The genus Rollinsia Al-Shehbaz is reduced to synonymy of Dryopetalon A. Gray (Brassicaceae), and the characters distinguishing the latter from Sibara Greene and Thelypodiopsis Rydberg are discussed. An expanded description of Dryopetalon (southern United States and northern Mexico) and a key, synonymies, and distributions of its eight species are presented. The new combinations D. breedlovei (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz, D. byei (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz, D. paysonii (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz, and D. viereckii (O. E. Schulz) Al-Shehbaz are proposed. Dryopetalon purpureum Rollins is reduced to synonymy of D. palmeri (S. Watson) O. E. Schulz, and D. crenatum var. racemosum Rollins and D. runcinatum var. laxiflorum Rollins are reduced to synonymy of their respective species. Arabis endlichii O. E. Schulz is lectotypified.

Six new species of Phacelia Jussieu are described from Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A., as P. buell-vivariensis N. D. Atwood, P. cloudcroftensis N. D. Atwood, P. furnissii N. D. Atwood, P. higginsii N. D. Atwood, P. hughesii N. D. Atwood, and P. pinkavae N. D. Atwood. The new species all belong to the Crenulatae group within the genus. The new species are compared to other members of the group based on similarities and differences in stature, seed, pubescence, and leaf and flower morphology.

A new species of Astragalus L. (Fabaceae), A. gooraiensis L. B. Chaudhary, is described and illustrated from Jammu and Kashmir in India. The new species differs from A. tibetanus Bentham ex Bunge in shorter flowers (11–12 mm), shorter and campanulate calyx (4–5 mm), and oblong, straight, and unilocular pods with the stipe more or less equal to the calyx tube.

Gyrostipula obtusa Emanuelsson & Razafimandimbison, a new species of Rubiaceae (Naucleeae) from Madagascar, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from its congeners, G. comorensis J.-F. Leroy and G. foveolata (Capuron) J.-F. Leroy, by its obtuse leaves with more densely spaced lateral (secondary) veins and shorter petioles.

Presence of a well-developed perianth, ciliate at the mouth, and brown pigmentation necessitate establishment of a new liverwort genus, Castanoclobos J. J. Engel & Glenny. The only species, C. julaceus (Hatcher ex J. J. Engel) J. J. Engel & Glenny, which is endemic to New Zealand, is described and illustrated. The hepatic genus is retained in the Trichocoleaceae.

Rhaphiolepis wuzhishanensis W. B. Liao, R. H. Miau & Q. Fan (Rosaceae) is described as a new species from Mt. Wuzhishan of Hainan Island in China. The new species is most similar to R. umbellata (Thunberg) Makino in morphology, but differs in having more flowers (70 to 100) in the inflorescence, more stamens (ca. 25), styles connate to the midpoint, smaller fruits (5–7 mm diam.), and a longer, densely rusty tomentum. The ecological and conservation status of the new species is also assessed.

Tetracera forzzae Fraga & Aymard (Dilleniaceae), a new species from Brazil, is described and illustrated, and its relationships are discussed. The new species is morphologically related to T. empedoclea Gilg, T. portobellensis Beurling, and T. parviflora (Rusby) Sleumer; however, T. forzzae can be distinguished by its flowers with seven sepals, petals 7–8 mm long, and the leaves with simple and stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface. This new species is known only from the Zona da Mata of the state of Minas Gerais, and is the fourth Neotropical species of this genus so far discovered with a single carpel. According to the criteria of the IUCN Red List of endangered plant species this species is assigned to the EN (Endangered) category.

A new species, Tulipa faribae Ghahreman, Attar & Ghahremani-Nejad (Liliaceae), endemic to the Zagros Mountains of Kermanshah province, Iran, is described and illustrated. It is placed in the subgenus Leiostemones Boissier due to its lack of trichomes on the filaments and on the base of the tepals, and it appears to be most closely related to T. schrenkii Regel, due to its large bulb size, a papery tunic lined inside with some silky appressed hairs, and tepals usually scarlet with a black blotch margined with yellow. The new species differs in having flatter leaf margins, a more robust stem (to 8 mm in diameter), and larger perianth parts (tepals to 100 mm long).

One wild banana species, Musa yunnanensis Häkkinen & Wang Hong, and one variety of Musa L., M. acuminata Colla var. chinensis Häkkinen & Wang Hong, from Yunnan, China, are newly described and illustrated. These studies are based on observed morphological characteristics in the field and from specimens in various herbaria, and are supported by the existing literature on the Musaceae. A key to Musa yunnanensis and related taxa is provided.

New combinations are made for 10 taxa previously included in the genus Cleome L. s.l. These are now considered to belong in the genera Cleoserrata Iltis, which is newly described herein, Hemiscola Rafinesque, Peritoma DC., and Tarenaya Rafinesque, as follows: Cleoserrata serrata (Jacquin) Iltis, C. speciosa (Rafinesque) Iltis, H. diffusa (Banks ex DC.) Iltis, P. arborea (Nuttall) Iltis, P. arborea var. angustata (Parish) Iltis, P. arborea var. globosa (Coville) Iltis, P. jonesii (J. F. Macbride) Iltis, P. multicaulis (Moçiño & Sessé ex DC.) Iltis, P. platycarpa (Torrey) Iltis, and T. hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis. A lectotype is designated for the basionym of Cleoserrata speciosa, Cleome speciosa Rafinesque.

Quadrella incana (Kunth) Iltis & Cornejo is transferred from Capparis L. to Quadrella (DC.) J. Presl, and the name is lectotypified. The taxon occurs from southeastern Texas, south to Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Honduras.

Two new species in the Navarretia pubescens (Bentham) Hooker & Arnott complex of section Mitracarpium Brand are described: N. gowenii L. A. Johnson and N. ojaiensis Elvin, J. M. Porter & L. A. Johnson. Navarretia gowenii is known from disjunct locations in Contra Costa and Stanislaus counties of California. Navarretia ojaiensis is known from Ventura County, California. Additionally, examination of type specimens suggests N. mitracarpa Greene, presently placed in synonymy under N. pubescens, be recognized as a species distinct from the latter taxon, whereas N. jaredii Eastwood be recognized as a synonym of N. mitracarpa.

Descriptions and illustrations of three new Brazilian species of the genus Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae), R. capixabae I. Koch & Kinoshita-Gouvêa, R. gracilis I. Koch & Kinoshita-Gouvêa, and R. pruinosifolia I. Koch & Kinoshita-Gouvêa, are presented. Rauvolfia blanchetii A. DC., R. mollis S. Moore, and R. divergens Markgraf are newly synonymized under R. ligustrina Willdenow, R. pernambucensis Emygdio under R. moricandii A. DC., and R. sessilifolia S. Moore under R. weddelliana Müller Argoviensis. Lectotypes for R. blanchetii and R. ternifolia Kunth are designated; furthermore, comments to clarify the complicated typification of R. ligustrina and R. ternifolia are presented.

With the recent taxonomic review of Chaetostoma DC., it was found that six species did not present the set of diagnostic features established to delimit the genus. Chaetostoma is characterized by sessile, keeled to subkeeled, overlapping, acute leaves and a trichome crown on the external apex of the length of the hypanthium. Three species of Chaetostoma are transferred to Microlicia D. Don: M. acuminata Naudin (C. acuminatum (Naudin) Cogniaux), M. castrata Naudin (C. castratum (Naudin) Cogniaux), and M. oxyanthera Naudin (C. oxyantherum (Naudin) Triana). Two new names are also proposed: M. baumgratziana A. B. Martins & Koschnitzke (C. gardneri Triana) and M. semiriana Koschnitzke & A. B. Martins (C. luetzelburgii Markgraf). The new combination M. parvula (Markgraf) Koschnitzke & A. B. Martins (C. parvulum Markgraf) is provided. The name M. oxyanthera Naudin is lectotypified herein.

Oryctina costaricensis Kuijt (Loranthaceae), from the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica, is described and illustrated. It represents the first record of the genus in Mesoamerica, the remainder of the genus being South American.

Twenty-three species and one subspecies of Corydalis DC. (Fumariaceae) from China and Tibet are described as new to science: C. aeditua Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. cheilosticta Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. cryptogama Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. dolichocentra Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. gymnopoda Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. heterothylax C. Y. Wu ex Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. ischnosiphon Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. jiulongensis Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. lagochila Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. longistyla Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. lophophora Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. madida Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. mediterranea Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. milarepa Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. nematopoda Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. nubicola Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. papillosa Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. procera Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. sarcolepis Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. sophronitis Z. Y. Su & Lidén, C. tenuipes Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. virginea Lidén & Z. Y. Su, C. yaoi Lidén & Z. Y. Su, and C. cheilosticta subsp. borealis Lidén & Z. Y. Su. Six previously recognized subspecific taxa are raised to specific rank, and three of these are provided with new names: C. microflora (H. Chuang) Z. Y. Su & Lidén, stat. nov. [= C. flexuosa var. microflora H. Chuang], C. mucronipetala (H. Chuang) Lidén & Z. Y. Su, stat. nov. [= C. flexuosa var. mucronipetala H. Chuang], C. omeiana (C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang) Z. Y. Su & Lidén, stat. nov. [= C. flexuosa var. omeiana C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang], C. amplisepala Z. Y. Su & Lidén, nom. et stat. nov. [= C. pseudomucronata var. cristata C. Y. Wu], C. harry-smithii Lidén & Z. Y. Su, nom. et stat. nov. [= C. elata subsp. ecristata C. Y. Wu], and C. pseudomairei C. Y. Wu ex Z. Y. Su & Lidén, nom. et stat. nov. [= C. mairei var. megalantha C. Y. Wu].

Three new species of Bulbostylis Kunth (Cyperaceae) from South America are described and illustrated: B. aspera M. G. López of Argentina and the center of eastern Paraguay, which was previously confused with B. hirtella (Schrader ex Schultes) Nees ex Urban; B. guaglianoneae M. G. López of Misiones, Argentina, which is related to B. sphaerocephala (Boeckeler) Lindman; and B. subtilis M. G. López of northeastern Argentina, center-west Bolivia, southeastern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay, which resembles B. loefgrenii (Boeckeler) Prata & M. G. López.

Morphological and karyological features support the transfer of four species from Verbena L. to Glandularia J. F. Gmelin: G. balansae (Briquet) N. O'Leary, G. paraguariensis (Moldenke) N. O'Leary, G. tecticaulis (Troncoso) N. O'Leary, and G. thymoides (Chamisso) N. O'Leary. Nevertheless, this group has features, such as brief style length and the funnelform and short corolla tubes, that are typical of Verbena. These four species represent a group informally named Balansae that is interesting from an evolutionary point of view. Two lectotypifications are made for G. balansae and G. thymoides.

Two new species, Saxifraga xiaozhongdianensis J. T. Pan and S. ludingensis J. T. Pan, from the Saxifragaceae in China are described and illustrated. Of these, S. xiaozhongdianensis is endemic to Zhongdian, Yunnan, and is related to S. brachyphylla Franchet. It differs from S. brachyphylla in the sepals adaxially dark brown glandular-villose and the petals basally subauriculate. Saxifraga ludingensis occurs in Luding, Sichuan, and is very similar to S. egregioides J. T. Pan and S. stellariifolia Franchet. It differs from S. egregioides in the stems brown glandular-villose, the cauline leaves adaxially brown glandular-villose, the sepals spreading in anthesis and abaxially brown glandular-villose, and the petals 5-veined. It differs from S. stellariifolia in the leaves cordate and abaxially glabrous, the sepals abaxially brown glandular-villose, and the petals 4-callose and 5-veined. Saxifraga xiaozhongdianensis and S. ludingensis are apparently endemic to western China and belong to Saxifraga sect. Ciliatae Haworth, emend. J. T. Pan.

The newly circumscribed dioecious group (sensu Razafimandimbison et al.) of tribe Vanguerieae in the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae) comprises over 200 species classified in four morphologically distinct genera: Cyclophyllum Hooker f., Peponidium (Baillon) Arènes, Pyrostria Commerson ex Jussieu, and one new genus affined to species of Canthium subg. Bullockia Bridson. Here, we present a total of 37 new combinations, 20 of which are in Peponidium: P. alleizettei (Dubard & Dop) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. andringitrense (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. ankaranense (Arènes ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. anoveanum (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. arenesianum (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. blepharodon (Arènes ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. boinense (Arènes ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. bosseri (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. buxifolium (Baker) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer (lectotypified here), P. cystiporon (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. decaryi (Homolle ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. humbertianum (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. latiflorum (Homolle ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. mandrarense (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. marojejyense (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. sahafaryense (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. subevenium (K. Schumann) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. tamatavense (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. venulosum (Boivin ex Baillon) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, and P. viguieri (Homolle ex Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer. The other 17 new combinations are in Pyrostria: P. ambongensis (Homolle ex Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. ampijoroensis (Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. ankaranensis (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. antsalovensis (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. asosa (Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. capuronii (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. ixorifolia (Homolle ex Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. longiflora (Cavaco) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. neriifolia (Homolle ex Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. oleifolia (Homolle ex Arènes) Razafimandimbison, Lantz & B. Bremer, P. perrieri (Cavaco) Razafima

Matelea atrostellata Rintz (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Trans-Pecos, Texas, U.S.A., is described and illustrated. This species is very similar vegetatively to M. producta (Torrey) Woodson and M. texensis Correll, but is readily distinguished floristically by its rotate corolla and its nearly black corona. Both M. producta and M. texensis have campanulate corollas and very pale green or white coronas. This is the fifth species of Matelea Aublet to be recorded from Brewster County, Texas.

Meriania aurata C. Ulloa, D. Fernández & D. A. Neill (Melastomataceae) from the Llangantes National Park, Ecuador, is described and illustrated. It resembles M. hernandoi L. Uribe; both species have large leaves with an auriculate base and a scutum at the petiole insertion, a robust inflorescence, yellow calyx, orange petals, and purple thecae, but the new species is distinguished by the conspicuous coriaceous external calyx teeth, conspicuous auricles, and scutum present only adaxially.

As part of research leading to a treatment of the family Crossosomataceae for the Flora of North America Project, the new combination Glossopetalon spinescens (A. Gray) Greene var. planitierum (Ensign) Yatskievych is proposed to account for plants in the G. spinescens complex endemic to a small portion of the United States in the Texas Panhandle and adjacent Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. The change in status from species to variety is justified in light of the subtle patterns of morphological variation within the complex as a whole, which in recent decades has resulted in the reclassification of several other former species of Glossopetalon A. Gray as varieties of G. spinescens.