The aim of this research was to determine chemical composition and repellent and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes against the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, and to isolate insecticidal or repellent constituents from the oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight components of the oil were identified. The major compounds in the oil were ethyl-ρ-methoxycinnamate (38.6%), ethyl cinnamate (23.2%), 1,8-cineole (11.5%), transcinnamaldehyde (5.3%), and borneol (5.2%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, four active constituents were isolated from the oil and identified as 1,8-cineole, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate, and trans-cinnamaldehyde. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against the booklouse with an LC₅₀ value of 68.6 µg/cm². Ethyl cinnamate (LC₅₀ = 21.4 µg/cm_{2) exhibited stronger contact toxicity than ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 44.6 and 43.4 µg/cm², respectively) while 1,8-cineole showed weak acute toxicity. The essential oil also possessed fumigant toxicity against the booklouse with a LC50} value of 1.5 mg/liter air. 1,8-Cineole and trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC₅₀ = 1.1 and 1.3 mg/liter, respectively) possessed stronger fumigant toxicity against the booklouse than ethyl cinnamate and ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate (LC₅₀ = 10.2 and 10.2 mg/liter air, respectively). trans-Cinnamaldehyde was strongly repellent to booklice, whereas ethyl cinnamate and ethyl ρ-methoxycinnamate were weakly repellent and 1,8-cineole did not repel booklice. The results indicate that the essential oil and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural insecticides or fumigants and repellents for control of insects in stored grains.