Mark R. Ryan,^1,2,*,** Brian G. Root,^3,*** Christopher T. Rota,^4,**** Gena-Marie Ryan,^1,***** Martin J. Bergee,^5,****** Joshua J. Millspaugh<sup>6,*******

1</sup>The School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
²The Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820
³Wm. L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Corvallis, OR 97333
⁴Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
⁵School of Music, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
⁶Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812

^*Corresponding author: Ryanmr@illinois.edu
^**Mark R. Ryan was a faculty member and later the Director of the School of Natural Resources at the University of Missouri for a total of 31 years. He then was the Executive Director of the interdisciplinary Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois, retiring in 2021. He holds a B.S. in Wildlife from the University of Minnesota, a M.S. in Wildlife Biology and a Ph.D. in Animal Ecology from Iowa State University. His research focused on avian ecology and conservation.
^***Brian G. Root currently is a Wildlife Biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Willamette Valley National Wildlife Refuge Complex in Oregon. He earned both a Ph.D. and M.S. in Wildlife from the University of Missouri-Columbia, after completing a B.S. in Wildlife from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. His career with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Missouri Department of Conservation has included a broad range of applied research; large-scale conservation planning; wildlife and habitat monitoring; and habitat and species management in Missouri, California, Washington, and Oregon.
^****Christopher T. Rota is Associate Professor of Wildlife and Fisheries Resources at West Virginia University. His research addresses diverse questions in applied vertebrate ecology. A common link throughout his research is the application and development of modern statistical techniques that capture many of the myriad processes giving rise to ecological data sets.
^*****Martin J. Bergee is Professor Emeritus of Music at the University of Kansas. His research interests center on the assessment of music performance.
^******Gena-Marie Ryan first assisted with data collection for this manuscript as an 11-year-old. Throughout high school and college (Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR) she developed and applied the photo interpretation process used in this manuscript.
^*******Joshua J. Millspaugh is the Boone and Crockett Professor of Wildlife Conservation at the University of Montana. His research focuses on how wildlife interact with their environment and how they respond to various management activities.