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1 June 2013 Density of Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) Males Ranging Alone: Seasonal and Regional Variation in Male Cohesiveness with the Group
Yosuke Otani, Shinichi Yoshihiro, Yukio Takahata, Koichiro Zamma, Makiko Nagai, Masato Kanie, Shuhei Hayaishi, Masaya Fujino, Kazusa Sugaya, Masaaki Sudo, Shiori Amanai, Masato Kaneda, Yoshiharu Tachikawa, Yoshihiro Fukunaga, Yuji Okahisa, Kanako Higashi, Goro Hanya
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Abstract

We conducted point censuses in Yakushima island to estimate the density of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) males ranging alone, focusing on its vegetational, seasonal, and regional variation. In highland areas, the detection frequency of males ranging alone did not differ among different types of vegetation, despite the latter's effect on overall population density. The detection frequency of males ranging alone in the mating season was a third of that in the non-mating season. In the mating season, males exhibit strong cohesiveness with a group, probably in search of resident estrous females. Outside of the mating season, we detected 25% fewer males ranging alone in lowland areas, which have high population densities and strong inter-group competition, than in highland areas. The absolute density of males ranging alone was estimated to be 1.2–5.7 individuals/km2. Meanwhile, the group and population densities were 1.25/km2 and 19.3/km2, respectively. A considerable number of males therefore remained outside of groups, and male cohesiveness with groups is flexible in relation to ecological and social circumstances.

© The Mammal Society of Japan
Yosuke Otani, Shinichi Yoshihiro, Yukio Takahata, Koichiro Zamma, Makiko Nagai, Masato Kanie, Shuhei Hayaishi, Masaya Fujino, Kazusa Sugaya, Masaaki Sudo, Shiori Amanai, Masato Kaneda, Yoshiharu Tachikawa, Yoshihiro Fukunaga, Yuji Okahisa, Kanako Higashi, and Goro Hanya "Density of Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) Males Ranging Alone: Seasonal and Regional Variation in Male Cohesiveness with the Group," Mammal Study 38(2), 105-115, (1 June 2013). https://doi.org/10.3106/041.038.0206
Received: 16 November 2012; Accepted: 27 March 2013; Published: 1 June 2013
KEYWORDS
group size
male reproductive strategy
point census
population
Ranging behavior
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