Nonhuman primates, in particular macaques, demonstrate marked similarities to humans in almost all aspects of their anatomy, endocrinology, and physiology. These similarities underlie the value of these primates for studies across a broad range of disciplines. In reproductive biology, nonhuman primates have been used as models to study the mechanisms and processes associated with fertility, infertility, pregnancy, and parturition. This review provides an overview of reproductive studies for which commonly used female macaque species such as rhesus (Macaca mulatta), long-tailed (M. fascicularis), and Japanese macaques (M. fuscata) are appropriate subjects, and a summary of the advantages and problems of using nonhuman primates in such research are described.