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8 April 2022 Herbivory by European Earwigs (Forficula auricularia; Dermaptera: Forficulidae) on Citrus Species Commonly Cultivated in California
Hanna M. Kahl, Tobias G. Mueller, Bodil N. Cass, Xinqiang Xi, Emma Cluff, Jay A. Rosenheim
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Abstract

Agricultural plant species differ in susceptibility to herbivores; therefore, identifying natural resistances or tolerances to pests can be leveraged to develop preventative, integrated pest management approaches. While many Citrus species are grown in California, most pest management guidelines are based upon research conducted on navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; Sapindales: Rutaceae]. A recent study has established European earwigs (Forficula auricularia L.; Dermaptera: Forficulidae) as herbivores of young navel orange fruit, causing damage ranging from small bite marks to large chewed holes. It is unknown whether earwigs damage fruit of other citrus species. We conducted field experiments in which we caged earwigs to branch terminals bearing young fruit to explore potential differences in susceptibility of Citrus species to European earwigs. Specifically, we tested whether three species, navel oranges, clementines (C. clementina hort. ex Tanaka), and true mandarins (C. reticulata Blanco) exhibit differences in: 1) feeding deterrence to earwigs; 2) suitability as food for earwigs; 3) preferential abscission of damaged fruit; and 4) healing of damaged fruit. Earwigs caused heavy damage on navel orange and clementine fruit, whereas heavy damage was rare on true mandarin fruit. There was little evidence of preferential abscission of damaged fruit or healing of seriously damaged fruit. Consequently, several heavily damaged navel orange and one clementine fruit were retained to harvest and developed large scars. Overall, we found that Citrus fruit vary in their susceptibility to earwigs, and pest management strategies for earwigs should be refined to consider their varying effects on different Citrus species.

© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Hanna M. Kahl, Tobias G. Mueller, Bodil N. Cass, Xinqiang Xi, Emma Cluff, and Jay A. Rosenheim "Herbivory by European Earwigs (Forficula auricularia; Dermaptera: Forficulidae) on Citrus Species Commonly Cultivated in California," Journal of Economic Entomology 115(3), 852-862, (8 April 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac030
Received: 27 June 2021; Accepted: 10 February 2022; Published: 8 April 2022
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KEYWORDS
citrus cultivar
earwig
herbivory
resistance
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