As a result of lichenological exploration in Bitlis province (Turkey), a total of 325 lichens and 21 lichenicolous fungi, which are belonging 113 genera in Ascomycota were determined from 92 different localities. Buellia vouauxii, a lichenicolous fungus, and is new to Turkey and also new for Asia. Aspicilia glomerulans, Llimoniella muralicola, Myriolecis invadens, Ochrolechia subviridis, Placynthium hungaricum and Placynthium posterulum were reported for the second time from Turkey. Collecting localities and their substrata are presented.
Especially in last years the knowledge about lichen flora and lichenicolous fungi of Turkey has significantly increased. Compared to eastern Anatolia, more studies have been carried out in the Aegean, Black Sea and Mediterranean regions (John and Türk 2017). However there are still many lichenologically unexplored parts of Turkey (e.g. Hakkari, Şırnak, Siirt). Bitlis is such a part: it has never been the subject of a detailed lichenologically study, and only 35 lichenized fungi have thus far been reported from this area (Çobanoğlu and Yavuz 2007, Vondrák et al. 2012, Krisai-Greilhuber et al. 2017, Yazıcı and Aptroot 2017).
Bitlis, a province located 38°59′26″–39°01′18″N and 41°32′41″–43°12′51″E in the east of Turkey, has a part of Van Lake in eastern Anatolia and is surrounded by Ağrı, Batman, Muş, Siirt and Van provinces. It is 8551 km2 in area. The topography of the Bitlis province is determined by the mountains located on the south and north of Lake Van, which generally show a volcanic structure, and the flat areas above them. The mountains in the south of the province are in the form of the extension of the southeast Taurus. These were fragmented by river valleys that originate from the immediate vicinity of Lake Van.
Bitlis province constitutes one of the most mountainous regions of the Eastern Anatolia Region.
In Hizan and Mutki Districts there are no plains, 90% of its area is mountainous lands.
Nemrut and Suphan Mountains, which are among the few volcanic mountains of the world, are within the borders of Bitlis province. Nemrut Mountain, which is located in the north of the provincial territory, has the feature of being the last volcanic mountain in Turkey. It is located on the north of the provincial territory and on the west of the Mount Suphan mountain, in a regular mountain range. Plains cover only 10% of the provincial territory. There is no major river within the borders of the province of Bitlis (URL-1, 2, 3).
The common soil types are limeless brown soils, alluvial soils and regosols (Kaya 2001).
The area of in southern part of the Bitlis region, where Hizan, Mutki, Güroymak districts are located, have many hills, trees, valleys and slits, is the most rugged part. The northern part, which also includes Adilcevaz and Ahlat districts, has rough woodless and open areas. Seventy-one percent of the total area is mountains, 16% plateaus, which is situated on ridges amongst peaks of mountains and 13% plains (Baytop and Denizci 1963).
The main vegetation types are forests and anthropogenic steppes. The forest area is mainly characterized by Quercus L., in particular Q. infectoria subsp. boissieri Reuter in higher parts (over 1800 m) of the area. In lower parts and at stream-sides Populus L., Salix L. and Ulmus L. spp. form the main clumps of trees. Phytogeographically the area is in the Irano-Turanian flora sector. Vegetation in Bitlis varies depending on the climate. In some parts of the area, forest cover and steppe are seen side by side. The southern slopes of Mount Nemrut are covered with oak. The wide crater pit on the mountain is covered with oak and wild fruit trees. Mount Suphan is completely dry and bare due to the absorbent soil covering that covers it. Forests in the mountainous area in the south of the province are sparse. The main tree species is oak in this region where forest undercover is made up of arid plants. In addition, cold resistant Juniperus and wild fruit trees are seen. The number of plant species increases in deep and wet valley bases in the region. There are especially willow, sycamore, poplar and walnut trees in these sections.
The climate is characterized by very cold snowy winters and hot dry short summers, with a temperature range of –21.3°C to 37°C, a mean annual rainfall is around 822.9 mm, and mean annual humidity of 61% (Akman 1999).
The present paper is a contribution to our knowledge of the lichen flora of Turkey and provides the first comprehensive checklist of lichens for Bitlis region.
Material and methods
The lichens and lichenicolous fungi were collected at 92 different localities in Bitlis province between 28 June 2016 and 12 April 2018 (Fig. 1, Table 1). Identification of lichens and lichenicolous fungi were carried out using a stereomicroscope and a light microscope with standard identification methods (Poelt 1969, Poelt and Vězda 1981, Hawksworth 1983, Mayrhofer 1984, Thomson 1984, Vitikainen 1994, Goward et al. 1995, Wirth 1995, Esslinger 1997, Brodo et al. 2001, Giralt 2001, Calatayud et al. 2002, Dobson 2005, Navarro-Rosinés et. al. 2009, Smith et al. 2009, Darmostuk 2016). Vouchers are deposited in the herbarium of the Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey (KTUB).
Results and discussion
Lichenological survey in Bitlis province yielded a total of 325 taxa in 113 genera of Ascomycota, of which 21 are lichenicolous fungi, and 6 varieties. Buellia vouauxii, a lichenicolous fungus, is new to Turkey and also Asia. All taxa are new for Bitlis province except 24 taxa (as shown in list).
The taxa are listed alphabetically. ‘*' indicate new records for Turkey and Asia, ‘+' lichenicolous fungus, ‘#' lichenicolous lichen, while ‘–’ shows reported before from Bitlis.
List of taxa
Acarospora bullata Anzi – Loc. 39, 50, 79, 80, 82: on calcareous rock
Acarospora cervina A. Massal. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 10, 15, 17, 18, 26, 28, 28a, 28b, 28c, 51, 60, 77, 85, 87, 88, 89: on calcareous rock
Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 55, 62, 78, 80, 82, 10, 15, 17, 18, 28, 35, 51, 59, 77, 83, 85, 87, 89: on siliceous rock
Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb. – Loc. 40, 72: on calcareous rock
# Acarospora hospitans H. Magn. – Loc. 7, 8, 13, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 44, 48, 50, 53, 64, 85: on Aspicilia cinerea
Acarospora impressula Th. Fr. – Loc. 23, 46, 50, 78: on siliceous rock
Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A. Massal. ex Bagl. – Loc. 69: on calcareous rock
Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) Arnold – Loc. 42: on calcareous rock
Acarospora scabra (Pers.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 34, 39, 40, 78: on siliceous rock
Acarosppra strigata (Nyl.) Jatta – Loc. 32, 33, 34, 81: on calcareous rock
Acarospora umbilicata Bagl. – Loc. 21: on siliceous rock
Acarospora veronensis A. Massal – Loc. 3, 8, 9, 22, 23, 27, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44, 50, 55, 62, 78, 77, 85: on siliceous rock
Acarospora versicolor Bagl. & Carestia – Loc. 2, 49, 55: on calcareous rock
Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 7, 9, 23, 27, 32, 40, 64, 65, 71, 72, 86: on mosses
+ Arthonia clemens (Tul.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 27, 34: on Rhizoplaca melanopthalma
+ Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl. – Loc. 23: on the thallus of Physcia dubia
Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Branth & Rostr. – Loc. 8, 11, 12, 21, 22, 27, 49, 78, 81 85, 89: on calcareous rock
+ Arthonia phaeophysciae Grube & Matzer – Loc. 38: on Phaeophyscia orbicularis
+ Arthonia varians (Davies) Nyl. – Loc. 7, 9, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33: on Lecanora rupicola
– Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 10, 17, 28, 31, 35, 51, 77, 84, 85, 86, 89: on siliceous rock
Aspicilia coronata (A. Massal.) B. de Lesd. – Loc. 39: on calcareous rock
Aspicilia desertorum (Kremp.) Mereschk. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82 74, 85: on siliceous rock
Aspicilia glomerulans (Poelt) Poelt – Loc. 7, 8, 12, 14, 22, 23, 32, 33, 54: on calcareous rock
Aspicilia polychroma Anzi – Loc. 8, 40, 41, 79, 80, 74, 85: on calcareous rock
Athallia holocarpa (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 2, 8, 9, 27, 40: on Populus sp., 49, 50: Quercus sp., 55, 61: on Quercus sp., 63, 68: on Morus sp., 70, 71, 81: on Quercus sp.
Bagliettoa baldensis (A. Massal.) Vězda – Loc. 61, 66, 70, 72, 74: on siliceous rock
Bagliettoa parmigera (J. Steiner) Vězda & Poelt – Loc. 39, 49, 66: on siliceous rock
Bellemerea cupreoatra (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux – Loc. 3, 7, 23, 27, 34, 40, 42, 50, 64, 80, 84: on siliceous rock
Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner & Coppins – Loc. 72: on mosses
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold – Loc. 40, 72: on mosses
Blastenia crenularia (With.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – Loc. 23, 27, 69, 78: on siliceous rock
Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) A. Massal. – Loc. 85: on Quercus sp.
Blennothallia crispa (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg & Wedin – Loc. 81: on mosses
Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 65, 67: on siliceous rock
# Buellia badia (Fr.) A. Massal. – Loc. 23, 27: on Lecanora rupicola, 29, 32, 34, 40, 50, 76, 85: on Xanthoparmelia tinctina
Buellia epigaea (Hoffm.) Tuck. – Loc. 23, 25, 27: on soil
+ * Buellia vouauxii Calat. & Barreno – Loc. 33: on Rhizoplaca melanopthalma
–Calogaya biatorina (A. Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 11: on siliceous rock
Calogaya decipiens (Arnold) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 21, 38, 39, 46, 48, 55, 72, 28, 85: on calcareous rock
Calogaya lobulata (Flörke) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 3, 13, 14, 21, 48, 64, 69, 72, 73: on Quercus sp., 32, 43, 34, 42, 44, 45: on Populus sp., 33: on Berberis sp., 62, 63, 68: on Morus sp.
Calogaya saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrák – Loc. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 76, 78, 81: on calcareous rock
– Calogaya schistidii (Anzi Arup, Frödén) & Søchting – Loc. 72: on mosses
Caloplaca albolutescens (Nyl.) H. Olivier – Loc. 22, 23, 27, 33, 34, 50, 54: on calcareous rock
Caloplaca aractina (Fr.) Häyrén – Loc. 7, 50: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca areolata (Zahlbr.) Clauzade – Loc. 64, 67: on calcareous rock
Caloplaca atroflava (Turner) Mong – Loc. 27, 28, 34, 36, 42, 48, 50, 58, 62, 64, 67, 68, 83, 85, 86: on calcareous rock
Caloplaca ceracea J.R. Laundon – Loc. 12, 22, 23, 27, 32, 53, 78: on siliceous rock
– Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th. Fr. var. cerina – Loc. 1, 46, 71: on Quercus sp. 7: on Juglans sp., 11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28a, 32, 34, 40, 55: on mosses, 27: on Berberis sp. 33: on Populus sp., 48: on Salix sp., 58, 62: on Quercus sp. and Juglans sp., 63: on Morus sp. and Juglans sp., 67, 68: on Morus sp., 70: on Pyrus elaeagnifolia, 72, 87, 88, 73: on Populus sp., 84: on Juglans sp.
– Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th. Fr. var. chloroleuca (Sm.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 7, 33, 40: on mosses
Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) Sandst. – Loc. 3: on Quercus sp., 38, 39, 49, 67, 69: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca fuscoatroides J. Steiner – Loc. 23, 27, 32: on siliceous rock
# – Caloplaca grimmiae (Nyl.) H. Olivier – Loc. 22, 23, 27, 32, 33: on Candelariella vitellina
Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 11, 12, 38: on siliceous rock
– Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 40, 43, 63, 70, 72: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca necator Poelt & Clauzade – Loc. 54: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca obscurella (J. Lahm.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 62: on siliceous rock (this specis is epiphytic but growing on rock is interesting)
Caloplaca pellodella (Nyl.) Hasse – Loc. 2, 22, 33, 42: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca soralifera Vondrák & Hrouzek. – Loc. 41, 48, 50, 54: on calcareous rock
– Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) Müll. Arg. – Loc. 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12, 23, 27, 34, 38, 39, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 55, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 80, 81: on siliceous rock
Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vězda – Loc. 27: on calcareous rock
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold – Loc. 66: on Quercus sp.
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 1, 9, 11, 12, 13, 23, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 69, 71, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84 on Quercus sp., 3: on Quercus sp. and Juglans sp., 4, 7, 55, 49, 50, 61, 62: on Juglans sp., 14, 17, 21, 22, 24: on Pyrus sp., 27, 29: on Berberis sp., 33: on soil and Berberis sp., 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68: on Morus sp., 70: on Pyrus elaegnifolia, 76: on Alnus glutinosa
Candelariella kuusamoensis Räsänen – Loc. 21: on mossy rock.
Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau – Loc. 4: on Juglans sp., 42, 44, 5, 50, 59, 74: on Populus sp., 43: on Salix sp., 46, 48, 55, 73: on Quercus sp.
– Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. – Loc. 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 28, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84: on siliceous rock, 33: on mosses and soil, 48: on Salix sp.
Candelariella xanthostigma (Pers. ex Ach.) Lettau – Loc. 54: on Populus sp. 73: on Quercus sp.
+ Carbonea vitellinaria (Nyl.) Hertel – Loc. 23, 27, 33, 49, 50: on Candelariella vitellina
+ Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel – Loc. 12, 13, 21, 23, 27, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 62: on Lecidella carpathica
Catapyrenium daedaleum (Kremp.) Stein – Loc. 71, 77: on soil
Catapyrenium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss – Loc. 7, 40, 67: on soil
+ Cercidospora melanophthalmae Nav.-Ros., Calat. & Hafellner – Loc. 23, 34: on Rhizoplaca melanophthalma
– Circinaria caesiocinerea (Nyl. Ex Malbr.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82: on calcareous rock
Circinaria calcarea (L.) A. Nordin Savić & Tibell – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 49, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88: on calcareous rock
– Circinaria contorta (Hoffm.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – Loc. 1, 7, 12, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 34, 39, 40, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 79, 81, 84, 89: on calcareous rock
Circinaria fruticulosa (Eversm.) Sohrabi – Loc. 69: on soil
Circinaria hoffmanniana (S. Ekman & Fröberg ex R. Sant.) A. Nordin – Loc. 27, 39, 49, 50, 53, 72: on calcareous rock
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. – Loc. 55: on soil
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. – Loc. 50: on soil and mosses
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: on soil and mosses, 27, 40, 46, 48, 50, 55, 83: on mosses
Collema auriforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon – Loc. 4, 66: on mosses
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. – Loc. 34, 86, 89: on siliceous rock
Collema polycarpon Hoffm. – Loc. 65: on siliceous rock
Collema subflaccidum Degel. – Loc. 34: on siliceous rock
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. – Loc. 1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 21, 28, 29, 32, 34, 38, 39, 42, 48, 49, 54, 56, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 89. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67: on mosses and soil
+ Dactylospora homoclinella (Nyl.) Hafellner – Loc. 78: on Aspicilia cinerea
Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körb.) Hasse – Loc. 7, 12, 33, 40: on siliceous rock
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 14, 33, 34, 40, 42, 44, 54, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 81: on siliceous rock
Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman – Loc. 12, 21, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44, 46, 61, 78, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Dimelaena radiata (Tuck.) Hale & W.L. Culb. – Loc. 79, 80: on siliceous rock
Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain. – Loc. 40: on calcareous rock
Diploschstes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumsch – Loc. 55: on siliceous rock
Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 27: on siliceous rock
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. – Loc. 40: on mosses, 55: on soil
Diploschistes ocellatus (Fr.) Norman – Loc. 8, 12, 63, 67: on calcareous rock
Diploschistes scruposus (Screb.) Norman – Loc. 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 23, 34, 40, 50, 55, 62, 67, 80, 84: on siliceous rock
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot. – Loc. 7, 9, 12, 27, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 49, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89: on calcareous rock
Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.) Arnold – Loc. 12, 22, 49, 61, 68, 72, 81: on calcareous rock
Diplotomma venustum (Körb.) Körb. – Loc. 22, 61, 64, 69: on calcareous rock
Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 11, 69: on Quercus sp.
Endocarpon adscendens (Anzi) Müll. Arg. – Loc. 5, 6, 9, 32, 39, 54: on soil
Endocarpon pallidum Ach. – Loc. 68: on soil
Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. – Loc. 7, 68: on soil
+ Endococcus macrosporus (Hepp ex Arnold) Nyl. – Loc. 34: on Rhizocarpon geographicum
+ Endococcus rugulosus Nyl. – Loc. 12: on Aspicilia cinerea
# Endohyalina insularis (Arnold) Giralt, van den Boom & Elix – Loc. 39: on Lecanora rupicola
– Flavoplaca coronata (Kremp. ex Körb.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 14, 38, 39, 50: on calcareous rock
Flavoplaca flavocitrina (Nyl.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Loc. 33, 46, 54: on calcareous rock
– Fulgensia bracteata (Hoffm.) Räsänen var. bracteata – Loc. 38, 51, 63: on soil
Gallowayella fulva (Hoffm.) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A. Thell – Loc. 7, 62: on Juglans sp., 30, 68: on Morus sp., 33: on Berberis sp., 25, 28a, 32, 34, 40, 44, 45, 50: on Populus sp., 46, 55, 59: on Salix sp., 13, 14, 19, 42, 43, 48, 61, 65, 69, 70, 73, 85: on Quercus sp.
Gyalolechia flavorubescens (Huds.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup – Loc. 1: on Salix sp. and Quercus sp., 7: on Juglans sp., 68: on Morus sp.
Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup – Loc. 2, 29, 49, 61, 64, 66, 70: on calcareous rock
Gyalolechia fulgens (Sw.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup – Loc. 32: on mosses
Heteroplacidium compactum (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux – Loc. 12, 49, 61, 72: on siliceous rock
Immersaria athroocarpa (Ach.) Rambold & Pietschm. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88: on on siliceous rock
Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni – Loc. 23, 26: on siliceous rock
Lathagrium cristatum (L.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 1, 12, 31, 34, 49, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83 on calcareous rock, 67: on calcareous rock and soil,
Lathagrium fuscovirens (With.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg & Wedin – Loc. 40, 61, 64, 65, 71: on calcareous rock
Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd – Loc. 33: on calcareous rock
Lecania fuscella (Schaer.) A. Massal. – Loc. 73: on Quercus sp.
Lecania inundata (Hepp ex Körb.) M. Mayrhofer – Loc. 39, 48, 54, 63: on calcareous rock
Lecania olivacella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 50: on calcareous rock
Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold – Loc. 12, 40, 49, 71: on calcareous rock
Lecania turicensis (Hepp) Müll. Arg. – Loc. 38, 39, 48, 50, 54, 55, 63: on calcareous rock
Lecanora alpigena (Ach.) Cl. Roux – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 23, 27, 33, 49, 50, 58, 88: on siliceous rock
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Röhl. – Loc. 11: on Populus sp., 12: on Quercus sp., 63: on Juglans sp.
Lecanora argopholis (Ach.) Ach. – Loc. 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50, 51, 54, 61, 67: on siliceous rock
Lecanora bicincta Ramond var. bicincta – Loc. 7, 9, 14, 23, 27, 33, 34, 40: on siliceous rock
Lecanora caesiosora Poelt – Loc. 27: on siliceous rock
Lecanora cenisia Ach. – Loc. 7, 13, 14, 23, 27, 33, 40, 54, 74: on siliceous rock
Lecanora concolor Ramond – Loc. 12, 66, 69: on calcareus rock
Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb. – Loc. 13 on Quercus sp.
Lecanora frustulosa (Dicks.) Ach. – Loc. 12, 13, 49, 51: on siliceous rock
Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl. – Loc. 40, 54, 82: on siliceous rock
Lecanora garovaglii (Körb.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 34, 39, 42, 44, 50, 54, 55, 56, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. – Loc. 2, 3, 12, 21, 23, 27, 28, 32, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 64, 66, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh. – Loc. 62: on Juglans sp.
Lecanora pannonica Szatala – Loc. 3, 4, 6, 7, 23, 40, 67: on siliceous rock
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 7, 8, 9, 16, 21, 23, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 49, 50, 55, 72, 73: on siliceous rock
Lecanora rupicola var. efflorens Leuckert & Poelt – Loc. 3, 7, 9, 23, 27, 29, 40, 49, 50: on siliceous rock
Lecanora subcarnea (Sw.) Ach. var. subcarnea – Loc. 23, 33: on siliceous rock
– Lecanora subcarnea (Sw.) Ach. var. soralifera H. Magn. – Loc. 23: on calcareous rock
Lecanora sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach. – Loc. 23, 27: on siliceous rock
Lecanora swartzii (Ach.) Ach. – Loc. 23, 27, 32, 33, 50: on siliceous rock
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. – Loc. 7, 21, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 54: on siliceous rock
Lecidea auriculata Th. Fr. – Loc. 23, 27: on siliceous rock
Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. – Loc. 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 53, 54, 55, 58, 64, 66, 68, 71, 80, 81, 84: on siliceous rock
Lecidea grisella Flörke – Loc. 1, 27, 32: on siliceous rock
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. – Loc. 31: on siliceous rock
Lecidea plana (J. Lahm.) Nyl. – Loc. 8, 21, 27, 29, 32, 33, 55: on siliceous rock
Lecidea promiscua Nyl. – Loc. 7, 13: on siliceous rock
Lecidea sarcogynoides Körb. – Loc. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 34, 37, 64, 78, 80, 86, 87, 89: on siliceous rock
Lecidea tessellata Flörke – Loc. 1, 11, 12, 32, 64, 71, 78, 80, 81: on siliceous rock
Lecidella carpathica (Körb.) Szatala – Loc. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82: on callcareous rock
Lecidella patavina (A. Massal.) Knoph & Leuckert – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 34, 39, 49: on siliceous rock
Lecidella stigmatea Ach. – Loc. 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 27, 28a, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 50, 53, 62, 64, 67, 71, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 89: on calcareous rock
Lempholemma polyanthes (Schrad.) Malme – Loc. 34, 72: on calcareous rock
Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. – Loc. 1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 23, 27, 40, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 58, 65, 67, 72, 74, 76, 80, 83: on calcareous rock
Lepraria lobificans Nyl. – Loc. 3, 27, 48, 55: on mosses
Lepraria membranacea Lynge – Loc. 32, 33, 40, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 67, 80: on mosses
Lepraria nivalis J.R. Laundon – Loc. 27, 40, 55: on mosses
Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris – Loc. 40, 46, 48, 55, 67, 80: on mosses
Leproplaca chrysodeta (Vain.) J.R. Laundon ex Ahti – Loc. 55: on calcareous rock
Leproplaca xantholyta (Nyl.) Nyl. – Loc. 29, 38, 39, 83: on calcareous rock
Leptochidium albociliatum (Desm.) M. Choisy – Loc. 40: on mosses
Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. – Loc. 71: on mosses
Leptogium teretiusculum (Flöeke ex Wallr.) Arnold – Loc. 2, 40, 55, 69: on Quercus sp.
+ Lichenostigma rouxii Nav.-Ros., Calat. & Hafellner – Loc. 63: on Squamarina cartilaginea
+ Llimoniella muralicola Halıcı – Loc. 33, 54: on Protoparmeliopsis muralis
Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner – Loc. 23, 27, 40, 41, 64, 83: on siliceous rock
Lobothallia cheresina (Müll. Arg.) A. Nordin, Cl. Roux & Sohrabi – Loc. 8, 12, 14, 27, 38, 49, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 77, 81, 86, 89: on calcareous rock
Lobothallia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Hafellner – Loc. 4, 8, 12, 13, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51, 55, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 83, 86, 89: on siliceous rock
Lobothallia radiosa (Hoffm.) Hafellner – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83: on siliceous rock
Lobothallia recedens (Taylor) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – Loc. 2, 22, 33, 34, 40, 42, 72, 76, 80: on siliceous rock
Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth – Loc. 32, 33, 34, 40, 52: on soil
Melanelia subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl. – Loc. 55: on mosses
Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. – Loc. 73: on Quercus sp., 26, 59, 84, 87, 89: on Pyrus sp.
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.. Hawksw. & Lumbsch – Loc. 1, 69: on Quercus sp.
Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco, A.. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawks. & Lumbsch – Loc. 21, 72: on siliceous rock
Melanohalea infumata (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch – Loc. 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 34, 40, 42, 44, 54, 55, 78, 83: on mosses, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33: on Berberis sp. and mosses, 72: on Quercus sp., 43: on calcareous rock
Miriquidica deusta (Stenh.) Hertel & Rambold – Loc. 1, 12, 32, 33, 55, 80: on siliceous rock
Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl. – Loc. 80: on siliceous rock
+ Muellerella erratica (A. Massal) Hafellner & Volk. John – Loc. 81: on Lecidea tessellata
+ Muellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D. Hawksw. – Loc. 34: on Immersaria athroocarpa, 21: on Aspicilia sp., 27: on Aspicilia cinerea
+ Muellerella ventosicola (Mudd) D. Hawksw. – Loc. 34: on Rhizocarpon geographicum
Myriolecis albescens (Hoffm.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – Loc. 12, 23, 27, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71: on calcareous rock
Myriolecis crenulata (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – Loc. 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 34, 38, 39, 42, 44, 49, 52, 55, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 78, 81: on calcareous rock
Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 28, on Populus sp., 32, 33, 49, 79, 80, 81, 82: on Populus sp., 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 57, 61, 72, 73, 77, 88: on Quercus sp., 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, calcareous rock and Juglans sp., 27: on calcareous rock, 71: on calcareous rock and Quercus sp., 78: on Alnus glutinosa, 76: on Alnus glutinosa, 89: on Pyrus sp. and calcareous rock
Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 48, 50, 55, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 89: on Quercus sp., 4, 62: on Juglans sp., 21, 22, 23, 24: on Prunus sp., 27, 29, 32, 33: on Berberis sp., 34, 40, 42, 44: Populus sp., 64, 68: on Morus sp.
Myriolecis invadens (H. Magn.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch. – Loc. 34, 71: on soil
Myriolecis semipallida (H. Magn.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – Loc. 23, 34, 39, 50, 63, 67, 78, 81: on calcareous rcok
+ Nesolechia fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Pérez-Ort. – Loc. 79: on Xanthoparmelia tinctina, 80: on Xanthoparmelia pulla
Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen – Loc. 13, 67: on calcareous rock
Oxneria fallax (Arnold) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt – Loc. 24, 16, 17, 56, 62, 73: on Quercus sp. and Prunus sp., 10: on Prunus sp., 15, 20, 35, 58: on Populus sp.
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale – Loc. 21, 22, 26, 32, 33, 34, 40, 50, 53, 55, 82, 88: on mosses, 69: on Quercus sp.
Parvoplaca tirolionsis (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – Loc. 40, 48, 72: on mosses
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. – Loc. 7, 23, 27, 38, 39, 40, 55, 65, 66, 69: on mosses
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg. – Loc. 71: on mosses
Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg. – Loc. 55: on mosses
Peltigera ponojensis Gyeln. – Loc. 7, 39, 71: on mosses
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf – Loc. 40: on soil and mosses, 83: on mosses
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss.) Humb. – Loc. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 21, 23, 27, 40, 48, 55, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 80: on mosses, 6: on soil
Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt ex Pišút – Loc. 2: on siliceous rock
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. – Loc. 27: on siliceous rock
Pertusaria excludens Nyl. – Loc. 7, 22, 62, 67, 80, 88: on siliceous rock
Pertusaria flavicans Lamy – Loc. 80: on siliceous rock.
Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi Nádv. – Loc. 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 22, 27, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 61, 62, 78: on mosses, 55, 64, 74, 80: oncalcareous rock
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg – Loc. 62: on Quercus sp.
Phaeophyscia endococcina (Körb.) Moberg – Loc. 13, 23, 27, 32, 39, 40, 58: on calcareous rock
Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flörke) Moberg – Loc. 3, 11, 14, 28c, 78: calcareous rock
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg – Loc. 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 28c, 35, 36, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 69, 72, 85, 86: on Quercus sp., 1: on Populus sp. and Quercus sp. 70, 71: on Prunus sp. and Quercus sp., 30, 11, 22, 28a, 88, 12, 14, 78: on Pyrus sp., 4, 7, 62: on Juglans sp., 68: on Morus sp., 63. on Juglans sp. and Morus sp., 24, 84: on Prunus sp., 38, 39, 46: on Salix sp., 73: on Populus sp., 76: on Alnus glutinosa
Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg – Loc. 23, 27: on siliceous rock
Physcia adscendens H. Olivier – Loc. 1, 16, 19, 25, 28c, 71, 73: on Quercus sp., 32, 44: on Salix sp. and Populus sp., 41: on Salix sp., 43, Salix sp. and Quercus sp., 15, 45, 57, 60, 84: on Populus sp., 76: on Alnus glutinosa, 85, 87. on Salix sp.
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb.) Fürnr. – Loc. 10, 14, 19, 25, 43, 46, 50, 60, 61, 71, 72: on Quercus sp., 20, 25: on Pyrus sp., 13, 20, 23, 26, 28a, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 42, 45, 58, 88: on Populus sp. 44, 57: on Salix sp., 36, 21: on Pyrus sp., Salix sp. and Populus sp., 38, 39: on Salix sp. and Populus sp.
Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 3, 7, 12, 13, 14, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 62, 72, 69, 71: on Quercus sp., 24: on Prunus sp., 78, 29: on Prunus sp., 33: on Populus sp., 63: on Morus sp. and Juglans sp., 64: on Morus sp.and Quercus sp., 70: on Pyrus elaeagnifolia and Quercus sp., 76: on Alnus glutinosa
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe ex Fürnr. – Loc. 14, 23, 27, 28, 29, 33, 40, 83, 89: on calcareous rock, 43, 44, 55, 62, 70, 82: on mosses
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 21, 31, 39, 55, 73, 74: on mossy rock, 24: on mosy body of Prunus sp., 32: on mosy body of Berberis sp., 66, 68: on mosy body of Morus sp.
Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau – Loc. 1: on calcareous rock and Salix sp., 2:, 3: on Quercus sp., 23, 34: on Populus sp., 33, 40: on Berberis sp. and mosses, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 27, 29, 32, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 61: on mosses, 42, 43, 46, 54, 48, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 79, 78, 80, 81, 82, 74, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89: on calcareous rock
– Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. – Loc. 1, 3, 70: on Quercus sp., 76: Quercus sp. and Alnus glutinosa, 59: on Alnus glutinosa
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. – Loc. 68: on Morus sp., 71: on Quercus sp., 76: on Alnus glutinosa
–Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. – Loc. 67: on mossy body of Quercus sp.
Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt – Loc. 21, 22: on mossy body of Quercus sp.
Physconia distorta (With.) J.R. Laundon – Loc. 1: on Populus sp. and Quercus sp., 2, 3, 13, 14, 25, 32, 40, 43, 44, 46, 61, 65, 69, 71: on Quercus sp., 4: on Juglans sp., 19: on Prunus sp., 27: on Berberis sp., 48: on Populus sp., 62: on Quercus sp. and Juglans sp., 63: on Juglans sp., 68: on Morus sp., 73, 76, 87, 89: on Alnus glutinosa
Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt – Loc. 21, 55, 62: on mosses
– Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt – Loc. 8, 52: on mossy body of Quercus sp.
Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt – Loc. 7, 9, 12, 21, 22, 24, 27, 32, 55, 62, 76, 80, 74: on mossy rocks
Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg – Loc. 2, 7, 9, 21, 23, 27, 32, 50, 52, 55, 62, 73, 74: on mossy body of Quercus sp.
Physconia venusta (Ach.) Poelt – Loc. 2: on Quercus sp.
Placocarpus schaereri (Fr.) Breuss – Loc. 10, 29, 31, 38, 38, 52, 63, 69, 77 on calcareous rock
Placopyrenium bucekii (Nádv. & Serv
t) Breuss – Loc. 2, 3, 44, 46, 55, 64, 66, 68, 69: on siliceous rockPlacopyrenium iranicum Breuss – Loc. 9, 41, 44, 54, 78: on siliceous rock
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss – Loc. 1, 2, 7, 9, 12, 14, 32, 40, 44, 46, 48, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 81: on siliceous rock
Placynthium hungaricum Gyeln. – Loc. 72: on calcareous rock
Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray – Loc. 2, 9, 11, 13, 14, 28b, 32, 38, 39, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81: on on calcareous rock
Placynthium posterulum (Nyl.) Henssen – Loc. 34: on callcareous rock
Placynthium stenophyllum (Tuck) Fink – Loc. 1: on calcareous rock
Polyblastia cupularis A. Massal. – Loc. 63, 71: on calcareous rock
– Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting – Loc. 64: on calcareous rock
+ Polycoccum pulvinatum (Either) R. Sant. – Loc. 11: on Physcia sp.
Polysporina simplex (Taylor) Vězda – Loc. 6, 8, 9, 78: on siliceous rock
Protoblastenia incrustans (DC.) J. Steiner – Loc. 71: on calcareous rock
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) Steiner – Loc. 71, 72: on calcareous rock
Protoparmelia atriseda (Fr.) R. Sant. & V. Wirth – Loc. 78, 79, 80: on calcareous rock
Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Hafellner – Loc. 81: on siliceous rock
Protoparmeliopsis bolcana (Pollini) Lumbsch – Loc. 21, 22, 23, 27, 42, 54, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Protoparmeliopsis klauskalbii (Sipman) Şenkard. – Loc. 63: on calcareous rock
Protoparmeliopsis laatokkensis (Räsänen) Moberg & R. Sant. – Loc. 7, 21, 22, 23, 40, 61, 68, 78, 80: on siliceous rock
Protoparmeliopsis macrocyclos (H. Magn.) Moberg & R. Sant. – Loc. 40: on siliceous rock
– Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy – Loc. 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 28a, 28b, 28c, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89: on calcareous rock, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71: on calcareous rock and mosses.
Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. – Loc. 23, 27, 34, 71, 52: on soil
Psora testacea Hoffm. – Loc. 63: on soily rock
Psora vallesiaca (Schaer.) Timdal – Loc. 63, 71, 72: on soil
Psorotichia schaereri (A. Massal.) Arnold – Loc. 72: on calcareous rock
Pyrenopsis subareolata Nyl. – Loc. 66: on siliceous rock
Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. – Loc. 21, 24, 32, 33, 34, 52, 55: on siliceous rock
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. – Loc. 55: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg. – Loc. 3, 7, 27, 62, 79, 80: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon distinctum Th. Fr. – Loc. 11: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb. – Loc. 8, 40, 42, 52, 79: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. – Loc. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57 58, 62, 64, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain. – Loc. 79: on siliceous rock
Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders – Loc. 7, 9, 49: on siliceous rock
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf – Loc. 21, 23, 27, 33, 50: on siliceous rock
Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 57, 58, 77, 85, 86, 89: on siliceous rock
Rhizoplaca peltata (Ramond) Leuckert – Loc. 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 33, 34, 42, 43, 44, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Rinodina albana (A. Massal.) A. Massal. – Loc. 82: on Quercus sp.
Rinodina bischoffii (Hepp) A. Massal. – Loc. 7, 9, 14, 11, 12, 33, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 49, 54, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 81: on calcareous rock
Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold – Loc. 38, 39: on calcareous rock
Rinodina capensis Hampe – Loc. 80: on Alnus glutinosa
Rinodina guzzini Jatta – Loc. 63: on calcareous rock
Rinodina immersa (Körb.) J. Steiner – Loc. 23, 28b, 38, 39, 41, 70: on calcareous rock
Rinodina lecanorina (A. Massal.) A. Massal. – Loc. 3, 7, 9, 12, 23, 27, 34, 38, 39, 46, 48, 49, 63, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 81: on siliceous rock
Rinodina luridata (Körb..) H. Mayrhofer, Scheid. & Sheard – Loc. 63, 71: on siliceous rock
Rinodina milvina (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28b, 29, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 78, 79, 80, 81: on calcareous rock
Rinodina obnascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier – Loc. 27, 32, 33: on siliceous rock
Rinodina oleae Bagl. – Loc. 8: on calcareous rock
# Rinodina parasitica H. Mayrhofer & Poelt – Loc. 8: on Aspicilia sp.
Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold – Loc. 27: on Populus sp.
Rinodina rinodinoides (Anzi) H. Mayrhofer & Scheid. – Loc. 27: on siliceous rock
Rinodina terrestris Tomin – Loc. 8: on soil
– Rinodina zwackhiana (Kremp.) Körb. – Loc. 3: on calcaeous rock
Romjularia lurida (Ach.) Timdal – Loc. 2, 7, 11, 20, 32, 34, 37, 40, 67, 71, 72, 77, 79: on soil
+ Rosellinula haplospora (Th. Fr. & Almq.) R. Sant. – Loc. 22: on Circinaria cf. calcarea, 32: on Aspicilia sp.
Rufoplaca arenaria (Pers.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – Loc. 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 29, 33, 34, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 80: on siliceous rock
Sagedia mastrucata (Wahlenb.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – Loc. 1, 11, 12, 21, 22, 34, 42, 44, 64, 82: on siliceous rock
Sarcogyne clavus (DC.) Kremp. – Loc. 3, 27, 34, 38, 39, 49, 52, 61, 63, 66, 76, 78: on siliceous rock
Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A. Massal. – Loc. 14, 27, 34, 49, 59, 63, 78: on siliceous rock
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. – Loc. 7, 9, 39, 49, 52, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 76, 85, 89: on siliceous rock
Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux – Loc. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 80, 86: on siliceous rock
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold – Loc. 34, 39, 49, 68: on siliceous rock
Scytinium callopismum (A. Massal.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg & Wedin – Loc. 29: on calcareous rock
Scytinium gelatinosum (With) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 1, 21, 27, 40, 50, 53, 65, 70, 71, 72, 85: on mosses
Scytinium intermedium (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg & Wedin – Loc. 1: on mosses
Scytinium lichenoides (L.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 23, 27, 28, 40, 50, 65, 68, 71, 72, 77, 83, 85, 86, 89: on mosses
Scytinium palmatum (Huds.) Gray – Loc. 72: on mosses
Scytinium parvum (Degel.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 1, 32, 38, 49, 61, 65, 66, 70, 72: on calcareous rock
Scytinium schraderi (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Loc. 67: on calcareous rock
Solenopsora candicans (Dicks.) J. Steiner – Loc. 50, 67: on calcareous rock
Solenopsora holophaea (Mont.) Samp. – Loc. 2, 7, 27, 32, 50, 67: on soil
Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P. James – Loc. 2, 49, 63: on soil
Squamarina lentigera (Weber) Poelt – Loc. 2, 21, 22, 63: on soil
Squamulea subsoluta (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – Loc. 54: on siliceous rock
Staurothele areolata (Ach.) Lettau – Loc. 17, 28, 89: on siliceous rock
Staurothele caesia (Arnold) Arnold – Loc. 63, 64, 65, 71: on calcareous rock
Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh – Loc. 2, 14, 34, 40, 42, 50, 70: on siliceous rock
+ Stigmidium gyrophorarum (Arnold) D. Hawksw. – Loc. 33: on the thallus of Umbilicaria crustulosa
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner – Loc. 7, 17, 23, 27, 33, 57: on siliceous rock
Tephromela grumosa (Pers.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux – Loc. 1, 7, 8, 9, 12, 27, 40: on siliceous rock
Thelenella muscorum (Th. Fr.) Vain. – Loc. 55: on mosses
– Thelidium minutulum Körb. – Loc. 32: on calcareous rock
Thyrea confusa Henssen, in Henssen & Jørgensen – Loc. 1, 2, 41, 44, 55, 63, 68, 86: on calcareous rock
Toninia candida (Weber) Th. Fr. – Loc. 14, 29, 63, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 77: on soily calcareous rock
Toninia diffracta (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 63, 67, 69: on soil
Toninia opuntioides (Vill.) Timdal – Loc. 77: on soil
Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 18, 20, 28, 28c, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, 48, 50, 52, 62, 63, 65, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 84: on soil
Toninia squalida (Ach.) A. Massal. – Loc. 32, 33, 34, 63, 78, 80: on soil
Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Lamy – Loc. 23, 27, 32, 33, 34: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise – Loc. 27, 42, 43, 44: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. – Loc. 33: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg. – Loc. 33: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. Ex Westr.) Ach. – Loc. 7, 12, 13, 42: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrad. – Loc. 33: on siliceous rock
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach. – Loc. 33, 42, 44: on siliceous rock
Variospora dolomiticola (Hue) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – Loc. 39, 61, 71: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria fuscella (Turner) Winch – Loc. 1, 21, 32, 34, 39, 62, 67, 70: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. – Loc. 71, 80: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria latericola Erichsen – Loc. 48: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria macrostoma Dufour ex DC. – Loc. 50: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria muralis Ach. – Loc. 4, 23, 27, 34, 39, 42, 63, 67, 76, 80: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. – Loc. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 28b, 29, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria ochrostoma Borrer – Loc. 9, 11, 38, 46, 50, 62, 64, 65: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria polysticta Borrer – Loc. 2, 41: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria sphaerospora Anzi – Loc. 12, 13, 33, 39, 46, 48, 61: on calcareous rock
Verrucaria viridula (Schrad.) Ach. – Loc. 9, 34, 40, 42, 54, 55, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 80: on calcareous rock
Verruculopsis lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux – Loc. 1, 64, 69: on calcareous rock
Zahlbrucknerella calcarea (Herre) Herre – Loc. 66, 69: on calcareous rock
+ Zwackhiomyces coepulonus (Norman) Grube & R. Sant. – Loc. 34: on Xanthoria elegans
– Xanthocarpia crenulatella (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup & Søching – Loc. 9, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 33, 34, 38, 39, 48 49, 50, 54, 55, 63, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 81, 86: on calcareous rock
– Xanthocarpia marmorata (Bagl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting – Loc. 39, 48, 66, 71: on calcareous rock
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. Ex Ach.) Hale – Loc. 42, 43, 44, 79: on siliceous rock
Xanthoparmelia delisei (Duby) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawks. & Lumbsch – Loc. 62: on siliceous rock
Xanthoparmelia pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawks. & Lumbsch – Loc. 40: on soil
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch – Loc. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 40: on calcareous rock and mosses, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 62: on mosses, 63, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale – Loc. 3, 8, 32, 42, 43, 44, 62, 76, 79, 80, 82, 86: on siliceous rock
Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch – Loc. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 54, 55, 59, 62, 76, 79, 80, 82: on siliceous rock
– Xanthoria elegans (Link.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 50, 54, 55, 61, 62, 66, 69, 78, 81: on siliceous rock
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. – Loc. 19, 59: on Populus sp. 57: on Alnus glutinosa, 84: on Pyrus sp. and Alnus glutinosa.
Discussion
Five lichens, Acarospora hospitans (on Aspicilia cinerea), Buellia badia (on Lecanora rupicola and Xanthoparmelia tinctina, Caloplaca grimmiae (on Candelariella vitellina), Endohyalina insularis (on Lecanora rupicola), Rinodina parasitica (on Aspicilia sp.), were found to grow as lichenicolous lichen on some other lichens.
Excluding lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens, lichens were found to be growing on different substrates such as siliceous and calcreous rocks, mosses, soil, Populus, Alnus glutinosa, Pyrus, Quercus, Juglans, Prunus, Berberis, Morus and Salix.
Acarospora cervina, A. fuscata, Aspicilia cinerea, A. desertorum, C. variabilis, C. vitellina, Gallowayella fulva, Lecanora rupicola, Lecidea fuscoatra, Lecidella carpathica, Lobothallia radiosa, Myriolecis hagenii, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Rhizocarpon geographicum, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Rinodina bischoffii, Rinodina milvina, Verrucaria nigrescens and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera were seen to grow plentifully in the study area.
Some corticolous and crustose lichen species such as Calogaya lobulata, Caloplaca cerina, Candelariella aurella, Candelariella reflexa, Gallowayella fulva, Gyalolechia flavorubescens, Lecanora argentata, Myriolecis dispersa, Myriolecis hagenii, Oxneria fallax, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia adscendens, Physcia biziana, Physcia dimidiata, Physcia dubia, Physconia distorta are not very selective in terms of substrate selection compared to other species, but are very cosmopolitan.
The main vegetation types are forests and steppes. The forest area is mainly characterized by Quercus spp. in higher parts (over 1800 m) of the area. Along the stream Populus, Salix and Ulmus are mainly seen.
The vegetation change in Bitlis is caused by the climate. In some areas, forest and steppe vegetations can be found side by side on the research area. In Bitlis because of hard winter and dry summer, low precipitation, soft and anhydrous soil, scarce forest area, the lichens, most of which are crustose, prefered to grow and aggragate on mostly siliceous and calcareous rocks. So terricolous and muscicolous lichens such as Catapyrenium, Cladonia, Collema, Endocarpon, Peltigera, Psora and Toninia, which can grow easily on mosses and soil widespreadly, were not found plentifully on these substrata as expected. On the other hand Gallowayella, Caloplaca, Lecanora, Phaeophyscia, Physcia, Physconia, cosmopolitan epiphytic lichens, were found just on some trees of Quercus, Pyrus, Prunus and Morus.
Seventy-nine lichen taxa were defined to grow epiphytic. On the other hand 44 species were found on mosses. Two-hundred-twenty-two lichen taxa were found growing on rocks while 32 lichen species prefered to grow on soil. Twenty-one lichenicolous fungi were found to be on different hosts, such as Aspicilia sp., Aspicilia cf. calcarea, Aspicilia cinerea, Candelariella vitellina, Immersaria athroocarpa, Lecanora rupicola, Lecidea tessellata, Lecidella carpathica, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia sp., Physcia dubia, Protoparmeliopsis muralis Rhizocarpon geographicum, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Squamarina cartilaginea, Umbilicaria crustulosa Xanthoparmelia pulla, Xanthoparmelia tinctina and Xanthoria elegans, of these Carbonea vorticosa and Carbonea vitellinaria are the most common taxa.
Some crustose lichen and lichenicolous species of genera Aspicilia, Llimoniella, Placopyrenium, Placynthium and Rinodina are known to grow rarely in Turkey, and of these Aspicilia glomerulans, Llimoniella muralicola, Myriolecis invadens, Ochrolechia subviridis, Placynthium hungaricum and Placynthium posterulum were reported for the second time from Turkey (Halıcı 2008, Oran and Öztürk 2010, Aslan and Yazıcı 2013, Aptroot et al. 2015, Yazıcı and Aslan 2016).
In Bitlis province, in a total of 113 genera (excluding lichenicolous fungi), Lecanora (20 taxa), Caloplaca (18 taxa), Rinodina (16 taxa), Acarospora (13 taxa), Verrucaria and Physcia (10 taxa) are the most common genera in the study area respectively.
Localites in south, north and northwest of Güroymak district are very rich about lichen biodiversity and localities in Hizan and Mutki districts are situated near a lime pit in where Verrucaria baldensis, V. calciseda and V. nigrescens are found, they are identified as an indicator species of lime and calcareous substratum (Fig. 1, Table 1).
It has been determined that soil and mosses are not suitable for the development of lichens in Bitlis province. Therefore, it was observed that lichens developed more on rocks and tree trunks and bodies throughout the province. It is observed that lichens can develop very weakly on soil since it is not suitable for soil lichen development. In addition it has been observed that lichens were determined less on mosses which are not developed much throughout the province.
In the northern part of the province of Bitlis, it has been observed that lichens can mostly develop on the rocks. Therefore, in the northern parts of the province, it has been determined that lichens generally develop on the rocks in Ahlat, Adilcevaz and Güroymak (northern part) districts. Since the southern part of the province is richer in terms of tree than the northern part, we see more lichens on tree trunks and rocks.
