The aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of poplar (Populus spp.) plantations in Iran. In this study, development, reproduction, and life history of the aphid were assessed on 11 poplar clones; belong to three species, Populus nigra L., Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall, and Populus. euramericana Guinier. The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions at 24 ± 1°C, 50–60% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h. The developmental time at immature stage ranged from 10 to 12 d. Nymphs reproduced per female were ranged from 49 to 98 nymphs on Populus deltoides var. missoriensis and P. deltoides 72/51, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) varied from 0.176 to 0.264 d^-1 among poplar clones. The r_m values of the aphids were adversely affected in P. euramericana 242 in comparison with P. nigra 56/72 and P. nigra 63/135. In addition, the jackknife estimates of net reproductive rate (R₀) indicated the presence of resistance among poplar clones. R₀ ranged from 16.48 on P. nigra var. betulifoli to 47.53 on P. nigra 63/135. Mean generation times (T) was last 17.56 d on P. euramericana 242 to 14.51 d on P. deltoides 69/55. However, doubling time (DT) was 3.87 d on P. euramericana var. grandis to 2.63 d on P. nigra 63/135. The finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.192 on resistant clone (P. euramericana 242) and 1.302 on susceptible clone (P. nigra 63/135). These results indicate that variation in life-table parameters could be an important component of variation in resistance to C. leucomelas in poplar.