changed owing to the inflow of freshwater. In the case of Chl-a, there was a significantly positive correlation with nitrogenous nutrients. As a result of evaluating the water quality and nutritional status of the water due to freshwater inflow, we found that the Water Quality Index (WQI) was grade II–V before discharge but deteriorated to grade V (very bad) at all sites when freshwater is discharged. In addition, the nutritional status index TRIX was normal with grades II to III before freshwater discharge, but all sites deteriorated to a poor state of grade IV during freshwater discharge.

Kim, M.H.; Woo, S.-B.; Lee, H.M.; Kim, K.-H.; Song, J.-I., and Kim, J.W., 2023. Impacts of marine construction on tidal and residual characteristics: An example from the Incheon Bridge. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 61-65. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study examined the effects on tidal and residual characteristics resulting from the reduction in channel width due to the construction of the Incheon Bridge (IB). Using the three-dimensional numerical model two scenarios were simulated without and with the construction of the IB. Installed piers from the IB construction changed the characteristics of flood and ebb tides, especially near the bridge. As a result, the ebb-dominance on the north side of the navigation channel near the bridge is weakened, and the ebb-dominance on the south side is strengthened. Due to these changes in tidal asymmetry, the residual flow velocity of all vertical layers on the north side of the navigation channel is increased to the ebb direction, strengthening the vertical two-layer circulation. On the other hand, on the south side of the channel, the residual flow velocity of all vertical layers is increased in flood direction, unifying the residual direction of all vertical water columns to the ebb direction. Therefore, the influence of marine constructions such as bridges can play an important role in numerical model studies on tidal and residual characteristics of coastal regions.

Yoon, J.-S.; Lee, B.W.; Ko, D.; Lee, U.-J.; Lee, D., and Ha, T., 2023. Using local scour around artificial reefs to prevent illegal fishing on the northwestern coast of South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 66-70. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Artificial reefs have been proven to be effective in preventing illegal fishing by unspecified and unapproved fishing vessels, and resulted in protecting Korean coastal fisheries resources, and improving the income of local fishermen. When artificial reefs are installed on real topography, however, local scour occurring near the reefs affects the structural stability of the reefs. Therefore, it is required to analyze flow characteristics and probable erosion around the reefs using appropriate methods such as numerical modeling and physical experiments before the installation. In this study, a series of hydraulic model tests were performed to identify the local scour characteristics of three-types of artificial reefs planning to be installed in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong-Do and Daecheong-Do located on the northwestern coast of South Korea. For the hydraulic model tests, a 3-dimensional design was conducted with a scale of 1:50, and the local scour occurring around the artificial reefs was observed under different irregular wave conditions in the wave flume. As a result, the characteristics of local scour for 50-year and 100-year design waves in Yeonpyeong-Do and Daecheong-Do were analyzed using the maximum scour depth that occurred around the different artificial reefs.

Lee, S.Y.; Jeong, Y.H.; Park J.Y., and Hur, D.S., 2023. Tsunami waveform characteristics of the Korean Peninsula. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 71-75. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Solitary waves, primarily used to analyze hydraulic phenomena in tsunamis, have a significantly narrower waveform than tsunamis. In this study, numerical analysis using ADCIRC was conducted to scrutinize tsunami waveform characteristics that have previously affected the Korean Peninsula. The results showed that waveforms in the Sea of Japan tsunami (1983) and the Okushiri tsunami (1993) were 6.97–17.49 times larger than theoretical solitary waves and, on average, were 11.17 times more widely distributed. Findings show that hydraulic characteristics are highly likely to be underestimated if solitary waves are to replace tsunamis in the design of coastal and port structures.

Martdianto, R.; Muin, M.; Kusuma, S.B.; Muslim, A.B., and Alam, H.N., 2023. BOD-salinity simulation in the Sunter River Tanjung Priok port with a non-orthogonal model application. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 76-80. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Tanjung Priok port is the biggest port in Indonesia, located in the Capital City of Jakarta, equipped with two sides of a breakwater that protects the port from the direct impact of the sea. The Sunter river flow to Tanjung Priok port delivers high domestic waste as an influence of urban activities. The high content of BOD values along the Sunter river to Tanjung Priok increases the source of water pollution that needs to control correctly. Tanjung Priok also has pollution sources consisting of solid domestic waste, domestic liquid waste, and oil sludge. The Sunter river streamflow in the Jakarta drainage system is divided by Kanal Banjir Timur (KBT), changing flow rate, and water quality pattern. The study area is the Sunter river's main channel, which has a 17 km length and includes Duren Sawit, Pulo Gadung, Kelapa Gading, Plumpang, Rawa Badak, and Tanjung Priok. To describe the complexity of a river's geometric flow to an estuary along the Sunter river to Tanjung Priok, the concept of a curvilinear Non-Orthogonal model is used, which is careful in composing the river morphology shape, river-channel branching, dimension, and elevation of the river to the estuary. Efforts to improve water quality along the Sunter river by increasing saltwater's effect by carrying out a Density-Induced Current (DIC) and dredging configuration. Dredging at the mouths of rivers by considering the influence of DIC involves water currents, river flow, wind stress, and tides. The study presents several simulation scenarios using MuQual3D to assess water quality problems in the Sunter river by increasing salinity through river dredging.

Ridla, Y.; Chang, Y.S.; Ryu, K.H.; Oh, S.-H., and Jeong, W.-M., 2023. Induced waves from Typhoon Maysak: Model optimization and evolution characteristics in Yeongil Bay, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 81-85. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon Maysak (TY2009) landed on the Korean Peninsula in September 2020, and the intense waves caused severe damage along the east coast of South Korea. In a previous study by Son and Do (2022), two wave model physics, ST1 (Komen, Hasselmann, and Hasselmann, 1984) and ST6 (Zieger et al., 2015), were compared. The results showed that the two models overestimated the significant wave height, especially with ST6, which utilized a wind friction velocity as the wind scale. Thus, the optimized wave model setup and effect of wind scaling variation in the ST6 physics were evaluated for typhoon-induced wave simulation. The model has also been applied to hindcast the wave fields in Yeongil Bay using the unstructured meshes with a horizontal resolution of 50 m. The results showed that the U₁₀ application on the ST6 model reduced the wave height significantly. The model was further improved by implementing the UL2M2 parameterization (Rogers, Babanin, and Wang, 2012), although the maximum wave height during the typhoon event was underestimated. During the typhoon event, the observation data showed different wave evolution patterns at each station inside the bay. However, the present model was insufficient to capture the wave evolution process. Further studies that include the refraction-diffraction process and optimizing the parameters shall be inquired.

Oh, S.M.; Roh, M.; Chang, P.-H.; Kim, K.O.; Oh, Y.; Kang, H.-S., and Moon, I.-J., 2023. Impact of data assimilation on KMA's global and regional ocean wave predictions. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 86-90. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The most efficient and effective way to improve the ocean wave prediction is to assimilate observational data collected in real time. Recently, most institutes are trying to improve the accuracy of ocean wave predictions by assimilating various observation data. In this study, significant wave heights observed from satellites and buoys were assimilated into global and regional ocean wave models of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), and their performance was verified. The KMA global and regional wave data assimilation system uses 2-dimensional optimal interpolation based on WaveWatch-Ⅲ version 6.07 with spatial resolution of 1/4° and 1/30°, respectively. Numerical experiments for boreal summer and winter from June 2020 to February 2021 reveal that the use of data assimilation reduced the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) by 15% and 44%, respectively, for the initial field of global and regional wave models. In particular, in the case of typhoon Bavi in 2020, when data assimilation was not used, there was a tendency to overestimate the significant wave height at the three ocean research stations, but the use of data assimilation reduced the error by up to105 cm. The assimilated initial fields improved ocean wave predictions by 48 and 12 hours in KMA's global and regional ocean wave models, respectively.

Lee, H. and Lee, N., 2023. An implicit quadrature-free modal Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme for shallow water equations. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 91-95. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Even though the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method has gained current status as an effective numerical tool for hyperbolic conservation laws (Euler equations, shallow water equations, etc.), its use is limited due to computational burden and algorithmic complexity. As an alternative to the conventional and standard approaches based on nodal basis schemes, an implicit modal discontinuous Galerkin scheme was developed for shallow water equations. The developed scheme employs a quadrature-free approach with the orthogonal basis functions on a triangular element and flux integrals for Riemann solvers with an edge coordinate system. It is believed to be simpler and more efficient compared to the conventional discrete quadrature method. In addition, the use of implicit algorithm made the code robust and allowed larger time steps. The model was applied to some benchmark problems (including channel contraction, partial dam-break flow, and curved channel flow) and good agreements were observed.

Lee, U.-J.; Cho, H.-Y.; Lee, B.W., and Ko, D.-H., 2023. Joint probability distribution of significant wave height and peak wave period using Gaussian copula method. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 96-100. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the joint probability distribution was estimated using the significant wave height-peak wave period data observed for 3 years for 3 stations along the coast of Korea, and an environmental contour line drawing was performed. For accurate estimation, an optimal probability distribution model was calculated for each wave parameter, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Kullback-Leibler divergence were used for the distribution fit test. Using each estimated optimal probability distribution, a Gaussian copula function was applied considering the correlation between the two wave parameters. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the significant wave height was suitable for the ‘Log-normal’ and ‘3-P Weibull’ distributions, and the peak wave period was suitable for the ‘Log-normal’ distribution. Then, as a result of correlation analysis between significant wave height and peak wave period at all points, it was confirmed that there was a significant correlation. As a result of performing environmental contour line drawing through this, observation data exceeding 3-year recall were found to be less than 1.0% of the total data. In addition, the environmental contour line calculated through the Gaussian Copula showed a limit to reproduce the area where no wave exists as a concave tendency appeared.

Oh, J.-E.; Oh, S.-H.; Jeong, W.M.; Ryu, K.H., and Choi, J.H., 2023. Analysis of wave energy transfer around submerged breakwaters using spectrograms of observed data. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 101-105. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Submerged breakwaters have been built in front of Songdo beach and Namhangjin beach on the east coast of Korea, where wave monitoring campaign had been carried out in front of and behind the submerged breakwaters. In this study, the transformation of Gravity Waves (GWs) and Infragravity Waves (IGWs) in the presence of submerged breakwaters was analyzed using the observation data collected at the two locations. Observed waves at various water depths around the submerged breakwaters were analyzed by comparing parameters of GWs and IGWs according to different wave conditions. In particular, the spatio-temporal variation of energy transfer and interaction between GWs and IGWs were investigated by using spectrograms of the significant wave height. The analysis results showed that spectral energies of both GWs and IGWs decreased as incoming waves pass through the submerged breakwater. In addition, some portion of energy corresponding to GWs is transferred to the frequency band of IGWs, especially under high wave conditions.

Lee, D.; Yoon, J.-S.; Lee, B.W.; Ko, D., and Ha, T., 2023. A coupled numerical solver for modeling free surface water waves over complicated shape of submerged structures. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 106-110. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, a new OpenFOAM-based numerical solver was developed by introducing Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) to reproduce complicated shape of submerged structures as well as utilizing wave generation and absorbing boundary conditions. The IBM solver in the foam-extend series model (version 4.0), which is the fork version of OpenFOAM open source library, was coupled with the olaFlow, which is the well-known solver for a simulation of water wave dynamics, to simulate wave transformation over the submerged structures generated by using IBM. The new model reproduced well complicated shape of the submerged structures in the numerical domain and simulated a series of wave generation and transformation over the structures without certain numerical instability. The numerical results were compared with corresponding experimental data for validation and showed qualitatively represented well flow motion around the structures.

Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Lee, M.-D., and Yoon, J.-S., 2023. Prediction of shoreline change due to advancement of effective sediment evaluation. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 111-115. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The majority of soil (known as effective sediment) that flows into the ocean originates from rivers. However, if the movement of soil within the sedimentary system is interrupted by activities such as excavation or construction, the balance of sediment in the coastal area will eventually collapse, leading to accelerated coastal erosion. Therefore, in areas where soil is supplied from rivers, it is important to evaluate effective sedimentation along with coastal sedimentation. This requires a quantitative evaluation system that takes into account the mountainous topography of Korea. The aim of this study is to improve the predictive performance of the change in alignment by evaluating the effective sediment, taking into account the amount of artificial runoff soil. In the absence of quantitative evaluation data on the amount of artificial soil runoff resulting from the development of mountainous areas within a sedimentary system, the amount of runoff was evaluated through satellite imagery. As a result, the predictive performance of line change according to the effective sediment was significantly improved.

Jang, E.-K. and Kang, W., 2023. Improvement of the existing flow discharge-sediment load regression estimation method near the Nakdong River Estuary Bank (NREB). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 116-120. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Nakdong River Estuary Bank (NREB) was built for preventing salt damage and ensuring sufficient water. Water was smoothly supplied throughout the basin by adjusting the water gate after installing an estuary embankment. Nonetheless, the decrease in flow velocity near the estuary bank resulted in quick sand building upstream of the estuary bank. Analysis of sedimentary flow is essential to solve the problem of river runoff caused by the construction of estuarine embankments and observe topographical changes. The construction of estuaries and opening of sluice gates can affect riverbed slopes and inflow rates, leading to changes in sediment transport patterns. Analyzing and understanding the depositional trends of sediments throughout the Nakdong River watershed and estuary will help determine the balance of hydrological openings. In this study, based on sediment data previously measured in the entire Nakdong River watershed, the sedimentation characteristics around the estuary bank and in the estuary bank-limited section were compared and the differences were quantified. The most commonly used method for estimating the sediment load is a regression formula that uses the relationship between the measured flow and sediment discharges. Also, the limitations of the current flow discharge and sediment load relationship were quantified and attempted to improve for better estimation. Thus, deriving an NREB sediment load estimation formula was possible with improved prediction accuracy compared with the existing method. A data mining technique was used based on the measured data. The sediment estimation model derived using the mining technique is expected to reflect the changes caused by the adjustment of artificial hydraulic coefficients and floodgate openings in the estuary bank area.

Kim, J.; Kim, I.; Lee, H., and Song, D., 2023. Analysis between foreshore slope and mean grain size along Gangwon coast. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 121-125. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The foreshore slope represents an active portion of the shoreline, where wave run-up and run-down flow interact with a littoral zone. The grain size is a significant variable when predicting beach morphology change related to coastal erosion. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of information on grain size, sorting, skewness, and foreshore slope of the Gangwon coast, the eastern area of South Korea, to understand its coastal environment. In the present paper, the relationship between the mean grain size and the foreshore slope has been investigated. To obtain accurate estimates of grain size parameters, sand samples were taken from 35 beaches based on the traditional sieving method. The beach profile data, including the foreshore slope, was collected, using a VRS GNSS system mounted on either a quad bike or a surveyor's backpack. To gather beach cross-section data and sand-sediment information, several surveying campaigns were conducted during 8 years. Three results can be stated: (1) Averages of mean grain size (D50) in the Gangwon sandy coast are within the range from 0.36 to 1.90 mm, and the sands analyzed range from well sorted. (2) The range of the foreshore slope is 5.53° to 10.61° in study areas. (3) It was found that about 87% of the beaches in Gangwon province were composed of coarse-grained and very coarse sand. The correlation coefficient between the mean grain size and the foreshore slope in the medium sand category is revealed 0.91. It can be concluded that these results might be efficiently used to comprehend Gangwon coastal environments for beach management, such as littoral zone conservation projects, construction of beach nourishment, and coastal engineering. Additionally, the estimation of ranges with the quantitative meaning of morphodynamic parameters, namely sediment grain size, will improve the confidence in the numerical analysis of coastal evolution in South Korea.

Hwang, B.-H.; Do, K.-D., and Chang, S.-Y., 2023. Morphological response of Storm Hinnamnor at Songjeong Beach using UAV-derived data. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 126-130. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigated the morphological response of a wave-dominated beach to large storms via field data collection. The field data were collected on Songjeong beach facing SE in the south-eastern corner of Korea. This study measured pre- and post-storm beach volumes by Storm Hinnamnor using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). In this storm event, the peak of the significant wave was 10 m, and the wave period mainly varied between 10.9s under stormy conditions. The incident waves were mostly easterly at 90-115.5°. During this event, due to the strong storm intensity, the upper part of the sediment showed significant erosion along the entire beach, and net accumulation took place in the revetment area by overwash. The highest substantial loss occurred in the SW section of the study area, associated with the wave direction. Compared to the SW section, the mid and NE section of the study area eroded sediment. It was transported to the upper beach near the revetment area, suggesting that the onshore sediment transported was dominated in this area. After the storm, the local government undertook beach nourishment to restore the deposition sand on the revetment to the beach. This study carried out the UAV survey after beach nourishment and estimated the sediment volume by overwash. As a result, it was estimated that the amount of sand transported to the offshore area was 9533 m³, and the overwash deposition volume was 1441.3 m³. This study shows that UAV surveys can effectively estimate the morphological response of storm on the beach.

Kim, J.-S.; Hur, D.-S.; Park, T., and Jeong, Y.-M., 2023. The effect of groundwater level reduction by installing drainage layers for beach deformation. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 131-135. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal areas are favorable for the establishment of industrial facilities from an economic perspective and provide valuable space for tourism and leisure activities. However, these areas have faced significant problems since the late 20^th century due to indiscriminate development and accelerated erosion caused by global warming. To prevent erosion, various coastal structures such as submerged breakwaters, detached breakwaters and groins are used for coastal restoration projects. However, the coastal structures used in coastal restoration projects might cause secondary damage. This study performed a movable-bed hydraulic experiment using a gravity drainage method that installs drainage layers with different permeability in the beach to naturally drain groundwater into the sea, thus reducing coastal erosion while minimizing the risk of secondary damage.

Bachtiar, H.; Eliasta, L.; Farid, M.; Hambali R.; Lee, S.T.; Anggraeni, L.; and Muslimin, 2023. Integrated flood countermeasures in the delta areas of Pangkalpinang City, Indonesia. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 136-140. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A flood event has occurred almost every year in Pangkalpinang City, including the most devastating flood event in 2016 historically. Regardless of being caused by extreme rainfall and high tides, the flooding occurred due to a decrease in the hydrological condition of the watershed resulting from illegal tin mining activities in the upstream area. This paper discusses the flood control strategies in Pangkalpinang City, which were based on a hydrological-oceanographic modeling approach and a spatial risk analysis approach. The hydraulic model was employed to identify the water flow behavior by reconstructing the extreme flood event in 2016. Simulation results indicated the bottleneck effects in these three main waters shed of Rangkui River, PedindangRiver, and Lantai River. Simultaneously, the tidal fluctuation in Bayur Bay was in a high tide period and hence disturbing water flow. The maximum inundation at some points in the city is approximately two meters and the simulation results were validated by field observation data.

Kim, Y.; Seo, M.; Lee, C.; Hwang, T., and Lee, W.-D., 2023. Numerical simulation of tsunami generation and propagation due to viscous debris flow impact using LS-DYNA. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 141-145. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Numerous studies have been conducted on landslide tsunamis considering the material that is displaced as being granular or a rigid body with a uniform shape. However, actual landslides occur because the effective stress reduces due to the increased underground water level from rainfall. Moreover, the viscous debris flow strongly exhibits the dynamic properties of a fluid than a rigid body. Therefore, in the current work, the validity and effectiveness of the LS-DYNA analysis were verified by comparing its results with that of existing experiments on tsunami generation that occurred from the collapse of granular material and its collision with the water surface. In addition, a two-phase flow analysis was conducted in LS-DYNA to simulate the generation and propagation of a tsunami that occurs due to the viscous debris flow. Consequently, the maximum water level of the tsunami generated by debris flow was found to increase with the potential energy of the soil pile. Additionally, the tsunami at the beginning of the generation had significant nonlinearity; as it propagated, the waveform distribution became more stable. It became similar to the theoretical solitary wave as the wave height decreased.

Muin, M. and Muslim, A.B., 2023. Anak Krakatau Landslide Tsunami and sediment transport simulation using non-orthogonal boundary fitted technique in spherical coordinate model. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 146-150. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper presents a simulation of a tsunami induced by the Anak Krakatau Landslide in Indonesia and the sediment dispersion transported by the tsunami. The hydrodynamic model of this simulation used a non-orthogonal curvilinear technique in Spherical Coordinates and was developed in GIS on Windows System, named MuTsunami. The advantages of MuTsunami are rapid computation, accurately solving complex geometry, and integrating with the sediment transport model. This software is suitable for an early warning system. MuTsunami has also been applied in the 2010 Mentawai and 2004 Aceh Tsunami. The results show good agreement with the observation data. The simulation results indicate that the tsunami reached Serang, Ciwandan, Kota-Angung, and Panjang within 1860, 2760, 2100, and 4140 seconds after the Anak Krakatau Landslide occurred. The waves along the coast occurred up to 9 m and 8 m for Banten and Lampung coasts. The sediment transport result shows bathymetric changes along the Banten coast 30 minutes after the landslide. The required time to simulate the tsunami from the Anak Krakatau Landslide is only 15 seconds which is suitable for an early warning system.

Kim, D.-H.; Lee, S.-Y.; Kim, D.-S.; Jo, S.-B., and Lee, H.-Y., 2023. Reproducibility of storm-triggered surge and wave prediction models for disaster management. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 151-155. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In recent years, coastal accessibility has improved owing to increased tourism and leisure activities in coastal and marine environments. Simultaneously, the scale and frequency of coastal accidents and natural disasters, including storm-induced surges and swell, have increased owing to climate change and rising sea levels. In particular, there has been increased casualties and loss of property because of storm surges and high levels of wave inundation. Thus, it was necessary to establish a preemptive precautionary monitoring system for marine and coastal disasters. This study aimed to assess the reproducibility of this monitoring system and develop a comprehensive predictive technique for storm-triggered surges and coastal disasters while accounting for complex interactions such as those between surges and waves. This is because there is substantial uncertainty in predictions that account for only one natural phenomenon at a time, such as a surge, waves, or tides. To assess the reproducibility of storm surge-wave comprehensive prediction models, an evaluation was carried out on the impact of the ninth and tenth typhoons, Maysak and Haishen, respectively, on the Korean Peninsula in 2020. The evaluation involved analyzing sea level observations from the tidal stations of the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency and wave observations (from wave buoys) from the Korea Meteorological Administration. The maximum surge and wave height maximum wave root mean square error owing to typhoons Maysak and Haishen were 0.15 m and 1.13 m, with relative errors of 25.6% and 14.9%, respectively. The National Disaster Management Research Institute established a response system for storm surges, with a central disaster safety situation room, to provide information on the estimated damage caused by potential storm-induced surges and waves. The predictions can be used as source data in decision-making processes supporting disaster management.

Hwang, S.M.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, H.Y.; Seo, K.H., and Kang, T.S., 2023. A study on the development of coastal disaster risk assessment. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 156-160. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

With the increasing likelihood of coastal disasters due to the impact of climate change, a system is needed to assessment the risks caused by coastal disasters in advance and support adaptation and response measures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented the need for a transition from vulnerability-based adaptation to risk management-based measures in the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) published in 2014. In addition, in the 6th report published in 2022, the concept of risk was expanded and the process of linking climate, human and ecosystem systems was presented. Accordingly, this study developed a coastal disaster risk assessment framework consisting of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability. Assessment considering the possibility of likelihood of hazards, which are external forces of natural phenomena that cause coastal disasters. For the assessment, the indicators suitable for the South Korea coast were reviewed, and weights obtained by expert survey were applied to each factor. In addition, by applying various risk assessment methods, the results of a pilot assessment of Jeju Island, which has relatively high damage from coastal disasters, are presented. Finally, the most reliable assessment method is identified by comparing the assessment results with the actual damaged area. The results of this study are expected to be used to establish reduction measures by calculating the risk level of coastal disasters to reflect the characteristics of coastal areas.

Nakanishi, T.; Tsuruta, T.; Misonou, T.; Shiribiki, T.; Urabe, Y., and Sanada, Y., 2023. Behavior of radiocesium (¹³⁷Cs) on the coastal seafloor near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant inferred from radiocesium distributions in long cores. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 161-165. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Continuous data of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in surface seabed sediment at several monitoring points around the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) from 2012 to 2022 were compiled, and exponential functions fitted its temporal change. The ¹³⁷Cs concentrations are gradually declining with time. However, at some monitoring points in shallow regions with a water depth of 30 m or less, long half-lives and/or large deviations of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations were noticed. Long sediment cores (∼1 m) were collected at shallow regions near the FDNPP to gain insight into radiocesium dynamics in shallow seafloor, and the vertical profiles of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations and particle size distribution were determined. In the sediment cores collected in the onshore zone, the ¹³⁷Cs concentrations and particle size distribution were homogenized from several tens of cm to more than 1 m depth, indicating strong vertical mixing by wind waves. Therefore, onshore sediments have significant ¹³⁷Cs reserves in deeper layers at present. The ¹³⁷Cs supply from the deep layers and the land area might suppress this zone's surface ¹³⁷Cs concentration decline. However, in sediment cores at the offshore zone, the vertical ¹³⁷Cs concentration distributions were highly heterogeneous, showing the particle size dependency. Moreover, ¹³⁷Cs profiles obtained at the same point for several years differed significantly, indicating local spatial distribution and temporal deposition. Therefore, it might cause a large fluctuation in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations at surface sediment over time.

Kim, J.; Park, S., and Seo, D.-W., 2023. Application of a smart IoT (Internet of Things) platform providing traffic safety information for marine bridges under strong winds. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 166-170. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Marine bridges located along the coast, especially long-span bridges such as cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges, are greatly affected by strong winds and can threaten the safety of citizens who use them. In this study, a real-time disaster information collection and provision platform was developed by utilizing IoT (Internet of Things) and smart control technologies to relieve the anxiety of local residents and bridge users in case of strong winds and large-scale disasters. A service platform that can send warnings to local residents and bridge operators in the event of strong winds or abnormal vibrations was developed by collecting vibration information in real time using IoT-based sensors installed on bridges. By additionally expressing the collected vibration information using the VMS (Variable Message System) installed in the bridge, the bridge traffic and pedestrian safety management function that can support the driver's safe operation was implemented.

Kim, H.-J.; Kim, J.Y.; Choi, Y.; Kim, S., and Min, B.-I., 2023. Storm surge frequency analysis of major coasts along the Korean Peninsula using historical typhoons. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 171-175. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Research on extreme surge height is essential for designing structures or evaluating vulnerabilities related to the safety of major coastal areas. This study reproduced storm surge heights according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best track and Japan Meteorological Agency's Meso-Scale Model (JMA-MSM) meteorological field considerations. Further, it analyzed the accuracy of the observed storm surge heights of 20 major coastal areas on the Korean Peninsula. As a result, the storm surge accuracy appears to be higher for the asymmetric vortex with the JTWC best track. Therefore, to accurately estimate the deterministic surge height frequency, the result considering the meteorological field must be sufficiently analyzed and compared with the observed surge accumulated for the longest possible period. In addition, the results obtained for the storm surge frequency with the deterministic method using the extreme value distribution are satisfactory. Therefore, the method of estimating the deterministic storm surge frequency based on the meteorological field for historical typhoons can effectively evaluate the safety of newly constructed coastal infrastructure in advance.

Choi, Y.; Ji, Y.-Y.; Joung, S., and Min, B.-I., 2023. Development of a portable underwater in-situ radiation detector (MARK-U4) for marine radioactivity monitoring. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.S., and Lee, J. (eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 176-180. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The issue of the discharge of contaminated water became controversial after the Fukushima accident, and the necessity of monitoring radioactive contamination in the East Sea emerged. Existing methods for analyzing radioactive contamination in seawater have mainly focused involved laboratory analysis of collected samples. However, this is not suitable for screening a wide area and does not allow rapid detection because it takes a long time to confirm the analysis results, despite their high accuracy. In this study, a portable underwater radioactivity detector capable of in-situ measurement that can be used for radioactive contamination screening was developed and its performance and field applicability were verified. This detector, called the MARK-U4, is part of the Monitoring system series of Ambient Radiation of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (MARK); it is a 2 L NaI detector in a cylindrical case, and is designed for use underwater via under-ship installation. Through a waterproof cable, measurement information can be transmitted to a PC in real time for confirmation; GPS location information can be collected at the same time, enabling on-site screening. To build an algorithm to analyze radioactivity and dose rate from the measurement results of this detector, an analysis of the detector characteristics was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. As a result of the simulation, the effective radius in water was calculated and found to be approximately 90 cm. Based on the effective radius, the radioactivity conversion coefficient for each radionuclide and the function of the absorbed dose rate conversion factor (G-factor) of the detector were calculated. The field applicability of the detector was verified through an actual measurement experiment using the MARK-U4 installed under a moving ship in both the East Sea of Busan and Lake Daecheong.

Otosaka, S.; Hou, Y.; Wakita, M.; Yamashita, Y.; Nishioka, J.; Obata, H.; Miyairi, Y.; Yokoyama, Y., and Ogawa, H., 2023. Origin and transport of dissolved organic matter in the northwestern margin of the North Pacific inferred from radiocarbon signatures. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 181-185. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Distribution of Δ¹⁴C (an index of radiocarbon concentration/radiocarbon dating) in Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) was observed at four stations, one in the subarctic gyre and three in northwest marginal regions of the western North Pacific, to track the dynamics of organic matter. At all stations, Δ¹⁴C in DOC was explained by a two-component mixing model of “fresh” DOC produced in the surface layers and “old” DOC circulating in the deep layers. In the subarctic gyre, the estimated concentration of old DOC was the highest in the intermediate layer (200–800m). On the other hand, in the marginal regions, the concentrations of old DOC were particularly high in the upper layers of the connection region with the marginal sea. These results suggest that allochthonous dissolved organic matter from the marginal region was transported to the open ocean through the intermediate layer. The transport processes of dissolved organic matter inferred in this study provide an important basis for explaining the relationship between dissolved organic matter exports from land, coasts, and the continental shelf and biological production in the northwestern North Pacific.

Joung, S.; Lim, T.H.; Choi, Y.; Ji. Y.Y., and Ji, W., 2023. Development of continuous monitoring system for seawater discharging. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 186-190. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Since the accident in the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, there have been growing interest worldwide to monitor radioactivity in the seawater from various types of man-made effluents. In this paper a continuous radiation measurement and control system was introduced and implemented to inspect all seawater discharged from live fish transport vehicles entering the Busan port. Development of continuous monitoring system for seawater discharging, however, requires considerately designed detection algorithm for extremely low activity gamma as well as the instrumentation of detection equipment and the necessary software design for data exchange, transfer, and analysis. In this study, the developed continuous seawater monitoring for seawater discharging system with automated charging and discharging system. The performed Monte Carlo computational simulation to derive the Minimum Detective Activity (MDA) and efficiency of the developed radioactivity analysis system. This continuous monitoring system for seawater was tested in the laboratory and in the seawater environments. The system is basically composed of radiation detection module based on NaI(Tl) scintillator with Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA), the detection chamber specially designed in accordance with the result of Monte Carlo simulation, the local controller unit for data transmission and the inlet and outlet of water flow. The system is controlled by automated seawater control software. Finally, the system was installed in the Busan port. The test experiment was performed and it was confirmed that works well.

Kim, J.; Kim, J., and Oh, S., 2023. Acquisition of marine weather information suitable for Korean coastal area characteristics using deep learning techniques. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 191-194. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study was conducted for the purpose of acquiring weather information from videos acquired on the Korean coast using deep learning technology. Coastal areas have different topographical and meteorological characteristics, so if you want to interpret meteorological phenomena using artificial intelligence, you must build learning data that takes into consideration the specificity of the region and ensure the specificity of the image recognition algorithm. In this study, to support this, the Korean coastal area was designated as a pilot study area, images were acquired, and this was built as artificial intelligence learning data. In the case of coastal areas, it may not be efficient when the deep learning-based image recognition technology acquired in terrain with other topographical characteristics is introduced as it is due to the influence of humidity and strong winds. Therefore, in the image recognition technique, we used f technology to build and recognize pixel patterns and eigenvalues of images, such as binarization, as learning data. As a result of introducing this technique, significant results were obtained in extracting meteorological information from images acquired on the Korean coast.

Cho, S.-J.; Yim, J., and Nam, J., 2023. Spatial conflict analysis for site selection of offshore wind farms: An example from the Jeolla Province, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 195-199. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aimed to apply a marine spatial analysis in identifying suitable locations for offshore wind power generation in Jeolla Province, South Korea. The spatial conflict analysis is a scientific approach to exploring areas with minimal conflict among competiting uses and social demands. Conflict coefficients as the degree of spatial conflict between two behaviors in ocean space, were calculated by considering the relative weights of each behavior's characteristics, including duration, vertical distribution, and mobility. These were applied to data on nine marine use zones in the region. To reflect spatial characteristics of the region, this study referenced a previous research that surveyed conflict levels for each type of marine use and development in a consultation with domestic marine and fisheries experts. The results show high conflict level in military activity areas, which might be casued by largest proportion of the areas in the study area. Based on the conflict analysis on other uses, we could get generic tendency of spatial conflicts that conflict level is proportional to use density and size of each activity. Conflict level in commercial fishing area was secondaly high, followed by in order of recreational fishing area, and ecologically significant areas such as tidal flats and habitats. Therefore, when selecting Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) sites, it is advantageous to exclude areas with highest intensity fishing areas and tidal flats. This study also highlights the availability and accessibility of data for conflict analysis, which are related with reliability on conflict analysis. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the effective spatial planning of OWFs in the Jeolla Province region and beyond.

Choung, Y.-J., 2023. Mapping coastlines in an estuary of the West Nakdong River using SAR satellite imagery. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 200-204. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

A coastline is significant for describing the coastal shapes and preserving the coastal properties. Remote sensing datasets acquired by the satellite sensors are useful for mapping coastlines in the wide coastal zones without human access. In this research, the Sentinel-1 satellite image, a widely used SAR satellite imagery, was used for mapping the coastlines in an estuary of the West Nakdong River, as follows. First, the given Sentinel-1 satellite image was radiometrically calibrated to get the sigma nought image. Next, the speckle filter was employed to remove some radar backscatter noises in the sigma nought data. Then, the refined image was terrain corrected using the reference digital elevation model, and the binarized image was generated from the terrain corrected image to classify the water and non-water features. Finally, the boundary lines in the binarized image were selected as the coastlines. The statistical results showed that the accuracy of the generated coastlines was less than 10 m. In future research, the optical satellite imagery and the SAR satellite imagery would be compared for mapping the accurate coastlines in the various type of coasts.

Lee, S.-J.; Yun, H.-S., and Shen, C., 2023 Determination of mean sea level by tide level observations using ultrasonic sensors. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 205-209. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the average sea level was determined by measuring the height of the sea level at intervals of 0.6 seconds using Raspberry Pi 4 and an ultrasonic sensor. The resolution distance of the ultrasonic sensor is available from 27 cm to 800 cm, and the measurement accuracy is about 1cm. The experimental area is Sokcho on the east coast of Korea, and observations were made using an ultrasonic sensor and a Raspberry Pi for about 10 consecutive days. The observed results were analyzed using T_TIDE (Pawlowicz, Beardsley, and Lentz, 2002) and S_TIDE (Pan et al., 2018). A MATLAB toolbox, S_TIDE, developed from the widely used T_TIDE, is used to realize the approach. S_TIDE can separate oscillations in MWL, amplitudes, and phases on different time scales within a given frequency band using different number of IPs. The tidal level observation technique used in this study is a way to easily observe long-term data.

Park, J.-K., Heo, J.-H., and Lee, K.-W., 2023. Applicability analysis of drone LiDAR through comparison with manned airborne LiDAR. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 210-214. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastline is a very important dataset that represents the boundaries of the land, and the survey has been made since 2001. KHOA (Korea Hydrographic and Oceangraphic Agency) surveys the change in the coastline and sets the coastline of Korea through the coastline survey project. Drone images and water surveying methods have been used for coastline surveys, and manned airborne LiDAR has recently been applied. In this study, the drone LiDAR's coastline surveying application was to be experimented with and presented the possibility of application. Data was built using drone LiDAR for the test bed used in the coastline survey project, and the accuracy was evaluated by comparing with GNSS surveys. In addition, the comparison between manned airborne LiDAR data and drone LiDAR data was performed. According to the study, the accuracy of the drone LiDAR showed a value within 5 cm, and it was possible to use the coastline survey by satisfying the coastline survey work regulations. The comparison of drone LiDAR and Manned Airborne LiDAR data suggested that the density of drone LiDAR is very high. If you use drone LiDAR data, it will be advantageous for coastline surveying and change detection. Drone LiDAR is expected to be applied to coastline surveys.

Lee, K. and Lee, W., 2023. Temperature accuracy analysis of land cover around urban rivers using thermal infrared sensor-mounted UAV. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 215-219. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, city centres experience a higher temperature than the surrounding suburbs, a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). Efficient management of the permeable surface of a city is necessary to reduce UHI. Rivers are the representative permeable surfaces of a city and require steady management. However, monitoring around rivers requires a higher spatial resolution of satellite images and aerial photographs. For a Thermal Infrared (TIR) sensor, obtaining high-accuracy information is difficult in a small area because of the low spatial resolution. As an alternative, high-resolution data can be obtained using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) mounted with a TIR sensor. However, none of the studies have assessed the accuracy according to the angle and shooting height. Therefore, it is necessary to study the method of acquisition of data according to the shooting height and sensor angle around the river area using the TIR sensor. In this study, TIR images were acquired for two rivers using UAV-mounted TIR sensors to evaluate the accurate shooting height and TIR sensor angle. Land Surface Temperature (LST) data were obtained by generating orthophotos using the acquired TIR images. Therefore, the most accurate LST data was obtained at a shooting height of 50 m and a sensor angle of 80°. Based on our analysis, an 80° sensor angle and a low shooting height was recommended for acquiring ground LST, depending on the shooting situation.

Yoon, S.; Lee, H.-T.; Kim, M.-K.; Choi, H.-M.; Lee, J.-S.; Han, H.-J., and Yang, H., 2023. Night fishing boat light detection using DNB data and deep neural network. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 220-224. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, illegal fishing problems have occurred frequently in the coastal zones near the Korean Peninsula. In particular, it is more difficult to detect and cracking down the illegal fishing boats at night because they deactivate the Automatic Identification System (AIS) transmitter. Meanwhile, The NOAA-20 (JPSS-1) satellite which is equipped with the Suomi National Polar-orbiting (S-NPP) sensor was launched on November 18, 2017. Day/Night Band (DNB) data from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) of S-NPP can be used to detect low illumination light. In this study, therefore, first, we focused on presenting the method to produce DNB data from S-NPP VIIRS using TeraScan software and Raw Data Records (RDR), Science Data Records (SDR), and Environmental Data Record (EDR) data. Then we proposed the Deep Neural Network (DNN) based model to detect night fishing boat lights using the DNB data, the difference between new and full moonlight, and the cloud information. It is expected that this study will contribute to monitor the distribution of fishing boats at night and protect the fishing ground near the Korean Peninsula.

Kim, H.; Lee, J.; Kim, J., and Hur, H., 2023. Machine learning based water labeling using waveform features of airborne bathymetric LiDAR. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 225-229. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Airborne Bathymetric LiDAR (ABL) utilizes water-penetrating green lasers to detect the water surface and bottom and to measure depth. An ABL survey can efficiently cover large areas and is suited to shallow waters, a risky area in ship-based multibeam echosounder surveys. The received ABL signal is a mixture of surface and bottom reflections and underwater backscattering. To obtain valid bathymetric data, the superimposed waveform must be decomposed into its individual components and classified to what level each component corresponds. In this study, we propose a classification algorithm based on machine learning for effective water labeling of ABL waveforms. It first decomposes each waveform into its Gaussian components and then extracts waveform features such as amplitude, width, and return number from each component. A Support Vector Machine (SVM), a machine learning technique, is applied with the extracted waveform features to assign them water surface, water column, and bottom labels. In addition, we extracted various types of waveform features, configured them in different combinations, and identified effective waveform features for water labeling. The proposed approach was evaluated on waveform data acquired from the shallow coastal waters using the Seahawk ABL system developed by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Korea. Accordingly, a waveform feature combination suitable for water labeling of Seahawk data using SVM was derived.

Cho, J.-M., 2023. Construction of a spatial information data catalogue for coastal red tide disaster management in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 230-234. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Spatial information and spatial information analysis technology can predict and infer various situations that are difficult to reproduce in reality because various boundary conditions and environmental factors can be repeatedly simulated for various physical phenomena that can occur in real space. For this reason, it is a very useful technology in establishing a disaster prevention plan to minimize human and property damage from a disaster. However, since most of the various spatial information constructed by government agencies around the world are built for specific purposes, there are many differences in their formats and specifications. This is acting as a cause of lowering the integrated utilization of spatial information in disaster management requiring urgency. In this study, in order to efficiently utilize spatial information in the establishment and implementation of disaster management policies in Korea, the types and specifications of spatial information required for each stage of disaster management (update cycle, scale, resolution and production institution) was presented as a data catalogue. The types and specifications of required spatial information were derived through various research cases related to red tide disaster management using spatial information and analysis of red tide disaster management systems around the world. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the results of this study, the analysis results of multi-spectral satellite images, one of the data catalogue built through this study, were compared with the damage results for red tide disasters that actually occurred. As a result of this study, it is analyzed that efficient disaster management will be possible if appropriate spatial information and spatial information analysis technology are used in red tide disaster management.

Yim, J.S.; Ohr, S.; Nam, J., and Kim, D., 2023. Using dasymetric mapping applications towards the rapid appraisal of salt marsh blue carbon levels. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 235-239. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal wetland ecosystems have the potential to absorb up to 50 times more carbon than terrestrial ecosystems, making them valuable in mitigating the impact of climate change. However, accurately measuring the carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands is challenging due to the spatial variability in the type, density, and proportion of vegetation cover. Dasymetric mapping, using data convergence and spatial interpolation, has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of sequestration capacity measurements in meso-scale coastal wetlands. The method presented in this study combines a small number of in-situ sediment samples with two types of readily accessible remote sensing data. This approach allows for the rapid estimation of organic carbon content in tidal wetlands, even when resources in terms of personnel and budget are limited. Moreover, this method provides a reliable estimate of carbon stocks, accounting for the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation cover. It overcomes the limitations of existing data with insufficient information and methods based solely on such data. The method developed in this study can also be applied retrospectively, utilizing image data collected in the past. This capability is essential for research that relies on historical image data.

Jeong, S.-H.; Kwon, J.H., and Lee, J., 2023. Analysis of rip current flow fields in CCTV images using optimal LSPIV parameters. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 240-244. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Research on rip currents can be conducted through indoor studies with numerical simulation tests or by studies that analyze data by installing instruments in the actual ocean. For flow field studies using measuring instruments, data are collected by installing an Acoustic Wave Current Measurement (AWAC) or Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). It is not appropriate in terms of effectiveness, cost, and accuracy to analyze data obtained in a specific area by applying it to the entire flow field. In this study, the applicability and limitations of the Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) technique were derived for Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) images of rip currents in Haeundae by applying the optimal velocity calculation parameters. For LSPIV analysis, the tilted CCTV image was tilt-corrected using 208 GCPs and Affine Transformation and stabilized using feature points. The flow rate calculated with 18 parameters by combining 6 interrogation areas and 3 searching areas was compared with the average flow rate of the normal distribution confidence interval. As the size of the parameter changes, the error rate changes along with its characteristics. Compared to the average flow rate, three parameters with errors within 2% were determined as LSPIV flow rate calculation parameters. The flow velocities calculated with the determined parameters were 0.196 m/sec, 0.205 m/sec, and 0.207 m/sec within a maximum range of 5.31%. In addition, it was found that the flow velocity increased, and the error decreased as the size of the interrogation area increased. The LSPIV velocity vector overlapped with the rip current's foam image in the tilt-corrected CCTV image to confirm the degree of matching. In the future, if several high-resolution CCTVs are used and stereo image-based object detection and 3D location tracking algorithms are applied to the analysis area, it can be a good alternative as a direct measurement analysis verification method of marine data.

Lee, J.-H.; Woo, H.J.; Jung, H.-S.; Jeong, J.B.; Jang, Y.; Ryu, J.-H., and Kim, K., 2023. Mean particle size, organic carbon, and porewater salinity distribution of surface sediments using a dataset from the Hwangdo tidal flat, Taean, Western Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 245-249. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Hwangdo tidal flats are located in Cheonsu Bay in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam, on the west coast of Korea. Cheonsu Bay is a semi-closed bay characterized by various geomorphic features including channels, sand bars, small islands, and tidal flats. This study assessed the field measurement of ellipsoid height using a real-time kinematics global positioning system (m) and used laboratory analyses to obtain geological data on sediment type in a pilot study area. Using data collected in October 2022 (n = 107), samples analyzed surface sediment characteristics including the mean particle size, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Carbon (TC), porewater salinity, specific dry bulk density, porosity, and water content, etc. The sedimentary facies were classified following Folk and Ward (1957). The sedimentary facies ranged from coarse sand (sand: mud ratio = 9:1) to sandy mud, as sandy silt (sZ) > muddy sand (mS) > slightly gravelly sandy mud ((g)sM). Organic matter was characterized based on particle size analysis; each experimental result was verified. The TOC/TN ratio was consistently ≤ 10, which suggests the influence of marine rather than terrestrial organisms. The porewater salinity distribution was correlated with the sedimentary phase, tidal flat elevation, latitude value, and organic matter content. The salinity was higher in highland tidal flats where the sedimentary facies was to fine silty, and the exposure time was long. The positive correlations were detected between mean particle size, clay content, TOC and sediment porosity using correlation matrix and factor analysis. These data will be useful for understanding the changes in the sedimentary environment of the Hwangdo tidal flat and establishing conservation management plans for this area. In the future, the geological environment characteristics dataset will be used as basic data to assess changes in the tidal flat topography and sedimentation environments.

Han, J.-R.; Kim, T.H.; Choi, H.W., and Han, H.G., 2023. Development of a web application algorithm for the analysis and visualization of marine animal home range using R Shiny. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 250-254. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, marine animals have been experiencing significant suffering due to marine waste. Therefore, continuous tracking and management of marine animals, as well as understanding their behavior patterns, have to study for effectively managing the marine ecosystem. This paper aims to design and implement a responsive system that can manage and support marine ecosystems by analyzing the home range and visualizing data of marine animals, including their location information. To achieve this objective, we developed an algorithm that utilizes open-source R-based methods such as minimum convex hull polygon and kernel density to estimate home range. Additionally, a Shiny-based reactivity web application was implemented to visualize the results on a map. As a result, researchers in the field of marine animals and marine ecology were able to analyze behavior patterns using attribute conditions such as the type and location information transmission time of marine animals without a separate GIS analysis program. In addition, the analysis results were visually presented on a map to enable a clear and intuitive comprehension of the movements of marine animals. If the system is continuously developed through research in the future, we expect to efficiently manage the marine ecosystem and provide even more insightful information.

Lee, C.K. and Yun, K., 2023. Time-series forecasting of topographical changes on Byunsan Beach in South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 255-259. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Tides continuously affect the intertidal zone, erosion and deposition are caused by cataclysmic events such as hurricanes and typhoons in coastal areas, leading to a variety of issues. In particular, recent land reclamation, the creation of man-made islands, land expansion, and the construction of coastal power plants as a result of various forms of coastal development may distort the sedimentary environment to attain a new equilibrium state. As a result, there may be a shift in the external forcing on the coastal environment, which may restrict the supply of soil or alter its movement. The Saemangeum reclamation project is a large-scale project that involves building a 33.9 Km embankment from Buan to Bieung-do, Kunsan, and reclaiming the nearby land of 291 km². This has been ongoing since the start of the seawall construction in the central coastal area of the west coast of the Korean Peninsula in 1991. This study observed and predicted the long-term topographical changes at Byeonsan Beach in Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, using aerial photography and drone-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data collected over a period of nine years. This was accomplished using the Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) difference approach based on raster operations using the DEM derived from the source data to estimate the change in elevation and volume for each period. The error propagation equation was also used to calculate the probability-based volume change for the inherent error of each data source. As a result, the Region of Interest (ROI) experienced 18,847 m³ depositions between 2014 and 2022, with the area affected comprising 92.3% of the ROI.

Lee, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, H., and Wie, G., 2023. Automatic analysis of cadastral registration status of coastal land using open spatial information databases. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 260-264. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal land adjacent to the coastline can be effectively managed by accurate topological identification of the coastline, a current-status survey, and registration on the cadastral map. However, traditional field surveys have limitations owing to poor site accessibility and large tidal differences, resulting in many unregistered lands around the coastline. This is particularly challenging for public lands that lack detailed registrations in coastal areas. To address this issue, the cadastral registration status of land was studied using automatic spatial analysis techniques applied to continuous cadastral and natural coastline maps, which constitute the latest open spatial information databases. Further, a qualitative analysis was performed using aerial ortho-photos to identify areas in which the boundaries of natural coastline and cadastral maps are mismatched. The results of this study allowed quantitative and qualitative analyses of the areas and current statuses of unregistered lands along the western coast of Jeollanam-do, Korea. Overall, this approach provides a more accurate and efficient way to manage coastal land by providing data on marine resources, marine environment, and marine pollution.

Nugroho, C.N.R.; Hakiki, I.A., and Prasetyo, A., 2023. Utilization of open-source data for tsunami risk assessment in Indonesia using spatial multicriteria approach. In: Lee, J.L., Lee, H., Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G. T.; Yoon, J.-S.; and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 265-269. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Tsunami risk assessment is one of the most important factors to consider when developing a coastal disaster management plan. However, it remains difficult to implement due to the lack of information on past tsunami events and detailed elevation and land cover data. The development of remote sensing technology and the increasing dissemination and easier access to open-source data could provide an alternative to the current limitations. This study aims to optimize open-source data for low-cost and rapid tsunami risk assessments. Palu Bay in Central Sulawesi Province was chosen as the study site. In the past, earthquakes and tsunamis claimed about 200 lives in 1968, 50 in 1927, and 4,340 in 2018. Information on the events is stored in the National Center for Environmental Information database, which is freely accessible on the website. Digital elevation models and land cover data can also be freely obtained from relevant institutions in Indonesia. Tsunami risk is assessed by applying a multicriteria analysis in geographic information systems in terms of hazard and vulnerability. The parameters are analyzed through a weighted overlay using an analytical hierarchy process and geospatial analysis to produce the final tsunami risk map. From the analysis, around 431 km² of Palu Bay has a high tsunami risk. This area covers most of the densely populated Palu Bay. Compared with the previous models, this model shows an acceptable result, leading to a promising performance for a low-cost and rapid assessment. It could also be used in all regions of Indonesia for coastal disaster management. In addition, the results of this approach can be used as preliminary information for tsunami disaster mitigation, for example, for establishing evacuation points in high-risk areas.

Park, J.; Yim, J.; Nam, J., and Suh, Y.-C., 2023. Comparative analysis of changes in fish catches by species and sea surface temperature change in coastal waters of the Republic of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 270-273. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Republic of Korea (South Korea) has a rich history of marine product acquisition through capture or aquaculture, given its location on a peninsula surrounded by the sea on three sides. The ocean around Korea is influenced by the Kuroshio Current and Liman Current, resulting in a boundary of water masses that is rich in nutrient salts and plankton, making it an excellent fishing ground for warm and cold current fish species in the East Sea. However, over the past 50 years (1971-2021), the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in Korea's waters has risen by approximately 2°C, with a greater increase observed in the East Sea compared to the South and West Seas. As a result, the distribution and abundance of fish species have changed, with warm current fish such as squid, anchovies, and mackerel increasing in catch while cold current fish such as pollock and mackerel pike have decreased. In this study, trends in SST observed through satellite imagery are compared with changes in fish catches obtained from statistical data analysis. Additionally, seasonal seawater temperature and changes in fish catches by species are analyzed to predict the impact of future SST rise on fishing catches and inform appropriate policy decisions.

Yun, K.; Kim. G., and Song, Y.S., 2023. Change detection of buildings using Siamese neural networks in coastal environments. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 274-278. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Change Detection (CD) uses remote-sensing images captured at various intervals to identify gradual and sudden changes in a particular area. It offers an approach to research biodiversity, urbanization, disaster detection, and other environmental changes, including coastal building changes. Traditionally, binary changes and from-to changes are the two main types of modifications that are analyzed frequently. The binary changes consider whether a change has occurred in a specific area. In addition to variations across time, from-to CD identifies particular types of change, such as the transition from buildings to vegetation. Multiclass changes and clustering the observed changes into various groups regardless of land cover type have recently been investigated. Currently, deep learning is utilized in remote sensing for tasks such as image fusion, registration, matching, CD, classifying land use and cover, semantic segmentation, and object-based image analysis. In particular, when deep learning techniques are used to determine changes in multidate remote-sensing images, a new subfield called CD has been developed. Compared to other remote sensing disciplines, CD is still developing. The theoretical foundations of CD were examined in this study through a literature survey in five ways: enhanced information, improved CD methods, performance improvements, CD dilemmas, and possibilities. The CD offers improvements in information representation and CD techniques over traditional CD techniques, leading to improved performance. In this study, CD of coastal buildings was implemented in a coastal area using the Siamese neural network-based transfer learning method. The results show the possibilities for the automatic CD process.

Bui, N.A.; Oh, Y.G., and Lee, I.P., 2023. Oil spill detection and classification from airborne EOIR images using a deep learning model. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 279-283. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The marine ecological environment is adversely affected by oil spills, which necessitates effective and rapid treatment options. While current research mainly focuses on detecting oil spills, detection alone is insufficient. It is necessary to provide information regarding the types of oil involved in the accident, the mass of each oil type, and other relevant data. In this research, a dataset consisting of patrol videos captured by EOIR cameras mounted on Korean Coast Guard helicopters, along with internet-collected data, was utilized to train a DaNet deep learning model for the purpose of oil spill detection and classification. The results indicate that the DaNet model can detect oil with a mean accuracy of 83.48% and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 72.54%. Moreover, the model can classify four types of oil with a macro-average F1-score of 83.91%. This study also demonstrates that using the DaNet decoder results in 6.14% higher accuracy than PsPnet.

Lee, K. and Park, K.S., 2023. Deep learning model analysis of drone images for unauthorized occupancy detection of river site. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 284-288. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Rivers in the Republic of Korea are classified into two types: national and local rivers. While large-scale national rivers are systematically managed and maintained by local governments, there are still limitations in managing small-scale local rivers. Various problems occur in these sites, such as illegal cultivation and farming, installation of shipping container houses and temporary buildings, garbage disposal, and installation of canopies, among others. Subsequently, disputes arise from unauthorized vehicle entries to collect aggregates. It also leads to additional temporal and manpower losses from supervising the large river sites. Thus, the necessity of utilizing drones and artificial intelligence in managing river sites has become increasingly evident. This study was conducted to find an AI algorithm that use drone images to decipher discrete objects existing in the river site. To accomplish this, 9 objects (water, automobile, road, farmland, green house, temporary building, round bale silage, canopy, and garbage) in the river site were annotated and processed by algorithms such as YOLOv5, YOLOv7, DeepLabv3+, HRNet, and U-NET to determine the most optimal algorithm. The mAP@0.5 evaluation metric was adopted for analyzing the results, with 85% set as the lower limit. As a result, it was confirmed that the YOLOv5 and DeepLabv3+ algorithms satisfied the index of 0.85, making them suitable for interpreting each property in the river site.

Lee, S.-Y. and Lee, N.-Y., 2023. Improvement of the port development system through the Port Service Index (PSI). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 294-298. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Korea's port development adjusts the completion time and size of port facilities according to the future port throughput. The current port development system, which is referred to as “throughput-linked port development (Trigger Rule)”, has received positive evaluation for efficiently executing the limited port development budget. Recently concerns have been growing over deteriorating service levels in port facilities in Korea due to accelerated aging of terminal facilities. However, the current port development system does not possess any standard for assessing the level of service and utilizing development indicators. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the Port Service Index (PSI) by selecting indicators to measure the Level of Service (LOS) of ports and deriving weights between the indicators, so that the current “throughput-linked port development (Trigger Rule)” can be linked with the level of service. Based on the result of analysis on a variety of preceding studies, the ship waiting rate, berth productivity, ship port time and ship productivity were selected as four indicators to constitute the Port Service Index. The AHP and entropy methodologies were used to derive weights for each of four indicators which were later combined to calculate the comprehensive weight. The calculation formula of the Port Service Index (PSI) was derived by using the aggregated weights of each indicator, based on which the LOS of domestic container and bulk terminals were evaluated and this measurement result was divided into 6 classes to define each LOS. This paper contributes to draw the improvement measures for port development system that are able to connect the quantitative indicator of throughput, as well as a qualitative indicator of the level of “service”.

Yoon, I.J., 2023. A review of the North Korean shipping industry: Ships, companies, and registered owners. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, 299-303. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study reviews the North Korean shipping industry, focusing on their ships and owners. The materials used in the study were drawn from the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS), Clarksons Group's World Fleet Register (WFR), and NK Pro's NK Live Ship Tracking. This study's list of North Korean ships includes their Flag of Convenience (FOC) ships; thus, it differs from the conventional quoted national fleet. Most North Korean ships are general cargo ships, with less than 10,000 dead weight tons and gross tonnages, 34 years old on average, and built in Japan and China. The nationalities of the foreign owners of North Korean ships are primarily Chinese. More than half of the flag states of North Korean FOC ships are unknown. This study offers five critical findings drawn from the cross-checking and revision of the materials: fishing vessel conversion, domestic and potentially illegal international sailing, changes in foreign-based owners, a decrease in FOC ships, and an increase in subsidiaries. These findings help us better understand the current status and features of the North Korean shipping industry. As a snapshot of North Korean shipping, this study might have missed information due to ‘unknown’ parts and time differences between the databases. Nonetheless, it utilizes and updates the best available materials, drawing out meaningful results and findings in the research period. This study contributed to the research methods for studying the North Korean shipping industry by analyzing its ships and owners. In addition to this theoretical implication, it provided practical implications by demonstrating recent North Korean shipping industry changes. Comparative studies between North and South Korea or other countries with conditions similar to North Korea should be conducted soon to understand these changes better.

Lee, S. and Kim, T.-G., 2023. Economic value of ocean education in Korea using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 304-308. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to measure the value of experience of ocean education and estimate its economic value in monetary terms. Through this process, this study intends to conduct an empirical analysis on the impact of ocean education that the Korean government has implemented over the last 18 years on society as well as the economy. For analyzing the economic value of ocean education, this study estimated Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) based on a Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). While using the question format of double-bounded dichotomous choice, this study randomly distributed a total of 10 suggested prices to 1,065 respondents who have participated in ocean education and have not participated. According to the result of analysis, the social economic value of the government's ocean education programs is estimated to be 331.1 billion KRW to the minimum to 873.3 billion KRW, having 1.2 times to 3 times the effect of the MOF's estimated budget of 286 billion KRW. Next gender, age, education level, number of children, characteristics of residence area, ocean education experience, and household monthly income were analyzed as socioeconomic factors of respondents that affect WTP. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the higher age, education level, and monthly income in the probit model, had a statistically significant effect on the willingness to pay. And the more they lived in the coastal area, the more they had the experience of participating in the ocean education program at least once, the higher the willingness to pay. These results signify that ocean education policies that have been implemented thus far have been able to successfully achieve policy goals initially intended. At the same time, this study verifies that ocean education policies have brought a positive impact on promoting the ocean knowledge of the people.

Baek, E.Y. and Cho, S.-M., 2023. Comparison of oyster shell disposal and recycling systems between Korea and China. In: Lee, J.L.; Min, B.I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 309-313. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Oyster shells, mainly composed of calcium carbonate containing 12% carbon dioxide, may have the potential for carbon sequestration and could be a valuable resource for the recycling industry. Korea and China, the largest oyster producing countries, are trying to improve their oyster shell waste management systems through legislative revision and governmental involvement. There are nine applicable laws in Korea for oyster shell disposal, compared with only three laws in China. The Act on the Promotion of Recycling of Fishery Byproducts was legislated to drastically relax these regulations in Korea. Concurrently, the Ocean Discharge Management Method was preannounced in 2021 which specifies who is responsible for managing these shells in China and sets forth discharge cost criteria. Although institutional orientations in the two countries are currently different, both countries are expected to play a pivotal role in the global industrial recycling ecosystem, establishing a cooperative relationship in technical research and governmental involvement, especially in Shandong Province, China.

Moon, Y.-K.; Yoo, C.-I.; Lee, J.-M.; Lee, S.-H., and Yoon, H.-S., 2023. Evaluation of pedestrian safety for wave overtopping by ship-induced waves in waterfront revetment. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 314-318. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the past, Busan North Port was redeveloped as a commercial and cultural center as its competitiveness declined as a conventional port and the need for urban regeneration in the old city center was raised. In particular, the waterfront and leisure space were created between the marina and the international passenger terminal for sustainable urban development from Busan North Port Redevelopment Project. However, since there is a high possibility of ship-induced wave due to large cruise ships and speeding vessels, and it is necessary to study the safety of pedestrians on sloping revetments with easy access to the shore. In addition, there is no study on the systematic standard setting to secure pedestrian safety due to generation of wave overtopping caused by ship-induced wave. Therefore, this study performed scenario of generation by ship-induced wave from simulation using Flow 3D based on the data of Lee (2022), who analyzed the 5-year ship operation data that entered Busan Port and suggested the scenario of the occurrence of the sailing frequency. At this time, based on the result of calculating the vertical revetment, the relative wave overtopping volume of the sloping revetment, which simplified the waterfront space, was compared, and the minimum safety distance concept for pedestrian safety was presented by analyzing the distance at which the maximum wave overtopping from the shoreline occurred.

Park, Y., 2023. Analyzing the implementation of Annex VI (Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies) for Antarctic Environmental Protection in South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 319-322. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

After the 18^th century, human activities related to Antarctica were followed by concerns about the Antarctic environment and efforts to preserve it. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and subsequent treaties formed the Antarctic Treaty System, most of which regulates the conservation and peaceful use of the environment and ecosystem. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991), also known as the Madrid Protocol, comprehensively regulates Antarctic environmental protection; Article 16 stipulates a liability system. In the end, after long discussions, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting adopted Annex VI (Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies) in 2005 to establish a liability regime. This annex will go into full effect with the approval of all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties. Eighteen years have passed since this annex was adopted in 2005. Among the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, 19 countries have approved Annex VI. However, countries involved in Antarctic activities, including South Korea, the US, Japan, and Argentina, have not yet approved Annex VI. The necessity of ratifying Annex VI is increasing for the important policy goal of environmental protection under the Antarctic Treaty System. Considering South Korea's position as a leader in Antarctic scientific research and polar activities, demands for international ratification are expected to intensify. Through an analysis of the contents of Annex VI, this article presents legal issues and considerations for South Korea's implementation of legislation.

Nam, J.; Yim, J.; Park, J.Y.; Kwon, B.-O., and Khim, J.S., 2023. Determining the likelihood of mangrove introduction to Korean coastal areas. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 323-327. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Climate change can induce biodiversity redistribution in marine ecosystems, potentially leading to biological pollution through the introduction of alien species. Notably, the pace of biological realignment in marine and coastal environments outpaces that in terrestrial ecosystems, implying that temperate climate regions is likely to become hotspots for biodiversity redistribution in the context of climate change adaptation. In response to increasing uncertainties surrounding climate change and its impacts on ecosystems, a scenario-based adaptation strategy emerges as an effective countermeasure for addressing this redistribution. This strategy necessitates integration into national climate change policies for countries situated within temperate climate regions. This study seeks to answer the research question of whether the South Korean community will witness the introduction of mangroves, which are representative species of tropical and subtropical regions. Spatial analysis was conducted to assess the probability of mangrove introduction spanning from 1981 to 2100, employing the RCP 8.5 scenario. The analysis encompasses consideration of climatic variables that influence mangrove distribution, including the annual mean minimum air temperature and the annual mean sea surface temperature during the coldest month. Furthermore, this research quantifies the rate of change within the marine ecosystem of Korea, comparing it to global marine ecosystems. The study provides several implications for climate change adaptation policy for Korean society, encompassing the conversion of bare tidal mudflats into mangrove forests within a 30-year timeframe, socio-economic transformations due to mangrove introduction, an increase in blue carbon potential, and enhanced marine ecosystem services, resulting in reduced susceptibility to coastal hazards. Finally, this research is anticipated to make significant contributions to the development of legal and institutional mechanisms for climate change adaptation in marine and coastal areas, as well as the re-arrangement of climate-related marine policies and plans at both national and local levels.

Kim, C.W.; Bahk, J., and Jung, J., 2023. National scale assessment of Coastal Green Infrastructure (CGI) potential in South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 328-332. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal management using Coastal Green Infrastructure (CGI) is attracting worldwide attention as a potential method for coping with climate change. South Korea is also focusing on nature-based solutions, such as utilizing CGI and securing coastal buffer zones. This is a positive policy change in the era of climate change. However, this is still only a conceptual approach and lacks specificity. This study evaluates the potential of CGI on a national scale based on the concepts of CGI protection benefits and vulnerability. The evaluation results are classified into four types, and policy utilization approaches for each type are presented to aid in coastal management policies using CGI. A CGI potential consisting of six indicators was developed, considering previous studies, data availability, and national policies. The evaluation shows that the CGI protection benefit is high and vulnerability is low in the area around the Yellow Sea. However, Jeju and the East Coast area have low CGI protection benefits and high CGI vulnerability. Synthesis results show that the CGI potential is high in all coastal areas of South Korea, except for Jeju and the East coast. The CGI potential can be used to select areas that require CGI to prevent natural disasters.

Yoon, J.-J.; Lee, S.-W., and Song, H.-Y., 2023. Evaluation of spatiotemporal variations in water quality along the Chungnam Province coast and inner estuary (West Coast of Korea). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 333-337. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coast of Chungnam Province is one of the leading fishery production sites on the west coast of Korea. In this study, we analyzed the coastal water quality along the coast of Chungnam Province and identified the causes of water pollution. The sea Water Quality Index (WQI), which integrated five physiochemical parameters (transparency, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN), Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP), and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a)) of water quality from 2016 to 2020, was calculated not only to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of water quality but also to assess the effect of water quality on contaminated water discharged from land. The WQI was relatively high in waters near the inner bay-shaped coast of the estuary lake. Moreover, the water quality in this area was greatly affected by the release of contaminated freshwater into the sea. Higher WQI values were observed near the outfall of estuary dikes in coastal areas. Further, water pollution in the estuary lake significantly affected the regeneration of internal pollutants owing to the discharge of pollutants from agricultural areas and the contaminated bottom sediments of the stagnant estuary lake. Water quality worsened, especially during summer, when the discharge of estuary lakes was caused by heavy rainfall. During winter, the water quality improved owing to the low impact from the discharge of water. WQI in summer reduced to “very poor” levels, and polluted sediment from inner estuary could be widely deposited in the sea area in front of the estuary bank. Additionally, high concentration of organic contaminants distributed in the seafloor sediments in the inner bay area had terrestrial origins. Thus, this study indicated that to improve the overall water quality in the inner bay, improving the water quality of the estuary is imperative.

Choi, H.-J.; Cho, S.-J.; Kim, T.H., and Nam, J., 2023. Assessment of Marine Use Zones (MUZs) in the spatial planning of Jeonbuk sea waters (southwestern Korean peninsula). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 338-342. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Korean government has adopted marine spatial planning as a new policy tool for integrated marine space management and has designated nine Marine Use Zones (MUZs) on all sea water areas. To designate MUZs, it is necessary to conduct a Marine Spatial Assessment (MSA) to identify the scope and level of core activities and spatial conflict potential between MUZs. This paper covers the MSA method for Jeonbuk waters and discusses the limitations and implications of the current MSA for the effective designation of the MUZs. Marine spatial planning (MSP) for Jeonbuk considers various demands for use and development, such as leisure, marine energy development, and the Saemangeum construction project, as well as the protection of excellent ecology and scenery, such as tidal flats and islands. Thus, MSA was conducted to designate MUZs that reflect these regional characteristics well according to relevant guidelines. The MSA procedure consists of preparation, data collection and processing, characteristic evaluation, and conflict analysis. Specifically, data on marine use and those pertaining to resources of the target sea were collected and transformed into grid-based (3'x3') GIS data. Based on these results, the MUZs in the target area were designated and managed. This study had several limitations and implications. First, there were difficulties in defining core activities according to the accessibility and availability of input data for MSA. Hence, methods and techniques such as data fusion and their spatial interpolation are required to overcome these limitations. Second, a future study (e.g., ecosystem services) should be conducted to quantitatively evaluate and visualize the value of benefits provided by marine ecosystems. Third, location-based AIS and fishing boat data are likely to prove useful for identifying the characteristics of dynamic activities such as fishing and shipping. Finally, it is necessary to apply simulation model to reflect not only the recent behavior pertaining to the use of marine space and resources, but also potential future behavior relating to MUZs.

Kim, D.S.; Kim, D.-H.; Park, J.-R.; Lee, S.-Y., and Kim, H.-Y., 2023. Analysis of tsunami characteristics along Korea's southern coast using a hypothetical scenario. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 343-347. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Large-scale earthquakes are occurring globally, especially in the South Asian crust, which is experiencing a state of tension in the aftermath of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake. Uncertainty and fear regarding the possibility of further seismic activity in the near future have been on the rise in the region. The National Disaster Management Research Institute has previously studied and analyzed the overflow characteristics of a tsunami and the rate of flood forecasting through tsunami numerical simulations of the East Sea of South Korea. However, there is currently a significant lack of research on the Southern Coast tsunamis compared to the East Coast. On the Southern Coast, the tidal difference is between 1-4 m, and the impact of the tides is hard to ignore. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the tide propagation characteristics on the tsunami. Occurrence regions that may cradle tsunamis that affect the southern coast region are the Ryuku Island and Nankaitlov Fault Zone, which are active seafloor fault zones. The Southern Coast has not experienced direct damage from tsunamis before, but since the possibility is always present, further research is required to prepare precautionary measures in the face of a potential event. Therefore, this study numerically simulated a hypothetical tsunami scenario that could impact the southern coast of South Korea. In addition, the tidal wave propagation characteristics that emerge at the shore due to tide and tsunami interactions will be analyzed. This study will be used to prepare for tsunamis that might occur on the southern coast through tsunami hazard and risk analysis.

Lim, M.-H.; Lee, D.-H.; Lee, J.-C., and Suh, Y.-C., 2023. Safety rating evaluation method to manage the baseline point facilities in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 348-352. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study proposes a practical maintenance rating system to overcome the inefficiencies associated with the systematic management strategy followed by existing territorial baseline point facilities. Implications are derived based on the evaluation of the existing status of domestic territorial baseline points (23 sites) and territorial baseline point permanent facilities (15 locations) and maintenance guidelines followed by comparable marine facilities and marine observation facilities. Furthermore, the existing precision safety diagnosis and safety review cases are analyzed. Thereafter, detailed evaluation criteria are proposed based on the results of existing detailed safety diagnosis and structural safety review obtained from condition and safety evaluation rates (five rates) of structures for each permanent facility; inspection difficulty rate (five rates) according to site accessibility, berthing ease, and failure frequency in consideration to characteristics of sea areas where each permanent facility is located; and evaluation rate (five rates) considering the installation status and operational management of observation equipment at each permanent facility. Additionally, a rating plan for each permanent facility is proposed by applying the detailed evaluation results to the management rating formula. The safety rating evaluation method established in this study is expected to promote the systematic management of territorial baseline point permanent facilities in the future.

Kim, J. and Kim, C.W., 2023. Improving the efficiency of marine debris collection policies using drone technology. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue No. 116, pp. 353-357. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

As marine debris has emerged as a major environmental issue, attempts to detect marine debris using machine learning in remote sensing are increasing. However, because policy implementers related to marine debris collection are not trained in remote sensing and machine learning, it is difficult to easily use these technologies. Additionally, the analysis process is time-consuming, making immediate debris collection difficult. Therefore, this study attempts to increase the efficiency of the marine debris collection policy by securing both the immediacy of debris detection and intuitive analysis methods. This study composed of (1) drone imaging, (2) mosaicking drone images, (3) segmentation, and (4) classification. The results of the analysis showed that the area where marine debris was distributed was detected with considerable accuracy. The proposed method can easily and effectively detect the distribution of debris through simple object-based detection using drone images. This study suggests a useful method for managing marine debris by ensuring immediacy of debris detection. Also, analysis procedure can be used as a framework for improving the marine environment.

Cho, J.; Song, Y.; Nam, J.; Cho, M.-L., and Chung, Y.-S., 2023. Predicting the occurrence of marine infectious diseases in the coastal areas of South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 358-362. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The prediction system of marine disease occurrence can contribute to increasing social acceptability of the regulation by delivering science-based decision-making process. The prediction system based on long-term data set is expected to lead rational decision-making for allocating financial and human resources. In line with the above, our research team collected monitoring data on marine diseases in 155 sites of Korea's coastal waters, from 2012 to 2019. The frequency and duration of the disease occurrence focused on Vibrio vulnificus, were interpreted by linking dynamics of seawater temperature and coastal currents, along with geographic characteristics of the sites. The prediction system simulated, with the accuracy of 81.4%, onsite data of the V. vulnificus occurrence. One of scientific findings from this research is that, in addition to the seawater temperature as an underlying driver of the occurrence, coastal currents dynamics and geographic features need to be fully incorporated into the prediction system.

Kim, J.; Kim, T.; Chang, J.-I.; Lim, B., and Kim, G., 2023. Evaluating the change in performance of ocean and fishery businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 363-367. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Due to recent social and economic changes, the business performance of the ocean and fisheries industry has deteriorated, and the performance gap between businesses has expanded. The proportion of mid-sized ocean and fishery businesses has been falling annually, whereas that of small-sized businesses has increased, revealing bias in the industrial structure. The government has generated evidence-based data to support policymaking through statistical surveys. However, these data possess limitations in analyzing the structure of the industry and the status of related businesses. This study collected data on the financial statements of businesses from 2017 to 2020, divided them into pre-COVID-19 (2017–2019) and COVID-19 (2020), and conducted a business performance analysis and performance gap analysis by industry and business size. The business performance analysis was conducted using financial statement analysis indicators of stability, profitability, productivity, and activity, and the performance gap with an income polarization index of the Gini coefficient and quintile share ratio. Compared to the previous three years (2017–2019), ocean and fishery businesses maintained external growth in 2020, with five indicators showing a positive Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), including the number of employees, revenue, operating profit, capital, and assets. In addition, indicators of stability, productivity, and activity improved, whereas profitability indicators deteriorated in 2020. The 2020 CAGR of the Gini coefficient and quintile share ratio increased by 0.04% and decreased by 11.4%, respectively, representing a wider performance gap. This study found that, on average, the larger the business size, the better the productivity and activity, and the smaller the business size, the higher the stability and profitability. Therefore, specific policies are needed for the small but highly profitable businesses to increase productivity and for large companies with high productivity and activity to improve profitability.

Kim, S.-A.; Lee, J.-P., and Han, J.-H., 2023. Establishing an assessment system for the Korean maritime industry's business cycle. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 368-372. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to establish a system for monitoring and assessing the maritime industry's economic cycle. First, it intends to develop a coincident composite index that encompasses economic activities, such as production, consumption, employment, and external sectors in the maritime industry. Second, it analyzes the characteristics of the maritime industry's economic cycle based on the developed coincident composite index of the maritime industry. The study aims to establish a system that can provide accurate information on the economic cycle for principal economic players in the maritime industry and seeks to stabilize the maritime industry and minimize economic fluctuations. The study establishes a model to develop the index by selecting components of the maritime industry's economic index, and then verifies the validity of the model. With sufficient explanatory power for changes in economic conditions related to the maritime industry, the developed coincident economic index of the maritime industry could be utilized to monitor the maritime industry's economic cycle and establish future policy directions. Additionally, this study establishes a system that could analyze the characteristics of the maritime industry's economic cycle by extracting the cyclical component of the industry's coincident economic index. In doing so, the study shows the possibility of quantifying the maritime industry's economic cycle to economic actors, including policy authorities, in the maritime industry and lays a foundation for utilizing such results in diagnosing the actual economic cycle through further advancement.

Chang, J.-I.; Kim, G.; Park, D.-U.; Shin, W., and Choi, I., 2023. Development of ocean economy satellite accounts for the coastal and marine tourism sector in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 373-377. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Since COVID-19, the tourism industry has declined significantly worldwide. As demand for the coastal and marine tourism industry is expected to recover, closely measuring that industry in the national economy becomes necessary. Korea has been establishing an ocean economy satellite account for ten industries including the coastal and marine tourism industry belonging to the Korean Special Classification of the Marine and Fisheries (KSCMF). Among the world's ocean economic activities, the coastal and marine tourism industry accounts for 26%, but that industry domestically accounts for only 1% of Korea's ocean economy. The reason for this low proportion is that KSCMF defines the coastal and marine tourism industry as narrower than the scope of the world's general coastal and marine tourism activities. Therefore, this study suggests specific guidelines for the industrial classification and spatial criteria to create actual coastal and marine tourism satellite accounts. Thus, this study proposes a method for estimating food and accommodation businesses in coastal areas and creates Korea's satellite accounts for coastal and marine tourism sector using various official statistics and geographical information. As a result of the account, the total output of the domestic coastal and marine tourism industry as of 2015 is estimated to be 7.3 trillion won, and the value-added is estimated to be 3 trillion KRW. This study contributes to an accurate evaluation of the coastal and marine tourism sector's national economic status and the creation of domestic ocean economy satellite accounts. .

Lim, B.; Chang, J.-I.; Choi, G.-W., and Kim, S.-A., 2023. Analysis of the international trade and ocean economy in Korea using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 378-382. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The COVID-19-induced global supply chain crisis hindered the movement of goods and services, increasing commodity prices, and consequently, increased import, producer, and consumer prices. As an important industry in the global supply chain, an increase in costs in the shipping and port sector can affect inflation. Focusing on this sector, this study examined the impact of international transport price changes and its importance as a policy tool by identifying the contribution of international transport to global inflation. Specifically, a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the shipping and port sectors was developed, and the effects of the cost increase in the international transport sector on the final consumer were quantitatively analyzed using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that Korea's import and consumer prices increased by 10.0% and 1.1%, respectively, which is lower than the global inflation rate (6–9%). Inflation can happen because of causes other than transportation cost increases, such as quantitative easing, population movement limits, or energy supply shortage. Nonetheless, as excessive increases in international transport prices, such as in 2021, can negatively affect economic growth, maintaining appropriate international transport prices through improving productivity and maintaining available fleet numbers is important.

Han, J.-H.; Kim, S.-A., and Lee, J.-P., 2023. Research and development trends in the marine bioindustry through the keyword network analysis. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 383-387. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aimed to identify Research and Development (R&D) trends in the marine bioindustry in Korea and core technology elements and present implications for future research tasks. Bibliographic data on 4,875 Korean marine bio-related R&D projects conducted from 2002 to 2022 were collected through the National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS). Keywords for each task in the collected bibliographic information were used for frequency and centrality analyses through network analysis. Results showed that Korean marine bio-related R&D studies have increased from 20 in 2002 to 542 in 2022, with an annual average of 17.9%. In the early 2000s, studies on keywords such as biotechnology, bioindustry, functional food, marine bioindustry, biosensors, and probiotics began, and as of 2022, blue carbon, climate change, carbon storage, living shoreline, tidal flats, and functional foods have emerged as central research topics. As a result of keyword network analysis to understand the overall research contents of the past 20 years, studies on microalgae, marine plants and microbes, reference genomes, functional genes, marine animals, and seaweeds accounted for the largest proportion. Based on the results of this study, we look forward to systematic research on the core technologies of the marine bioindustry by securing various types of big data.

Park, K.S.; Kim, J.; Kim, T., and Choi, S., 2023. What are the future extreme risks in the ocean and fisheries sector? In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 388-392. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

As modern society becomes increasingly complex, extreme risks—or so-called X-events—are occurring more and more frequently, with increased ripple effects. A great variety of risks, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the global financial crisis, the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and the COVID-19 pandemic, can occur anytime and anywhere. As such, international organizations and governments strive to preemptively discover risks, measure their impact, and strengthen resilience. However, research on risks confronting the ocean and fisheries sector has been insufficient. Research that relies solely on the patterns of past risks inevitably misses the possibility of discovering new future risks and comprehending their ripple effects alongside co-occurrent multiple risks. This study proposes a framework for discovering possible future risks in the ocean and fisheries based on their possibility of occurrence, ripple effect, and resilience. For this purpose, a vast amount of data is collected from academic journals and online social media and analyzed using topic modeling, followed by expert interviews and a survey of the public. Four main sub-sectors of the ocean and fisheries sector are analyzed: marine, fisheries, shipping logistics, and ports. Risks related to the marine environment and marine-caused natural disasters are rated highly in the marine sector. In fisheries, the radioactive contamination of aquatic products ranks first. In shipping and logistics, issues like global competition over the logistics supply chain and logistics paralysis due to natural disasters are of primary concern. In the port sub-sector, issues like the competition between ports and the negative effects of digitalization on job loss and cyber security top the list. The most significant risk in the ocean and fisheries sector as a whole is the “acceleration of global warming,” followed by the “occurrence of super typhoons” and “increase in marine plastic waste.”

Kim, M.; Hong, J.H., and Oh, C.-O., 2023. Acceptance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Korea: Examining recreational fishers' perceptions, attitude, and support. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 393-397. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recreational fishers are significant catchers in Korean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). As the recreational fishing population is constantly increasing, associated activities have put increasing pressure on marine environments. However, there are few regulations for recreational fishing in MPAs. Although more regulatory management tools are needed to protect marine ecosystems within MPAs, such as no-take zones, only a few studies have focused on the acceptance of regulations by recreational fishers in MPAs. This study examined recreational fishers' perceptions and attitudes towards MPAs and subsequently investigated the feasibility of introducing no-fishing/taking zones within the MPAs. Data were collected through an online survey conducted in 2021. Of the 942 respondents, 74.7% supported MPAs, and 68.1% agreed to implement no-take zones within them. An empirical analysis was conducted using an ordered probit model. Fishers' attitudes and recreation specialization were significantly connected with the support for MPAs and no-take zones, but consumptive orientation was not a significant explanatory variable. Consequently, the more people recognized the positive effects of MPA, the more they supported it and agreed with the introduction of no-take zones. However, highly specialized fishers were less likely to support MPAs and agree to designate no-take zones. Additionally, variables derived from the theory of planned behavior (i.e., subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and impact of the policy on attitudes) were used to analyze fishers' acceptance of the no-take zone. Fishers who i) adhered to subjective norms, ii) believed that they could control their behavior, and iii) believed that the impact of no-take zones is positive were more likely to accept no-take zones. These findings indicate that recreational fishers generally support more restrictive fishing policies in MPAs.

Park, S.J. and Kim, J., 2023. How will the United Nations (UN) Biological Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement affect the shipping industry in the future? In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 398-402. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The discussion on the creation of a new international maritime order to change the freedom of the high seas, which has been maintained following the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is expected to be at a fever pitch. In 2004, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted a resolution establishing an ad hoc working group on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ). After 10 years of discussion till 2015, developed and developing countries agreed to create “a legally binding international instrument” and United Nations' member states finally agreed to a text on the Biological Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement at the resumed 5^th Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which was held in March 2023. This international new order is anticipated to limit “freedom of the high seas” and significantly impact marine use, including navigation, fisheries, marine resources development, and marine scientific research. This study analyzes the effects of this new order on the shipping industry. To analyze this impact, changes in ship operating costs were calculated for container ships, dry cargo ships, and oil tankers under the assumption that two regulations apply to certain waters of Korean import routes: a reduction of average speeds by 1 knot and a 100-nautical-mile detour. Based on scenario analysis, when freight rates are high, shipping costs will rise in all scenarios regardless of fuel oil prices. However, profitability worsens when freight rates and fuel oil prices are low. Therefore, in responding to the adaptation of the UN BBNJ agreement, it is necessary to establish countermeasures for the shipping industry and strengthen cooperation systems with international organizations related to the UN BBNJ agreement. In addition, it is vital to improving the scenario and derive accurate results by cooperating with the industry.

Su, X.; Kwon, J.; Huang, S., and Zhang, M., 2023. Impact of green supply chain concentration on cost stickiness of fishery enterprises. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 403-407. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The depletion of fishery resources, the extension of the fishing moratorium, the rise of oil prices in the macroeconomic environment, and increased costs have all affected China's fishery industry. In addition, the market demand for aquatic products has decreased significantly due to the macroeconomic environment's fierce competition and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The price of aquatic products has had less and less room to rise. However, the prices of production factors, such as raw materials and human capital, have remained high, and the profit margin of enterprises has been consistently shrinking. This study examines Chinese fishery listed firms' cost stickiness behavior (i.e., firms' asymmetric cost reaction to sales changes). Using financial data from 2000 to 2021, it was determined that the cost behavior of Chinese fishery enterprises is significantly asymmetric. Further, it was found that green supply chain concentration decreases firms' cost stickiness. Results show that increasing the supply chain's operational efficiency decreases firms' cost stickiness by improving enterprises' resource allocation.

Kim, T.; Kim, J.; Kim, G.; Chang, J.-I.; Lim, B., and Kim, J. 2023. Analysis of employment elasticity in the ocean and fisheries industry. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 408-412. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigates the employment elasticity between the economic growth rate and employment changes in the ocean and fisheries industry and analyzes the determinants of such employment elasticity. The panel data is drawn from industry surveys conducted in 2017–2020. The panel data regression on companies with sales of more than 8 billion KRW shows that their total sales are inversely proportional to employment elasticity, implying that large-scale companies may not necessarily offer high employment. The panel data regression on companies with sales of less than 8 billion KRW shows that their debt ratio is inversely proportional to employment elasticity, meaning that employment in small-scale companies is vulnerable to the companies' financial status. Panel data regression by industrial classification is also conducted. The debt ratio is inversely proportional to employment elasticity in some sub-industries, such as the building and repair of ships and offshore plants and marine and fisheries equipment manufacturing. However, the total sales and employment rate during COVID-19 are proportional to employment elasticity in the sub-industries of both marine leisure and tourism and marine and fisheries services. This implies that the companies in these sub-industries have attempted to increase sales by expanding or maintaining employment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future analyses with more detailed industrial classifications are necessary to establish useful bases for policies supporting sustainable employment in the ocean and fisheries industry.

Chae, S.L., 2023. Correlation between seafood production and supply in North Korea: Focusing on food security. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 413-417. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to examine the correlation between North Korea's seafood production and supply by era (by leaders). During the Kim Il-sung era, North Korea's seafood production amount and supply amount to residents were the largest. However, when the country experienced the Arduous March (nationwide famine) at the end of the 1990s, fishery activities were not properly conducted because of oil shortage. Thus, the production of fishery products decreased significantly, resulting in a decrease in the number of fishery products supplied to residents. Another reason for the decrease in the supply of fishery products to the residents during the Kim Jong-Il era is that the authorities started exporting aquatic products to earn foreign currency. Thus, since the Kim Jong-Il era, during which the government's aquatic product export policy was created, a proportional relationship between aquatic product production and food security for residents has not been established. During the Kim Jong-un era, production of fishery products recovered as much as before the Arduous March, but the supply of fishery products to residents is much lower than before the Arduous March. This is because the policy to nurture fishery products in the Kim Jong-un era focused primarily on export than on ensuring consistently adequate food supply for residents. This study has academic significance as it identifies the correlation between seafood production and supply in North Korea for the first time based on limited data.

Park, S.; Kim, H.; Choi, S., and Kim, T., 2023. The impacts and implications of interest rate hike on Korean shipping companies. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 418-422. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in record-breaking container freight rates and profits for the top 10 global container carriers. This shipping industry upswing has been fuelled by the surge in money supply prompted by the aggressive monetary policies of major economies, which is driving global inflation. The U.S Federal Reserve has raised it's the federal funds rate in response to soaring prices, and the Bank of Korea has followed suit, increasing its key policy rate to 3.50 % on 10 occasions between August 2021 and January 2023. The study initially analyzed the developments in domestic and international shipping markets as well as the responsiveness of shipping firms to changes in the global economy. It then assessed the financial impact of probable interest rate hikes on Korean shipping companies utilizing scenario analysis. The findings reveal that a predicted 3 % increase to the key policy rate in 2022 would result in a KRW 1.65 trillion (116 %) rise in interest expenditure across the 127 shipping companies. Ultimately, the Korean shipping sector is expected to ready itself for the impending recession in the post-COVID-19 epoch through the provision of precautionary support measures and policy implications in response to the predicament induced by interest rate hikes.

Kim, H.; Park, S.; Choi, S., and Kim, T., 2023. Ship investment valuation using Real Option Analysis (ROA). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 423-427. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

As ship investment entails an extensive amount of investment, it is critical to conduct the valuation of investment plans prior to undertaking the investment. In this study, comparison analysis was conducted to empirically analyze a traditional method of ship investment valuation, Net Present Value (NPV) and Real Option Analysis (ROA). This study intends to suggest improvement measures through a real option valuation methodology for ship investment that can factor into uncertainty. This analysis was conducted through the option to defer deferable for two years and the option to expand placing additional orders for 8 vessels depending on market conditions within 2 years after the initial order of 8 vessels. As a result of the comparative analysis, it can be confirmed that the real option would show higher value of ship investment than the traditional valuation and affect investment decision-making, since it considers uncertainty in the event of ship investment.

Kim, H. and Kim, C.W., 2023. Limitations and problems associated with marine healing tourism: An examination of the Chungcheongnam-Do Marine Healing Pilot Program. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 428-432. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study examined the problems with the marine healing program based on the results of the Chungcheongnam-Do Marine Healing Pilot Program conducted in Taean-gun. It discusses the direction of the program at the Taean-gun Marine Healing Center. To achieve the research purpose, data were mainly collected through Focus Group Interviews (FGI). The limitations of the marine healing program are summarized as follows. First, each activity of the marine healing program was not different from traditional marine activities (sea bathing, seawater hot spring baths, healthcare, etc.). Second, there is no verification or certification system to prove the effectiveness of marine healing programs. Third, the marine healing center should provide sustainable health- care services via programs specializing in data-based digital healthcare. Finally, a marine healing program should be developed with a focus on preventive health care rather than medical treatment.

Kim, M.; Song, M.; Park, J.; Kim, S., and Lee, W.-D., 2023. Estimation of underwater workable time considering tidal currents: A review of diving equipment. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 433-437. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Tidal currents generated by celestial motions significantly affect the performance of diving equipment and the activity of underwater workers. In this study, seawater flows surrounding the Korean Peninsula were simulated using ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model to calculate the underwater working time considering the effect of tidal currents. The time for which Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Surface-Supplied Diving System (SSDS) can be used was calculated by estimating the tidal currents at the sinking site of the Sewol ferry based on the US Navy Diving Manual. The average usable time of SSDS in underwater operations was 1.6 times that of SCUBA, the minimum value was 1.28 times greater in the spring tide, and the maximum value was 1.93 times greater in the neap tide. Thus, a field supervisor with professional knowledge of the maritime environment is essential for planning, supervising, and conducting underwater operations safely and efficiently.

Jang, S.-H. and Kim, J.-S., 2023. Exploring SCUBA diving accidents during hunting and collecting of marine products in South Korea: Types of accidents and social and cultural contexts. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 438-442. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The purpose of this study was to identify causes of SCUBA diving accidents and the relevant background in South Korea. In order to achieve this purpose, the relevant literature of accident statistics and articles from the Korea Coast Guard were compiled and analyzed. Also, additional data were collected through interviews with SCUBA diving experts. The results were revealed that the types of accidents from hunting and colleting of SCUBA diving were ‘deterioration of situational awareness' and ‘leading reckless diving’. More specifically, ‘running out of air’ and ‘ghost net accidents’ were emerged themes of ‘Deterioration of situational awareness’. On the other hand, themes of ‘leading reckless diving’ were caused by ‘failure to make a safety stop’, ‘drifting due to strong currents’, and ‘illegal activity’. The present study showed in detail the types of accidents that take place during SCUBA diving for hunting and collecting in South Korea. In addition, this study would be the basic data for use in the prevention of accidents during SCUBA diving for hunting and collecting through detailed examination of the specific social and cultural contexts in which such diving takes place.

Lee, J.-H. and Kim, N.-G., 2023. Establishment of a safety management system for waterfront spaces related to marine leisure activities in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 443-447. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the present study, case study methodology was used to examine plans for establishing a safety management system for waterfront spaces related to marine leisure activities in Korea. The findings in the study were as follows: First, public-private cooperation system should be established through the launching of a national marine leisure management committee. Second, the national lifeguard qualification system of Korea should be used to increase the professionalism for safety management and rescue/salvage operations. Third, a rescue system using state-of-the-art equipment, including drones, should be established from a long-term perspective.

Kim, N.-G., 2023. Analyzing social discourse and marine leisure safety in Korea to help establish a safety management system. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 448-452. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study uses text mining, a method for analyzing massive amounts of data, of 3,449 media articles to identify changes in the social discourse surrounding marine leisure safety in Korea. The results showed that “Safety,” “Leisure,” “Marine,” and “Accident” were the keywords. These were compared over time to understand the changes in social discourse related to marine leisure safety. The results showed that the keywords were stable over time, with some differences due to which the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to huge changes in the marine leisure industry in Korea. Second, topic modeling analysis derived eight topics: “Safety Education,” “Natural Disaster,” “Increasing Leisure Population,” “Rescue Activities,” “Accident Prevention,” “High-Tech Safety,” “Tourism,” and “System Establishment.” These key topics changed in proportion before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which revealed how the discourse over safety has shifted.

Kim, M.-S.; Lee, H.-S., and Lee, J.-H., 2023. Improvement of survival swimming education operations during COVID-19. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 453-457. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208

The implementation of survival swimming education in Korea, as a means of raising safety awareness and equipping students with survival skills in the event of emergencies, was disrupted by limited in-person classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the problems with and operational improvement plans for survival swimming education during the COVID-19 pandemic were determined by interviewing seven participants. The participants cited insufficient time for survival swimming education, non-systematization of educational programs, and reduced efficiency of survival swimming education programs as the problems with indoor survival swimming experiential education. To address these problems, an operational improvement plan for indoor survival swimming experiential education should include the extension of the duration of survival swimming education, systematization of the survival swimming education program, and implementation of Metaverse-based education and blended learning. The findings of this study contribute to improving the educational methodological aspects and effectiveness of indoor survival swimming experiential education.

Park, S.J.; Seo, H.J.; Park, S.M., and Park, S.H., 2023. Establishment of a risk assessment system for coastal activities based on statistical data. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 458-462. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal management begins with risk control, which is a collection of methods for evaluating the potential for harm and taking action to reduce or eliminate risk. Four methods of risk control are commonly employed: transferring, taking, avoiding, and reducing risk. These methods can be adjusted based on continuous monitoring. Risk assessment is the most commonly used method employed for the selection of risk-control measures. In this study, a risk-assessment-based information-provision method was proposed as a control measure for the risks that pose a threat to the safety of coastal users. The proposed risk-assessment method complements the current qualitative and subjective risk- assessment methods used by the Korea Coast Guard. A risk-assessment index and evaluation method were established to assess the risk grade of coastal activity areas managed by the Korean Coast Guard. This method was applied to 40 representative hazardous areas designated and managed by each regional office. By applying the established risk-assessment system, 11 sites were classified as grade 2, 25 as grade 3, 3 as grade 4, and 1 as grade 5. The risk grade of hazardous areas under the jurisdiction of the Korea Coast Guard Region-Central, which has a high rate of accidents and fatalities, was rated higher than that of other regional offices. The risk grade of each regional office, except for the central office, was rated between grades 2 and 3.

Lee, D.-H. and Choi, K., 2023. Feasibility study on the emergency acquisition of satellite images for maritime search and rescue. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 463-467. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

With increasing maritime activities such as logistics and leisure, the frequency and scale of maritime accidents are growing. To minimize damage from maritime accidents and provide appropriate responses, the accident scenarios must be accurately predicted. To this end, maritime control and monitoring systems are required. Recently, remote sensing platforms such as drones, helicopters, and satellites have been increasingly used for accident monitoring. Images obtained by drones or helicopters have high resolution but small coverage because the platforms fly at a low altitude. In comparison, the images acquired from satellites, which operate in high orbits, have wide coverage and are thus more effective in monitoring vast maritime areas. However, because satellites capture images at a predetermined time according to the mission orbit, the observation period is limited. Therefore, a satellite imagery collection system based on satellites operating worldwide must be established to acquire images from the target time and place. This paper proposes an image collection system for acquiring satellite images of target areas in maritime accident scenarios. Based on a statistical analysis of historical maritime accident data, the main objects to be detected are selected, and the requirements are specified. Additionally, the spatial and revisit cycles and observation time of optical and synthetic aperture radar satellites are analyzed and an image collection system is established by selecting the satellites available for accident response. The proposed system can facilitate the use of satellite images to respond promptly to maritime accidents.

Seo, H.J.; Park, S.J.; Park, S.M., and Seo, G.S., 2023. Preventing coastal accidents in Korea using correlation analysis between location, type, and cause of accident. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 468-472. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal accidents can occur during various coastal activities. Owing to an increase in leisure and industrial activities, the coastal activity area is expanding and the incidence of coastal accidents is increasing. To solve this problem, it is necessary to derive an optimal and efficient response plan that requires little manpower through a clear understanding of the characteristics and causes of accidents. To this end, this study classified accidents according to three criteria of location, type, and causes of accidents based on the coastal accident cases provided by the Korea Coast Guard and analyzed the correlation between each classification criteria by applying statistical techniques. On the west coast of Korea, where the tidal difference is large and it is highly correlated with isolation accidents caused by the tide, near sea rock and mudflats; on the east coast, where the frequency of high waves is high and it is highly correlated with falls or drift drowning accidents caused by waves near breakwaters and beaches. This correlation indicates that an effective proactive response is possible by identifying the type and cause of accidents by accident location. Coastal accidents can be reduced by eliminating coastal safety blind spots due to a lack of manpower through efficient management and supervision of coastal activity areas using the results of the correlation analysis between accident locations, types, and causes analyzed in this study.

Lee, Y.-S. and Kwon, S.-C., 2023. Examining the role of Swimming and Water Safety education Curriculums (SWSCs) in Korean Physical and Health Education programs. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 473-477. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aimed to examine Swimming and Water Safety education Curriculums (SWSCs) taught in schools and organizations in high-income countries (e.g., Australia, England, and New Zealand) that can be integrated with Korean primary school Physical-Health Education curriculum (PHE). The authors conducted a review of the literature on the SWSC and reviewed a vast body of information, facts, and evidence regarding the water safety education described in research papers and reports released by governments and organizations. The key features of the SWSC in high-income countries were: (1) they served as integral and vital components of physical-health education (co-)curricular activities, (2) they designed broad levels of learning goals and lessons for all students' learning needs, and (3) they integrated and addressed psychomotor, cognitive, and affective learning domains to enhance water competencies and assess students' learning outcomes. The 15 water competencies framework was an evidence-based approach to the SWSCs that highlights Bloom's taxonomy (psychomotor, cognitive, and affective learning domains). It is believed that the 15 water competencies can be used as a framework for the development and implementation of swimming and water safety education curriculum in Korean primary physical-health education. More research is needed to study psycho-pedagogical aspects of the SWSCs not only to enhance water safety practices but also to meet Korean national curricular goals in primary school physical-health education.

Oh, C.; Kim, K.-B.; Lee, H., and Nam-Jo, S.K., 2023. Beaches for everyone? World's first water wheelchair with smart safety features for barrier-free tourism. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 478-482. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to evaluate a smart-safety-featured floating water wheelchair to meet the needs of marine tourism for the mobility-impaired population. Our society's shared concept of the disabled is identified as those registered as disabled in the government office with intellectual, physical, and mental disabilities. However, all of us who will grow old and live with some disabilities or limitations are in the mobility-impaired group. The difficulty in mobility causes them to be in the limited tourism area even though the demands have become higher than in the past generations. Tourism is an activity that humans constantly want to pursue, but they are involuntarily excluded from traveling freely due to various obstacles and restrictions. Considerations in society are necessary not only for the disabled but also for the elderly, infants/young children, and pregnant women who are vulnerable to mobility. Therefore, barrier-free tourism should be introduced in the tourism industry not just for the disability but for the increasing population of mobility-impaired tourists. Introducing the water wheelchair is one of the safest and most convenient ways of bringing fair tourism among them. Currently, manufacturers produce different forms of water wheelchairs in some countries with the problem of being unable to customize different users' sizes and needs. Therefore, under the premise of the popularization of barrier-free marine tourism, this study examines the essential features of producing non-Westerners-focused products for the first time in the world. Moreover, ICT-based smart water wheelchairs can have the enhanced safe and convenient features of location tracking-based technology, QR code payment system, and alarm system. Both the theoretical and practical contributions of this study can be found in the tourism industry and the studies of the aging population.

Jang, S.-H. and Ha, J., 2023. Background of and solution for problems in commercial marina port development in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 483-487. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The marina port development project is the project to transform coastal villages into the center of the leisure industry in South Korea. The first marina port master plan was established in 2010, followed by the second plan in 2020. This mater plan is currently rated as the country's largest marine leisure project ever. Little progress has been made although the plenty of funds by the government has continuously invested in this project over numerous years. This study examined the problems of the marina port development project and discussed what exited the background by applying David Harvey's spatial theory as a theoretical framework. This study found the problems of ‘improper preparation and stakeholder conflict’ and ‘function deviation and deterioration due to neglect’, and which process caused these problems of the marina port development project. It is also explained the ideological, structural, and cultural issues present in the background and a cooperative governance was developed based on this analysis. This study might be useful to provide the insight into the nature and background of the Korean marina port development project.

Kim, K.B.; Oh, C.; Park, B.H., and Baek, S.Y., 2023. Improving the feasibility and direction of establishing the Fishing Education Promotion Agency for a sustainable fishing culture. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 488-492. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

To meet the growing demand for marine leisure and the diverse needs of fishing enthusiasts with a new trend in marine tourism, it is necessary to establish a fishing education promotion center to develop a sustainable fishing culture. The purpose of this study was to review the feasibility and direction of establishing an institute for promoting fishing education for a sustainable fishing culture. This study has been conducted in-depth interviews with fishing experts, related literature reviews and Internet research. In conclusion, the legal basis to establish fishing education promotion institutions and fishing education can be secured according to Article 43 of the Basic Plan for Fishing Promotion, Article 45 of the Act on Support and Fostering of Fishing-related Industries, etc, Furthermore, the creation and education of a sound fishing culture are based on the Fishing Management and Fostering Act, Article 46 of an honorary watchman, and Article 47 Education, Public Relations, etc. Additionally, the direction of fishing education promotion institutions is that, first, safety accident prevention and environmental education should be offered to contribute to the fishing culture. Second, fishing-related departments of central and local governments should be activated for the research and the policy support functions.

Hong, S.; Lim, H.S.; Kim, C.G.; Park, J.H.; Kim, M.G.; Chae, G.Y.; Sim, G.E.; Bak, S.W.; Kim, J.H., and Kwon, O.J., 2023. Evaluation method of ocean healing content on stress relieve effects by using smart watch and questionnaire. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 493-497. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, research on ocean healing resources has been conducted widely to enhance physical and mental health conditions. Among the ocean healing resources, peaceful and beautiful marine sceneries are also regarded as natural resources that can relieve stress and body pain. In this paper, the positive effects of immersive ocean healing content on stress mitigation are investigated. The basic evaluation procedure with specific biometric data was also established. To investigate this effect, a realistic ocean healing content with stereoscopic visualization is developed and tested as a preliminary experiment. During the experiments, biometric data (blood pressure, heart rate, stress index) are acquired using a wearable Smart Watch (Galaxy Watch 5 Pro) before and after watching the ocean healing content. In addition, the questionnaire evaluation of variation of SRI (Stress Response Inventory) is included. The average stress index value decreased -15.3% after watching ocean healing content, whereas there were no significant changes in blood pressure and heart beat. In addition, the prominent enhancement of SRI value in all stress properties (tension, aggression, somatization, anger, depression, fatigue, frustration) was found. Even though the number of experiment participants was limited, this study presents the positive roles of ocean healing content that improves mental health promotion effects. Moreover, this ocean healing evaluation methodology can be utilized and reviewed as preliminary research. In the following study, different types of immersive ocean healing content using VR, AR, and MR technology will be applied. And, more biometric data acquisition methods using a wearable device linkage platform will be tested. Moreover, application platforms for immersive simulators could be also considered as a new utilization plan.

Choo, N. and Han, J.Y., 2023. Evaluating the effectiveness of a traditional beach festival in Busan, South Korea: An example from the Gwangalli-Eobang Festival. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 498-502. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study explores the significance of local festivals in promoting tourism and preserving traditional culture. Busan, a city in South Korea, invests in creating and expanding tourism resources, and the region hosts over 70 festivals annually, which are considered vital in fostering a sense of community, increasing local participation, and reviving the local economy. The Gwangalli-Eobang Festival, Busan's flagship beach event, is analyzed as a case study to explore the factors that contribute to its success. The festival embodies the concept of mutual growth and has been recognized as Busan's exclusive cultural tourism event. However, not all traditional festivals enjoy a positive reputation, and some have been criticized for their lack of social foundations, uniform content, and absence of regional distinctiveness. The study examines the success factors of the Gwangalli-Eobang Festival and explores the direction for preserving traditional culture. The study employs analytical frameworks based on Cho (2013), Han (2005), and Lee (2009) to provide a comprehensive assessment of the success of local festivals. The study highlights the importance of adapting and responding swiftly to the rapid pace of social and environmental changes to manage the festival successfully. The study also emphasizes the importance of providing historical preservation, participation, visitor experience, accessibility, diversity, and economic sustainability. Overall, the study provides insight into the value and usefulness of local beach infrastructure, the significance of transmitting education utilizing intangible cultural assets, and the continued planning of festivals promoting cultural tourism and benefiting the community.

Lim, S. and Kim, S.-G., 2023. A study on the participants' experience and meaning in polar bear festivals. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 503-507. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Polar bear festivals in Haeundae are events wishing for well-being throughout the year and the spirit of challenge by leisurely swimming in the cold seawater at below-zero temperatures in winter as if we were polar bears. The Polar bear festivals in Pusan began operating to commemorate the 1988 Seoul Olympics. They are representative winter festivals that more than 5,000 participants join in the events once a year in Haeundae beach. The festivals convey messages encouraging locals to practice ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) by promoting tourism in collaboration with the community through musical performances, environmentally friendly campaigns such as plogging and refraining from using disposables, and others. This study ethnography on the experience of local cultural festivals based on Polar bear festivals in Haeundae. In this study, ethnography analysis was conducted based on the experiences of participants in the Haeundae Polar bear festival, and through participants in the Haeundae Polar bear festival, 'community', 'subversion', and 'playfulness' were considered. Participants in the Haeundae Polar bear festival were found to experience meaning "the value of together", "the resolution and wish to overcome difficulties", and "the joy through deviance" through participation in the festival. In the process, participants escape from isolation or loss and confirm a sense of belonging, importance of health, and a spirit of challenge for the future. The study of the ethnography of cultural experience in local festivals have needed more diversity in terms of quality than growth in quantity for the tourism industry. Most studies have been focused on the effects of festivals on the economy, and they have limitations in developing strategies for tourism product designs by quantitative analysis. Thus, this study can be a primary reference to analyze what participants in local festivals experience and find meaningful.

Jo D.-J.; Kim Y.-J.; Lee J.-S., and Cho I.-S., 2023. Evaluation of exhaust gas emissions using spatiotemporal analysis based on Maritime Big Data. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 508-512. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the present study, emissions from sailing ships in target areas were analyzed using automatic identification system data and calculated using occupancy time on grid cells and emissions per hour. To calculate emissions from ships more precisely, emission cases were divided according to ship speed and length. Factors for the calculation of emissions from ships were organized according to cases, the so-called emission matrix, and worst case was identified. As a result of analysis, emissions were concentrated in the port area. To reduce emissions in port areas, South Korea has designated mandatory SOx emission control areas, requiring the use of 0.1% sulfur fuel by ships in specified regions. In addition to port areas, Emissions in coastal areas must be monitored, because overall emissions were higher in coastal areas than in port areas. To instill eco-friendly trends in the global shipping industry, emissions in coastal areas were calculated, and the impact of expansion emission control areas from port to coastal areas were confirmed using geographical information system.

Park, M.K. and Hwang, M.S., 2023. A study on the influence of animated AcciMap: A system analysis of marine accidents. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 513-517. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic analysis of the causes of the Sewol Ferry sinking accident in South Korea using a Systemic Accidents Analysis approach. This study employed an animation campaign video based on the AcciMap, developed in collaboration with experts in systemic accident analysis and animation research. Data was collected through in-depth interviews conducted before and after watching the campaign video among study participants. The collected data was analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding in a grounded theory approach. First, open coding was used to classify the experiences before and after watching the campaign video into subcategories and upper categories. Second, axial coding was used to summarize the experiences before and after watching the campaign video into a paradigm model under five conditions. Based on these three types of experience, a theoretical framework was constructed to identify the degree of understanding the accident map analysis method among the study participants and whether there was a change in their existing thoughts. The results of this study provide insight into the effectiveness of accident map-based animation campaign videos in preventing marine safety accidents and thereby identify potential future plans.

Hwang, M.S.; Park, M.K., and Lee, H.S., 2023. A study on the visual effects production process for efficient underwater explosion CG visualization. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 518-522. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The creation of visual effects is rooted in the simulation of real-world physical phenomena, with the goal of enhancing the sense of immersion in the contents. One such effect, the visualization of underwater explosions using Computer Graphics (CG), poses a significant challenge due to a lack of readily available academic or reference data. This study is an experimental examination of technology for the realization of 3D computer graphics, specifically addressing the challenges of underwater explosion effects. The research process for the production of underwater explosion CG, previously comprising four steps, has been modified and expanded to six steps in this study. Through the identification and resolution of shortcomings in existing experimental research and optimization of the production process, this study aims to provide an efficient method for the creation of underwater explosion effects in CG.

Lee, S.; Lee, H., and Lee, C., 2023. Landscape preference for tourism resourceization of coastal bridges in Busan, Republic of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 523-527. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Busan's Coastal Ring Road features seven bridges that traverse the city, and the 'Seven Bridges Landmark Project' aims to utilize these bridges to create a unique city brand. The project involves analyzing the environment surrounding each bridge, identifying brand images and storytelling that can be used to establish a long-term marketing strategy. Although the Gwangan Bridge and Yeongdo Bridge is already recognized as a landmark of Busan, the other five bridges are still waiting to be discovered. To increase public interest, the Seven Bridges' storytelling and content should emotionally connect with the audience, providing diverse and compelling content that stimulates the desire to visit. The purpose of this study is to propose a utilization plan for bridge landscape images, which can be used to develop tourism and city branding around the Seven Bridges landmark in Busan. The study focuses on comparing the day and night views of the seven bridges, both from the road and from a distance. A survey of 126 men and women was conducted to compare their preferences for different types of landscapes of the Busan Seven Bridges. The results showed that the night view was preferred over the day view for all seven bridges. Additionally, the study proposes a basic method for utilizing bridge landscapes as a resource for tourism development and identifies future research tasks to be pursued in greater depth.

Kang, Y.D. and Koo, B., 2023. A study on the validation for the control methodology on outer structures in a laminar boundary layer. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 528-532. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this paper, the effectiveness of flow control in the outer layer of the boundary layer destroying the hairpin vortices was visualized in a water channel. Here, hairpin vortices were generated beneath the test plate in a laminar boundary layer by a solenoid pinch valve controlled by a signal generator. The result of flow visualization demonstrated that a jet located outside of a boundary layer can destroy the neck of hairpin vortex, thereby disconnecting the link between the head and legs of the hairpin vortex. Detached from the head, the legs of the hairpin cannot be stretched in the streamwise direction anymore, leading to a reduction in the circulation of streamwise vortices and associated velocity fluctuations in the near-wall region. The data from hot-film were also reconstructed to confirm this procedure of real flow field. Both results showed that the legs of the control case were weakened compared to the uncontrolled case up to 15% in u-component velocity.

Koo, B.; Ahn, G.-J., and Kang, Y.D. 2023. Experimental study of wave run-up phenomena around a semi-submersible platform. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 533-537. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Experimental analysis has been performed in the wave flume at Changwon National University to investigate the wave run-up phenomena of a semi-submersible platform which consists of two columns and one pontoon. For a semi-submersible platform with shallow draft, wave run-up predictions are very important to satisfy requirements of the positive air gap below the deck. Various wave conditions have been applied to understand the nonlinear wave run-ups on the semi-submersible and several wave probes used to measure the wave height around the semi-submersible platform. Non-linear characteristics of wave elevations and run-up heights have been compared with previous numerical and experimental studies.

Lee, T.H.; Oh, H.Y.; Kim, K.-D., and Kim, H.S., 2023. Yacon juice residue supplementation in low fish meal diet for black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 538-542. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This sudy evaluated the effects of Yacon Juice Residue (YJR) on the growth performance, lysozyme and antioxidant enzyme activities, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) fed a low Fish Meal (FM) diet supplemented with soy and corn protein concentrates. We considered a 60% FM-based diet as a High FM (HF) diet; and a diet in which 30% FM was substituted with a mixture of soy and corn protein concentrates was considered a Low FM (LF) diet. Another six experimental diets, prepared in triplicate, consisted of the LF diet supplemented with YJR at levels of 2.5 g/kg, 5 g/kg, and 10 g/kg (designated as LFY2.5, LFY5, and LFY10 diets, respectively). At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, the highest growth performance (final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate) was observed in fish fed with the HF diet. Furthermore, fish fed the LFY5 and LFY10 diets had significantly higher growth performances than fish fed the LF diet. All the dietary treatments had similar feed efficiency. Higher lysozyme activity were observed in fish fed the HF and LFY10 diets compared to fish fed the other diets. Plasma superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the LF diet were significantly enhanced by dietary YJR supplementation. Disease resistance of fish against S. iniae was significantly improved by dietary YJR. The findings demonstrate that supplementing the diet with YJR can partially mitigate growth retardation associated with a diet high in soy and corn protein concentrates, as well as enhance fish antioxidant capacity and disease resistance.

Jeong, S.-M.; Khosravi, S.; Cho, M.-U., and Lee S.-M., 2023. Rhodobacter sphaeroides supplementation enhances growth performance and immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 543-547. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RB), a purple non-sulfur bacteria, has high protein content and a large number of bioactive substances, such as carotenoids and CoQ10. To investigate its efficacy as a feed additive in aquaculture, we added graded levels of RB in rainbow trout feed and examined the changes in growth, whole-body biochemical composition, blood chemistry, and antioxidant gene expression. This study found that the weight gain and specific growth rate showed a significant response to the increasing dietary RB levels up to 1.5 % (quadratic, P < 0.05). Total bilirubin content decreased with the increasing level of RB in the diet (linear, P < 0.05). Thus, RB can be an effective additive for enhancing growth in the aquaculture of rainbow trout.

Kim, K.S., 2023. Numerical modeling of solid particle dynamics using the Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method in seabed penetration scenarios. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 548-552. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method, a particle-based approach within computational fluid dynamics, underwent development and modification to effectively model the behavior of solid particles. To address phenomena associated with solid particles, the traditional viscosity calculation term was replaced with a friction calculation term that accounts for accumulated weight effects. The resulting program was employed to simulate the behavior of soil in a seabed penetration scenario. Subsequently, numerical outcomes were compared with corresponding experimental results to validate the efficacy of the newly developed approach.

Lee, B.H. and Kim, K.S., 2023. The effects of active sloshing reduction device on vessel motions. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 553-557. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The impact of sloshing effects due to inner liquid cargo has long been recognized as a crucial parameter in the design stage, spanning decades. Numerous research and engineering literatures have emphasized how these effects can alter the motions of floating bodies, including their natural frequencies. The recognition of sloshing effects has prompted investigations into utilizing them positively, leading to initiatives like the development of anti-rolling tanks. This study delves into the exploration of anti-rolling tanks using the Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method. The effects of these tanks on vessel motions are considered through a dynamically coupled problem employing the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The sloshing effects on vessel motions are demonstrated, and their positive implications, such as motion control and manipulation of the vessel's natural frequency, are thoroughly examined. The findings reveal that the natural phenomena of the vessel can be effectively controlled by adjusting sloshing reduction effects. This not only highlights the significance of considering sloshing effects in vessel design but also underscores the potential for utilizing them to actively control and manage vessel motions for improved performance and stability.

Seo, J.O.; Park, H.S., and Kim, N.G., 2023. Effects of temperature, photo irradiance and photoperiods on the early growth of Sargassum thunbergii. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 563-567. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigated the effects of temperature and light on the germination rate and growth of embryos obtained from mature Sargassum thunbergii, and early embryo development. The Sargassum thunbergii used in the experiment was collected in June 2022 from the Tongyeong coast, Gyeongnam, Korea. The released embryos were cultured at 10-25°C, a light intensity of 40 and 80 µmol m^-2s^-1, and a 14L:10D photoperiod (light: dark). The rhizome development and elongation of the germinated Sargassum thunbergii thallus occurred at weeks 1 to 3 of culture. Serrated secondary leaves formed in week 4 of culture, and fourth leaves formed in 5 weeks. At 6–10 weeks, many scale-like leaves developed. The germination rate of Sargassum thunbergii embryos was maximal at 25°C and 80 µmol m^-2s^-1 and lowest at 10°C and 40 µmol m^-2s^-1. The growth characteristics of the germinated thallus of this species differed more depending on the temperature, which makes Sargassum thunbergii a photophilic eurythermal seaweed that grows well under large temperature variation.

Chang, P.-S.; Cho, Y.J., and Hong, C.-B., 2023. Hydraulic characteristics of a forced harmonic oscillator constituting the flap-type wave energy converter: A numerical study using dynamic mesh method (Arbitrary Mesh Interface). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 558-562. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In an effort to develop the WEC (Wave Energy Converter) optimized for Korean marine environment, which is structurally different from those in Europe and the United States, we carried out numerical simulation to look into the power generation efficiency of a forced harmonic oscillator constituting the flap-type WEC. The numerical simulations were conducted using the OlaFlow toolbox, which is based on OpenFoam. In doing so, for numerical simulation of great accuracy, the interaction between the flap-type WEC and incoming waves was described using SixDoFSolidBodyMotion solver and dynamic mesh method such as Morphing Mesh and AMI (Arbitrary Mesh Interface), where computational mesh is adjusted fittingly whenever a forced harmonic oscillator undergoes rotational motion. Numerical results indicate that the oscillator's mass is a key design factor that determines the power generation efficiency of the WEC. If an oscillator is heavier than a critical value, rotational motion of oscillator is centered on the second quadrant, and if an oscillator is lighter than a critical value, its motion is centered on the first quadrant, leading to more efficient harvest of wave energy. The maximum rotational displacement of the oscillator in the shoreward direction occurred after the wave crest passed it, with a time lag due to the oscillator's inertia. In contrast, the maximum displacement in the offshore direction occurred before the arrival of the wave crest. Surprisingly, the maximum force of the wave in the shoreward direction was observed in relatively short waves, rather than in long waves, which was unexpected. These results can be ascribed to the fact that when incoming waves are relatively long, a forced harmonic oscillator is deeply laid down due to larger wave force acting on it. Additionally, when the incoming waves are relatively long, the offshore-directed reflected waves from the forced harmonic oscillator appear to contribute to the effect as well. The numerical results also indicate that the wave force caused by fluid viscosity represents approximately 0.1% of the total wave force. As expected, the longer the incoming waves, the greater the moment acting on the hinge of the WEC becomes.

Lee, K.-W.; Kim, M.-C.; Shin, S.-C., and Lee J.-H., 2023. Propulsion performance of eco-friendly hybrid electric fishing boats. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 568-572. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Due to global warming, the IMO is implementing regulations on greenhouse gas emissions and fuel efficiency. Regulations on the fuel efficiency of ships include the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), and many studies are being conducted to meet these regulations. However, these regulations apply mainly to large ships, and regulations for coastal ships are insufficient. Improving the fuel efficiency of small ships is an urgent task for mitigating global warming and improving the coastal environment. In addition, improving fuel efficiency provides more economic benefits for small ship operators. To achieve this, electric propulsion ships and hybrid electric propulsion ships are being developed and implemented. Operating electric propulsion ships requires high initial construction costs and difficulty in expanding charging facilities. Hybrid electric propulsion ships charge surplus power generated by the ship's engine with electricity and use it according to the load, which has the advantage of lower initial construction costs compared to electric propulsion ships and no need for install charging facilities. This paper performed ship resistance CFD and model experiments to determine the output load based on the operating method of hybrid electric propulsion ships. Furthermore, propeller design was conducted, and propeller open water test (POW) was carried out.

Baeck, G.W.; Seong, G.C.; Kang, D.Y.; Jin, S.; Soh, H.Y., and Kim, D.-G., 2023. Feeding habits of jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus, in the coastal waters of South Sea, Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 573-577. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

To investigate the feeding habits of the jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus, in the coastal waters of South Sea, Korea, fish samples were collected by a set net and purse seine fishery in March 2020 to February 2022. The Fork Length (FL) of these specimens was from 5.1 to 50.7 cm. T. japonicus were a carnivore that fed mainly on euphausiids and fishes. In addition, T. japonicus fed on small quantities of copepods, shrimps, cephalopods etc. T. japonicus underwent an ontogenetic dietary shift. The proportion of fishes and copepods decreased as body size increased, whereas the consumption of euphausiids increased gradually. Examination of the feeding habits according to ontogenetic feeding patterns in the diets of T. japonicus revealed that the mean number of prey (mN/ST) and mean weight of prey (mW/ST) continuously increased. Euphausiids most common prey during spring, autumn and winter, whereas fishes were mainly consumed during summer. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant dietary differences by size class, and the interaction between the season and size class. T. japonicus were specialized feeders with euphausiids and fishes as their dominant prey.

An, S.-H.; Kim, G.-G., and Lee, J.-H., 2023. Optimal design of the overtopping wave energy converter based on fluid–structure interaction simulation. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 578-582. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The wave overtopping system in wave power generation systems is called the Overtopping Wave Energy Converter (OWEC). The performance of the OWEC is affected by wave height and period. Wave characteristics, such as wave height, period, and direction, vary with environmental conditions, which make it difficult for the OWEC to generate stable electric power. To mitigate this issue, appropriate OWEC designs based on environmental conditions and wave characteristics must be investigated. In this study, the hydraulic efficiency of the OWEC and the load acting on it were calculated using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) based on the environmental conditions along the Ulleungdo coast, and the structural safety of the optimized OWEC model was verified. Moreover, a particle-based simulation was performed to confirm the effect of design parameters on energy efficiency. Additionally, the load acting on the OWEC was calculated, and the optimization method was used to design six types of substructures. Finally, structural analysis was conducted, confirming that all six types avoided the design model's structural resonance period.

Myoung, S.H.; Ji, H.-S.; Yu, H.-J.; Kim, H.J.; Kim, H.J., and Lee, B.-R., 2023. Ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in Jinhae Bay, Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, 583-587. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Many studies on the species composition of ichthyoplankton have been conducted in Jinhae Bay. However, none have focused on the species' composition and distribution patterns. Therefore, herein, the species composition and distribution patterns of ichthyoplankton collected from January to December 2021 from Jinhae Bay, South Sea of Korea, were investigated. An oblique tow was collected from the bottom to the surface using a bongo net (80 cm, 330 µm) from eight stations. The collected samples were identified using morphological analysis and mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 66,938 ± 189,267 eggs/1000 m³ (mean ± Standard Deviation, SD) belonging to 30 species and 23 families, and 14,834 ± 31,325 larvae/1000 m³ from 45 species and 25 families, were collected from Jinhae Bay. The dominant egg species were Engraulis japonicus (93.4%), Repomucenus valenciennei (1.5%), and Nuchequula nuchalis (1.2%). Clupea pallasii (92.4%), R. valenciennei (2.5%), and E. japonicus (1.6%) were the dominant larval species. As a result of non-metric multidimensional scaling, fish were divided into two groups: One group spawns during low water temperatures and the other group spawns during high water temperatures.

Kim, H.J.; Baeck, G.W.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, S.-J.; Kang, S., and Jeong, J.M., 2023. Distribution of food resources for two species of the skate family (Beringraja pulchra and Okamejei kenojei) in the South Sea of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 588-592. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beringraja pulchra and Okamejei kenojei belong to the Rajidae family of the order Rajiformes. They have similar morphological features, and both species are bottom fishes. B. pulchra and O. kenojei used in this study were caught by the National Institute of Fisheries Research in Tamgu 21, 22, and 23 with bottom trawl in the South Sea. Major food organisms were identified by calculating the relative importance index ratio for the two species, and food quality was compared by analyzing changes in food organisms and nutritional levels according to season and growth. A total of 192 B. pulchra were used in this study, of which 160 were analyzed except for empty stomachs, and a total of 202 O. kenojei were analyzed for 169 other than empty stomachs. The appearance width of the B. pulchra was 9.8–53.1 cm, and the apparent width of the O. kenojei was 8.3–41.2 cm. As a result of analyzing the relative importance index of the two species, macrura were the highest in both species, with 63.8 % of B. pulchra and 97.4 % of O. kenojei, which indicates that the main prey of the two species was macrura. The two species mainly consume macrura, but it is believed that they avoid competition and divide food resources by consuming preferred food organisms other than macrura.

Lee, S.-E. and Lee, B.-H., 2023. Assessing the effect of wind on the motion peaks of small marine vessels. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 593-597. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The loss of stability have been regarded as a major cause of marine accidents in small ships which have continued to increase over the last decade. In most them, it is known that a strong hull load generated by a sudden wind attack often causes small vessels to capsize. In this regard, it is necessary to analyse the effect of wind load on ship motion in order to operate them safely. Therefore, the present paper aims to develop a procedure to assess the effect of wind loads on the motion of small ships. Further, the present study includes the numerical results under three conditions: wave only, uniform wind speed, and the NPD wind model. Details of the proposed procedure are presented in a flow chart. The applicability is demonstrated using an example of a 9.77-ton fishing boat under sea state five. Wind loads acting on the fishing boat were estimated in the authors' previous paper. The numerical analysis was performed using AQWA.

Byun, S.-W. and Lee, S.-E., 2023. Numerical assessment of the hydrodynamic loads for a manta type unmanned underwater vehicle: Oblique towing tank test. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 598-602. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Hydrodynamic loads must be accurately predicted to design robust control systems for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs). Conventionally, these loads are estimated through either towing tank experiments (involving oblique frameworks, planar motion mechanisms, or rotating arm tests) or semi-empirical methods. With enhancements in high-performance computing capacities, the reliability of numerical analysis techniques based on computational fluid dynamics has reached the level of experiments. Therefore, this study was aimed at developing a numerical computational model for the oblique towing test of a UUV and estimating the hydrodynamic loads. Specifically, a 1:6 scale model of a manta-type UUV with a length of 12 m was developed. Simulations were performed using the commercial RANS-based viscous solver STARCCM+ (v. 17.06). The model was validated by comparing the numerical results with those of a towing tank experiment.

Ko, D.-H. and Lee, U.-J., 2023. Reliability analysis of offshore wind structures considering the Korean met-ocean conditions. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 603-607. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

IEC and DNV documents, which are developed for the design of offshore wind turbines, have been developed based on the experiences of the offshore wind industry. Moreover, IEC and DNV documents adopt the reliability design method, a partial safety factor based on the limit state design. However, since these documents were developed under European met-ocean conditions, it is necessary to develop a reliability design method suitable for the Korean met-ocean conditions to satisfy the safety level required by overseas documents. Thus, this paper conducted the reliability analysis of offshore wind structures considering the Korean met-ocean conditions. The Monte Carlo Simulation method was used as a reliability analysis technique. Moreover, design variables such as waves and winds of the Korean west sea were calculated by numerical simulation, and design parameters were estimated using extreme analysis. In addition, partial safety factors were suggested to satisfy the target reliability required by IEC. As a result, in the case of the Korean west sea, where typhoons are dominant, the reliability index was calculated lower than in Europe due to the higher variation of design variables such as wind. These results showed that a more careful approach should be taken to installing offshore wind turbines in areas affected by typhoons. Furthermore, it is judged that it is necessary to calibrate the partial safety factors considering the met-ocean conditions of the specific sites.

Hsu, J.R.C. and Pranzini, E., 2023. A geomorphic study on the evolvement of shore protection strategies in Italy: Application of MeePaSoL software. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 608-612. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Beach erosion has occurred in Italy, especially after early coastal settlements and national railway built along the narrow coasts in the late19th century. Like many places in the world, eroding beaches in Italy have been protected by hard structures (revetments, seawalls, groins and detached breakwaters), using rocks, and in years after with soft options (beach nourishment, submerged groin extension and detached breakwaters) to guarantee a good tourist offer. Rocks, as the core material for all protective structures, are abundant on Italian peninsula and within a short haulage to the coast, and sediments from quarried and fluvial sources are initially available affordably. However in recent years, coastal designers in some regions are having much more confident with hard structures than beach nourishment, due to shortage of suitable sand sources and the increase in cost. In this paper, the evolvement of the shore protection strategies in Italy is described, unique schemes for protecting excessive long stretch of coasts are highlighted, and case studies including protection of Venice Lagoon are reported. Finally, MeePaSoL software, as a tool for geomorphic study, is applied to assess long-term shoreline stability for embayed beaches downdrift of harbors and between hard structures.

Cho, Y.J. and Park, S.H., 2023. Deformation of wave slope distribution due to the presence of infra-gravity waves and its effect on shoreline motion. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 613-617. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Infra-gravity waves, which underlie swells in a mild sea, play a crucial role in the beach restoration process. They have distinct features that set them apart from other water waves. When sub-harmonic wave-wave interactions evoke infra-gravity waves in a wavefield, they leave behind a characteristic imprint in the form of a probability plateau shaped slope distribution. This study proposes the hypothesis that wave slope can provide the most comprehensive insights of random wavefield, particularly when random waves undergo alterations via resonant wave-wave interactions, and that the probability plateau shaped by infra-gravity waves is closely linked to shoreline motion. The hypothesis was tested using in-situ wave data collected at three locations on the east coast of Korea and a year-long shoreline survey data at Mang-Bang from April 26, 2017 to April 20, 2018. The results showed that during shoreline advancement, a probability plateau was present in the wave slope distribution, while during the retreat period, the plateau could not be found. Thus, the hypothesis was partially confirmed.

Jo, Y.J. and Cho, Y.J., 2023. How the beach restoration process, driven by bound mode infra-gravity waves underlying swells in a mild sea, is affected by the presence of LCB: A numerical study. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 618-622. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to numerically investigate the impact of Low Crested Breakwater [LCB] on the beach restoration process driven by bound mode infra-gravity waves beneath swells in a mild sea. In doing so, the authors also delve into the evolving extent of boundedness of infra-gravity waves to a wave packet during shoaling. Additionally, the authors explore the effects of this evolution on sediment transport. The infra-gravity waves were extracted from a numerically simulated wave field using the Empirical Mode Decomposition method. Numerical results reveal a transition in the cross-correlation between a wave packet and infra-gravity waves from negative to positive during shoaling, especially when the phase of infra-gravity waves is initially shifted by as much as π. These correlation patterns align well with the wave data acquired by Abdelrahman and Thornton. Furthermore, the degree of boundedness of infra-gravity waves to a wave packet has a significant impact on the sediment transport rate. When fully phase-locked, a substantial amount of sand, in the form of bedload, escapes offshore through the open inlet between LCB. Approximately 5 × 10^–3m³/m of sand exits the inner zone of LCB per unit amplitude modulation period of a wave packet. Conversely, with a phase shift of π, the primary sediment transport mode at the open inlet between LCB becomes bedload. Sand migrating toward the shore balances with offshore-directed sediment transport, marking a departure from previous studies focused on monochromatic waves only.

Kim, Y.H. and Cho, Y.J., 2023. Reliability-based design of vertical-type breakwaters considering varied characteristics of Korean marine environment from sea to sea. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 623-627. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study addresses the often-neglected aspect of wave period's inherent randomness and its significant engineering value in assessing wave- and lifting forces acting on a breaker. Probabilistic models for these forces were directly derived from long-term in-situ wave data, incorporating the diverse characteristics of the Korean marine environment that vary from sea to sea. With this probabilistic model, the authors conducted a reliability analysis of a vertical-type breaker in the seas off Haeundae, and Gunsan—locations near major ports in South and West Korea. This analysis takes into account the correlation between shore-directed wave- and lifting forces, a factor overlooked in previous studies on the reliability-based design of breakwaters. The results of the reliability analysis simulation can be summarized as follows: A notable improvement in agreement was observed when utilizing a three-parameter Weibull distribution as the underlying probability distribution. This highlights the structural differences in the Korean marine environment compared to Europe and the United States, with distinct characteristics manifesting in the probability coefficients. The introduction of a location coefficient in the three-parameter Weibull distribution offered valuable insights into the varying characteristics of the Korean marine environment from sea to sea. Consequently, this had a significant impact on the outcomes of the reliability analysis for the breakwater. The long-term in-situ wave data used in the study revealed an enhanced positive correlation between wave- and lifting forces, leading to an increased probability of failure for the breaker in all the sea areas considered in this study.

Choi, J.G. and Cho, Y.J., 2023. Beach stabilization effect of an asymmetric ripple-shaped mat: A numerical study. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 628-632. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Structures deployed for beach stabilization should be designed such that these structures would not alter the year-long grand circulation process of sandy beaches over the course of which temporarily eroded beaches by harsh waves in rough sea are gradually restored. Nonetheless, massive structures such as LCB (Low-Crested Breakwater) are frequently deployed in coastal zone maintenance project run by the Korean Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries to mitigate beach erosions. In this rationale, the Asymmetric Ripple-shaped Mat (ARM) proposed by Irie et al. (1994) can be a viable alternative for beach stabilization due to its small size compared to the commonly used but inefficient massive LCB. The effectiveness of ARM depends on how effectively the eddies generated at the ARM's apex trap sand moving offshore during the run-down process. To test this hypothesis, the author conducted numerical simulations. The numerical results demonstrate that ARM effectively captures sediment through vortex shedding from its apex and returns it to the beach, which is considered the primary mechanism for ARM's beach stabilization effect.

Jaramillo, C.; de Freitas, L.; González, M., and Medina, R., 2023. Equilibrium-based shoreline evolution models to predict coastal response. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, 633-637. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal zones are highly complex and dynamic environments shaped by diverse forcing agents such as waves, nearshore currents, sea levels, storm surges, winds, human interventions, and other oceanographic and sediment supply factors that occur on different spatio-temporal scales. Hence, coastal managers and stakeholders need simplified and practical models to estimate future beach morphodynamic changes to face decision-making. The shoreline hindcast under the influence of changing marine conditions has been mostly considered using existing robust shoreline evolution models, such as one-line shoreline models, multi-line shoreline models, combined models, and 3D models. All of them are computationally intensive and require long data series and many calibration parameters. This study presents a summary of the potential performance of some newly equilibrium-based shoreline evolution models used for daily to multiannual shoreline prediction, in diverse coastal environments and using different data sources.

Hur, D.-S; Shin, S.; Lee, S.-Y., and Jeong, Y.-M., 2023. Analysis of shoreline change due to the installation of hybrid coastal structure with Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV). In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 638-642. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, they have been designed and constructed as a complex defense method to protect the beach with nourishment. In this study, the Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) among the soft defense methods (Hybrid coastal structure), which are more flexible than the hardness method, is compared and evaluated with the conventional method. The numerical analysis method used is a 3D numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equation and can be used to analyze the 3D hydraulic characteristics of the method to address coastal erosion. Based on the results, the N-line model, a model that depicts coastline changes, can be used for comparison. The effectiveness and validity of the numerical model were examined by comparing and analyzing its results with those of the existing hydraulic experiment. The model accurately reproduced the quantitative and qualitative changes in the shoreline behind the structure, as well as the change in wave height due to the wave control function of the Submerged Breakwater (SB). As a result, changes to the waves and stratified nearshore currents owing to 3D fluid movement in surrounding waters can be confirmed using the existing hardness method used to respond to coastal erosion, and the hydraulic characteristics are analyzed and compared with the conventional method using the wave control characteristics of the installed vegetation zone. Furthermore, the wave-breaking height and the wave-breaking direction are examined from the results based on the 3D hydraulic characteristics of the vegetation zone and the conventional hardness method to compare the shoreline changes. Compared with the existing hardness method, the change in the wave breaking direction is lower owing to the wave control capability of the SAV resulting from the drag coefficient of vegetation, leading to the advance of the shoreline being relatively small.

Lee, J.; Jeong, Y.-M.; Jeong, J., and Hur, D.-S., 2023. An experimental study on the effect of cross-sectional changes in rigid and flexible submerged vegetation on beach erosion control. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 643-647. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal erosion is a global problem that is difficult to solve, caused by phenomena such as rising sea levels and the influx of high waves. Structures such as groins and offshore breakwaters are primarily used to address these challenges, and research on several alternatives, such as beach drainage systems and vegetation, is increasing. In this study, a hydraulic experiment was conducted to investigate the reduction of beach erosion using submerged vegetation, and to analyze the effect of rigid and flexible submerged vegetation on beach profile changes. We applied density, width, and multirow arrangement conditions to each rigid and flexible vegetation to analyze the beach profile changes incurred by the variation in the cross-section of the vegetation zone. The results revealed that the amount of beach erosion decreased compared to the absence of vegetation. The beach erosion caused by the change in the cross-section of the vegetation zone showed a similar tendency in both vegetation types. The experimental results showed that beach erosion decreased as the density and width of both the rigid and flexible vegetation increased. No significant difference was observed in the amount of beach erosion according to the multirow arrangement conditions when the vegetation zone width was identical. The amount of beach erosion decreased by 15%–79% for rigid vegetation and 5%–85% for flexible vegetation compared to the absence of vegetation owing to the incident waves and cross-section conditions of the vegetation zone. Consequently, the implementation of rigid and flexible submerged vegetation is assumed to decrease the amount of beach erosion.

Lim, C., 2023. Prediction of equilibrium shoreline by wave environmental change using MeePaSoL Software. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 648-652. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, coastal hazards are increasing around the world due to accelerated beach erosion overlapped with climate change. To reduce the risk on the beach, analyzing waves is primarily required because beach composed of sediment continuously respond to the incidence of wave energy. The equilibrium shoreline is reshaped according to the predominant wave direction. The parabolic bay shape equation, which is mainly cited in coastal engineering, also gives different results for the equilibrium shoreline depending on the predominant wave direction. On the other hand, wave height affects the retreat of the equilibrium shoreline. An approximation formula for peak erosion width indicates that not only peak wave height but also mean wave height affect shoreline retreat. In this study, wave environmental changes from the past to the present are analyzed using hindcast data for more than 40 years provided by NOAA. In addition, the future wave environment is estimated from the analyzed change trend. Finally, the equilibrium shoreline is predicted considering the remodeling and retreat of the shoreline according to the analyzed wave environments using MeePaSoL software. This study is expected to be helpful in preliminarily examining beach erosions due to wave environmental changes.

Kwon, K.H.; Kim, J.H.; Hong, M.J., and Park, I.H., 2023. Functional assessment of coastal buffer zone installation using in-situ measurements from Sinji-Myongsasimni Beach. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 653-657. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal development around the coast of Sinji-Myongsasimni (SJMS) began in the 1960s, as more communities settled nearby the installation of artificial structures such as breakwaters, stepped seawalls, and jetties were inevitable. However, the increase in such structures has led to a reduction in beach area of the SJMS Beach, resulting in significant coastal erosion. In July 2021, the Wando-Gun County Council, Korea installed a buffer zone in a form of beach nourishment to reduce the acceleration. However, no functionality assessment on buffer zone installation was conducted afterwards. This study aimed to assess the functionality of the buffer zone through the collection of hydrographic and littoral drift data before and after its installation.

Shin, B.-S. and Kim, K.-H., 2023. Dynamic observation for terrain volume estimation using UAV-based photogrammetry. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 658-662. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Shoreline changes its shapes and attribution dynamically through natural, and unnatural acts and is the most information for the country. These shorelines can apply to the framework data of MGIS (Marine Geographic Information System), and they are getting important to implement a phase of monitoring around coastal areas. Recently, low-cost, miniaturized hyperspectral imaging technology is becoming available for small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms. Shoreline change has been measured with conventional surveying techniques such as Total station, GNSS, EDM, etc. These measurements provide short and long-term variations of nearshore evolution which enables us to estimate the erosional and accretion sediment volume of the beach. This observation of coastal morphology currently has been utilized through the advance of optical imaging systems and related digital image analysis. The purpose of this study is to examine the accuracy according to the number and location of ground reference points prior to shoreline survey using unmanned aerial vehicles. Therefore, in this study, in order to analyze the accuracy of topographical information according to the distribution of ground reference points, the topographical information was analyzed using image data captured using an unmanned aerial vehicle and the topography was analyzed using ground-type LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) Information was compared with each other. This study was conducted using more than 2,000 photos and 60 ground points taken in a total area of 900 ha, and it was confirmed that the accuracy of geographic information greatly depends on the number of GCPs used for Bundle Adjustment (BA).

Moon, J., 2023. The impact of coastal erosion and shoreline changes on beach leisure activities: Evaluating the importance of maritime police in maintaining public safety. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 663-667. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The recent acceleration of shoreline changes and coastal erosion can significant impact the safety of beach leisure activities. As shorelines recede and beaches erode, hazards such as drop-offs, unstable cliffs, and rough surf can arise, making water entry and exit difficult and dangerous (Yoon, 2020). Coastal structures such as piers, jetties, and seawalls may also be damaged or weakened by erosion, posing a risk to those who use them. Additionally, the loss of beach and recreational space can lead to overcrowding, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. To ensure the safety of ocean leisure activities, it is important for communities and governments to closely monitor shoreline changes and coastal erosion and implement measures to address resulting hazards. The role of maritime police in ensuring public safety during beach leisure activities is crucial (Kim, 2017). They are responsible for enforcing laws and regulations, responding to emergencies, and monitoring conditions such as beach erosion to identify potential hazards. By doing so, they help ensure that individuals can enjoy the beach and coastal waters in a safe and secure environment. Additionally, maritime police play a vital role in educating the public about safety practices, such as the importance of swimming only in designated areas and avoiding dangerous currents. By working to maintain public safety at the beach, maritime police help to make the coastal environment a more enjoyable and accessible designation for the general public. The current study will discuss the impact of coastal erosion and shoreline changes on beach leisure activities and the importance of maritime police in maintaining public safety. The information discussed in this study highlights the critical role that maritime police play in ensuring that individuals can enjoy the beach and coastal waters in a safe and secure environment.

Shim, K.-T.; Kim, K.-H.; Cho, B.-S., and Kim, H.D., 2023. Study of beach profile change and prediction for maritime construction. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 668–672. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study investigated how the construction of large-scale coastal facilities (construction process, installation location, and size of structures) affects and changes the beach. The 1.45 km breakwater installed in the research area formed a wide shadow zone in the rear side and caused coastal accretion. In the northern sea near the shadow zone, coastal erosion occurred due to the impact of incident waves and wave diffraction caused by the breakwater. The submerged breakwater method was applied as a countermeasure, and sand deposits started to form behind the submerged breakwater after installing the breakwater. However, the width of the beach decreased due to sand loss around the heads on both sides of the submerged breakwater. A machine learning technique was applied, based on the above, to predict beach profile changes; the prediction and survey results were similar in some sections. However, slight differences in interpretation through artificial intelligence were observed when new patterns, not included in the learning data, emerged.

Park, C.-W.; Ahn, S.-M.; Jung, S.-J., and Lee, K.-H., 2023. Functional assessment of coastal buffer zone installation by numerical method. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 673-677. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

In 2020, the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries implemented 192 coastal conservation projects and 49 hydro-friendly maintenance projects as part of the Master Plan for Basic Coastal Maintenance. The effect analysis on 44 sites showed a 64 % improvement in erosion score, which is critical to mitigate the ongoing coastal erosion issue caused by climate change and increasing coastal activities. Statistics reveal an 18 % increase in highly eroded sites among 250 coastal locations compared to five years ago. To combat this issue, the Ministry aims to create environmentally friendly spaces with their 3rd Basic Plan for Coastal Maintenance, focusing on coastal buffer zones. This study assessed the functional effectiveness of eco-friendly coastal buffer zones through numerical simulations that accounted for variations in beach volume and slope.

Fitria, J.; Gemilang, R.I.A.; Purnama, B., and Prasetyo, A., 2023. Rapid changes in the coastal morphology of Amurang, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 289-293. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Changes in coastal morphology can occur through long-term processes, such as sediment transport, and through short-term processes, such as those caused by earthquakes, storms, or tsunamis. On June 15th, 2022, a rapid change in coastal morphology due to a landslide happened in the coastal area of Amurang, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Morphological changes and their triggers were analyzed through a comparison of post-slide and preslide bathymetry data, satellite imagery, and analysis of the soil layers. Based on the comparison of bathymetry data, the maximum change in seabed depth in the landslide area was 51 meters with a curvature shape on the rupture surface. The coastline has retreated about 150 meters inland with around 2.34 million m3 of material displaced. The results show that the landslides on the Amurang Coast that caused the rapid morphological change in the area were not triggered by hydro-oceanographical conditions, tectonic events, or volcanic events. They were triggered principally by the over-steepened slope and the ground soil's ability to support the additional weight of building embankments over a thick sediment layer.