The revision of the family Alstroemeriaceae for the Flora of Colombia recognizes two previously undescribed species of Bomarea Mirbel: B. callejasiana Alzate and B. colombiana Alzate. Bomarea callejasiana is recognized because it has slightly hypocrateriform perianth and B. colombiana because of its pilose and glaucous abaxial leaf surface. Currently, both species are only known from Colombia.

Cousinia aligudarzensis Attar & Ghahreman (Asteraceae), a new species of section Cynaroides Bunge (as “Cynaroideae”) is described and illustrated. The distinguishing characters of section Cynaroides and those separating the new species from its nearest relative are discussed.

A new species of Asplenium L. from Ethiopia, A. balense Chaerle & Viane, is described and illustrated. This new species is similar to A. demerkense Hieronymus, which differs in rhizome, scales, and frond morphology, and also in the presence of short false veins in the laminae. The new species resembles A. uhligii Hieronymus, but differs in degree of lamina dissection and in the presence of unicellular capitate glands on the indusial margin. Asplenium balense also resembles A. erythraeum Pichi Sermolli, which can be distinguished by the absence of both glands and false veins. Asplenium balense belongs to the group of East African high-altitude (2000–4700 m) Asplenium species similar in gross morphology to members of the A. aethiopicum (Burman f.) Becherer complex. A key to distinguish A. balense from its three most similar, tropical northeast African species (A. demerkense, A. erythraeum, and A. uhligii) is presented.

The name Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza (C. Ling) C. Z. Zheng (Acanthaceae) was not validly published in 1993 because the reference to the basionym was not cited fully. The name is validated here and represents a new combination referred from Championella Bremekamp. The taxon is similar to S. oligantha Miquel, but it differs in its rhizome thickened (vs. not thickened), petioles 0–0.3 cm (vs. 3–4 cm), leaf blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (vs. broad-ovate to elliptic), lateral veins 7 to 9 (vs. 3 to 6), and spikes 2–4(−5) cm (vs. ca. 1 cm).

Two new species of Sphaeradenia Harling (Cyclanthaceae), S. rostellata R. Eriksson from Costa Rica and S. marcescens R. Eriksson from Ecuador, are described and illustrated. Sphaeradenia rostellata is distinguished from the closely related S. praetermissa R. Eriksson and S. occidentalis R. Eriksson by the widely separated, uncinate stigmas. Sphaeradenia marcescens differs from the supposedly closely related S. pallida R. Eriksson by the persisting staminate flowers.

Tricarpelema africanum Faden is described from Central Africa, representing the first African species of this otherwise Asian genus. The species is so distinct that Tricarpelema J. K. Morton subgen. Keatingia Faden is described for it, based mainly on its unusual vegetative morphology. Tricarpelema brevipedicellatum Faden is described from two Vietnamese collections that were previously treated as Aneilema montanum (Wight) Wallich ex C. B. Clarke or Dictyospermum montanum Wight. It differs from all other continental Asian species by its one-seeded locules. A key to all eight named Tricarpelema species is provided, along with a synopsis of the species, including full taxonomy and synonymy. Pollia subumbellata C. B. Clarke var. glabra Hallier f. is a new synonym for T. philippense (Panigrahi) Faden. The following names are lectotypified: T. giganteum (Hasskarl) H. Hara, T. philippense (Panigrahi) Faden, and Pollia subumbellata C. B. Clarke var. glabra Hallier f.

Notes on the taxonomy and geography of the genus Dontostemon Andrzejowski ex C. A. Meyer (Brassicaceae) are given. Torularia sergievskiana Polozhij is reduced to synonymy of D. pinnatifidus (Willdenow) Al-Shehbaz & H. Ohba, and D. glandulosus (Karelin & Kirilov) O. E. Schulz is excluded from the flora of Russia. A new subspecies, D. senilis Maximowicz subsp. gubanovii D. German (northwestern Mongolia), is described. Dontostemon intermedius Voroschilov is recognized as an independent species instead of a synonym of D. dentatus (Bunge) Ledebour.

Recent studies show that the genus Cucumis L. in its current sense is paraphyletic, with Cucumella Chiovenda, Dicaelospermum C. B. Clarke, Mukia Arnott, Myrmecosicyos C. Jeffrey, and Oreosyce Hooker f. nested within it. A proposal to expand Cucumis to include these nested genera has therefore been made. In this paper the nomenclatural changes that are needed to accommodate the currently recognized taxa of the nested genera in Cucumis are made. The following new combinations and new names are proposed: Cucumis aetheocarpus (C. Jeffrey) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. bryoniifolius (Merxmüller) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. cinereus (Cogniaux) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. clavipetiolatus (J. H. Kirkbride) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. engleri (Gilg) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. gracilis (W. S. Kurz) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, the new name C. indicus Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. javanicus (Miquel) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. kelleri (Cogniaux) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, the new name C. kirkbridei Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. leiospermus (Wight & Arnott) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. messorius (C. Jeffrey) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. reticulatus (A. Fernandes & R. Fernandes) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, C. ritchiei (C. B. Clarke) Ghebretinsae & Thulin, and C. silentvalleyi (Manilal, T. Sabu & P. J. Mathew) Ghebretinsae & Thulin.

Astragalus darwinianus Gómez-Sosa, a new endemic species (Leguminoseae, Galegeae) from the south of Argentina, is described, illustrated, and compared with the morphologically similar A. patagonicus (Philippi) Spegazzini based on vegetative characteristics and with A. mendocinus Gómez-Sosa based on fruit morphology. The new entity has decumbent stems, racemes that are (2)3- to 4-flowered, and legumes that are unilocular, incurved, and incanous pubescent.

Three new species of Physaria (Nuttall) A. Gray from the western United States are described and illustrated: P. eriocarpa Grady & O'Kane, P. pachyphylla O'Kane & Grady, and P. pycnantha Grady & O'Kane. Physaria curvipes (A. Nelson) Grady & O'Kane and P. spatulata (Rydberg) Grady & O'Kane are proposed as new combinations in the genus and are provided with updated descriptions. Taxonomic changes are the product of a molecular study of these species and others formerly allied with P. reediana O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz ( =  Lesquerella alpina (Nuttall) Watson). A key is provided that includes the species described here as well as other central Rocky Mountain species traditionally affiliated with P. reediana.

Two new combinations, Saltugilia splendens (Douglas ex H. Mason & A. D. Grant) L. A. Johnson and S. splendens subsp. grantii (Brand) L. A. Johnson, are proposed for taxa transferred from Gilia Ruiz & Pavón on the basis of phylogenetic relationship. The affinities of G. scopulorum M. E. Jones, G. stellata A. Heller, and G. yorkii Shevock & A. G. Day, three species that have been allied with Saltugilia V. E. Grant & A. D. Grant when treated as a section of Gilia, are reevaluated.

A new species of Centaurea L. (Asteraceae), Centaurea elazigensis Kaya & Vural, from section Acrocentron (Cassini) DC. is described and illustrated from Elazığ Province, Turkey. It is closely related to C. carduiformis DC. A key comparing diagnostic morphological characters of the new species and C. carduiformis is provided. The habitat and conservation status of the species are presented, and the geographical distribution of the new species and other related species is described.

A new species of Luzula sect. Luzula DC., known from higher altitudes of volcanic hills in Costa Rica, is described under the name Luzula ignivoma Kirschner. It is most closely related to the Chilean species L. tristachya Desvaux. New Central American country records of other species of the Juncaceae are also given: Juncus marginatus Rostkovius from Panama, Juncus hybridus Brotero, and J. cooperi Engelmann from Mexico.

Three new Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species, S. colonica Standley & Williams ex Klitgaard, S. univerticillata Ramamoorthy ex Klitgaard, and S. whitefoordiae Klitgaard, were revealed during the study of Salvia for the Flora Mesoamericana in which 69 Salvia species in total are recognized for the Flora region. The three species belong to Salvia subg. Calosphace (Bentham) Epling, and they are endemic to Mesoamerica. In this paper the species are described and illustrated, and their morphological affinities and putative relatives are discussed.

A new endemic species of Solanum L. sect. Holophylla (G. Don) Walpers s.l. is described from Ecuador: Solanum coalitum S. Knapp is only known from the páramo of Cerro Toledo in Parque Nacional Podocarpus in the province of Loja. Solanum coalitum had been confused with the more widespread S. stenophyllum Dunal; its differences from that species are detailed and its species group membership and potential relationships within section Holophylla are discussed. The species is illustrated and given a preliminary conservation assessment of Endangered.

Morphological and molecular analyses of Honduran dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium hondurense Hawksworth & Wiens) and Hawksworth's dwarf mistletoe (A. hawksworthii Wiens & C. G. Shaw bis) indicate these taxa are closely related but can be distinguished based on a few morphological differences. They can also be distinguished by their phenology and host range. Because there are only a few morphological differences between these dwarf mistletoes and because the DNA sequences that have been examined for them are nearly identical, Hawksworth's dwarf mistletoe is reclassified as a subspecies of Honduran dwarf mistletoe: Arceuthobium hondurense subsp. hawksworthii (Wiens & C. G. Shaw bis) Mathiasen.

The dwarf mistletoe severely parasitizing Pacific silver fir in Oregon is described as a new subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe. This classification is based on morphological and host range differences between hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G. N. Jones subsp. tsugense, and the new subspecies, Pacific silver fir dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. amabilae Mathiasen & C. Daugherty.

Forty-four new species of Astragalus L. (Leguminosae) are described here. They belong to the following sections: section Brachycarpus Borissova: A. athranthus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. brachysemia Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. despectus Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Caprini DC.: A. fukangensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. luculentus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. psilosepalus Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Chlorostachys Bunge: A. brachytrichus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. chengkangensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. zadaensis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Cysticalyx Bunge: A. gongliuensis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Dissitiflori DC.: A. laetabilis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Erioceras Bunge: A. yangchangii Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Helmia Bunge: A. hoshanbaoensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. persimilis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Hypsophilus Bunge: A. yechengensis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Komaroviella Gontscharow: A. leptocladus Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Laguropsis Bunge: A. chamaephyton Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Ornithopodium Bunge: A. huochengensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. maiusculus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. sadiensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. supralaevis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Oroboidei A. Gray: A. gongshanensis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Poliothrix Bunge: A. baxoiensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. jiazaensis Podlech & L. R. Xu; section Trachycercis: A. acceptus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. brevivexillatus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. filidens Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. glabritubus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. levidensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. lustricola Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. lychnobius Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. macriculus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. ningxiaensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. occultus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. perbrevis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. porphyreus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. secretus Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. sinkiangensis Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. tesquorum Podlech & L. R. Xu, A. transecticola Podlech & L. R. Xu,