The Afromontane Research Unit: Reaching for New Heights

The Afromontane Research Unit (ARU), based at the Qwaqwa Campus of the University of the Free State, South Africa, continues to grow in research strength and reach. While a core focus on the sustainable development of the Maloti–Drakensberg will be perennial, the ARU is leading the way in growing a robust community of practice for transdisciplinary research on southern African mountains. Combined with a vision for strong science, policy, and action, this is being achieved through exponential growth of partnerships—local, regional, and global—to tackle relevant issues, in particular wicked problems that seemingly defy achievement of the sustainable development goals. An important component in growing this community of practice is the development of our staff and students at Qwaqwa: for instance, in 2018–2019, US$ 270,000 was invested in Qwaqwa research projects; simultaneously, US$ 500,000 was actively sourced by Qwaqwa academics to supplement these internal ARU funds. The investment and effort are showing increasing return in terms of personal academic development and increased quality and quantity of research outputs. Given that the ARU is still a young research group (5 years old), this exponential growth is encouraging for both science and mountains in Africa.


Introduction
Mountains in southern Africa, here defined according to Clark et al (2019) as south of the Congo rainforests and Lake Rukwa in Tanzania, generally lack a robust science-policy interface. This is because-compared, for example, with eastern African mountains-they are poorly understood as social-ecological systems (SESs) and consequently underappreciated at the policy level, despite the key public goods and services they provide (Clark et al 2019). Even the 40,000 km 2 Maloti-Drakensberg, while better appreciated at the policy level than many other southern African mountains, lacks a combined focus or vision for its sustainable development, with numerous players acting within institutional, geographic, and disciplinary silos. This vacuum creates a powerful niche for the Afromontane Research Unit (ARU) (Mukwada et al 2016;le Roux et al 2018).
With the Maloti-Drakensberg as its backyard and permanent core focus (Figure 1), the ARU, based at the Qwaqwa Campus of the University of the Free State (UFS), has become a regional player by actively driving the growth of a community of practice for southern African mountains. This is being achieved through continued funding investment by the UFS into the ARU, active growth in collaborations and external funding success, and active staff and student development. Ultimately, the ARU seeks to assist in increasing Southern Hemisphere contributions to a currently Northern Hemisphere-focused mountain research community.

The ARU is growing
Through its cross-faculty, decentralized model, the ARU involves some 25 academic staff in varying capacities, 40 local and international postgraduate students, and 10 postdoctoral fellows of 5 nationalities. The ARU took a leap forward in 2018 through (1) the creation of ARU management positions, and (2) the completion of the ARU building. In terms of management, the first ARU director, Ralph Clark, commenced duties in January 2018; the first ARU student assistant, Albert Malefane, commenced duties in March 2018; the first assistant officer, Lethiwe Sokhela, commenced duties in November 2018; and the first University Staff Doctoral Programme (USDP) assistant, Pulane Xaba, commenced duties in January 2019 ( Figure 2). The ARU building was operational as of February 2018.
Building on the ARU's foundation phase (2015-2017), a comprehensive strategic plan was developed in 2018, setting the ARU on a path to becoming a center of excellence (COE) with a focus on southern African mountains as SESs. The vision and mission of the ARU (Box 1) and its 4 key objectives (Figure 1) all speak to this journey toward a COE. Following the first 3-year term, the ARU Advisory Board has been reshaped to create a board that honors existing key relationships, enables future strategic relationships, and aligns with ARU international priorities. Originally confined to Qwaqwa Campus academics, the ARU recently invited association with the ARU from the broader UFS community.
In terms of South African development agendas, the ARU team accords well with transformation policies (UFS 2017), with 70% of the ARU team comprising previously disadvantaged people groups. This is in line with the ARU's third objective: ''To facilitate the development of a mountain research 'community of practice' within Africa that leads African mountain research from within Africa.'' Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org

MountainPlatform
Investment by the UFS into the ARU remains positive, with US$ 270,000 invested in Qwaqwa research projects in 2018-2019, including student bursaries. Simultaneously, US$ 500,000 has actively been sourced by Qwaqwa academics in the same period to supplement these internal ARU funds.
This investment, including that made by the UFS into the ARU since 2015, is showing increasing return in terms of personal academic development and increased quality and quantity of research projects (Box 2) and outputs. For example, research outputs climbed from 8 academic With 5 completed projects-seeing 2 doctoral, 6 masters, and 9 honors students graduate since 2015-the ARU has to date contributed to 4.25% of postgraduate graduations at the Qwaqwa Campus (UFS 2019).

Regional and global partnerships
Achieving a robust science-policy-action agenda for southern African mountains is not possible alone, within one institution. With the advent of the global village and a welcoming, interactive global mountain research community, the ARU is taking the lead in southern Africa in building partnerships to achieve that vision. For the Maloti-Drakensberg specifically, the ARU has developed mutually beneficial relationships with numerous key partners, including the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Centre for Biological Control (managed from Rhodes University), Centre for Invasion Biology (Stellenbosch University), the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Programme, the Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA), South African National Parks, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, the Tsitsa Project (managed from Rhodes University), BirdLife South Africa, the National University of Lesotho, and the Universities of Johannesburg, KwaZulu-Natal, Pretoria, and Witwatersrand. In addition to academic partners, the ARU seeks to grow industry (nonacademic and nongovernment) partners, the first being Witsieshoek Mountain Lodge, our portal to the high Drakensberg close to campus.
The ARU has a strong local presence in the community, with numerous research projects embedded in the immediate Qwaqwa region (Box 2); in addition, the ARU seeks to partner with both traditional and elected governance systems in the SES discourse: representatives of both these government structures sit on the ARU Advisory Board and Committee. The ARU's vision is to become a continental leader in African mountain research, with an immediate focus on the sustainable development of the Maloti-Drakensberg.
The ARU's mission is to facilitate the development and capacity building of an African-based mountain research community of practice of high excellence that informs global mountain research theory and practice and contributes to mountain-related policy and governance from an African perspective, thus balancing a predominance of mountain research driven from the Global North and Northern Hemisphere. The ARU welcomes collaborations from across southern Africa, the Africa continent, and globally that align with our vision and mission and seek to partner with us to achieve our objectives for a sustainable future for southern African mountains (Figure 3).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The ARU thanks the UFS Research Development Office for continued financial support and the UFS rector and vice chancellor for his personal support and UFS senior management for encouragement of the ARU. The UFS Office for International Affairs is thanked for its role in facilitating memoranda of understanding with international partners and for helping to expand our international connections. The ARU thanks the following external funders: the NRF for a publication writing grant (2018) that boosted publication outputs in 2018-2019; DHET for a USDP for South Africa-United States grant (2018); and the British Council for a South Africa-United Kingdom USDP scoping grant (2019). We also thank our collaborators and Community-conservation conflict: Communities surrounding protected areas play a crucial role in the protection and prolonged existence of these areas. This project examines the conservation conflicts and climate change nexus relating to a rural community in Qwaqwa. Principal investigator: Ntebohiseng Sekhele (Department of Geography) Pesticidal metabolites: Local farmers often use homemade pesticides mixtures from indigenous plants. This projects seeks to understand the chemical basis of the pesticidal metabolites in these plants, with eventual potential commercialization. Principal investigator: Dr. Mpondi Molefe (Department of Chemistry) The uniqueness of families in mountain communities: This project seeks to determine family experiences in the rural mountain area of Maluti-A-Phofung Municipality, Free State. This will inform educators, mental health professionals, and other family-service providers of the unique challenges of families in the area and how these challenges affect family processes. Principal investigator: Dr. Diana Breshears (Department of Sociology) Mountain soil and habitat health: Terrestrial and soil macrofauna are potential indicators of disturbances such as overgrazing, fire frequency, and soil erosion. This project tests these ideas within the Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Principal investigator: Dr. Emile Bredenhand (Department of Zoology & Entomology) Education for mountain communities: Parents living in southern African mountains often have low levels of education because of the rural context. This project seeks to create culturally and contextually responsive education for such communities. Principal investigator: Dr. Cias Tsotsetsi (School of Education Studies) Wetland wonders: Montane wetlands in southern Africa are not well known in terms of faunal composition. Yet some of the most endangered mountain animal species occur in this habitat. This project seeks to determine the bird composition in the 200-ha Qwaqwa Wetland in Golden Gate Highlands National Park-a poorly studied system with the chance of revealing hitherto-unknown populations of rare species. Principal investigator: Dr. Ralph Clark (Department of Geography) Prospecting paleoresources in African mountains: Paleontological fieldwork is time consuming and costly and has a high error rate. Monitoring paleoresources is a necessity for national parks and other conservation organizations but suffers from these same limitations. The increasing availability of high-quality digital data (eg, high-fidelity digital images) from remotely piloted aircraft systems has the potential to increase the efficiency and decrease the cost of paleontological fieldwork and heritage management. Principal investigator: Gavin Dollman (Department of Computer Science) High-elevation invasive species: Nonnative, invasive species are among the main threats to ecosystem service provision in southern African mountains-among the most invaded mountains in the world. Understanding the reproductive ecology of these species is essential to the development of effective management policies to curb these species. Principal investigator: Dr. Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen (Department of Plant Sciences) Note: Because of space limitations, this is not an exhaustive list; the various non-ARU funders are acknowledged in detail in each project's outputs.

FIGURE 3
The ARU welcomes collaborations and partnerships to study southern African mountains as social-ecological systems and to achieve a science-policyaction interface for their sustainable development. (Photo by Ralph Clark; The Camel,~2800 m, Cathedral Peak Area, uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site) partners for the goodwill generated through our relationships.